Nghien Cuu DK He Thong Kich Tu MF

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
---------------------------------------
V VN VNG
NGHIN CU IU KHIN H THNG KCH T

CA MY PHT IN NG B
NGNH : IU KHIN V T NG HA
M S: CB101058
LUN VN THC S KHOA HC
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

PGS.TS. NGUYN VN LIN
H NI - 2012
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh tm hiu nghin cu ca ring ti da

trn s hng dn ca Thy gio hng dn PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lin cng
cc thy c trong b mn v cc ngun ti liu tham kho trch dn. Kt
qu nghin cu l trung thc.
Hc vin
V Vn Vng
MC LC
Trang
TRANG PH BA ......................................................................................... 01
LI CAM OAN .......................................................................................... 02
MC LC ...................................................................................................... 03
DANH MC CC K HIU ...................................................................... 05
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT .......................................................... 06
DANH MC CC HNH V TH ....................................................... 07
LI NI U ............................................................................................... 09
Chng 1 TM HIU V MY PHT NG B V H THNG
KCH T ..................................................................................... 11
1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca my pht in ng b ................................ 11
1.2. Phn loi v cu to my pht in ng b........................................ 12
1.2.1. Phn loi v ng dng ................................................................... 12
1.2.2. Cu to ........................................................................................ 13
1.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b .................................. 15
1.4. Cc c tnh iu chnh ca my in ng b ................................... 17
1.4.1. Phng trnh in p ca my pht in ng b ........................ 17
1.4.2. Phn ng phn ng ca my in ng b .................................. 18
1.4.2.1. Ti i xng thun tr ........................................................... 19
1.4.2.2. Ti i xng thun cm ......................................................... 21
1.4.2.3. Ti i xng thun dung ........................................................ 21
1.4.2.4. Ti i xng hn hp ............................................................. 22
1.4.3. c tnh khng ti ca my pht in ng b ............................ 23
1.4.4. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in ng b................................... 24
1.4.5. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in ng b ........................... 25
1.4.6. c tnh ti ca my pht in ng b....................................... 26
1.4.7. c tnh ngn mch ca my pht in ng b .......................... 28
1.5. Ch lm vic song song v vn iu chnh cng sut ca my
pht in ng b ............................................................................ 29
1.5.1. Ghp mt my pht in ng b lm vic song song ................. 29
1.5.2. iu chnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ............. 31
1.5.2.1. iu chnh cng sut tc dng P............................................ 31
1.5.2.2. iu chnh cng sut phn khng Q ...................................... 34
1.6. H thng kch t my pht ................................................................. 37
1.6.1. Khi nim chung ........................................................................... 37
1.6.2. Phn loi h thng kch t ............................................................ 39

1.6.2.1. H thng kch t mt chiu .................................................... 39
1.6.2.2. H thng kch t xoay chiu .................................................. 41
1.6.2.3. H thng kch t tnh ............................................................. 42
Chng 2 H THNG KCH T IN HNH V B IU CHNH
IN P AVR............................................................................. 44
2.1. Cc khi chc nng ca h thng kch t ............................................ 44
2.1.1. B kch .......................................................................................... 44
2.1.1.1. Cch to nn dng in xoay chiu ....................................... 44
2.1.1.2. Mch chnh lu cp ngun cho rotor ..................................... 47
2.1.2. B iu chnh in p AVR .......................................................... 61
2.1.3. B cm bin in p ...................................................................... 61
2.1.4. B hn ch v bo v .................................................................... 61
2.1.4.1. Gii hn di kch t ............................................................. 61
2.1.4.2. B gii hn qu kch thch ..................................................... 62
2.1.4.3. Gii hn dng phn ng......................................................... 63
2.1.4.4. Gii hn bo v V/Hz .......................................................... 64
2.1.4.5. Mch dit t ........................................................................... 64
2.1.4.6. Bo v chm t rotor ............................................................ 65
2.1.4.7. Bo v qu p cho rotor ......................................................... 66
2.2. B iu chnh in p AVR ................................................................. 68
2.2.1. B AVR......................................................................................... 70
2.2.2. B iu ch v to xung ................................................................ 71
2.2.3. B khuch i xung v my bin p xung .................................... 75
Chng 3 IU KHIN H THNG ........................................................ 76
3.1. Qu trnh mi t ban u ..................................................................... 76
3.2. Qu trnh to in p t t ng ......................................................... 79
3.3. Chc nng bo v trong h thng kch t ............................................ 80
3.4. Tng hp h thng kch t ................................................................... 87
Chng 4 N NH H THNG IN PSS............................................ 91
4.1. Dao ng ca my in ng b.......................................................... 91
4.2. Chc nng n nh h thng in - PSS .............................................. 91
4.3. M hnh b n nh h thng in ....................................................... 92
4.4. M phng h thng .............................................................................. 96
KT LUN .................................................................................................... 98
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 99
DANH MC CC K HIU
T thng cc t rotor (Wb)
f Tn s (Hz)
n Tc quay ca rotor (vng/pht)
p S i cc ca rotor
Tc gc ca my pht (rad/s)
E0 Sc in ng pha (V)
Eq Sc in ng ngang trc (V)
Ed Sc in ng dc trc (V)
U in p u cc my pht (V)
I, It Dng in stator, dng in kch t (A)
Iq Dng in stator ngang trc (A)
Id Dng in stator dc trc (A)
Xq, Xq in khng phn ng phn ng ngang trc, ng b ngang trc
Xd, Xd in khng phn ng phn ng dc trc, ng b dc trc
Et, Xt Sc in ng tn, in khng tn
Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in stator
, Gc lch pha gia E0 v U, gia E0 v I
Ft, F T trng cc t, t trng phn ng
P, Q Cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca my pht
B Cm ng t ca dng in kch t
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
PSS B n nh h thng in Power System Stabilizer
AVR B t ng iu chnh in p Automatic Voltage Regulator
s.. Sc in ng
C B iu ch xung
TX B to xung
K B khuch i xung
BAX Bin p xung
G-Th Cc gate ca thyristor
RC B iu ch xung
SS B so snh xung
DANH MC CC HNH V V TH
Hnh 1.1. My pht in ng b.................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.2. Cu to my pht in ng b ....................................................... 13
Hnh 1.3. Cu to rotor my pht in ng b .............................................. 14
Hnh 1.4. th vector in p my pht in .............................................. 19
Hnh 1.5. th vc t s.. v quan h v khng gian gia cc t trng cc

t v t trng phn ng ti thun tr ......................................................... 20
t v t trng phn ng ti thun cm ....................................................... 21
t v t trng phn ng ti thun dung...................................................... 22
t v t trng phn ng ti hn hp .......................................................... 23
Hnh 1.9. c tnh khng ti ca my pht in ng b............................... 24
Hnh 1.10. c tnh ngoi ca my in ng b .......................................... 24
Hnh 1.11. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in ng b .......................... 26
Hnh 1.12. c tnh ti ca my pht in ng b ........................................ 27
Hnh 1.13. c tnh ngn mch ca my pht in ng b .......................... 28
Hnh 1.14. c tnh gc cng sut tc dng ca my pht cc li ................. 32
Hnh 1.15. Cng sut tc dng v cng sut chnh b ca my pht cc li .33
Hnh 1.16. iu chnh cng sut phn khng my pht in ng b ........... 35
Hnh 1.17. H c tnh hnh V ca my pht in ng b............................ 36
Hnh 2.1. S khi chc nng ca h thng kch t .................................... 44
Hnh 2.2. Dng in to ra cm ng t ........................................................... 45
Hnh 2.3. Cu trc bn dn ca thyristor ........................................................ 47
Hnh 2.4. c tnh vn-ampe ca thyristor ..................................................... 48
Hnh 2.5. Yu cu i vi xung iu khin ca thyristor ............................... 51

Hnh 2.6. Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha ................................................................ 54
Hnh 2.7. Dng in p v dng iu khin cc van....................................... 55
Hnh 2.8. Chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin ................................................ 56
Hnh 2.9. Dng in p v dng in iu khin cc van ............................... 57
Hnh 2.10. Gii hn dng in phn ng ........................................................ 63
Hnh 2.11. Bo v chm t rotor ................................................................... 66
Hnh 2.12. Bo v qu p rotor ....................................................................... 67
Hnh 2.13. B crow bar ................................................................................... 67
Hnh 2.14. S cu trc b iu khin to gc m van ............................... 69
Hnh 2.15. B iu ch .................................................................................... 71
Hnh 2.16. Tn hiu iu khin theo in p ta tuyn tnh............................ 72
Hnh 2.17. Tn hiu iu khin theo in p ta cosin ................................... 73
Hnh 3.1. H thng kch t t kch.................................................................. 76
Hnh 3.2. S khi ca qu trnh mi t ...................................................... 77
Hnh 3.3. To gi tr t trong ch bnh thng ........................................ 79
Hnh 3.4. To gi tr t trong ch np ng dy .................................... 80
Hnh 3.4. Bo v qu kch t........................................................................... 82
Hnh 3.5. Bo v qu dng stator .................................................................... 84
Hnh 3.6. Bo v thiu kch t ........................................................................ 87
Hnh 3.7. S m phng trong Matlab ........................................................ 88
Hnh 3.8 in p gi tr t ............................................................................. 88
Hnh 3.9. in p u ra ca my pht .......................................................... 89
Hnh 3.10. Dng in kch t v cng sut ca my pht .............................. 89
Hnh 4.1. S khi b n nh cng sut h thng ...................................... 93
Hnh 4.2. B n nh cng sut PSS ............................................................... 94
Hnh 4.3. Cng sut u ra ca my pht ....................................................... 96
Hnh 4.4. S tng hp h thng kch t ..................................................... 97
LI NI U
nh hng t nc pht trin i ln lun l vn quan trng trong

thi k hin nay ca nc ta. Pht trin t nc gn lin vi u t v pht
trin cc ngnh cng nghip, v ngnh cng nghip u tin l cc ngnh
cng nghip nng lng c bit l in nng. Tp on in lc nc ta bit
c nhim v quan trng ca mnh nn khng ngng tm kim ra phng
thc pht trin ngnh cng nhip ny. Vi tnh hnh tp on lun lun
tm kim thm d nhng ngun nng lng c th ti to c v tp on
tp trung khai thc ngun nng lng thy nng ca nc ta. Qua qu trnh
nghin cu kho st tp on la chn Sn La xy dng thy in ln
nht ng Nam vi ngun thy nng ly trn con sng . Trong nh my
sn xut in my pht l phn t khng th thiu v b phn ng vai tr
quan trng l h thng kch t. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut
v cc thit b in th h thng kch t khng ngng ci tin cng ngh v
pht trin. Qua qu trnh lm vic tm hiu nm bt cng ngh vi h thng
kch t ti thy cn nm bt cng ngh mi ny vn hnh sa cha v c
th ng dng ci to cc h thng kch t cng ngh c cc nh my
khc v to iu kin trong tng lai lm tin cc nh my pht in c
th ng dng cng ngh n nh h thng in PSS trong h h thng kch t
vo trong h thng in. ng thi y cng l mt ti liu thc tin cho cc
sinh vin, hc vin tham kho.
Sau khi tm hiu v nghin cu ti la chn ti: nghin cu iu khin

h thng kch t ca my pht in ng b. Ni dung lun vn bao gm
nhng phn chnh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v my pht in ng b v h thng kch t

trong my pht in ng b.
Chng 2: H thng kch t in hnh v b iu chnh in p AVR.
Chng 3: iu khin h thng.
Chng 4: n nh h thng in PSS.
c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lin

cng cc thy c gio trong b mn T ng Ha X Nghip Cng Nghip
ti hon thnh bn n ny. Ti xin chn thnh gi li cm n su sc ti
thy gio PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lin cng cc thy c trong b mn T ng
Ha X Nghip Cng Nghip trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Tuy nhin,
do trnh bn thn cn hn ch v thi gian c hn nn bn lun vn khng
trnh khi nhiu thiu st. Ti knh mong c s hng dn v gp ca
cc thy c bn lun vn c hon thin hn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n!
10
CHNG I
TM HIU V MY PHT NG B V H THNG KCH T
1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca my pht in ng b
My pht in ng b l mt loi my in ng b bin c nng

thnh in nng, thng thng s dng nguyn l cm ng in t. Ngun c
nng s cp c th l cc ng c tua bin hi, tua bin nc, ng c t trong,
tua bin gi hoc cc ngun c nng khc. My in ng b l loi my in
quay c tc quay rotor n bng tc quay ca t trng phn ng n1.
ch xc lp my pht in ng b c tc quay rotor lun khng i khi
ti thay i.
My pht in ng b l thit b chnh cung cp in nng cho nn

kinh t quc dn. N c vai tr cung cp cng sut tc dng (P) v cng sut
phn khng (Q) cho cc ph ti in. c bit chng c th phi hp iu
chnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng gia cc my pht trong
mt h thng in sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ca ph ti.
11
1.2. Phn loi v cu to my pht in ng b
1.2.1. Phn loi v ng dng
Hnh 1.1. My pht in ng b
My pht in ng b gm c hai loi c bn:
+ My pht in ng b cc n (Hnh 1.1.a)
Loi ny thng c trc quay nm ngang chiu di ln, ng knh nh

hot ng vi tc cao. Loi ny thng c ko bi turbine hi v
tuabine kh c dng ch yu cc nh my nhit in t than, kh gas hay
trong cc nh my in nguyn t.
+ My pht ng b cc li (Hnh 1.1.b)
Loi ny thng c trc quay thng ng chiu di ngn nhng c

ng knh ln hot ng vi tc thp. Loi ny thng c ko bi
turbine nc v c dng ch yu cc nh my thy in
12
1.2.2. Cu to
Hnh 1.2. Cu to my pht in ng b
My pht in ng b ng b gm 2 b phn chnh l Stato v Roto.
Hnh 1.2 m t cu to in hnh ca my pht ng b trong :
Armature winding : Dy qun phn ng
Stator : Mch t Stator
Slip ring & brushes : Vnh gp v chi than
Rotor : Mch t Rotor
Field winding : Dy qun kch t
+ Stator
Stato ca my pht in ng b cng ging nh Stato ca my in khng

ng b gm hai b phn chnh l li thp Stato v dy qun ba pha Stato. Li
thp Stator c p bng cc l tn silic dy 0.5mm, hai mt c ph lp sn
cch in v dc chiu di ca li thp c cc rnh thng gi t nm
ngang trc lm mt. Li thp Stator c t c nh trn thn my. Dy
13
qun Stato gi l dy qun phn ng v c t trong cc rnh ca

Stator .
+ Rotor
Hnh 1.3 Cu to rotor my pht in ng b a. Cc li b. Cc n
Rotor my pht in ng b c cc cc t v dy qun kch t. C th

phn rotor thnh 2 loi chnh : Rotor cc n v rotor cc li.
- Rotor cc n:
Rotor cc n lm bng li thp hp kim cht lng cao, c rn thnh

khi hnh tr sau gia cng phay rnh t dy qun kch t. Dy qun
kch t t trong rnh rotor bao gm cc bi dy ng v c c nh bng
cc nm thp khng t tnh. Hai u dy qun kch t i lun trong trc ca
rotor ni vi 2 vng trt u trc, thng qua hai chi than ni vi
ngun kch t. Vi loi rotor ny thng c s cc 2p=2, tc quay rotor
ln ng knh rotor nh nhng chiu di ln v thng dng cho cc my
pht cng sut ln.
- Rotor cc li:
14
Rotor my in ng b cc li cng sut nh v trung bnh c li thp

c ch to bng thp c v gia cng thnh khi lng tr hoc hnh tr trn
mt c t cc cc t c ghp t cc l thp dy 1-5 mm. Dy qun kch t
l cc cun dy ng c lng vo thn cc. Vi loi rotor ny thng c s
cc 2p 4, tc quay rotor chm, ng knh rotor ln v chiu di ngn
v thng dng cho cc my pht cng sut nh v trung bnh.
1.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b
My pht lm nhim v bin c nng thnh in nng trong cc

nng lng c dng s cp ( nh th nng ca nc cc h p, nhit nng
ca cc loi nhin liu nh than, du, kh t, nng lng ht nhn hay sc
gi, thy triu) qua mt s khu trung gian c a vo turbine ni vi
rotor ca my pht. Khi rotor c quay bng cc nng lng s cp trn v
cho dng kch t vo dy qun kch t s to nn t trng rotor ct qua dy
qun phn ng stator v cm ng mt sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin c tr
s hiu dng:
E0 = Ke..f (1.1)
Ke = 4,44 .W1.Kdq (1.2)
Trong :
Ke : Hng s in t
E0 : L sc in ng pha (V)
W1 : S vng dy qun 1 pha (vng)
Kdq : H s dy qun
: T thng cc t rotor ( Wb)
15
f : Tn s (Hz)
Nu rotor c p i cc, khi rotor quay c mt vng, sc in ng phn

ng s bin thin p chu k.
Do nu tc quay ca rotor l n (v/s) th tn s f ca sc in ng s

l:
f = n.p (1.3.1)
Nu tc ca rotor tnh c bng vng/pht th tn s l :

.
f= (1.3.2)
Dy qun ba pha c trc lch nhau trong khng gian mt gc l 1200

in. Cho nn sc in ng cc pha cng lch nhau gc pha l 1200. Khi dy
qun ni vi ti, trong cc pha s c dng in ba pha. Ging nh my in
khng ng b, dng in ba pha trong ba dy qun s to nn t trng
quay, vi tc l:
.
(1.4)
n : Tc t trng quay ( vng/pht)
Tc quay ca rotor ng bng tc quay ca t trng. Do , kiu

my in ny c gi l my in ng b xoay chiu.
T cng thc (1.1) ta thy thay i sut in ng E0 ta c th c hai

cch thay i tn s f (hay thay i tc quay ca rotor) hoc thay i
t thng (hay thay i dng in kch t If). Nhng khi iu chnh tc
quay ca rotor li nh hng n tn s ca ngun in dn n nh hng
n cht lng ca ngun in. Chnh v vy cch ny trong thc t rt t
dng. M trong thc t s dng phng php thay i t thng ca my
16
pht bng cch thay i dng in kch t ca my pht thay i sut

in ng E0 hay in p ra trn u cc ca my pht.
1.4. Cc c tnh iu chnh ca my in ng b

Khi vn hnh bnh thng my pht in ng b cung cp cho ti i
xng. Ch ny ph thuc vo h tiu th in nng ni vi my pht.
Cng sut cung cp cho ti khng vt qu gi tr nh mc m ch cho php
nh hn hoc bng cng sut nh mc. Mt khc ch ny thng qua
cc i lng nh in p, dng in u cc my pht, dng kch t, h s
cng sut cos , tn s f v tc quay n ta c th xy dng nn cc c tnh
lm vic.
phn tch c tnh lm vic ca my pht in ng b ta da vo 3
i lng ch yu l in p stator U, dng in stator I v dng in kch t
If thnh lp cc ng c tnh lm vic.
1.4.1. Phng trnh in p ca my pht in ng b
Khi my pht in lm vic, t trng cc t sinh ra sc in ng E0
dy qun stator . Khi c ti s c dng in I v in p U trn ti.
Xt my pht in cc li v khe h dc trc v ngang trc khc nhau nn
ta phi phn tch nh hng ca phn ng phn ng theo hng dc trc v
ngang trc.
T trng phn ng phn ng ngang trc to nn sc in ng ngang trc:
Eq = -j.Iq.Xq (1.5)
Trong :
Eq l sc in ng ngang trc (V)
Xq l in khng phn ng phn ng ngang trc ()
Iq L dng in ngang trc (A)
T trng phn ng phn ng dc trc to nn sc in ng dc trc:
Ed = -j.Id.Xd (1.6)
17
Trong :
Ed l sc in ng dc trc (V)
Xd l in khng phn ng phn ng dc trc ()
Id L dng in dc trc (A)
T thng tn ca dy qun c trng bi in khng tn Xt khng ph
thuc vo hng dc trc hoc ngang trc.
Et = -j.(Iq+Id).Xt (1.7)
Et L sc in ng tn (V)
Xt L in khng tn ()
B qua in p ri trn dy qun phn ng (I.R) ta c phng trnh cn
bng in p ca my pht in ng b cc li:
U = E0 j.Id.Xd j.Id.Xt j.Iq.Xq j.Iq.Xt (1.8.1)
U = E0 j.Id.(Xd + Xt) j.Iq.(Xq+Xt) (1.8.2)
t:
Xd = Xq+ Xt :l in khng ng b dc trc
Xq = Xq + Xt :l in khng ng b ngang trc
Ta c th vit gn li
U = E0 j.Id .Xd j.Iq .Xq (1.9)
Phng trnh (1.9) tng ng vi th vc t (Hnh 1.4a) ta thy gc lch
pha in p U v sc in ng E0 do ti quyt nh.
th vc t ca my pht in ng b cc n c v trn hnh 1.4b.
18
Hnh 1.4. th vector in p my pht in a. Cc li b. Cc n
1.4.2. Phn ng phn ng ca my in ng b

Khi my pht in lm vic c ti, dng in trong dy qun stato s sinh
ra t trng ca dy qun stato cn gi l t trng phn ng. Ty theo tnh
cht ca ti m trc t trng phn ng s lm thnh mt gc nht nh vi
trc t trng cc t. Nh vy tc dng ca t trng phn ng vi t trng
cc t (hay phn ng phn ng) s mang tnh cht khc nhau ty theo tnh
cht ca ti tr, ti khng hay ti dung.
Xt tng quan v khng gian gia t trng phn ng v t trng cc t
trong trng hp my in hai cc c m = 3 v mi pha c tng trng bi
mt vng dy. Cc sc in ng (s..) v dng in trong ba pha l hnh
sin.
1.4.2.1. Ti i xng thun tr
19
Khi ti l i xng v thun tr th dng in ba pha trong dy qun stator

s trng pha vi cc s.. tng ng ( = 00). Xt ti thi im dng in pha
A t cc i.
Hnh 1.5. th vc t s.. v quan h v khng gian gia cc t trng

cc t v t trng phn ng ti thun tr.
Nh vy v tr khng gian ca t trng quay ca phn ng F trong trng

hp c chiu trng vi trc ca dy qun pha A l pha c dng in cc
i. V t thng xuyn qua pha A cc i trc s.. trong pha mt phn
t chu k nn khi s.. ca pha A cc i th cc t quay c mt gc
/2 so vi v tr trc cc t trng vi trc pha A l lc t thng xuyn qua
pha A c tr s cc i. Nh vy v tr khng gian ca trc cc t l vung
gc vi trc ca pha A (tc l vung gc vi chiu ca t trng F). Ta kt
lun ti thun tr, phng ca F vung gc vi phng ca Ft v phn ng
phn ng l ngang trc.
1.4.2.2. Ti i xng thun cm
20

t v t trng phn ng ti thun cm
ti thun cm, s.. E vt trc dng in I mt gc 900 ( = + 900),

nn thi im iA = Im th cc t quay thm mt gc /2 so vi v tr ca
n trng hp ti thun tr. Ta thy y F v Ft cng phng (ngha l
dc theo trc cc t) nhng ngc chiu nhau v phn ng phn ng l dc
trc kh t.
1.4.2.3. Ti i xng thun dung
21

t v t trng phn ng ti thun dung
ti thun dung, s... E chm sau dng in I mt gc 900 ( = - 900),

nn thi im iA = Im th cc t cn phi quay thm mt gc /2 na mi
n v tr ca n hnh 1.7. Ta thy y F v Ft cng phng cng chiu
nhau v phn ng phn ng l dc trc tr t.
1.4.2.4. Ti i xng hn hp
22

t v t trng phn ng ti hn hp
Trong trng hp ti hn hp c th phn tch F thnh hai thnh phn dc

trc v ngang trc. Phn dc trc Fd cng phng vi t trng cc t, phn
ngang trc cng phng vi s.. ca pha. Khi ti c tnh cm phn ng va
ngang trc va kh t. Khi ti c tnh dung phn ng phn ng l ngang trc
v tr t.
1.4.3. c tnh khng ti ca my pht in ng b
c tnh khng ti l quan h : E0 = U0 = f (it) khi I = 0 v f = fm
Dng c tnh khng ti ca my pht in ng b cc n v cc li khc
nhau khng nhiu v c th biu th theo n v tng i:
E* = (1.10.1)

v I* = (1.10.2)

Trong :
Itm0 l dng in khng ti khi U = Um
23
Mch t ca my pht turbine hi bo ha hn mch t ca turbine nc.

Ta c c tnh khng ti trn Hnh 1.9
Hnh 1.9. c tnh khng ti ca my pht in ng b
1.4.4. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in ng b
c tnh ngoi l quan h U = f(I). Khi it = const; cos = const v f = fm.
c tnh ngoi cho thy lc dng in kch t khng i, in p my

pht thay i theo ti. c c tnh ny phi thay i I sao cho cos = const
ri o U,I tng ng vi gi tr khc nhau ca ti.
Hnh 1.10. c tnh ngoi ca my in ng b
24
T hnh 1.10 ta thy c tnh ngoi ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ti. Nu ti

c tnh cm, khi I tng phn ng phn ng b kh t, in p gim nn ng
c tnh i xung. Nu ti c tnh dung khng th I tng, phn ng phn ng
l tr t, in p tng ln nn ng c tnh i ln. Khi ti l thun tr
th ng c tnh gn nh song song vi trc honh.
thay i in p nh mc Um ca my pht in ng b theo nh

ngha l s thay i in p khi ti thay i t nh mc vi cos = cos m
n khng ti theo iu kin khng thay i dng in kch thch. Tr s Um

thng biu th phn trm ca in p nh mc.

Um(%) = (1.11)

Tr s Um ca my pht in c th xc nh bng thc nghim trc tip

trn my ch to.
1.4.5. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in ng b
c tnh iu chnh l quan h: it = f(I) . Khi U = const; cos = const v

f = fm. c tnh ny cho bit chiu hng iu chnh dng in it ca my
pht sao cho in p U u cc ca my pht l khng i.
Khi ly c tnh iu chnh phi thay i ti v thay i it c h s gc

cos = const v U = const.
25
Hnh 1.11. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in ng b
T hnh 1.11 cho thy :
Vi ti cm khi I tng tc dng kh t ca phn ng phn ng lm cho U

gim do gi cho U khng i cn phi tng dng t ha It. Cn ti
dung khi I tng tc dng tr t ca phn ng phn ng lm cho U tng mun
cho U khng i ta phi gim It.
1.4.6. c tnh ti ca my pht in ng b
c tnh khng ti l quan h gia in p U u cc my pht vi dng

kch t it : U = f(it) khi dng in ti I = const, cos = const v f = fm.
Vi cc tr s khc nhau ca I v cos s c cc c tnh ti khc

nhau. Trong c ngha nht l c tnh ti thun cm tng ng vi
cos = 0 ( = ) v I = Im.
2
c c tnh ta phi iu chnh rt v Zt (cun cm) sao cho I = Im
26
Hnh 1.12. c tnh ti ca my pht in ng b
T hnh 1.12 trnh by cc ng c tnh ti ng vi cc gi tr ca dng

ti I ca my pht in ng b. c tnh ti thun cm c th suy ra t
c tnh khng ti (ng 1) v tam gic in khng bng cch tnh tin tam
gic in khng sao cho nh A ca tam gic ta trn c tnh khng ti th
nh C to thnh c tnh ti thun cm (ng 3).
Thnh lp tam gic in khng: T c tnh ngn mch (ng 2) cho

In= Im tng ng vi dng kch thch itn ta c sc t ng ( vit tt l st)
Ftn Itn = OC c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn khc phc
phn ng kh t ca phn ng BC = kd.Fd sinh ra Ed v thnh phn cn li
OB = OC BC sinh ra st tn t E = Im.X = AB. im A nm trn
ng c tnh khng ti c mch t khng bo ha. Tam gic ABC gi l
tam gic in khng. Cc cnh AB v BC ca tam gic ny u t l vi dng
in nh mc Im.
Thc t do nh hng ca bo ha c tnh ti thun cm c c bng th

nghim ti trc tip hi khc v c dng nh ng nt t. Nguyn nhn
27
l do dng in kch t tng, cc t ca my cng bo ha do t thng tn

ca dy qun kch t ln hn th st ca cc t cn thit khc phc phn
ng kh t cng ln hn, ngha l cnh BC ca tam gic in khng cng phi
di hn.
1.4.7. c tnh ngn mch ca my pht in ng b
c tnh ngn mch l quan h In= f(It) khi U = 0 v f = fm (khi dy qun

phn ng c ni tt ngay u my).
Nu b qua in tr dy qun phn ng (r = 0) th mch in dy qun
phn ng lc ngn mch l thun cm ( = ) nh vy Iq = Icos = 0 cn
Id = Isin = I. Khi ta c c tnh ngn mch nh sau:
Hnh 1.13. c tnh ngn mch ca my pht in ng b
T s ngn mch K: L t s gia dng in ngn mch In0 tng ng

vi dng in kch thch sinh ra sc in ng E = Um khi khng ti vi dng
nh mc Im ngha l:
28
K= (1.12)

Theo nh ngha suy ra:

In0 = (1.13)
Trong xd l tr s bo ha ca in khng ng b dc trc ng vi

E = Um.

K= = (1.14)
.
Thng xd* > 1 do K < 1 v dng in ngn mch xc lp ca my

pht in ng b khng ln do tc dng kh t rt mnh ca phn ng phn
ng. Vi my pht c t s ngn mch K cng ln th my pht c u im
cho thay i in p U nh v sinh ra cng sut in t ln khin cho
my lm vic n nh khi ti dao ng, tuy nhin kch thc ca my ln
gi thnh t. Thng thng K = 0.5 1.0 vi turbine hi v 0.8 1.0 vi
turbine nc.
1.5. Ch lm vic song song v vn iu chnh cng sut ca

my pht in ng b
1.5.1. Ghp mt my pht in ng b lm vic song song
Trong mi nh my in thng c t nhiu my pht in ng b v ni

chung cc nh my in u lm vic trong h thng in lc. Nh vy
trong h thng in lc c rt nhiu my pht in ng b lm vic song
song. Vic ni cc my pht in lm vic chung trong h thng in l cn
thit, v c u im gim bt vn u t t my pht in d tr phng
sa cha v s c m bo an ton cung cp in hoc s dng hp l cc
29
ngun nng lng nh cc trm thy in lm vic vi cng sut ln trong

ma ma l gim bt cng sut ca cc trm nhit in, do tit kim
c nhin liu trong thi gian , ni tm li l nng cao c cc ch
tiu kinh t v k thut khi thit k v vn hnh.
Khi ghp mt my pht in ng b lm vic song song trong h thng

in lc hoc vi mt my pht in ng b khc theo phng php ha
ng b chnh xc phi m bo cc yu cu sau :
1. in p ca my pht UF phi bng in p ca li in UL.

2. Tn s ca my pht fF phi bng tn s ca li in fL.
3. Th t pha ca my pht phi ging s th t pha ca li in.
4. in p ca my pht v ca li in phi trng pha nhau.
Nu khng m bo cc iu kin trn th s c dng in ln chy quanh

trong my v dng in xung khi ng cu dao ln c th ph hng my v
gy ri lon h thng in.
Gii quyt cc yu cu ha ng b:
1. Vic iu chnh in p UF ca my pht in ng b c thc hin

bng cch thay i dng in kch thch ca my pht.
2. Tn s ca my pht fF c iu chnh bng cch thay i Momen hoc
tc quay ca turbine ko my pht in.
3. S trng pha gia in p ca my pht in v ca li in c kim
tra bng n, vonmet c ch s khng hoc dng c o ng b.
4. Th t pha ca my pht in ch c kim tra mt ln sau khi lp rp
my v ha ng b ln u tin.
Vic ghp song song my pht in vo h thng in theo cc iu kin

ni trn gi l ha ng b chnh xc my pht in v thng dng thit b
30
ha ng b (theo kiu nh sng n hoc kiu in t). Ngoi ra trong mt

s trng hp vi my pht in cng sut nh c th dng phng
php ha ng b khng chnh xc ngha l khng cn phi so snh tn s,
tr s gc pha cc in p ca my pht in cn c ghp song song v
li in. y gi l phng php t ng b.
Phng php t ng b c thc hin nh sau:
Dy qun kch t khng ng vo ngun in kch t m khp mch

qua in tr phng in, trnh xut hin in p cao, ph hng dy
qun kch t. Quay Rotor n gn tc ng b, sau ng my pht vo
li v cui cng s ng dy qun kch t vo ngun in kch t, my s
lm vic ng b.
1.5.2. iu chnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng
1.5.2.1. iu chnh cng sut tc dng P
+ Khi my pht lm vic trong li in c cng sut v cng ln

( U, f = const)
Cng sut tc dng ca my pht cung cp cho ti l:
P = mUIcos (1.15)
Xt c tnh gc cng sut tc dng: Quan h P = f() khi E0 = const,

U = const
31
Hnh 1.14. c tnh gc cng sut tc dng ca my pht cc li
Trong :
: l gc gia sut in ng E0 v in p U
m : l s pha
i vi my pht cc li c r << (xdb, xd, xq) do c th coi r = 0 khi

ta c:
.
Id = (1.16)
.
Iq = (1.17)
= (1.18)
Do ta c:
P = mUI cos = mUIcos( ) (1.19.1)
32
P = m.U(I cos.cos + Isin.sin) (1.19.2)
P = m.U(Iq.cos + Id.sin) (1.19.3)
. .
P= (1.19.4)
. .
P= 2 (1.19.5)
P = P e + Pu (1.19.6)
Nh vy mun iu chnh cng sut tc dng P ca my pht in th phi

thay i gc ti , ngha l thay i giao im A bng cch thay i cng
sut c trn trc my nh b iu tc turbine.
Hnh 1.15. Cng sut tc dng v cng sut chnh b ca my pht cc li
Khi iu chnh cng sut tc dng cn ch my pht in ng b ch

hot ng n nh khi 0 < < m.
+ Khi my pht cng sut tng t nhau lm vic song song:
33
Gi s c hai my pht in cng sut bng nhau lm vic song song.

Trong trng hp ny trong iu kin ti ca li in khng i khi tng
cng sut tc dng ca mt my m khng gim tng ng cng sut tc
dng ca my kia th tn s ca li in s thay i cho n khi c s cn
bng mi v khin cho h tiu th in phi lm vic trong iu kin tn s
khc tn s nh mc. V vy gi cho f = const th khi tng cng sut
tc dng ca my ny th phi gim cng sut tc dng ca my kia. Chnh
bng cch ny m c th thay i s phn phi cng sut tc dng gia hai
my.
1.5.2.2. iu chnh cng sut phn khng Q
+ Khi my pht lm vic trong li in c cng sut v cng ln:
Cng sut phn khng ca my pht in ng b l:
Q = m.U.I.sin = m.U.I.sin( ) (1.20.1)
Q = m.(U.I.sin.cos U.I.sin.cos) (1.20.2)
. . . .
Q= (1.20.3)
Khi cng sut tc dng ca my pht ng b c gi khng i P=const,

b qua tn hao trn dy qun phn ng (r=0). Trong trng hp ny th
vector sut in ng c dng hnh 1.16.
34
Hnh 1.16. iu chnh cng sut phn khng my pht in ng b
V P = m.U.I.cos OA = const m ta li c U = const nn khi thay i Q

th u mt ca vector I lun nm trn ng thng 1 vung gc vi U. Vi
mi gi tr ca I s c mt gi tr cos v t th sc in ng tng ng
s xc nh c ln ca vector E0 t suy ra dng in kch t cn thit
sinh ra E0.
. . .
P= P1 = const (1.21)
Trong : U, Xd = const nn ta c: P E0sin = OB = const nn mt vector

E0 lun nm trn ng thng 2 vung gc vi OB.
Tm li mun iu chnh cng sut phn khng Q th cn phi thay i sut

in ng E0 bng cch thay i dng kch t It.
Vi mi gi tr ca P = const thay i Q v v th sut in ng nh

trn s xc nh c quan h I = f(it) gi l c tnh hnh ch V ca my pht
in ng b.
35
Hnh 1.17. H c tnh hnh V ca my pht in ng b
Trn hnh 1.17 ng Am i qua cc im cc tiu ca h c tnh tng

ng khi cos = 1. Khu vc bn phi Am tng ng vi ti c tnh cm ( >0)
l ch lm vic qu kch thch ca my pht in cn bn tri Am tng
ng vi ti c tnh dung ( < 0) l ch lm vic thiu kich thch ca my
pht in. ng Bn tng ng vi gii hn lm vic n nh vi li khi
my pht lm vic ch thiu kch thch.
+ Khi my pht cng sut tng t nhau lm vic song song:
Trong trng hp khi tng dng kch thch It ca mt my (tc l tng cng
sut phn khng pht ra Q) m gi nguyn dng kch thch ca my kia th
dn n d tha cng sut phn khng v lm cho in p U ca li in
tng ln . V vy duy tr trng thi lm vic ca li in U = const th
khi tng dng kch thch ca my ny th phi gim dng kch thch ca my
36
kia. Chnh bng cch ny s thc hin c s phn phi li cng sut phn
khng Q gia hai my.
1.6. H thng kch t my pht
1.6.1. Khi nim chung
Mt trong cc h thng thit b quan trng nht quyt nh n s lm vic

an ton ca my pht in, l h thng kch t. H thng kch t c nhim v
cung cp dng in mt chiu cho cc cun dy kch thch ca my pht in
ng b. Dng kch t phi c kh nng iu chnh bng tay hoc t ng
m bo ch lm vic lun n nh, kinh t ca my pht in vi cht
lng in nng cao trong mi tnh hung.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, iu chnh dng kch t s iu chnh

c in p u cc my pht v thay i lng cng sut phn khng pht
vo li.
Mt vn ng quan tm khi my pht in lm vic ch qu .

Ch qu c th xy ra trong qu trnh khi ng my hoc khi ni my
pht in lm vic vi li. Qu trnh qu xy ra c th lm cht lng
in nng gim (khi my pht ni vi li). Nu khng khng ch kp thi c
th gy nn ph hu my. Thng thng thi gian qu ca my pht in
ni chung i hi phi tt rt nhanh bin dao ng ca cc qu trnh qu
trong my phi nm trong phm vi cho php. Do vn iu chnh t
ng dng kch t c vai tr ht sc quan trng.
t ng iu chnh dng kch t ca my pht in ng b, ngi ta s

dng B iu chnh t ng in p (AVR-Automatic Voltage Regulator).
Thit b ny c nhim v gi cho in p u cc my pht l khng i (vi
chnh xc nht nh) khi ph ti thay i v nng cao gii hn cng sut
37
truyn ti ca my pht vo h thng li in. c bit khi my pht

c ni vi h thng qua ng dy di.
Nhng yu cu chung i vi B AVR:
- iu chnh n nh in p my pht in
- iu chnh in p theo cng sut phn khng, gim st p trn

ng dy hoc gim st p qua tng tr my bin p khi my vn hnh c
lp. Phn phi cng sut phn khng gia cc my vi nhau trong h thng
khi my vn hnh ni li.
- m bo n nh cho h thng khi my ni li trong trng hp

thiu kch thch.
- B AVR cn c ch kch thch cng bc, khi my pht lm vic

ch s c (nh ngn mch trong li)... th ch c b phn kch thch
cng bc lm vic l ch yu. B phn ny cho php duy tr in p ca li
v gi n nh cho h thng.
Hiu qu thc hin cc nhim v trn ph thuc vo c trng v thng

s ca h thng kch t cng nh kt cu ca b AVR.
cung cp mt cch tin cy dng in mt chiu cho cun dy kch t

ca my pht in ng b, cn phi c h thng kch t thch hp vi cng
sut nh mc ln. Thng thng i hi cng sut nh mc ca h
thng kch t bng 0,2% n 0,6% cng sut nh mc ca my pht in.
Vic to ra cc h thng kch t c cng sut ln nh vy thng gp nhiu
kh khn. l v cng sut ch to cc my pht in mt chiu b hn
ch bi iu kin lm vic ca b phn i chiu, khi my pht in mt
chiu c cng sut ln b phn ny lm vic km tin cy v mau hng do tia
38
la in pht sinh. Vi cc my pht in c cng sut ln, ngi ta phi s

dng cc h thng kch t dng my pht in xoay chiu v chnh lu. Ngy
nay ngi ta ang p dng ph bin h thng kch t tnh, dng b chnh lu
c iu khin. Ngoi cng sut nh mc v in p nh mc, h thng kch
t cn c c trng bi hai thng s quan trong khc l in p kch t gii
hn (Ufgh) v hng s thi gian (Te).
in p kch t gii hn l in p kch t ln nht c th to ra c ca

h thng kch t. Gi tr in p ny cng ln th phm vi iu chnh dng
kch t cng rng v cng c kh nng iu chnh nhanh. i vi my pht
in tua bin hi thng c Ufgh 2Ufm. Trong nhiu trng hp p ng
cc yu cu m bo n nh h thng, ngi ta ch to Ufgh = (3 4)Ufm.
Tuy nhin, Ufgh cng cao i hi h thng kch t phi c kh nng cch in
cao.
Hng s thi gian Te c trng cho tc thay i dng kch t. Te c

xc nh bi qun tnh in t ca cc cun dy in cm. Te c tr s cng
nh th tc iu chnh dng kch t cng nhanh. c trng cho tnh tc
ng nhanh ca h thng kch t bng tc in p kch t khi c kch thch
cng bc.
1.6.2. Phn loi h thng kch t
H thng kch t c th chia lm 3 nhm chnh :
- H thng kch t mt chiu (DC Exciter)
- H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC Exciter)
- H thng kch t tnh (Static Exciter)
1.6.2.1. H thng kch t mt chiu (DC Exciter)
39
y l h thng kch thch s dng my pht in mt chiu. Dng in

kch t c iu khin bng cch thay i in p ra ca my kch thch mt
chiu.
H thng kch t ny vn tn ti nhiu h thng my pht c cng sut

nh hn 100 MVA. Bao gm hai h thng my pht in vnh gp mt chiu:
H thng kch t chnh v h thng kch t ph. Trong h thng kch
thch chnh ly in p mt chiu t u ra ca my pht in mt chiu cp
cho cun kch t chnh ca my pht. Trong khi h thng kch thch ph
thng c hai cun kch thch mt cun nhn in p kch thch t b
bin i in t cn cun th hai l cun kch t t kch nhn in p kch
thch l in p u ra ca my pht. in p mt chiu ny c cp cho
cun kch t ca h thng kch thch chnh.
Trong h thng kch t dng my pht mt chiu th ch c 1 cun kch

thch ca h thng kch thch ph c cp ngun t b bin i v c iu
khin bi b AVR. B AVR s iu khin in p ra ca my pht mt
chiu t iu chnh dng kch t If ca kch t chnh nh m thay i
c in p ra ca my pht in ng b .
quay my pht in mt chiu ngi ta c th s dng nng lng ca

chnh trc quay my pht in ng b, hoc s dng mt ng c xoay chiu
ring cho mc ch ny. trng hp ny, ng c c cung cp in t
li in t dng ca nh my hoc t mt my pht in ng b ring
ghp cng trc vi my pht in chnh nhng c cng sut nh.
nh gi v h thng kch t dng my pht in mt chiu:
+ u im:
B bin i c cng sut nh.
40
+ Nhc im:
Do s dng h thng vnh gp chi than bn khng cao nn cng sut

ch to b hn ch.
H thng kch thch c s dng gin tip nn hng s thi gian Te ca h

thng kch t ln, kh nng p ng ca h thng chm. Kt cu h thng
kch t phc tp (nu dng ng c s cp quay my pht mt chiu). V
vy h thng kch t loi ny thng c p dng cc my pht in c
cng sut nh v trung bnh.
1.6.2.2. H thng kch t xoay chiu (AC Exciter)
y l h thng kch t dng kt hp my pht in ng b xoay chiu v

h thng chnh lu. My pht ng b dng cho kch thch gi l my kch
thch xoay chiu, bao gm mt my pht in ng b c phn cm l phn
tnh, phn ng l phn quay, kt hp vi b chnh lu quay lp t ngay trn
trc. Do , dng in kch thch s i trc tip t phn ng ca my kch t,
qua b chnh lu, vo thng Rotor, m khng qua bt k mi tip xc ca
vng gp vi chi than no. Do , h thng ny thng c gi l h thng
kch thch khng chi than.
H thng kch t ny s dng mt my pht in xoay chiu ba pha quay

cng trc vi my pht in chnh lm ngun cung cp cho cun kch t my
pht in ng b chnh. My pht in xoay chiu cho kch t c kt cu c
bit. Cun kch t t cun dy ba pha t rotor. Dng in xoay chiu ba
pha to ra t my kch thch c chnh lu thnh dng mt chiu nh mt b
chnh lu cng sut ln, gn ngay trn trc rotor ca my pht. Nh vy cun
dy kch t ca my pht in chnh Wf nhn ngay c dng mt chiu m
khng cn vnh trt v chi in. cung cp ngun cho cun dy kch t
41
ca my pht kch thch (t stator) dng b chnh lu c iu khin, ngun

cung cp cho n c th ly t mt my pht xoay chiu tn s cao hoc t
ngun in xoay chiu bt k. Tn hiu iu khin ca b AVR c t trc
tip vo ca iu khin ca b chnh lu cp in cho cun kch t ca my
pht kch thch, lm thay i dng kch t tng ng vi mc ch iu chnh.
+ u im:
- Nng cao c cng sut ch to ca my pht in v khng c chi

than v vnh trt.
- Hng s thi gian kch t Te kh nh khong t (0,1 n 0,15) giy. in

p kch thch gii hn Ufgh tng i ln so vi kch t mt chiu.
+ Nhc im :
- Ch to phc tp, gi thnh thit b cao.
1.6.2.3. H thng kch t tnh (Static Exciter)
y l h thng kch t khng c phn quay (kch t tnh) s dng b

chnh lu c iu khin cp ngun cho cun dy kch t.
Vi mc ch gim nh hng s thi gian kch t Te l mt yu cu k

thut quan trng, xut pht t cc bi ton m bo n nh v cht lng
in nng. Hng s thi gian Te c xc nh l hng s thi gian tng
ng ca tt c cc khu t tn hiu ra ca b AVR n in p kch t Uf
ca my pht ng b v thng kh ln do qun tnh in t ca my pht
kch thch. Vy nu tc ng ca AVR trc tip vo in p kch thch Uf
th hng s thi gian Te s gim i rt nhiu. Vn ny c gii quyt
khi xut hin cc loi chnh lu iu khin cng sut ln (s dng Thyristor
...). Nng lng cung cp cho cun dy kch thch ca my pht in ng b
42
c th t mt my pht in xoay chiu ba pha c tn s t (50 500) HZ hoc

t ngun li in t dng. Trong mch chnh lu c iu khin, ngoi iu
kin thun chiu ca in p trn chnh lu, cn i hi mt tn hiu (dng
in) xut hin trn cc iu khin th b chnh lu mi cho php dn dng
qua. Thng ngi ta p dng chnh lu ba pha c iu khin trong cc h
thng kch t. Tc iu chnh ca h thng ny nhanh, c th coi nh tc
ng tc thi vo in p kch t. Hng s thi gian ch cn khong 0,02 n
0,04s.
+ Nhc im:
- H thng kch t vn phi dng vnh gp chi than.
+ u im :
- Hng s thi gian Te nh do kh nng p ng ca h thng rt nhanh

to iu kin p dng cng ngh iu khin s.
- Cu trc mch kch t n gin d iu khin cht lng n nh
- Cng ngh bn dn pht trin cho php ch to cc b chnh lu dng

valve bn dn vi cng sut ln v gi thnh h.
Do u im ca h thng kch t loi ny chng c p dng rng ri

trong cc my pht cng sut trung bnh v ln c yu cu v cht lng iu
chnh.
43
CHNG 2
H THNG KCH T IN HNH V B IU CHNH
IN P AVR
2.1. Cc khi chc nng ca h thng kch t
Hnh 2.1. S khi chc nng ca h thng kch t
2.1.1. B kch
B kch c chc nng cung cp dng mt chiu cho cc cun dy kch t

to nn t trng ca my in ng b. B kch l h thng chnh lu
in xoay chiu thnh in mt chiu cung cp cho rotor ca my pht. H
thng chnh lu c th la chn l chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin hon ton
v bn iu khin.
2.1.1.1. Cch to nn dng in xoay chiu
44
to nn dng in trong mt cun dy ta cho cun dy quay u

trong mt t trng khng i quanh trc i xng ca n. ng dng nh
lut cm ng in t. Nh vy t trng gi qua mt ct ca cun dy s bin
i mt cch tun hon v do trong cun dy xut hin dng in cm ng
xoay chiu.
c c t trng u khng i trong rotor my pht, ta phi cung cp

mt dng in mt chiu khng i vo trong cc cun cc t ca my pht.
Dng in gy ra trong khong khng xung quanh n mt t trng.
Xt dng in c cng I chy trn mt on dy dn L. Chn mt phn

t dng in Idl v mt im P cch Idl mt on l r.
Hnh 2.2. Dng in to ra cm ng t
Cm ng t dB do phn t dng in Idl to ra im P c tnh theo

cng thc:
.
(2.1)
Vc t cm ng t do phn t dng in sinh ra ti mt im P nm

cch phn t mt khong r l mt vc t:
45
- C mt im t ti M
- C phng vung gc vi mt phng G cha phn t dng in v im

P
- C chiu xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai
Thng lng ca vc t cm ng t gi qua mt mt c din tch S gi

tt l t thng (k hiu l ) l mt i lng c tr s t l vi s ng sc
cm ng t gi qua mt .
= . (2.2)
Khi t thng gi qua mt mch bin i theo thi gian th trong mch xut
hin mt sc in ng gi l sc in ng cm ng . Sc in ng cm
ng v gi tr bng nhng tri du vi tc bin thin ca t thng gi qua
din tch ca mch in:

= (2.3)
Khi d cm ng t khng i v quay vng dy lm thay i gc to bi

gia vc t cm ng t v vc t din tch l . Xt khung dy quay u
vi vn tc gc l th trong khong thi gian t gc gia v l = t
th t thng gi qua din tch S l:
= B.S.cos = B.S.cost (2.4)
Theo nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t sc in ng xut

hin trong cun dy l:

= = B.S..sint (2.5)
46
Khi ni vi ti c in tr R th dng in xut hin trong mch c cng

:
. .
I= t (2.6)
Vi bin php ta to ra c dng in v in p xoay chiu.
2.1.1.2. Mch chnh lu cp ngun cho rotor
H thng s dng lun ngun in u ra ca my pht lm ngun cp cho

rotor. Ngun in u ra ca my pht l xoay chiu do vy cn phi c qu
trnh chnh lu bin i nng nng lng dng in xoay chiu thnh nng
lng dng in mt chiu. Vi mong mun iu chnh c dng in cp
vo cho cun dy rotor ca my pht v vy chn cc mch chnh lu c iu
khin. s dng phn t bn dn c iu khin chu ng c in p v
dng in ln ( c th ln n hng nghn ampe) m trong tn s in p li
th lun lun phi k n phn t bn dn thyristor.
Thyristor l phn t bn dn p-n-p-n to ra ba tip gip p-n: j1, j2, j3.

Thyristor c ba cc: a nt A, ca tt K, cc iu khin G.
Hnh 2.3. Cu trc bn dn ca thyristor
47
c tnh vn-ampe ca mt thyristor gm hai phn hnh 2.3. Phn th nht

nm trong gc phn t th nht l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp
in p UAK > 0; phn th hai nm trong gc phn t th ba, gi l c tnh
ngc tng ng vi trng hp UAK< 0.
Hnh 2.4. c tnh vn-ampe ca thyristor
+ Trng hp khi khng c dng vo cc iu khin:
Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca thyristor bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu

khin, thyristor s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in
p gia anot-catot. Khi in p UAK < 0, theo cu to bn dn ca thyristor hai
tip gip j1 v j3 u phn cc ngc. Lp j2 phn cc thun. Nh vy
thyristor s ging nh hai diode mc ni tip b phn cc ngc. Qua
thyristor s ch c mt dng in rt nh chy qua gi l dng r. Khi UAK
tng t n mt gi tr in p ln nht Ung.max s xy ra hin tng thyristor
b nh thng v dng in c th tng ln rt ln. Ging nh c tnh
48
ngc ca diode qu trnh b nh thng l qu trnh khng th o ngc

c, ngha l nu c th gim in p UAK xung di mc Ung.max th dng
in cng khng gim c v mc dng r.
Khi tng in p anot-catot theo chiu thun, UAK > 0, lc u cng ch c

mt dng in rt nh chy qua. in tr tng ng mch anot-catot vn
c mt gi tr rt ln. Khi tip gip j1 v j3 u phn cc thun cn lp tip
gip j2 phn cc ngc. Cho n khi UAK tng t n gi tr in p thun
ln nht Uth.max s xy ra hin tng in tr tng ng mch anot-catot t
ngt gim, dng in chy qua thyristor s ch b gii hn bi in tr mch
ngoi. Nu khi dng qua thyristor ln hn mt mc dng ti thiu gi l
dng duy tr idt th khi thyristor s dn dng trn ng c tnh thun
ging nh ng c tnh thun ca diode. on c tnh thun c c
trng bi tnh cht dng c th c gi tr ln nhng in p ri trn anot-catot
nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in.
+ Trng hp c dng in vo cc iu khin G:
Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin G v catot K, qu

trnh chuyn im lm vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn trc
khi in p thun t n gi tr ln nht Uth.max. iu ny c m t trn
hnh v bng on nt t ng vi cc gi tr dng iu khin khc nhau. Ni
chung, nu c dng iu khin ln hn th im chuyn c tnh lm vic s
xy ra vi UAK nh hn. Qu trnh xy ra trn c tnh ngc s khng c g
khc so vi trng hp dng iu khin bng 0.
Khi c phn cc thun, UAK > 0 thyristor c th m c bng hai cch.

Th nht c th tng in p anot-catot cho n khi t n gi tr in p
thun ln nht Uth.max in tr tng ng trong mch anot-catot s gim t
49
ngt v dng thyristor s hon ton do mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php
ny trong thc t s khng c p dng do nguyn nhn m khng mong
mun v khng phi lc no cng c th tng c in p n gi tr thun
ln nht Uth.max v thm vo s xy ra trng hp thyristor s t m ra
di tc dng ca cc xung in p ti mt thi im ngu nhin, khng nh
trc.
Phng php th hai l a mt xung dng in c gi tr nht nh vo

gia cc iu khin v catot. Xung dng in iu khin s chuyn trng thi
ca thyristor t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc in p anot-catot
nh. Khi nu dng qua anot-catot ln hn mt gi tr nht nh gi l dng
duy tr idt th thyristor s tip tc trng thi m dn dng m khng cn n
s tn ti ca xung dng iu khin. iu ny ngha l c th iu khin m
thyristor bng cc xung dng c rng xung nht nh, do cng sut ca
mch iu khin c th rt nh so vi cng sut ca mch lc m thyristor l
mt phn t ng ct khng ch dng in.
Mt thyristor ang dn dng s tr v trng thi kha nu dng in gim

xung nh hn gi tr dng duy tr idt. Tuy nhin thyristor vn trng thi
kha vi tr khng cao khi in p anot-catot li dng th cn phi c mt
thi gian nht nh cc lp tip gip phc hi hon ton tnh cht cn tr
dng in ca mnh.
Khi thyristor dn dng theo chiu thun UAK > 0 hai lp tip gip j1 v j3
u phn cc thun, cc in tch i qua hai lp ny d dng v lp y tip
gip j2 ang b phn cc ngc. V vy m dng in c th chy qua ba lp
tip gip j1, j2, j3. kha thyristor li cn gim dng anot-catot v di mc
dng duy tr bng cch hoc l i chiu dng in hoc p mt in p
ngc ln gia anot v catot ca thyristor. Sau khi dng v bng khng phi
50
t mt in p ngc ln anot-catot trong mt khong thi gian ti thiu gi

l thi gian phc hi tr. Ch sau thyristor mi c th cn tr dng in theo
c hai chiu. Trong thi gian phc hi c mt dng in ngc chy gia
catot v anot. Dng in ngc ny di chuyn cc in tch ra khi tip gip j2
v np in cho t in tng ng ca hai tip gip j1 v j3 c phc hi.
Thi gian phc hi ph thuc vo lng in tch cn c di chuyn ra
ngoi cu trc bn dn ca thyristor v np in cho tip gip j1 v j3 n in
p ngc ti im .
Thi gian phc hi l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca thyristor.

Thi gian phc hi xc nh gii tn s lm vic ca thyristor.
+ Cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin thyristor:
Hnh 2.5. Yu cu i vi xung iu khin ca thyristor
51
Quan h gia in p trn cc iu khin v catot vi dng in i vo cc

iu khin xc nh cc yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin thyristor. Vi
cng mt loi thyristor nh sn xut s cung cp mt h c tnh iu khin,
v d nh trn hnh 2.5 trn c th thy c cc c tnh gii hn v in
p v dng in nh nht ng vi mt nhit mi trng nht nh m tn
hiu iu khin phi m bo chc chn m c mt thyristor.Dng iu
khin i qua tip gip p-n gia cc iu khin v catot cng lm pht nng
tip gip ny. V vy tn hiu iu khin cng b hn ch v cng sut. Cng
sut gii hn ca tn hiu iu khin ph thuc vo rng ca xung iu
khin. Tn hiu iu khin l mt xung c rng cng ngn th cng sut
cho php c th cng ln.
+ Cc thng s c bn ca thyristor:
Cc thng s c bn ca thyristor l cc thng s da vo ta c th la

chn c mt thyristor cho mt ng dng c th no .
- Gi tr dng trung bnh cho php chy qua thyristor iv: y l gi tr dng
trung bnh cho php chy qua thyristor vi iu kin nhit ca cu trc tinh
th bn dn ca thyristor khng vt qu mt gi tr cho php.Trong thc t
dng in cho php chy qua thyristor cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm
mt v nhit mi trng. Thyristor c th c gn ln cc b tn nhit
tiu chun v lm mt t nhin. Ngoi ra thyristor c th c lm mt cng
bc nh qut gi hoc dng nc tn nhit ta ra nhanh hn. C th la
chn theo cc iu kin lm mt theo kinh nghim nh sau:
Lm mt t nhin dng s dng cho php n mt phn ba dng iv
Lm mt cng bc bng qut gi s dng dng bng hai phn ba dng iv
Lm mt cng bc bng nc c th s dng 100% dng in iv
52
- in p ngc cho php ln nht Ung.max: y l gi tr in p ngc ln

nht cho php t ln van. Trong cc ng dng phi m bo rng ti bt k
thi im no in p gia anot v catot UAK lun nh hn hoc bng in p
ngc ln nht Ung.max. Ngoi ra phi m bo mt d tr nht nh v
in p ngha l phi c chn t nht l bng 1,2 n 1,5 ln gi tr bin
ln nht ca in p trn s .
- Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kha ca thyristor tr:
y l thi gian ti thiu phi t in p m ln gia anot-catot ca

thyristor sau khi dng anot-catot v bng khng trc khi li c th c in
p dng m thyristor vn kha. Thi gian phc hi tr l mt thng s quan
trng ca thyristor. Nht l trong cc b nghch lu ph thuc hoc nghch
lu c lp trong phi lun m bo rng thi gian dnh cho qu trnh
kha phi bng 1,5 n 2 ln thi gian phc hi tr.
- Tc tng in p cho php dU/dt:
Thyristor c s dng nh mt phn t c iu khin ngha l mc d

c phn cc thun khi UAK > 0 nhng vn phi c mt tn hiu iu khin
cung cp vo cc iu khin G th n mi cho php dng in chy qua. Khi
thyristor c phn cc thun phn ln in p c ri trn lp tip gip j2.
Lp tip gip j2 b phn cc ngc nn dy ca n n ra to ra vng

khng gian ngho in tch cn tr dng in chy qua. Vng khng gian ny
c th coi nh mt t in. Khi c in p bin thin vi tc ln dng in
ca t c gi tr ng k ng vai tr nh dng iu khin. Kt qu l
thyristor c th m ra khi cha c tn hiu iu khin vo cc iu khin G.
Tc tng in p l mt thng s phn bit thyristor tn s thp vi cc
thyristor tn s cao.
53
- Tc tng dng cho php dI/dt:
Khi thyristor bt u m, khng phi mi im trn tit din tinh th bn

dn ca n u dn dng ng u. Dng in s chy qua bt u mt s
im gn vi cc iu khin nht, sau s lan ta sang cc im khc trn
ton b tit din. Nu tc tng dng qu ln c th dn n mt dng
in cc im dn ban u qu ln, s pht nhit cc b qu mnh lit c
th dn n hng cc b t dn n hng ton b tit din tinh th bn dn.
Tc tng dng cng phn bit thyristor tn s thp vi thyristor tn s cao.
Trong cc ng dng phi lun m bo tc tng dng di mc cho php.
iu ny t c nh mc ni tip cc van bn dn vi cc cun khng tr s
nh.
Cc thyristor s c t hp kt ni vi nhau to nn mt mch chnh

lu hon chnh nh mun. Sau y ta phn tch mt s mch chnh lu
chn c mch ti u cho bi ton.
1. Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha c iu khin
Mch gm ba thyristor T1 T2 v T3 mc thnh mt nhm c a nt chung

hoc ca tt chung. Xt mch chnh lu c cc thyristor mc theo kiu ca tt
chung.
Hnh 2.6. Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha
54
Dng in p ra ca ti vi gc m ca thyristor l
Hnh 2.7. Dng in p v dng iu khin cc van
in p u ra ca mch chnh lu:

Ud = (2.7)
Dng in qua mi van ch tn ti trong 1/3 chu k in p ngun v vy

dng in qua mi van l:
55
Ith = Id/3 (2.8)
Trong Id l dng in trung bnh qua ti
in p ngc ca i trn van l in p dy cc i. in p ngc cc

i trn van l:
Ung max = Uday max = 6U2 (2.9)
Mch dng ngun ba pha nn cng sut ca mch c th tng ln nhiu

c.
2. S chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
Mch van gm hai nhm, cc thyristor T1, T3 v T5 u kiu ca tt chung

cn cc thyristor T2, T4 v T6 u kiu a nt chung. bt k thi im no
cng c mt thyristor nhm trn dn v mt thyristor nhm di dn. Nh
vy pht xung m van cho mch hot ng cng phi ng thi cho hai
thyristor cn dn.
Hnh 2.8. Chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
56
Nh vy khi pht xung m van cho mch hot ng phi ng thi cho hai
thyristor cu dn.
Hnh 2.9. Dng in p v dng in iu khin cc van
57
in p u ra ca mch chnh lu:

Ud = (2.10)
Dng in qua mi van ch tn ti trong 1/3 chu k in p ngun v vy

dng in qua mi van l:
Ith = Id/3 (2.11)
Trong Id l dng in trung bnh qua ti
in p ngc cc i trn van l in p dy cc i. in p ngc cc

i trn van l:
Ung max = Uday max = 6U2 (2.12)
Mch dng ngun ba pha nn cng sut ca mch c th tng ln nhiu

c.
T s in p ca hai mch chnh lu chng ta thy rng in p mt

chiu u ra ca chnh lu cu ba pha phng hn so vi chnh lu hnh tia. Do
to ra c ngun mt chiu n nh hn. Nhng s van hot ng nhiu
hn v vic iu khin m cc van phc tp hn. Do yu cu ngun mt
chiu u ra cng phng cng tt do vy h thng la chn chnh lu cu ba
pha c iu khin.
3. Mch tr gip van
Mch tr gip van l nhng mch c ni thm vo cnh van gip bo v

van v lm tng hiu qu lm vic ca van. Mch tr gip van c th em li
nhiu kh nng cho van:
- Gim hoc trit tiu cc xung qu p hoc qu dng
58
- Hn ch c tng in p v tng dng in trn van
- Truyn nng lng pht nhit ca van sang in tr ngoi hoc sang
hng khc c li.
- Gim tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh ng ct
C nhiu loi mch tr gip van nhng ph bin l hai loi: mch RC
(tr-t) v mch RCD (tr-t-it). Cc mch ny mc song song vi van v
em li nhng hiu qu mong mun nh trn.
4. Ch nghch lu ph thuc trong thit b chnh lu
Thit b chnh lu hot ng ch m dng nng lng chuyn ha t

pha ngun xoay chiu sang pha ngun mt chiu l ch chnh lu. Tuy
nhin khi ti c cha sc in ng E c th lm cho nng lng c chuyn
t pha mt chiu sang pha xoay chiu gi l ch nghch lu. Lc
thit b chnh lu chuyn sang chy ch nghch lu. V mch van hot
ng phi da theo ngun xoay chiu, ph thuc vo ngun ny nn c gi
l nghch lu ph thuc.
Mt ngun c th pht nng lng hay tiu th nng lng ty thuc vo

chiu ca dng in v chiu ca sc in ng. Nu chiu ca sc in ng
v chiu ca dng in trng nhau n l ngun pht nng lng. Nu chiu
ca dng in v sc in ng tri du nhau n l ti tiu th nng lng. T
nguyn tc ny cho thy mun nghch lu cn phi c hai iu kin:
- pha mt chiu l pht nng lng cn m bo dng in v sc in

ng pha mt chiu cng chiu vi nhau.
- pha xoay chiu nhn nng lng, tng ng th chiu ca dng

in ngun v in p ngun phi ngc chiu nhau.
59
Song do mch van ch cho php dng in i theo mt chiu xc nh. Khi
gi nguyn mch van chnh lu tc l gi chiu dng in khng i nh vy
mun mch hot ng ch nghch lu buc phi thc hin:
- Thc hin iu kin 1 bng cch o chiu sc in ng E pha mt

chiu
- Thc hin iu kin 2 bng cch o chiu Ud. Theo biu thc in p
u ra ca b chnh lu Ud = Ud0.cos. V vy cn c Ud < 0 phi iu khin
c > 900. Nh vy ch c cc mch chnh lu c quy lut Ud = Ud0.cos
mi cho php chy ch nghch lu.
ch nghch lu ph thuc, cn c bit lu thi gian phc hi tnh

cht kha ca thyristor, l khong thi gian in p trn thyristor m sau khi
van kha. Gc kha k hiu l tnh theo cng thc:
= ( ) (2.13)
Trong l gc xy ra qu trnh trng dn ca van.
ch chnh lu do nh nn gc ln v lun m bo kha tt cho

van. ch nghch lu do ln nn gc kha nh, do vy nu iu khin
vi qu ln c th gc kha khng m bo kha chc van na. Lc
thyristor s dn tr li ngay im in p va dng ln, tng ng vi gc
iu khin = 0 tc l mch b mt iu khin. Dng in id s tng vt in
p ra li c du dng. Khi trong mch cng mt lc c hai mch u pht
nng lng v dn c ln ti gy ra s c cho mch.
Nh vy khi hot ng ch nghch lu cn lun khng ch gc trong

phm vi cho php, thng > 50.
60
2.1.2. B iu chnh in p AVR
B iu chnh in p nhn cc lnh yu cu, cc tn hiu phn hi sau

x l v khuch i tn hiu iu khin to ra cch thc thch hp nhm
iu khin b t kch cung cp ngun mt chiu cho rotor p ng c
cc yu cu ca ngi s dng v h thng. Chi tit v b iu chnh in p
AVR c nu ln mc 2.2.
2.1.3. B cm bin in p
B cm bin in p thu thp cc thng tin v in p phn hi v cung cp

cho b iu chnh in p AVR. Tn hiu ny c AVR thu thp x l so
snh vi tn hiu u vo mong mun tc ng vo b iu chnh t c
u ra nh mong mun. B cm bin in p c dng l cc my bin in
p t trc my ct u cc. Yu cu ca b cm bin in p l cm ng
chnh xc gi tr tng ng vi gi tr in p ca my pht u ra v cung
cp cho h gi tr khng b nhiu cng nh l b tht thot. B cm bin in
p ng vi cp in p u ra ca my pht v c u ra thch hp vi yu
cu ca b iu chnh in p.
2.1.4. B hn ch v bo v
2.1.4.1. Gii hn di kch t [6]
Gii hn di kch t, cn gi l Under Excitation Limiter (UEL), hot

ng nng cao kch t my pht bt c khi no n cm nhn c mc
kch t my pht tr nn qu thp. u ra ca n hoc c cng vo nt
cng ca b AVR hoc chim lun quyn iu khin kch t ca tn hiu
AVR.
Gii hn di kch t c ng dng nhm mt trong hai mc ch sau:
61
- Trnh s vn hnh c hi cho s n nh ca my ng b hay dn ti

mt ng b do thiu kch t.
- Trnh s vn hnh dn ti qu nhit trong li thp stator.
Nguyn nhn ca s gim kch t ca my pht ng b khi ni ti li
in c th l:
- Ngi vn hnh hay my tnh iu khin c th v tnh hay c gim gi

tr t ca b iu chnh in p.
- Nhng s thay i trong h thng li in c th lm tng in p h
thng, do b iu chnh in p s c gng gim bng cch gim kch t,
do vy s tiu th cng sut phn khng dn ti thiu kch t.
C th c li trong b iu chnh in p hay mch phn hi in p, do
lm gim kch t my pht bn di mc bnh thng.
2.1.4.2. B gii hn qu kch thch [6]
Mc ch ca b gii hn qu kch thch l bo v my pht khng b qu
nhit do qu dng kch thch. B gii hn ny cn c bit nh b gii hn
kch thch cc i cho cun dy ca rotor. Cun kch thch my pht c
thit k hot ng lin tc ti gi tr p ng ti nh mc. Nhit pht
nng th cun kch thch rotor my pht qu ti c thit k theo tiu chun.
Chc nng c trng ca b gii hn kch thch l pht hin ra dng kch
thch cao tc ng thng qua b iu chnh AC nhm lm gim dng kch
thch v gi tr t ban u, gi tr t trc (khong 100 110% dng kch
thch nh mc). Nu b AC lm vic khng t, th b gii hn s ct tn
hiu iu khin n b AC v chuyn iu khin n b iu chnh DC. Nu
b iu chnh DC cng khng lm gim kch thch v gi tr an ton th b
gii hn s tc ng ct my ct kch t v tc ng ct my pht.
62
2.1.4.3. Gii hn dng phn ng (dng Stator my pht)

Trong stator c in tr, sau khi ho ng b tng cng sut, s c dng
in chy trong phn ng. Dng in phn ng l mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn lm tn hao cng sut, nng lng do tn hao ny gy pht nng lm
tng nhit trong dy dn stator v to nhit ra mi trng xung quanh n.
V vy mt trong nhng hn ch ca my pht l dng cc i ca phn ng,
khng b vt qu gii hn nhit lm h hng cch in ca stator, khi
my lm vic ch nh mc (gi tr ti a gii hn bi iu kin tn
nhit) tng ng vi iu kin cng sut biu kin khng i.
Cng sut pht ra:
S2 = P2 + Q2 (2.14)
y l phng trnh ng trn vi bn knh l P Q
Trn mt phng P, Q c th biu din ng gii hn dng phn ng, l
vng trn tm vi tm ti gc ta v bn knh bng cng sut biu kin
nh mc.
Hnh 2.10. Gii hn dng in phn ng
63
2.1.4.4. Gii hn bo v V/Hz

B gii hn ny c s dng bo v my pht khng b h hng do
vt qu dng t ho, l hu qu ca tn s thp v qu in p. Dng t
ha c th l nguyn nhn ch yu ca s qu nhit, kt qu c th lm h
my pht. Chc nng ca b gii hn ny thay th gi tr in p t bi u
ra ca mch la chn t s U/F gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht nu u ra chm
n gii hn.
2.1.4.5. Mch dit t
Khi my pht in c ct khi li, cn phi nhanh chng t ng it
t trng cun kch t nht l khi ngn mch trong khu vc bo v ca my
pht in. Khi my ct u cc ca n phi ct ra nhng ch mi loi tr
c thnh phn dng ngn mch do h thng v cc my pht lm vic song
song vi n cung cp. Trong my pht in vn cn tn ti thnh phn dng
ngn mch do bn thn n cung cp v my pht vn cn ang c kch t
v quay theo qun tnh mc d ngun cung cp cho turbine b ct. loi
tr thnh phn dng ngn mch ny cn phi nhanh chng t ng gim dng
kch t xung, tc l dit t trng dng kch t. Thi gian dit t cng nh
cng hn ch c nhng h hng do tc dng nhit gy ra nht l khi ngn
mch trong cun dy phn tnh. Tuy nhin cun kch t c s vng dy ln
nn in cm ln, thi gian dit t cng nhanh th lm cho n b qu in p
cng nhiu. V vy thi gian dit t b hn ch bi i lng qu in p cho
php ca mch kch t.
Thit b t ng dit t phi c tnh ton sao cho thi gian dit t nh
nht c th nhng phi m bo qu in p khng c vt qu cho php.
64
Trong h thng cp ngun cho rotor dng b cu chnh lu chuyn in

p xoay chiu v mt chiu ng thi iu chnh c in p cp cho rotor.
Li dng cu chnh lu, h thng kch t dit t bng phn chnh lu. Trong
iu kin lm vic bnh thng chnh lu c iu khin lm vic vi gc m
nh hn 900. Trc khi ct ngun cp cho cun dy rotor b iu chnh tng
gc m ca thyristor ln 1400 lm cho b cu chnh lu lm vic ch
nghch lu. Khi in p tr nn m tc l thc hin i chiu in p trn
cun kch t. Dit t bng phn chnh lu rt nhanh v khng gy qu in
p.
Duy tr trng thi nghch lu trong mt khong thi gian xc nh ri ngt

ngt ngun cp cho rotor ng thi ni dn in tr phi tuyn vo hai u cc
rotor. Khi ct my ct kch t m m nng lng ca cun dy rotor vn cha
c gii phng ht th s c gii phng tip qua dn in tr phi tuyn
mc vo.
2.1.4.6. Bo v chm t rotor [6]
Mch in kch t ca my pht xoay chiu ng b l mt mch mt

chiu c lp, v n khng cn phi ni t. Khi s c chm t xy ra cun
dy kch t th vn khng c dng in s c chy xung t. Do cng
khng cn thit phi tc ng hiu chnh s c ngay. Tht vy cc my pht
c th thng vn hnh vi mt s c chm t trn cun dy kch t trong
sut thi gian di. Tuy nhin s c nh th phi c pht hin v phi c
loi b bi s nguy him s gia tng nu s c chm t th hai xy ra trn
cun dy kch t trong sut thi gian di. S c chm t th hai s lm ngn
mch mt phn ca cun dy qun kch t v c th gy h hng n cun
dy. Hn na n lm thay i phn b t thng bn trong rotor ca my pht
in. iu ny lm cho my rung mnh v gy ra h hng v c.
65
pht hin s c chm t rotor, h thng dng mt ngun ph xoay

chiu bm vo rotor. Dng hai relay o in p v dng in phn hi v so
vi t. T tnh c tng tr so vi t.
Hnh 2.11. Bo v chm t rotor
Ngun ph xoay chiu c cp vo rotor qua hai t cch ly vi ngun

mt chiu. Ni t vi trc ca my pht thng qua chi than ni t. Hai tn
hiu vo hai chn (7) v (8) dng o in p ca rotor so vi t. Hai chn
(1) v (2) dng ly tn hiu do dng ca mch. Da vo dng in v in
p thu c, relay tnh ton v a ra c tng tr ca rotor so vi t.
Thng thng khi in tr khong di 4000 th a ra tn hiu cnh bo l
c s chm t i vi rotor. Vn hnh cn phi dng my kim tra gii
tr s c.
2.1.4.7. Bo v qu p cho rotor [6]
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca my pht in, rotor xy ra qu p vt qu

gii hn cho php s ph hy lp cch in ca cun dy. V vy cn phi
66
trang b thit b bo v chng qu p cho rotor. bo v cho rotor khi xy ra

s c ny h thng trang b b crowbar control v dn in tr phi tuyn.
Hnh 2.12. Bo v qu p rotor
Hnh 2.13. B crow bar
67
Khi xy ra qu p hai mt trong hai thyristor V3 hoc V4 dn ni ngn

mch ca rotor qua dn in tr phi tuyn loi b qu p trn rotor ng
thi a tn hiu i dng my.
2.2. B iu chnh in p AVR
Vic iu chnh in p u cc my pht v cng sut phn khng bng

cch iu chnh dng in kch t chnh ln u c a ra vo thp k 60,
sau cc k thut iu chnh c ci tin rt v ngy cng pht trin
mnh m. Nhng b AVR(Automatic Voltage Regulator) u tin s dng
mch tng t. Nhng b AVR s c gii thiu vo thp k 70. AVR s c
u im hn AVR tng t ch p ng nhanh hn, linh hot hn v c th
ng dng nhng phng php iu khin phc tp, chng hn iu khin phi
tuyn, mng nron, iu khin m, thut ton pht sinhvi p ng tin cy
cho nhiu iu kin vn hnh ng vi nhiu ti khc nhau.
i vi my pht, mt yu cu quan trng l phi n nh c in p u

ra. in p u ra lun phi nm trong gii hn cho php. V mc in p c
th thay i theo s dao ng ca ti, do cn phi s dng b iu khin
in p t ng (AVR-Automatic Voltage Regulator). Vi my pht, nu nhu
cu cng sut phn khng tng ln s gy ra s gim mc in p u ra.
b li, cn phi tng dng in kch t ln pht ra nhiu cng sut phn
khng hn. iu ny c thc hin thng qua b AVR.
Tm li b AVR c nhng nhim v sau:
- iu chnh in p my pht in
- iu chnh cng sut v cng ca my pht in
68
- To suy gim in p theo cng sut v cng, cn bng s phn

phi cng sut v cng gia cc my vi nhau trong h thng khi my vn
hnh ni li.
- Cng hnh kch thch khi c s c trn li
Nhng b AVR hin i s dng cc b b c thng s c nh vi kh
nng iu chnh in p trng thi n nh tt v p ng nhanh ti nhiu, khi
m iu kin vn hnh ca my thay i. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp
khng th thit k mt b AVR c thng s c nh c kh nng hot ng tt
trong tt c cc iu kin vn hnh, do i khi phi s dng phng php
iu khin thch nghi.
S tng qut ca h thng iu chnh in p cp vo rotor ca my

pht nhm iu chnh in p u ra ca my pht:
Udpha
Uac AVR C TX K BAX G-Th
Udc
Hnh 2.14. S cu trc b iu khin to gc m van
Trong :
- Uac l in p phn hi v ca u cc my pht
- Udc l in p mt chiu cp vo rotor phn hi v
- AVR l b to ra in p iu khin ( in p tham chiu Uref)
69
- C l b iu ch xung nhn tn hiu ng pha
- Udpha l in p ng pha cp vo b iu ch
- TX l b to xung
- K l b khuch i khuch i xung u ra
- BAX l bin p xung
- G-Th l tn hiu u ra ca b iu khin cp vo cc Gate ca Th
2.2.1. B AVR
Nhn cc thng s ci t ca ngi vn hnh ng thi nhn cc thng s

phn hi v, tnh ton so snh a ra c tn hiu iu khin in p t
c c u ra mong mun tha mn cc yu cu ca ngi vn hnh v
h thng. Nu c s thay i hay mt n nh hoc s c. AVR t tnh ton
a ra nhng lng iu chnh hp l a v h trng thi cn bng bnh
thng. Nu phng on s gp vn nghim trng nh hng n h thng
v my mc thit b th phi a ra lnh i dng my khc phc. AVR hot
ng a trn cc mch vng iu chnh v cc b iu chnh PI v PID. Khi
pht hin sai s. H thng t tnh ton iu chnh v nh cc b iu chnh
nhanh chng a v trng thi bnh thng lm cho h thng lm vic tin cy
v hiu qu.
H thng la chn b iu khin PLC ca hng GE lm b AVR. B AVR

c lp trnh x l cc cng vic nu trn.
70
2.2.2. B iu ch v to xung
Udk RC
SS
Udpha
Hnh 2.15. B iu ch
B iu ch l b bin i tn hiu iu khin nhn c t b AVR thnh

gc iu khin c tnh t chuyn mch t nhin ca van iu khin.
xc nh c gc iu khin cn phi bit c thng tin v pha ca in
p t ln van ng lc. Tc l b iu khin phi to ra xung ng pha vi
in p t ln van ng lc. B iu khin nh vy gi l b iu ch ng
b.
B iu ch gm b to xung rng ca RC v b so snh SS. Tn hiu ng

pha Udpha s ng b qu trnh lm vic ca my pht xung rng ca.
Ti thi im URC = Uk b so snh s to ra xung m v tr ca n trn trc

thi gian s ph thuc vo gi tr tn hiu iu khin. Ty thuc vo yu cu
ca h thng m mong mun u ra t l tuyn tnh vi u vo nn c hai
cch chn in p ta.
- Dng in p ta tuyn tnh
URC = b at (2.15)
Chn t = 0 l thi im chuyn mch t nhin th khi URC = Uk ta c
t = (b Uk)/a = (2.16)
i vi mch chnh lu iu khin, in p ra ca chnh lu c tnh nh

sau:
71
Ud = Ud0.cos (2.17)
Thay (2.16) vo (2.17) ta c in p ra:
Ud = Ud0.cos((b Uk)/a) (2.18)
Uv
Uo
wt
Udp
wt
Ut
Udk
wt
Uss
wt
Ux
wt
Ura
wt
Hnh 2.16. Tn hiu iu khin theo in p ta tuyn tnh
72
Nh vy c tnh iu chnh Ud = f(Uk) ca b chnh lu l hm phi tuyn.

Nhng qu trnh tnh ton th n gin v gn nh hn.
- Dng in p ta c dng hm s cosin
URC = Um.cost (2.18)
Chn t = 0 l thi im chuyn mch t nhin, th khi URC = Uk ta c
cost = Uk/Um = (2.19)
Suy ra = arccos(Udk/Um) (2.20)
Thay biu thc (2.20) vo (2.18) ta c in p u ra
Ud = Ud0.(Udk/Um) (2.21)
Ut
Um
Udk
0 wt
Uss P 2P 3P 4P
wt
Ura
wt
Hnh 2.17. Tn hiu iu khin theo in p ta cosin
73
Nh vy c tnh iu chnh Ud = f(Uk) ca b chnh lu l hm tuyn

tnh.
B to xung c nhim v to ra xung c dng, di v cng sut

m Thyristor
B to xung c cc dng sau:
- B to xung n l cc b khuch i xung c nhim v to ra cc xung

n c di n nh
- B to xung n c di ty v c trn vi xung tn s cao
B to xung n c s n gin nht thng dng cho nhng mch iu

khin n gin. B to xung c trn xung tn s cao cho php s dng xung
c di ln nhng vn m bo kch thc my bin p xung gn nh. B
to xung kiu ny thch hp cho chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin.
H thng kch t nh my thy in Sn La la chn module TTM

(Thyristor Triggering Module) thc hin cc nhim v ng b v to xung
u ra theo ng yu cu.
Module ny c th ci t thch hp cho b chnh lu nh chnh lu cu

mt pha chnh lu tia ba pha v chnh lu cu ba pha. Module c tham s ci
t la chn in p u ra l tuyn tnh vi in p iu khin hay l phi
tuyn ty thuc vo in p ta. ng thi c tham s iu chnh tn s xung
u ra v hn ch c gii hn trn v gii hn di ca gc m .
74
2.2.3. B khuch i xung v my bin p xung
m bo chc chn bin xung u ra c c tnh thch hp vi cc

yu cu ca nh sn xut thyristor a ra, h thng phi dng b khuch i
xung. Module ny nng cao c cht lng tn hiu xung.
Trong h thng kch t nh my thy in Sn La b khuch i xung la

chn module TPA213 (Thyristor Pulse Amplifier Module). Module ny va
c nhim v khuch i xung va c chc nng phn knh xung u ra t hai
knh xung u vo. Nhim v ny thch hp cho h thng dng hai b chnh
lu cu m bo tnh d phng cao.
Bin p xung dng cch ly mch lc vi mch iu khin v phi hp

tr khng gia cc iu khin ca thyristor vi mch khuch i u ra v
thay i cc tnh ca xung. Yu cu ln nht i vi bin p xung l truyn
xung t mch iu khin ln cc iu khin ca thyristor vi i mo t nht.
Trong thc t xung i qua my bin p xung b mo v c dao ng do t

k sinh trong bin p xung gy ra. gim dao ng v st nh xung cn
tng gi tr in cm ca my bin p xung ln.
75
CHNG 3
IU KHIN H THNG
3.1. Qu trnh mi t ban u
H thng kch t ca h thng l h thng kch t t kch, ngun in xoay

chiu ly chnh lu l ngun in ngay u ra ca my pht in, [6].
Hnh 3.1. H thng kch t t kch
Trong ch hot ng bnh thng, my bin p kch t c cp ngun

trc tip t my pht in. Dng in kch t c cung cp bi cun dy th
cp ca my bin p kch t. B chnh lu cu thyristor iu chnh in p
ca my pht bng cch thay i gi tr dng in kch t trung bnh. Trong
qu trnh khi ng my pht, t d ca my pht khng mnh to ra
in p ngoi. V vy my bin p khng cung cp c dng vo trong rotor
ca my pht trong qu trnh khi ng. Do trong qu trnh khi ng
76
rotor ca my pht phi c cung cp bi mt ngun mt chiu hoc xoay

chiu c chnh lu ph bn ngoi vo. Qu trnh cp ngun ph vo cho
rotor trong qu tnh khi ng gi l qu trnh mi t v h thng kch t ph
gi l mch mi t. Ngun mi t ny c thit k cung cp ti 15%
dng kch t khng ti nh mc ca my pht in ng b. Mch mi t
ny c m ra khi m in p ca my pht t n 30% in p nh mc.
Chng trnh mi t c lp trnh theo s khi nh sau [6]:
Hnh 3.2. S khi ca qu trnh mi t
77
IRED l dng kch t mt chiu cp vo rotor phn hi v. N c chia

cho gi tr dng khng ti nh mc (MC_SP). UST l gi tr in p u cc
my pht phn hi v. MANU_IN l gi tr logic phn nh ch hot ng
bng tay hoc hot ng t ng s la chn ch hot ng bm theo dng
kch t hay l ch hot ng bm theo in p u cc my pht. Gi tr
ny c so snh vi tham s MINAM1 l ngng in p qu trnh mi t
cn t c. FIN_INIT l gi tr logic phn nh qu tnh khi to ban u
hon thnh. EXCIT_ON l yu cu h thng kch t hot ng. Khi m gi tr
u ra cha t n ngng ci t th u ra S_AMOR bng 1 lm cho mch
lt RS o trng thi vn gi nguyn trng thi ban u l 1. Tn hiu cm
mi t INHIB_AM khng c v tham s CAM0 la chn ch mi t c
kch hot th tn hiu u ra FLASH_CMD vn c kch hot qu trnh
mi t vn c tip din. Qu trnh mi t c tip din cho n khi gi tr
u ra ca my pht t n gi tr tham s ci t l MINAM1 th gi tr tn
hiu S_AMOR a v trng thi 0 lm cho mch lt RS o trng thi u ra.
Khi tn hiu yu cu mi t FLASH_CMD chuyn trng thi v 0. Kt
thc qu trnh mi t. Trong qu trnh mi t h thng s tnh thi gian. Khi
thi gian mi t m chm ti gi tr TMPAM1 m c ci t bn ngoi.
u ra ca my pht vn cha t c gi tr ngng ci t th h thng
bo li qu trnh mi t v i dng h thng li. reset li h thng xut
lnh FLT_RESET khi mch lt RS s a trng thi u ra ln mc 1.
chn ngun ph ngoi phc v qu trnh mi t h thng s dng tn hiu
FLASH_SELEC kt hp vi tn hiu yu cu qu trnh mi t. Tn hiu u
ra COM_K2 s chn ngun th nht v COM_K3 s la chn ngun ph mi
t th hai.
78
3.2. Qu trnh to in p t t ng
Chc nng ny c thit k thc hin gi tr t in p cho vng iu

chnh t ng. Gi tr t in p c th c tng ln hoc gim xung hoc
reset a v gi tr t ban u thng qua cc lnh tng gim hay reset. Thi
gian bin i t gi tr nh nht ti gi tr ln nht c th c iu chnh bi
bn tham s PCA1, PCA2, PCA3, v B_RAMP. Chc nng ny thc hin
vic tnh ton gi tr t ca in p:
Ti qu trnh khi ng t my, gi tr t U_SPT_NC s bin i theo mt

s sn dc. D dc ca th s ty thuc vo cc ch c la chn:
- Trong ch thng thng, gi tr t c t trc ti gi tr P_AUTO

v s tng ln vi dc PCA2 cho ti khi gi tr t t ti c gi tr theo
yu cu [6].
Hnh 3.3. To gi tr t trong ch bnh thng
79
Trong ch np ng dy, Gi tr t c t trc ti gi tr P_RAMP

v s tng ln vi dc B_RAMP cho ti khi gi tr t t ti c gi tr
theo yu cu [6].
Hnh 3.4. To gi tr t trong ch np ng dy
Do trong ch np ng dy ban u my ct u cc ng vo trc,

khi my pht khi ng in p c a vo li lun. gim xung in
p ngc phn v my pht v hn ch cng sut phn khng m my pht
phi thu v nn gi tr t ban u trong qu trnh np ng dy P_RAMP
phi nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr t ban u trong qu trnh khi ng bnh
thng P_AUTO.
3.3. Chc nng bo v trong h thng kch t.
3.3.1. Bo v qu kch t
Bo v qu kch t vi mc ch t c mt ch hot ng ln nht

ca my pht theo s pht nhit ca rotor. Chc nng ny trong ch t
80
ng gii hn dng kch t cho rotor trnh qu nhit cho my pht. gii
hn ny bao gm hai chc nng ring bit:
Gii hn nhit cho php dng kch t ln hn gi tr dng kch t gii hn

nhit lu di trong mt khong thi gian xc nh cho php m my pht cha
b qu nhit. V vy chc nng ny hot ng khi h thng b li m my
pht c thu ht phn phi ti li gi li in n nh v m bo chc
chn rng my pht s khng b nguy hi v chu nh hng ca s qu nhit.
Gii hn sn ca dng kch t m lun lun hng dng kch t tng trn
gi tr dng sn ca my pht.
81
Hnh 3.4. Bo v qu kch t
Gii hn nhit iu khin dng in kch t ca my pht. Hai kh nng

sn c cho vic tnh ton gii hn tng ng. Nhng khi gii hn khng tc
ng th gi tr t ca n thng thng c iu chnh ti gi tr gii hn
82
tham chiu m h thng cho php. Gi tr gii hn c th c xc nh da

vo tnh ton logic tc thi khi m dng kch t tng cao hn gi tr gii hn
nhit tham chiu IF_THERM, qu dng ny s c cho php trong mt
khong thi gian tr TMPIE1. Khong thi gian tr ny c xc nh bi
cu trc ca my pht v tng ng vi thi gian cho php vic p dng dng
gii hn ny. Sau khong thi gian tr ny, nu dng kch t vn cao hn gi
tr dng gii hn IF_THERM th gi tr t s c gim ti gi tr gii hn
nhit IF_THERM ny. Vic quay tr li gi tr gii hn c th c thc hin
ngay lp tc khi m dng kch t duy tr nh hn gi tr gii hn nhit trong
mt khong thi gian xc nh TMPIE4.
3.3.2. Gii hn dng stator [6]
Chc nng ny c thit k gi dng in stator trong gii hn cho

php v v vy trnh c s qu nhit i vi cun dy ca stator.
Mt h s iu chnh s c gi ti b iu chnh in p tng hoc

gim gi tr t ca in p hot ng vn nm trong vng cho php ty
thuc vo du ca cng sut phn khng.
83
Hnh 3.5. Bo v qu dng stator
Cng sut biu kin ca my pht in l
S = U.I (3.1)
Khi my pht c ni vo li th in p u cc ca my pht l khng

i v lun bng in p trn li. Nh vy gii hn c dng in stator
ca my pht th h thng phi gii hn c cng sut biu kin pht ra, tc
l my pht pht ra vi cng sut biu kin nm trong gii hn cho php.
Cng sut biu kin S c tnh theo cng thc:
S= (3.2)
84
Khi my pht ni vi li in th h thng kch t c th iu chnh c

cng sut phn khng cng nh l vic pht v thu cng sut phn khng.
Chnh v vy gii hn c dng in stator ca my bin p th h thng
kch t phi gii hn c cng sut phn khng lc pht ln li cng nh
cng sut phn khng trong qu trnh thu v. gii hn c cng sut phn
khng ca my pht nm trong gii hn cho php th h thng kch t phi
iu chnh dng kch t bng cch tng dng kch t ln khi m my pht hp
th nhiu cng sut phn khng qu lng cho php hoc gim dng kch t
xung trong trng hp my pht pht ln li qu lng cng sut phn
khng quy nh.
Khi cng suts phn khng c gi tr gn gi tr khng ( QEMIN1<QE<

QEMIN2) th chc nng gii hn b cm. Gi cng sut phn khng ny gi l
gii cht. Khi cng sut phn khng vn nm trong gii cht ny th chc
nng bo v qu dng stator i vi h thng kch t s khng hot ng na,
v vy ch cn mt cch duy nht gii hn dng stator bng cch gi tn hiu
ti h thng iu tc h thng ny m nhim nhim v gii hn dng
stator.
Tn hiu gii hn t l vi chnh lch gia dng stator o c vi gi

tr gii hn tham chiu ln nht IS_THERM. H s hiu chnh in p stator
l bng khng hoc l s m khi cng sut phn khng mang du dng v h
s hiu chnh bng khng hoc l s dng nu cng sut phn khng mang
du m.
3.3.3. Gii hn thiu kch t [6]
Chc nng ny c thit k to ra tn hiu gii hn s hp th cng

sut phn khng gi cho my pht trong di hot ng n nh. Chc
85
nng ny a ra hai gii hn c lp nhau m cho php vic iu chnh gii

hn tt theo ng cong cng sut phn khng ca my pht:
- Vng th nht hot ng theo tn hiu cng sut phn khng ngn chn
gi tr ny gim xung di gi tr m nh nht. Gii hn cng sut phn
khng c thit k nh vo mt ng ba on c th iu chnh c trong
ng cong cng sut my pht.
- Vng th hai hot ng trn tn hiu dng kch t m lun gi cho n

trn mt gi tr nh nht cho php.
Khi tn hiu vo ca vng gii hn tr nn nh hn gi tr nh nht cho

php, b iu chnh t l tch phn to ra mt tn hiu u ra in p. Tn hiu
u ra ny c la chn iu chnh gi tr t in p stator m duy tr
cng sut phn khng hoc dng in kch t bng gi tr cho php nh nht.
Khi gi tr in p t khng c thc hin na.
86
Hnh 3.6. Bo v thiu kch t
Gi tr gii hn cng sut phn khng QE_LIM_REF ty thuc vo in p

stator theo phng trnh:
QE_LIM_REF = QE_LIM_REFUn*Ust2 (3.3)
3.4. Tng hp h thng kch t
Tch hp cc khi li vi nhau, to nn mt h thng kch t hon chnh

iu chnh dng kch t c c p ng u ra nh mong mun m vn
ngn chn c nhng nguy c gy tc hi cho my pht.
- Khi h thng khng dng khu n nh h thng. Dng phn mm Matlab

thu c kt qu v dng in in p u ra v kh nng p ng ca h
thng.
87
Hnh 3.7. S m phng trong Matlab
+ Gi tr t sau khi c x l:
Hnh 3.8 in p gi tr t
88
+ p ng in p u ra thu c:
Hnh 3.9. in p u ra ca my pht
+ Dng in kch t ca my pht:
Hnh 3.10. Dng in kch t v cng sut ca my pht
89
Nhn xt: Qua m phng m hnh h thng kch t trn phn mm Matlab
thu c c tnh u ra bm theo tn hiu t u vo. Qu trnh c ph ti
v a ph ti ra h thng kch t vn p ng c nhim v ca mnh.
Tng dng kch t ln nhanh p ng s gim in p u ra khi tng ph
ti v gim dng in xung nhanh khi ngt ph ti ra khi li a in
p u cc my pht v gi tr t. Vi kt qu thu c h thng kch t
hon thnh c nhim v ca mnh.
90
CHNG 4
N NH H THNG IN PSS
4.1. Dao ng ca my in ng b
Trong trng thi hot ng n nh, cng sut in u ra cn bng vi

cng sut c u vo. Khi h thng b tc ng bi s c, hoc ph ti thay
i nhanh hay c s thay i t ngt v ch lm vic cng sut in pht
ra s thay i. Cng sut in t u ra c th thay i nhanh chng, nhng
cng sut c trong my pht ng b thay i tng i chm do qun tnh.
Bi tc p ng khc nhau, nn tn ti s khc bit tm thi v cn bng
cng sut. S mt cn bng cng sut ny lm cho rotor ca my pht ng
b quay nhanh hn hoc chm i ty thuc vo su hng ca s mt cn
bng. Ty thuc vo tnh cht ca s mt cn bng m my in ng b c
th tip tc lm vic hoc mt ng b.
Biu hin bn ngoi ca hin tng dao ng ca my in ng b l s

dao ng ca cng sut P v dng in phn ng I. Bin dao ng ca tc
cng ln th dao ng ca cng sut v dng in phn ng cng mnh.
4.2. Chc nng n nh h thng in - PSS
PSS l b n nh h thng in (Power System Stabilizer). N c tc dng

a thm tn hiu ph vo h iu khin kch t a vo mch vng iu
khin in p nhm ci thin c tnh thc thi ng ca h thng bng cch
lm gim dao ng ca rotor my pht. lm gim dao ng, b n nh
ny phi sinh ra mt thnh phn momen in ng pha vi s gia tc rotor.
Hm truyn ca PSS phi c mch b pha thch hp b vo s tr pha gia
91
u vo kch t v u ra momen in. Tc trc, tch phn ca cng sut

v tn s u cc my pht thng thng c s dng l cc tn hiu u
vo ca b n nh cng sut PSS. PSS ng vai tr quan trng i vi s n
nh ca my pht, c bit l cc my pht in cng sut ln ni vi ng
dy ti in di.
4.3. M hnh b n nh h thng in - PSS
Nguyn l ca b n nh cng sut c minh ha bi phng trnh sau

m a ra c tn hiu t l nh th no vi o hm tc rotor m c th
c to ra t s gia ca cng sut [7]:
eq = (3.4)
Trong
M l hng s qun tnh M = J.
l s gia ca cng sut c u vo
l s gia ca cng sut in u ra
eq l s gia ca tc tng ng
Cc thnh phn xon vn c c suy gim trong tn hiu tch phn ca

. Mc ch chng ta s dng tn hiu s gia tc tng ng eq
m n khng c thnh phn xon.
Tch phn ca cng sut c c lin quan n tc trc v cng sut in

nh sau:
= M + (3.5)
92
B n nh cng sut PSS s dng cc mi quan h trn a ra c

mt tn hiu t l vi tch phn ca s gia cng sut c bng cch a thm
vo cc tn hiu t l vi s gia ca tc trc my pht v tch phn ca s
gia cng sut in. Bi v s gia ca cng sut c thay i chm, nn tch
phn ca tn hiu s gia cng sut in to iu kin cho vic s dng mt b
lc cho thng thp i qua loi b cc tn s xon.
Kt hp biu thc (3.4) v (3.5) chng ta c hm truyn ca b iu

chnh cng sut h thng c c bng cch s dng tn hiu o hm tc
rotor tng ng t cc tn hiu o cng sut in v tc trc nh sau:
eq = + G(s)[ ] (3.6)
Trong
G(s) l hm truyn ca b lc xon. Vic thc hin nhim v n nh

cng sut h thng theo biu thc (3.6) theo hnh 3.7
Hnh 4.1. S khi b n nh cng sut h thng
H thng to nn b n nh cng sut bao gm cc khi chc nng: khi

b pha, khi lc cho tn s cao i qua, khi lc dao ng xon v khi khuch
i. S chi tit ca b n nh cng sut c th hin hnh 3.8 nh
sau[6] :
93
Hnh 4.2. B n nh h thng in PSS
gim rung ng do cc sng dao ng ln rotor, b n nh cng sut

phi to ra mt thnh phn m men in cng pha vi o hm tc ca
rotor. iu ny yu cu cc mch b pha c s dng b li tr pha
gia u vo ca kch t( u ra ca b n nh cng sut) v m men in
c to ra. Do mc yu cu b pha l ln nn h thng dng ba khi
b pha qun tnh bc nht. Bc u tin trong qu trnh xc nh tham s ca
khi b pha l tnh ton c kh nng p ng tn s gia u vo ca h
thng kch t v m men in ca my pht. Tuy nhin trong khi tnh ton
p ng ny, tc ng c v gc rotor nn duy tr l hng s. iu ny
c thc hin bi v khi h thng kch t ca my pht c iu chnh,
nhng thay i sinh ra trong m men in gy ra nhng bin i trong tc
v gc rotor m n lt n quay li nh hng n m men in. Khi chng
ta ch quan tm n c tnh pha gia u vo kch t v m men in, tc
ng phn hi qua s bin ng ca gc rotor nn c loi b bng cch gi
tc l hng s. c tnh pha to ra c dng n gin c lp vi nhng nh
hng ca tn s t nhin ca cc my khc bn ngoi. c tnh pha m
c b thay i theo phm vi ln theo cc iu kin ca h thng.
94
B lc cho thng tn s cao (washout filter ) c dng loi b nhng thay

i n nh ca tc do iu chnh in p kch t. iu ny m bo rng
b n nh cng sut ch phn ng vi nhng thay i trong tc v cng
sut m khng thay i hn in p t u cc my pht. Gi tr hng s thi
gian nn ln cho php cc tn hiu m lin quan n sng dao ng theo
tc i qua khng b thay i. Nhng gi tr ca n cng nn khng c
ln qu dn lch in p ca my pht khng mong mun. Nu khng
c b lc ny nhng thay i n nh theo tc ca rotor s thay i in p
u cc.
B khuch i c mt nh hng quan trng ti gim rung ng ca dao

ng rotor. Gi tr ca h s khuch i c chn bng cch kim tra nh
hng vi mt gii gi tr rng. gim rung ng ban u s tng ln theo
tng ca h s khuch i ti mt gi tr ti hn m h s khuch i tip
tc tng th gim rung ng li gim xung. Ta chn h s khuch i m
ti gim rung ng l ln nht. Vi b n nh PSS hai u vo, trng
thi n nh ca h thng kch t khng b nh hng bi h s khuch i,
do gi tr ca h thng c th l ln tng ng vi khi b pha c la
chn cung cp c tnh pha tha ng vi gii tn s rng m hot ng
tt c cc ch .
B gii hn u ra dng ca PSS c thit lp vi gi tr ln tng i

trong di 0.1 n 0.5%. iu ny cho php mc phn phi cao t PSS khi
c dao ng ln. Vi gi tr gii hn cao ca tn hiu u ra b PSS, b gii
hn in p u ra ca my pht phi c a vo. B gii hn u ra pha
m c thit lp trong di -0.05 n -0.2 l thch hp. N cho php di iu
khin va trong khi cung cp p ng chuyn mch tha ng. Khi c mt
95
vn khng mong mun xy ra u ra ca PSS c gi gii hn m. Vn

ny khng to ra tn hiu i dng my.
4.4. M phng h thng
S tng hp h thng kch t c trnh by hnh 4.4
Cng sut ca my pht khi c ti trong hai trng hp khng c b n

nh cng sut v c s dng b n nh:
Hnh 4.3. Cng sut u ra ca my pht
Nhn xt: B n nh cng sut PSS m nhn c cng vic ca

mnh. Khi s dng PSS lm cho bin dao ng ca cng sut gim i trong
qu trnh vo ti. Lm gim s dao ng ca rotor.
96
97
KT LUN
Qua thi gian tm hiu nghin cu cng vi s hng dn tn tnh chu o

ca cc thy c trong b mn c bit l thy hng dn, lun vn thc
hin c nhng vn :
- Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht in ng b
- Mt h thng kch t hon chnh m c ng dng trong nh my

thy in Sn La.
- H thng bo v hon chnh s dng trong h thng kch t i vi my

pht.
- n nh h thng PSS m trong tng lai cc nh my in Vit Nam

a vo s dng.
Mc d vy lun vn cn mt s vn cha hon thit l qu trnh m

phng cha st vi thc t. Cha m phng c qu trnh nghch lu ca b
chnh lu. u vo ca my pht l tc quay lun lun khng i. Cha
nghin cu c su sc v n nh h thng PSS
98
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
[1] V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh, in t cng
sut, NXB khoa hc k thut.
[2] Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin (2007), C s truyn ng in,

nh xut bn khoa hc k thut.
[3] V Gia Hanh, Phan T Th, Trn Khnh H, Nguyn Vn Su, My

in, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut.
[4] ng Quang Khang (2000), Vt l i cng, Trng i hc bch

khoa H Ni.
[5] Trnh Hng Thm , Vn hnh nh my in, nh xut bn khoa hc v

k thut.
Ting Anh
[6] Alstom, Excitation regulation and braking system.
[7] Prabha Kundur, Power system stability and control, Electric power
research institute.
99

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iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

NGHIN CU IU KHIN H THNG KCH T

LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh tm hiu nghin cu ca ring ti da

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

1.6.2. Phn loi h thng kch t ............................................................ 39

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

T thng cc t rotor (Wb)

n Tc quay ca rotor (vng/pht)

Eq Sc in ng ngang trc (V)

I, It Dng in stator, dng in kch t (A)

Iq Dng in stator ngang trc (A)

Id Dng in stator dc trc (A)

Xq, Xq in khng phn ng phn ng ngang trc, ng b ngang trc

Xd, Xd in khng phn ng phn ng dc trc, ng b dc trc

Et, Xt Sc in ng tn, in khng tn

Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in stator

, Gc lch pha gia E0 v U, gia E0 v I

Ft, F T trng cc t, t trng phn ng

P, Q Cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca my pht

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

PSS B n nh h thng in Power System Stabilizer

AVR B t ng iu chnh in p Automatic Voltage Regulator

BAX Bin p xung

G-Th Cc gate ca thyristor

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

Hnh 1.1. My pht in ng b.................................................................... 12

Hnh 1.2. Cu to my pht in ng b ....................................................... 13

Hnh 1.3. Cu to rotor my pht in ng b .............................................. 14

Hnh 1.4. th vector in p my pht in .............................................. 19

Hnh 1.5. th vc t s.. v quan h v khng gian gia cc t trng cc

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

Hnh 2.5. Yu cu i vi xung iu khin ca thyristor ............................... 51

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

nh hng t nc pht trin i ln lun l vn quan trng trong

Sau khi tm hiu v nghin cu ti la chn ti: nghin cu iu khin

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

Chng 1: Tng quan v my pht in ng b v h thng kch t

Chng 2: H thng kch t in hnh v b iu chnh in p AVR.

Chng 3: iu khin h thng.

Chng 4: n nh h thng in PSS.

c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lin

Ti xin chn thnh cm n!

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

TM HIU V MY PHT NG B V H THNG KCH T

1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca my pht in ng b

My pht in ng b l mt loi my in ng b bin c nng

My pht in ng b l thit b chnh cung cp in nng cho nn

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

1.2. Phn loi v cu to my pht in ng b

1.2.1. Phn loi v ng dng

Hnh 1.1. My pht in ng b

My pht in ng b gm c hai loi c bn:

+ My pht in ng b cc n (Hnh 1.1.a)

Loi ny thng c trc quay nm ngang chiu di ln, ng knh nh

+ My pht ng b cc li (Hnh 1.1.b)

Loi ny thng c trc quay thng ng chiu di ngn nhng c

iu khin h thng kch t MB V Vn Vng

Hnh 1.2. Cu to my pht in ng b

My pht in ng b ng b gm 2 b phn chnh l Stato v Roto.

Hnh 1.2 m t cu to in hnh ca my pht ng b trong :