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10 Torsion Test PDF
10 Torsion Test PDF
Torsion Tests
Subjects of interest
Introduction/Objectives
Mechanical properties in torsion
Torsional stresses for large plastic strains
Type of torsion failures
Torsion test vs.Tension test
Hot torsion testing
Driveshaft is subjected
to torsion in service.
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GKN driveline
Bar shaft
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Specimen used
A circular cross section specimen
is normally used since in the elastic
range, shear stress varies linearly
from a value zero at the centre of
the bar to a maximum value at the
surface.
Note: Thin-walled tubular specimen
is frequently used.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Determination of torsion test
Applying twisting moment to the specimen and
measure the torque.
r
= tan = Eq.1
Where L
is the angle of twist or degree of
rotation, radian
L is the test length of the specimen.
Torque-degree of rotation diagram
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Mechanical properties in torsion
Consider a cylindrical bar subjected to a torsional moment at one end.
The twisting moment is resisted by shear stresses set up in the cross
section of the bar. (zero at centre, max at surface)
r =a Where = shear stress, Pa
a
MT = rdA = r 2 dA
MT = torsional moment, Nm
r =0 r o
Eq.2
r = radial distance measured
from centre of bar, m
2
r dA J = polar moment of inertia, m4
But is the polar moment
of inertia of the area with respect
to the axis of the bar. Thus,
J MTr
M T = , or =
r J
Eq.3
M T D / 2 16 M T
max = = Eq.4
D / 32 D 3
4
16M T D1
= Eq.5
( D14 D24 )
G= Eq.6
Or
MT L
G= Eq.7
J
Torque-twist diagram
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Torsional stresses for large
plastic strains
Beyond the torsional yield strength, the torque-twist angle
relationship is no longer linear and in the plastic range the shear
stress in the bar at the outer fiber can be calculated from
1 ' dM T 1
a = + 3M T
Eq.8 Or a = (BC + 3CD )
2a d
3 '
2a 3
Where = /L
dM T
=0
At maximum point, . d '
The ultimate torsional shear
strength or modulus of
rupture in the bar at the outer
fibre is
3M max
u = Eq.9
2a 3
Method of calculating shear stress
from torque-twist diagram.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Types of torsion failures
State of stress in torsion on the surface of a bar occurs on two
mutually perpendicular planes (longitudinal yy and transverse xx).
The principal stresses 1,(longitudinal) 3 (compressive) make
an angle of 45o and 3 = -1. (intermediate stress 2 = 0).
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Brittle failure
Where
m is strain rate sensitivity
Torque-twist curves at different n is the strain hardening exponent.
temperatures for a nickel-based alloy
in torsion at =2.5 s-1.
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
References