The Singapore Academy of Law Style Guide Quick Reference: 2007 July Edition

The Singapore Academy of Law
Style Guide Quick Reference

2007 July Edition
Publications Department,
Singapore Academy of Law
The Singapore Academy of Law Style Guide
for freelance editors of journal articles and other legal works
2007 Edition
prepared by Jack Tsen-Ta Lee, Ranald Or, Anita Parkash and Hung Ning Shing for the
Publications Department, Singapore Academy of Law
1 Supreme Court Lane

Level 6
Singapore 178879
Tel: +65.6332.4388
Fax: +65.6334.4940
E-mail: publications@sal.org.sg
Website: http://www.sal.org.sg
July 2007 Singapore Academy of Law. All rights reserved.
2006 Edition 2 October 2006

2007 Edition 10 July 2007
Feedback or reports of errors should be sent to

publications@sal.org.sg.
- iii -
LATEST UPDATES
[This page is reserved for notes of future updates to this Guide.]

A Formatting Rules 1
A FORMATTING RULES
A1 Heading Levels and Styles. Use the following heading levels and styles, which
are all to be aligned with the left margin:
For SAL Journal

I. First-level heading
A. Second-level heading
(1) Third-level heading
(a) Fourth-level leading
(i) FIFTH-LEVEL HEADING
For SAL Annual Review

First-level heading
Second-level heading
Third-level heading
Fourth-level heading
FIFTH-LEVEL HEADING
Headings should be in the following format: Principle of consistency in

sentencing. Do not use Title Case, ie, do not use initial capital letters for the
headings and do not put a full stop at the end of a heading.
Where headings are to be in italics (such as second- and third-level headings), and
contain a word or words which need to be italicised (such as case names or Latin
words), change the particular word(s) to normal font.
Examples:
Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (First-level heading)
Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Second-level heading)
Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Third-level heading)
Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Fourth-level heading)
AD HOC ADMISSION OF FOREIGN LAWYERS (FIFTH-LEVEL HEADING)

A2 Paragraph numbers. To number paragraphs, use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc)
without full stops. For sub-paragraphs, follow the rule for lists below, so the sub-
paragraphs are numbered (a), (b), (c), etc, and sub-sub-paragraphs are numbered
(i), (ii), (iii), etc.
A3 Lists. For items in a list, the numbering level (1), (2), (3), etc, is not to be used
because the use of Arabic numerals is reserved for numbering paragraphs. Do not
use bullet points to introduce items in a list either. To number items in a list, use
the following numbering levels:
First Level (a), (b), (c), etc.

Second Level (i), (ii), (iii), etc.
Third Level (A), (B), (C), etc.
Fourth Level (I), (II), (III), etc.
After each paragraph or item number, a tab should be inserted before the text, ie,
(a)TabA lipstick.
Items in a numbered list should be punctuated in one of the following ways:
If the items in the list are incomplete sentences, each item should begin
with a lowercase letter and end with a semicolon. The second-last item in
the list should end with a semicolon followed by a conjunction, such as
and or or.
If the items in the list are complete sentences or consist of more than one
sentence, each item should begin with an uppercase letter and end with a
full stop.
Examples
The following items were found in the accuseds bag:
(a) a lipstick;
(b) chequebooks from the following banks:
(i) POSB;
(ii) Citibank;
(c) a bunch of keys; and
(d) a penknife.
In order to succeed in establishing that the defendant acted

negligently, the plaintiff must prove the following:
(a) A duty of care was owed by the defendant to her.

(b) The defendant breached the duty in that he did not achieve
the standard of care required of him.
(c) The breach of duty caused damage to the plaintiff. Among
other things, the damage must not be too remote.
A4 Quotations.
A4.1 Quotations within a sentence. Enclose quotations within a sentence in double

quotation marks ( ). A quotation within a quotation should be enclosed in single
quotation marks ( ). Include punctuation within quotation marks only if a
complete sentence is quoted. Where a sentence ends with a full stop, question
mark or exclamation mark followed by a closing quotation mark, it is not
necessary to add a full stop after the latter.
Examples
In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done in any

place to which the public or any class of the public has access
whether gratuitously or otherwise. [Full stop after the closing
quotation mark as the quotation is not a complete sentence.]
When asked what was in the bag, the defendant told the narcotics
officer, I am carrying Chinese medicine. [Full stop within the
quotation marks as a complete sentence is quoted; no additional
full stop required after the closing quotation mark.]
A4.2 Quotations in a separate block. A quotation longer than three lines should be
set out in a separate block indented from both the left and right margins. Do not
enclose the quotation in quotation marks. A quotation is introduced with a colon;
not a dash or a colon with a dash.
Examples
Drawing from the notes of evidence, she gave reasons why Yeo
did not raise his concerns formally with the company. To this end,
she stated:
Mr Yeo explained that at the time of the trades, he was more

concerned that the contra losses be paid for, and that the appellant
stopped using his trading account. The appellant had promised to
do both. Indeed, true to the appellants promise, Mr Yeo was not
made to pay for the contra losses, and the appellant stopped using
his trading account after the SP Setia transactions.
A4.3 Emphasis in quotations. Words, phrases or sentences in a quotation to be

emphasised should be in italics with the phrase [emphasis added] or [emphasis
in original] in brackets added to the end of the quotation.
Examples
Where the quotation is set out in a separate block:
The latter indorsement may be to the transferee by name or in blank,

in which latter case, no further indorsement, but only delivery, is as a
matter of law required for subsequent transfers. [emphasis added]
Where the quotation is part of the paragraph:
In that case, the judge expressed the view that it is trite

law that there must be consideration for a contract
[emphasis added]. I cannot agree more that the law in
this area is settled.
[Note that there is no full stop or other punctuation mark before

the closing quotation mark the full stop comes after [emphasis
added].]
Where a quotation set out in a separate block consists of several paragraphs, the
phrase [emphasis added] or its variants should be on a new line.
Example
Cocaine acts by preventing the removal of adrenalin from its site of

action. Blood pressure is raised and the action of the heart may become
irregular which is why injections and freebasing can be fatal.
Prolonged ingestion by sniffing is said to damage the nasal tissues.

Abuse has been said to lead to sleeplessness, mental disturbance,
stomach disorder and emaciation. Regular users complain of a feeling as
if insects were creeping below their skin.
Cocaine is occasionally mixed with heroin to produce a speedball for

intravenous injection in which the subject enjoys the euphoria induced by
heroin without the narcotic effect.
[emphasis added]
A4.4 Changes to quotations. In general, a quotation should be reproduced exactly as

it appears in the source, with no changes to spelling, capitalisation or
punctuation. However, if desired, citations may be omitted and the phrase
[internal citations omitted] added to the end of the quotation.
If it is necessary to make interpolations, corrections, explanations, translations or

comments for clarity, these should be enclosed in brackets ([ ]). Omissions
should be indicated with the use of an ellipsis (), which should consist of
three full stops, no more or less, with a space before and after. Do not type a full
stop after an ellipsis that ends a sentence.
Examples
The contract specified that property in the goods shall not pass to
the Buyer [ie, the plaintiff] until payment in full has been received
by the Vendor [the defendant].
He clearly intend[ed] to take dishonestly the cheque out of the

plaintiffs possession.
The manner of the attack was vicious and very destructive.

[T]here can have been no excuse.
A4.5 Errors in quotations. Spelling or grammatical errors in quotations should be

retained, with the word [sic] (Latin for thus or so) in brackets inserted after
the error. Do not overuse the word [sic] as a quotation that contains too many
becomes difficult to read. If there are numerous errors that are obvious, either do
not use [sic] or consider rephrasing the quotation in indirect speech. Minor
erroneous words or phrases can be omitted entirely (using ellipses where
appropriate) and the correct words or phrases inserted within brackets.
Examples
He cannot have had [sic] been unaware of the presence of the

clause.
He cannot have been unaware of the presence of the clause.
The trial judge took the view that the case was governed by the
principle in Rylance [sic] v Fletcher.
The trial judge took the view that the case was governed by the
principle in [Rylands] v Fletcher.
A4.6 Quoting mid-sentence.
(a) Where the quotation is in a separate block, and what is quoted, although mid-
sentence, can still be a complete sentence, change the first letter into a capital
letter, enclosing the capital letter within square brackets. Exception to this rule is
when the quote starts with the word I, which is already a capital letter, in which
case begin the quote with an ellipsis.
Examples
Original text is:
Drawing from the notes of evidence, she gave reasons why

Yeo did not raise his concerns formally with the company.
Where only part of the text is quoted, set it out as follows:
[S]he gave reasons why Yeo did not raise his concerns formally
with the company.
Original text is:
After looking at the cover of the book, I decided not to read

it. I thought it more worthwhile to spend my time doing something
else.
When quoting the second part of the text, use an ellipsis. Thus:
... I decided not to read it. I thought it more worthwhile to spend my

time doing something else.
(b) Where the quotation is in a separate block, but what is quoted does not form a
complete sentence in itself, then start off with an ellipsis.
Example
Using the same original text as the first example above:
Drawing from the notes of evidence, she gave reasons why Yeo:
... did not raise his concerns formally with the company.
(c) Where the quotation is not in a separate block, there is no need to begin the
quote with a capital letter within square brackets, nor to use ellipses, whether at
the beginning or at the end. If the quote ends with a full-stop or a comma, the
punctuation marks may be ignored. (See also the first example given at para A-4.1
above.)
Examples
In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done ... in

any place to which the public or any class of the public has access
whether gratuitously or otherwise ....
To comply with housestyle, the above sentence should be amended

as follows:
In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done in any

place to which the public or any class of the public has access
whether gratuitously or otherwise.
A4.7 Quoting mid-paragraph. When quoting a range of paragraphs and some

paragraphs are not quoted in full, use ellipses to indicate which paragraphs are left
out and which are being quoted mid-paragraph.
Example
Cocaine acts by preventing the removal of adrenalin from its site of

action. Blood pressure is raised and the action of the heart may become
irregular which is why injections and freebasing can be fatal. ...
... Prolonged ingestion by sniffing is said to damage the nasal tissues.

Abuse has been said to lead to sleeplessness, mental disturbance,
stomach disorder and emaciation. Regular users complain of a feeling as
if insects were creeping below their skin. ...
Cocaine is occasionally mixed with heroin to produce a speedball for

intravenous injection in which the subject enjoys the euphoria induced by
heroin without the narcotic effect.
The above example shows that the rest of the first paragraph has been omitted from
the quote, while the second paragraph is quoted mid-paragraph, with the rest of it
omitted. It then shows that the next paragraph is entirely left out. Note that there is no
need for an ellipsis to appear at the end of the quotation, unless the quotation ends
mid-sentence.
A4.8 Rules on the use of ellipses in quotations.
(a) An ellipsis consists of only 3 dots, no more, no less.
(b) An ellipsis is treated like a word, so there should be both a space before
and a space after an ellipsis.
A5 Italics. Note the following specific uses of italics:
(a) To emphasise words and phrases, eg, The defendants fingerprints were
found inside the suitcase containing the drugs. Do not use boldface type
or underlining for this purpose.
(b) To cite the names of ships. Do not italicise the definite article The unless
it forms part of a ships name, eg, The Ivanovo collided into El
Neputuno.
(c) To cite foreign words and phrases that have not been assimilated into the
English language. See Appendix 1A for a table of foreign words and
phrases that should be italicised.
When indicating the possessive form of an italicised word or phrase using an

apostrophe followed by the letter s ( s ), the s should not be italicised, eg,
applying Ong Ah Chuans case, the RSS Morning Stars bow was damaged.
Where a passage of text is already italicised and the passage contains a word or
phrase that would normally require italics, that word or phrase should be set out in
ordinary roman type, eg, The famous case of Brown v Board of Education was a
landmark in American legal history. (This rule is similar to that for headings at
para A1.)
A6 Spaces. There should only be one space between words and sentences. Do not
use double spaces between sentences. When editing a typeset, switch on the
Show/Hide button by clicking the icon with the paragraph symbol () on your
toolbar. You will then be able to see clearly whether there are any double spaces
in the document.
A6.1 Non-breaking spaces. A non-breaking space is to be inserted between pre-fixes

and numerals or names, and between names and suffixes. To type such a space,
press Ctrl+Shift+Space on your keyboard. When you switch on the Show/Hide
button on your toolbar, the non-breaking space appears as a bubble ().
Examples
s 23 of the Act (the non-breaking space is between s and 23)
O 18 r 1 of the Rules of Court (the non-breaking spaces are

between O and 18, and between r and 1)
No 1 on the list (the non-breaking space is between No and

1)
Mr Lee and Mdm Ng (the non-breaking spaces are between Mr

and Lee, and between Mdm and Ng)
Chan Sek Keong CJ (the non-breaking space is between Keong

and CJ)
A non-breaking space is also inserted between an initial and a surname, such as

J Lee (the non-breaking space is between J and Lee), and Kevin Y L Tan
(the non-breaking spaces are between Y and L, and between L and
Tan).
A non-breaking space is also inserted between the day and month in dates, such as
29 November 2005 (the non-breaking space is between 29 and November).
C Citations 9
B RULES OF EXPRESSION
B1 Spelling. Apply British spelling conventions as set out in the current edition of
the Oxford English Dictionary. Note the following preferred spellings.
Variant Spellings Preferred Spelling
-ce/-se defence, licence, offence; or -ce defence, licence, offence; but

defense, license, offense license and practise when used as
verbs
-g-/-ge- acknowledgment, judgment, -g- acknowledgment, judgment,

lodgement; or acknowledgement, lodgment
judgement, lodgement
-l-/-ll- instalment, fulfil, fulfilment; -l- instalment, fulfil, fulfilment,

marshal, instil or installment, fulfill, marshal, instil; but install, fulfilled,
fulfillment, instill, marshall marshalled, instilled
-m/-mme gram, kilogram; or -m gram, kilogram; but use

gramme, kilogramme program only in the context of a
computer program, and programme
for all other senses of the word
-our/-or colour, labour, odour, -our colour, labour, odour, favour

favour; or color, labor, odor, favor
-re/-er centre, litre, metre, theatre; or -re centre, litre, metre, theatre; but
center, liter, meter, theater meter for a measuring device
-s/-z analyse, authorise, emphasise, -s analyse, authorise, emphasise,

organisation, organise, paralyse, organisation, organise, paralyse,
realisation, realise, recognise, realisation, realise, recognise,
sterilisation; or analyze, authorize, sterilisation
emphasize, organization, organize,
paralyze, realization, realize,
recognize, sterilization
-t/-ed burnt, learnt, spelt, spoilt; or -t burnt, learnt, spelt, spoilt (but
burned, learned, spelled, spoiled learned counsel)
disc or disk disc (as in compact disc); but use

disk when referring to a computer
peripheral such as a hard disk
dispatch or despatch despatch

focused or focussed focused
in so far or insofar in so far
inquire, inquiry; or enquire, enquiry inquire, inquiry; but enquiry may be
used when referring to an informal
Variant Spellings Preferred Spelling
request for information

Koran or Quran Koran
moneys or monies moneys
movable or moveable, sizable or movable, sizable, unmistakable
sizeable, unmistakable or
unmistakeable
per cent or percent per cent or % (if used with a numeral)
trade mark or trademark trade mark
linchpin or lynchpin linchpin
adviser or advisor, payer or payor adviser, payer
straitjacket or straightjackets straitjacket
travelled or traveled, levelled or travelled, levelled, totalled, labelled,
leveled but paralleled
benefited or benefitted, profited or benefited, profited, but retrofitted,
profitted outfitted
by-law or bye-law by-law
Variant spellings in quotations from other sources (such as cases, letters or notes
of evidence) should not be altered.
Appendix 3C contains a list of words that are often misspelt.
B2 Abbreviations. Unless a name or phrase is internationally known, always state it

in full when it first appears in an article and indicate its abbreviation after it in
parentheses, thus: Housing and Development Board (HDB). For acronyms,
there is no need to add the to the acronyms, thus: the Land Titles Act (LTA)
not (the LTA).
Do not place spaces or full stops after the letters in an abbreviation.

Examples
3m 25,400.50
16.5mg RM105,000
Exception: 52 sq ft (use non-breaking spaces)
A non-breaking space should be typed between a citation word and a digit. (In
Microsoft Word, a non-breaking space can be typed by pressing
Ctrl+Shift+Space.)
Examples
ss 4(5) and 4(6)
O 14 of the Rules of Court

C Citations 11
Note the preferred abbreviations set out in Appendix 2A (words and phrases that
may be abbreviated after the first occurrence) and Appendix 2B (words and
phrases that may always be abbreviated), as well as the words and phrases that
should not be abbreviated that are set out in Appendix 2C.
Important: Except for forms of address (eg Mr, Mrs, Mdm, etc), do not
abbreviate the first word of a sentence.
Examples
Sections 4(5) and 4(6)
Order 14 of the Rules of Court
B3 Dates and Times.
B3.1 Dates.
y 24 September 1999 (use a non-breaking space between the day and
month, ie, between 24 and September).
y 2427 September 1999
y 30 April and 1 May 2006
y Spell days of the week in full.
B3.2 Times.
y 10.00am, 3.15pm.
y 12.00 noon, 12.00 midnight.
y Periods of time: from 11.00am to 1.00pm, between 7.00pm and
9.00pm.
B4 Numbers.
y Spell out numbers ten and below: one, two, three, , nine, ten,
11, 12, etc.
y First, second, third, , ninth, tenth, 11th, 12th, etc. Do not
use superscript type when setting out ordinal numbers, eg, 15th, not
15th.
y Numbers greater than 999: 1,004.35, 1,098,999.
y Numbers from a million that are used in the context of measurement or
currency may be abbreviated thus: $1m, RMB4.75m, US$1bn. In
other contexts, the words million and billion should be spelt in full, eg,
Singapore has a population of about four million people, He received
one million shares.
y Where a sentence starts with a number, the number should be spelt in full,
eg, Twenty-seven grams of raw heroin were found in the bag. If a
number would be unwieldy if expressed in words, the sentence should be
rephrased so that is does not begin with the number, eg, The bag was
found to contain 127.5g of raw heroin.
y Percentages may be expressed thus: 5%, 100%, 22.33%
B5 Punctuation.
B5.1 The comma bracketing commas. The general rule is that a pair of bracketing
commas is used to mark off a weak interruption of the sentence one that does
not disturb the flow of the sentence.
Examples
These findings, I would suggest, cast doubt upon his evidence.
That case, in my view, was wrongly decided.
When used at beginning of sentences, only the second comma is

required:
However, he immediately gave notice to terminate the contract.
Unlike most nations, Britain has no written constitution.
To check if bracketing commas have been correctly used, remove the weak
interruption from the sentence. The result should still be a complete sentence that
makes good sense, eg, These findings cast doubt upon his evidence.
Generally, use a pair of commas before and after inter alia, ie and however.
Examples
The following orders, inter alia, were made.
Such damage would fall under the section, ie, be subject to

limitation of liability.
The defendant, however, immediately gave notice to terminate the

contract.
Bracketing commas should not be used with clauses that are required to identify
what is being talked about, rather than merely adding additional information.
Example
Because of problems with the test, all the people who were told
that they were HIV-negative had to be recalled. [No bracketing
commas used around the clause who were told that they were
HIV-negative, as without this clause it would not be evident
which people were being referred to.]
B5.2 The colon. The colon is used to indicate that what follows it is an explanation or
elaboration of what precedes it. If the material introduced by a colon is a formal
C Citations 13
statement or quotation, or consists of more than one sentence, it should begin with
a capital letter; otherwise, it may begin with a lowercase letter.
Examples
Although her testimony was not always clear, she was sure of one
thing: she did not intend to enter into a contract with him.
The rule may be stated thus: An appellate court will be slow to

overturn findings of fact of the trial judge, especially when an
assessment of credibility and veracity of witnesses is made.
The question was: Why did the plaintiff not report the matter to the
authorities?
B5.3 The semicolon. The semicolon is used to join two complete sentences into a
single written sentence when all of the following conditions are met: (a) the two
sentences are felt to be too closely related to be separated by a full stop; (b) there
is no connecting word that would require a comma, such as and or but; and (c)
the special conditions requiring a colon are absent (see paragraph B5.2).
However, certain connecting words require a preceding semicolon, the most

important being consequently, hence, however, meanwhile,
nevertheless, therefore and thus. Preferably, these words should be used to
begin a separate sentence.
Examples
The report was published in November 2002; a supplement

followed in January 2003.
It was believed that the existence of the will was known only to the
deceaseds widow; however, it is now evident that this is not the
case.
Where a sentence contains numerous commas, for clarity semicolons may be used
in place of some of the commas to mark important breaks in the sentence.
Example
The people present were the surgeon, Dr Sunita Prakash; the

attending nurse, Mr Tan Khaw Bee; and the defendant. [If only
commas were used, it would not be clear how many people were
present.]
B5.4 The apostrophe. As a general rule, use the possessive ending s after
singular words, including words or names that end in s. Note, however, two
exceptions: (a) a plural noun which already ends in s takes only a following
apostrophe, ie, s ; and (b) a name ending in s takes only an apostrophe and
not s if the possessive form is not pronounced with an extra s.
Examples
The general rule

the accuseds girlfriend the buss arrival
childrens rights St Jamess Park
a weeks notice Thomass job
the witnesss testimony
Exception (a) Exception (b)

the appellants costs Reuters journalists.
the two Malaysians passports Socrates philosophy
two months imprisonment the United States next move
the witnesses testimonies
Do not use an apostrophe in setting out plural forms of decades, eg, This research
was carried out in the 1970s, not This research was carried out in the 1970s.
B5.5 The hyphen. Note the compound words that should be hyphenated (see
Appendix 3A) and those that should not (see Appendix 3B).
B5.6 The dash. Dashes should be typed using en-dashes (). Do not use a hyphen
(-) or an em-dash (). To type an en-dash using Microsoft Word, hold down
the Ctrl key on your keyboard and press the minus-sign key on the numeric
keypad.
A dash may be used to indicate a range of numbers such as amounts, dates and
numbers in the form between X and Y or from X to Y. No spaces should be
typed between the dash and the words or numbers with which it appears. As the
dash replaces the words between and and from to , do not write
between XY or from XY. If it is desired to use the words between and
from, the range should be written in full (between X and Y) and the dash
should not be used.
A dash may also be used to express a relationship between two nations, places or
other objects.
Examples
She was an undergraduate at the Nanyang Technological

University 19931996.
The supermarket was open 10.00am9.00pm.
The sample contained at least 14.515.5g of morphine.
[2004] 1 SLR 23 at [3][4]

C Citations 15
His alibi was that he was on a Kuala LumpurSingapore flight

when the incident occurred.
The United StatesSingapore Free Trade Agreement has important

implications for intellectual property law in Singapore.
(NB: For Annual Review) The facts of the case have been
discussed at paras 11.1511.17 above.
B5.7 Capital letters. Capitalise the following categories of words and phrases:
(a) The first word, and each significant word, of a title of a case, piece of
legislation, treaty, book, journal, newspaper, television programme, film,
musical composition, etc. Small words like and, in, on, of, the
and with need not be capitalised unless it is the first word, eg,
Singapore Academy of Law Journal, On Golden Pond.
(b) Proper names, that is, names or titles that refer to an individual person,
place, institution or event, eg, President S R Nathan, Yong Pung
How CJ, Robert Miller, Raffles Square, the Supreme Court,
Singapore, the Internet, the World Wide Web, Commonwealth
Heads of Government Meeting 2003.
In Singapore Academy of Law Publications, the following words are

capitalised:
the Bar the Government

the Bench the Judiciary
the Defence (party in a the Prosecution (party in a
criminal proceeding) criminal proceeding)
the Executive the Legislature
the Registrar (of the Supreme Court) (do not capitalise if
the word registrar is used to refer to an assistant
registrar of the Supreme Court, a deputy registrar of
the Subordinate Courts, etc)
Court levels: the House of Lords, the Court of Appeal, the
High Court, the District Court, the Magistrates Court,
the Family Court, the Juvenile Court, the Subordinate
Courts
(c) References to the parties in a criminal proceeding, namely, the

Prosecution and the Defence, eg, the Prosecutions witness, the
Defence contended that but not when it is used as an adjective, ie, a
prosecution witness.
(d) References to the State when referring to a country considered as an

organised political community. Do not capitalise when using state as an
adjective or verb, eg, state immunity. Similarly, references to the
Judiciary, the Bar, the Bench, but the Singapore judiciary.
(e) Manufacturers brand names and products (if they have not become
generic labels for classes of objects), and trade marks, eg, Microsoft
Windows XP, Sony Discman, Coca-Cola.
The following words and phrases should not be capitalised:
(f) Words or titles that do not refer to any specific person or thing, eg, The
company hired a new managing director in September and Marion
Wong was the managing director of the company, but Marion Wong,
Managing Director of ABC Company.
(g) References to the court, the judge, the trial judge, etc, except where
required or appropriate (eg, where the Court in a statutorily provision
has a specific definition)
(h) References to the parties in proceedings, eg, the second defendant, not
the Second Defendant. However, when referring to opposing sides in
criminal proceedings, capitalise the Prosecution and the Defence (see
(c) above).
(i) References to currencies, eg, dollar notes, five 20-sen coins, an

account denominated in pound sterling.
(j) References to specific court documents, eg, the second paragraph of the
statement of claim, the defendants affidavit of evidence-in-chief, and
to documents generally, eg, lease agreement, letter of offer, deed of
separation, memorandum and articles of association.
B5.8 Quotation marks. Apart from their use in quotations, quotation marks should be
used in the following situations:
(a) To cite English words or short phrases that are being talked about, eg, The
phrase wrongful gain is defined in s 23 of the Penal Code (Cap 224,
1985 Rev Ed) as meaning gain by unlawful means of property to which
the person gaining it is not legally entitled.
(b) To cite the names of trade marks, eg, the plaintiffs trade mark Breez .
B6 Miscellaneous Rules of Expression.
B6.1 Corporate and unincorporated entities. When using terms like plaintiff,
defendant, appellant and respondent in reference to corporate and
unincorporated entities, including associations, bodies corporate, companies,
partnerships, societies and statutory boards, use the singular forms of the terms.
The plural forms plaintiffs, defendants, appellants and respondents
should be used for multiple parties.
C Citations 17
B6.2 Names of law lords. Where the name of a law lord of the House of Lords bears
a place-name, eg, Lord Keith of Kinkel, Lord Keith of Avonholm, Lord
Bingham of Cornhill, Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, the first occurrence of the
judges name should include the place-name. Thereafter, Lord Keith, Lord
Bingham, Lord Nicholls will suffice.
C CITATIONS
Use the following citation forms set out in the examples below.
C1 Cases.
(a) Case names. Case names should be exactly as they appear in the report.
However, phrases such as (a firm), and another, and others,
formerly known as , (in liquidation) and trading as should be
omitted. Generally, omit whatever appears in round brackets, except where
the case is numbered or the name of the case is redacted or it is part of the
partys name (eg, Lee Kuan Yew v Tang Liang Hong (No 2), Re A (an
infant), Taylor (Pte) Co v Toyo (Singapore) Pte Ltd.
Also omit all full-stops (especially for abbreviations) in the case names
unless a full-stop is part of a partys name, eg, The Two.99 Shop v
Electromall.com.
Where the case name is the name of a ship, the quotation marks can be
omitted, eg, The Rainbow Joy.
The following abbreviations should be used for Singapore cases only:

Word or Phrase Abbreviation
Attorney-General AG
Management Corporation
MCST Plan No
Strata Title Plan Number
Public Prosecutor PP
(b) SLR citations. When a Singapore case has been reported in the SLR, use
the SLR citation. If a MLJ or Singapore neutral citation is used by the
author, check the Legal Workbench on LawNet to see if the case has been
reported in SLR.
(c) Unreported Singapore cases. Where a Singapore case is unreported, cite it

by its neutral citation (eg, [2004] SGHC 12). The neutral citations of
Singapore cases can be obtained from the Legal Workbench module of
LawNet at http://www. lawnet.com.sg.
Examples
Tan Ching Seng v Raffles Town Club Pte Ltd [2002] 3 SLR 345 at
[10]
Sheldon v Outhwaite [1996] 1 AC 102
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 at 45
Herbage v Times Newspapers Ltd The Times (1 May 1981)
An unreported case cited by neutral citation

Tan Kim Seng v Victor Adam Ibrahim [2003] SGCA 49
C Citations 19
A UK case cited by neutral citation

Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ
1213 at [10]
A case with parallel citations

Halpern v Toronto (City) (2003) 172 OAC 276; 65 OR (3d) 161
(d) Pinpoint citations. When referring to a particular passage in a case, cite to

the relevant paragraph number(s) in the judgment rather than to the page
number(s), thus: [2004] 1 SLR 23 at [3][4]. An en-dash rather than a
hyphen should be typed between a range of paragraph numbers (see
paragraph B5.6). For pre-1997 SLR cases, cite the page followed by the
paragraph number. Older judgments that did not come with paragraph
numbers have since been edited and the newly-inserted paragraph numbers
can be found on the Legal Workbench module of LawNet.
Example
This principle was applied in two subsequent cases: Andermatt

Investments Pte Ltd v Comptroller of Income Tax [1995] 3 SLR
451 (Andermatt) at 460, [27]; and JD Ltd v Comptroller of
Income Tax [2006] 1 SLR 484 (JD Ltd) at [486][487].
(e) Abbreviations of case names. Where a case is cited and referred to

subsequently in an article, the name of the case may be abbreviated and
referred to subsequently by its abbreviated name. The above examples show
how this is done. The abbreviated name appears within brackets and
quotation marks just after the citation of the case.
(f) US cases. Put the year of the judgment at the end of the citation, following
the US practice
Example: Lojuk v Quandt 706 F 2d 1456 at 1458 (7th Cir, 1983)
(g) Indicating court levels. Use abbreviations HC for High Court, CA for
Court of Appeal, HL for House of Lords, DC for District Court, PC
for Privy Council, starting always with the lower/lowest court. If, however,
neutral citations (which are self-explanatory) are used, there is no further
need to indicate court levels using the abbreviations.
Example: The Seaway [2004] 2 SLR 577 (HC), [2005] 1 SLR 435
(CA)
If, however, the name of the case is changed on appeal, both names will have to
set out.
Example: Burswood Nominees Ltd v Liao Eng Kiat [2004] 2 SLR
436 (HC), Liao Eng Kiat v Burswood Nominees Ltd [2004]
4 SLR 690 (CA)
C2 Statutes.
y Cite a statute by its chapter number and edition year.
Examples
The Constitution
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1999 Reprint) Art 14(1)
Where a chapter number has been assigned
Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 185, 2001 Rev Ed) s 2(1)
Where no chapter number has been assigned

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 (Act 39 of 2001)
A Malaysian statute
Film Censorship Act 2002 (No 620 of 2002) (Msia) s 5
A UK statute
Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 (c 27) (UK) s 3
US legislation
Non-Detention Act 18 USC (US) 4001(a) (2000)
NB: USC stands for United States Code.
C3 Subsidiary Legislation.
Examples
Where a chapter number has been assigned

Central Provident Fund (Investment Schemes) Regulations
(Cap 36, Rg 9, 2002 Rev Ed)
Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5, 2004 Rev Ed) O 14 r 1
Where no chapter number has been assigned

Prevention of Pollution of the Sea (Oil) Regulations 1991 (GN
No S 58/1991) reg 3
A piece of UK subsidiary legislation

Electronic Communications (Universal Service) Regulations 2003
(SI 2003 No 33) (UK)
C Citations 21
C4 Other Government Publications.
Examples
Bills
Computer Misuse (Amendment) Bill 2003 (Bill 22 of 2003) cl 4
Parliamentary debates
Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (31 October
2002) vol 20 at cols 14241426 (David T E Lim, Acting
Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts)
United Kingdom, House of Lords, Parliamentary Debates (4 July

2003) vol 650 at col 1148 (Baroness Pitkeathley)
Commonwealth (Australia), House of Representatives,

Parliamentary Debates (4 November 2003) at 23761,
<http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/reps/dailys/dr041-203.
pdf (accessed 5 January 2004) (Peter Costello, Treasurer)
Select committee reports

Report of the Select Committee on the Advance Medical Directive
Bill (Bill No 40/95) (Parl 1 of 1996, 11 March 1996)
United Kingdom, Report of the Committee on Homosexual

Offences and Prostitution (Cmnd 247, 1957) at 42
(Chairman: Sir John Frederick Wolfenden)
C5 Books.
Examples
Colin Tapper, Cross and Tapper on Evidence (Butterworths,

9th Ed, 1999) at p 74
Kevin Y L Tan, Yeo Tiong Min & Lee Kiat Seng, Constitutional
Law in Malaysia and Singapore (Malayan Law Journal,
1991)
Jaroslav Pelikan et al, The Idea of the University: A Reexamination

(Yale University Press, 1992)
Aristotle, Ethics (J A K Thomson trans) (The Folio Society, 2003)
Benjamins Sale of Goods (A G Guest gen ed) (Sweet & Maxwell,

6th Ed, 2002) at para 10-039
Halsburys Laws of Singapore vol 5 (Butterworths Asia, 2001) at
para 60.142
Halsburys Laws of England vol 8(3) (Butterworths, 4th Ed
Reissue, 2003) at para 405
C6 Articles in Journals.
Legal Journals
Examples
Peter Birks, No Consideration: Restitution After Void Contracts

(1993) 23 UWALR 195 at 203
Walter Woon, The Applicability of English Law in Singapore in

The Singapore Legal System (Kevin Y L Tan ed)
(Singapore University Press, 2nd Ed, 1999) ch 6 at p 230
Mei-lan E Wong, Note, The Implications of School Choice for

Children with Disabilities (1993) 103 Yale LJ 827 at 830
Scientific Journals
Examples
Ooi Giok Ling, The Role of the State in Nature Conservation in

Singapore Society and Natural Resources
2002; 15(5): 455460, at 459.
[Note that 15 is the volume no, 5 is the number of the part, and the
article runs from pages 455 to 460.]
Edwin Ng, Medical Ethics Singapore Medical Journal

2004; 42(2): 128134.
Note that for scientific journals, the year of publication appears before the
volume number and is separated from the volume number by a semi-colon
and a non-breaking space. The part or issue number appears in round
brackets immediately after the volume number. Use a non-breaking space
after the colon before indicating the page numbers.
C7 Articles in Serial Publications.
Examples
Ho Ka Wei & Ben Nadarajan, Thwarting the Cyber Terrorist

The Straits Times (14 November 2003) at p H1
C Citations 23
Jeremy Summers, Were Innocent Until Were Proved Guilty

or Until Our Assets are Seized The Times (London)
(29 November 2003) at p 34
Michael Walsh, Asias Different Drum Time (14 January 1991)

at pp 1718
C8 Material on the Internet.
Examples
David Bainbridge, Trademark Infringement, the Internet and

Jurisdiction [2003] 1 JILT (4 July 2003) <http://elj.
warwick.ac.uk/jilt/03-1/bainbridge.htm> (accessed 23 April
2004)
Joanne Mariner, Battlefield Chicago? In the Padilla Case, a

Federal Court Says No, FindLaw (23 December 2003)
<http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/12/22/findlaw.analysis.
mariner.padilla/index.html> (accessed 26 December 2003)
National Heritage Board website <http://www.nhb.gov.sg/About_

NHB/About_Us> (accessed 23 April 2004)
C9 Law Reform Working Papers and Reports
Examples
Law Reform Committee, Singapore Academy of Law, Report of

the Sub-Committee on the Status of Children Born Through
Artificial Conception (26 September 1997) at para 1.2
(Chairman: Jeffrey Chan Wah Teck)
Law Reform and Revision Division, Attorney-Generals

Chambers, Proposed Amendment to the International
Arbitration Act on Rules of Arbitration: Report (LRRD
No 11/2002, 2 October 2002)
United Kingdom, Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, Report

(Cmnd 2263, 1993) (Chairman: Viscount Runciman of
Doxford)
Australian Law Reform Commission, Sentencing: Penalties

(Discussion Paper No 30, 1997) at para 286
C10 Treaties.
Examples
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental

Freedoms (4 November 1950), Eur TS No 5, 312 UNTS
221, 1953 UKTS No 71, Art 6 (entered into force 3
September 1953) (European Human Rights Convention)
United StatesSingapore Free Trade Agreement (6 May 2003)
<http://www.fta.gov.sg>
C11 Dissertations and Forthcoming Materials.
Examples
S M Huang, Equality Before the Law: Article 8: Constitution of the

Federation of Malaya (1963) (unpublished LLM thesis,
University of Singapore, archived at the C J Koh Law
Library, National University of Singapore)
Kevin Y L Tan A Short Legal and Constitutional History of

Singapore in Essays in Singapore Legal History (Kevin
Y L Tan ed, forthcoming, 2004) (manuscript at para 3)
C-12 Miscellaneous notes
C12.1 Pinpoint citations.
(a) For paragraphs in cases, use [ ] and for all other materials including
articles and books, use para. When referring to pages, prefix with a p
except when the pin cite is to a page in a case or journal article.
(b) For Singapore legislation, the sub-provisions (a), (b), (c), etc are in italics.
Section 10(3)(a)(ii) of the Civil Law Act (Cap 43, 1999 Rev Ed)
D FOOTNOTES
D1 Types of Footnotes. Citation footnotes are used to indicate the authority for a
proposition made in the text of an article, or the source of the material referred to.
Only the names of cases and legislation should be set out in the main text the
citations of the cases and legislation should appear in footnotes. A series of
citations should be arranged in some order (eg, in chronological or reverse
chronological order) and should be separated with semicolons.
C Citations 25
Textual footnotes can be used to set out information that is related to the subject
matter of the article, but which is considered sufficiently peripheral such that
putting it in the body of the article would detract from the propositions being
made.
A single footnote can contain both citation and textual elements.
Do not use endnotes.
Examples
38 Waugh v British Railways Board [1980] AC 521; In re Highgrade

Traders Ltd [1984] BCLC 151; Guinness Peat Properties Ltd v Fitzroy
Robinson Partnership [1987] 1 WLR 1027; Ventouris v Mountain
[1991] 1 WLR 607.
170 Re L (A Minor) [1997] AC 16. In practice, a party who wishes to rely

on his expert evidence at trial normally waives litigation privilege and
discloses the report to the other party and the court with a view to
establishing the experts opinion in court.
If a case is to be subsequently referred to (whether in the main text or another

footnote) set out the abbreviated name of the case after the citation.
Example
38 Guinness Peat Properties Ltd v Fitzroy Robinson Partnership [1987] 1

WLR 1027 (Guinness v Fitzroy).

40 Guinness v Fitzroy, supra n 38.
Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases. Footnotes are

not used. Set out all citations in the main text after the authorities referred to, as
with judgments. For subsequent references, see D3.4 below.
D2 Introductory Signals. The following introductory signals may be used in

citations where appropriate:
[No introductory The authority is directly referred to or states the

signal] proposition made in the main text.
See The authority directly supports the proposition.
See especially The authority is the best or strongest of several

authorities supporting the proposition.
See, eg, The authority provides qualified support for the

proposition or is one of several authorities supporting
the proposition.
See also The authority provides added support for the

proposition, but is not the most authoritative or is not
directly on point.
See generally The authority supports and provides background

information to the proposition.
Confer (cf); compare The authority provides a contrast which illustrates the
proposition. Do not use cf or compare when what is
meant is see.
But see The authority disagrees partially with the proposition

but does not contradict it directly.
Contra; contrast The authority directly contradicts the proposition.
D3 Prior and Subsequent References.
D3.1 Academy Journal. In general, for the Academy Journal, the first occurrence of
a source in an article should have a full citation set out in a footnote. Subsequent
references to the same source should then refer to the full citation.
The general format for prior and subsequent references in footnotes is as follows:
[Abbreviated name of case or legislation,] ibid/id/supra/infra, n footnote

number [at pinpoint]
[Authors surname, [Abbreviated Book Title or Abbreviated Article

Title],] ibid/id/supra/infra, n footnote number [at pinpoint]
Refer to a range of footnote numbers thus: nn 1015.
When giving pinpoints, avoid the use of et sequentes (abbreviated et seq; Latin:
and those (pages, sections, etc) that follow). Instead, set out a range of page
numbers, paragraph numbers, etc.
For references to portions of the main text, use the formats in the examples below:
Examples
11 See Part II.of the main text below for more on this topic.
C Citations 27
24 For a detailed discussion of Union Discount, see paras 10 and 11 of the

main text above.
D3.2 Ibid and Id. Ibidem (abbreviated ibid; Latin for in the same place) is used to
refer to an authority in the footnote immediately preceding the current footnote,
and the same pinpoint is being referred to. If the authority is the same but the
pinpoint is different, use idem (abbreviated id; Latin for the same).
Ibid should also be used for subsequent references to a particular authority in the
same footnote.
Type a comma between ibid or id and the phrase at pinpoint. The comma
should not be italicised.
If the authority referred to is not in the footnote immediately preceding the current
footnote, use supra ( paragraph D-3.2 below).
Examples
78 [2001] 3 SLR 587 at 598601.

79 Ibid.
80 Id, at 603.
81 Id, at 610; see also PP v Mazlan bin Maidun [1993] 1 SLR 512.
____________________
26 Yogambikai Nagarajah v Indian Overseas Bank [1997] 1 SLR 258

(Yogambikai); see also Min Seng Auto Supply Pte Ltd v Loh Chun
Hua [1993] 3 SLR 233 (Min Seng Auto Supply) and Peng Ann Realty
Pte Ltd v Liu Cho Chit [1994] 3 SLR 576 (Peng Ann Realty).
Contrast the dissenting judgment of Lai J in Min Seng Auto Supply,
ibid, at 254.
27 Yogambikai, ibid.
28 Peng Ann Realty, supra n 26, at 502503.
D3.3 Supra and Infra. Supra (Latin: above) is used to refer to a prior footnote but
not to a prior part of the main text ( paragraph D-3 above).
Infra (Latin: below) is used to refer to a subsequent footnote or part of the main
text. Where possible, avoid the use of infra by providing the full citation at the
first reference.
To refer to a footnote and the text to which it refers, use the following format:
Supra/infra n footnote number and the accompanying text. Do not put a comma
after supra or infra. Put it after the footnote number, and before the phrase at
pinpoint. For references to portions of the main text only, see the examples at
paragraph D-3 above.
Do not use above, below, ante (Latin: before) or post (Latin: after). Also,
do not use the expressions loco citato (loc cit) (Latin: in the place cited, used to
mean at the passage of a book cited), opera citato (op cit) (Latin: the book
previously cited) or quod vide (qv) (Latin: which see) as such expressions make
it more difficult for readers to locate references.
Examples
26 Supra n 20.
29 The point is forcefully made in PP v Sagar, supra n 16, at [20].

42 Sutcliffe v Thackrah, supra n 40, at 737 and 740.
45 Michael Hor, supra n 3, at 367.
59 See also Pettit, Equity and the Law of Trusts, supra n 50, at p 9.
61 This point is examined at paras 2021 of the main text below.
D3.4 Annual Review Where a case has been cited previously with its full citation,
any subsequent references to the case, within the same chapter and same section,
are to be followed by (supra para x.yy) where x.yy is the paragraph number
where the case is first cited. The exception to this rule is where the subsequent
reference is only one or two paragraphs away from the first reference (as the
citation will still be fresh in readers minds).
The following are separate sections in the Annual Review:

Chapter 1 Administrative Law, Constitutional Law
Chapter 2 Admiralty Law, Shipping Law, Aviation Law
Chapter 11 Criminal Procedure, Evidence, Sentencing
29
APPENDIX 1A
FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES TO BE ITALICISED
Foreign Word or Phrase English Meaning
a fortiori (Latin) by even greater force of logic, even more so
a posteriori (Latin: from what comes after) inductively, from the

particular to the general, from known effects to their inferred
causes
a priori (Latin: from what is before) deductively, from the general

to the particular
ab initio (Latin) from the beginning
actus reus (Latin: guilty act) wrongful deed that comprises the
physical components of a crime and that generally must be
coupled with mens rea to establish criminal liability
ad hoc (Latin: for this) arranged or formed for this purpose
ad idem (Latin) to the same point or matter, of the same mind
ad infinitum (Latin: without limit) to an indefinite extent
ad valorem (Latin: according to value) (of a tax) proportional to the

value of the thing taxed
administration cum (Latin: with the will annexed) administration granted

testamento annexo where the testators will does not name any executor or
where the executor named is incompetent to act, is deceased
or refuses to act
administration de bonis non (Latin) administration granted for the purpose of settling the
remainder of an estate not administered by the previous
executor or administrator
administration durante (Latin: during absence) administration granted in the

absentia absence of either the executor or the person who has
precedence as administrator
administration durante (Latin) administration granted during the minority of either

minore aetate the executor or the person who has precedence as
administrator
administration pendente lite (Latin) administration granted during the pendency of a suit
concerning a wills validity
aliter (Latin) otherwise, it would be otherwise
aliunde (Latin) from another source, from elsewhere
alter ego (Latin) second self

amicus curiae; (Latin: friend of the court) a person, not being a
plural amici curiae representative of a party to the proceedings, permitted to
argue a point of law or fact before a court
audi alteram partem (Latin: hear the other side) no one should be condemned
unheard or without prior notice of allegations against him
autrefois acquit (Law French) formerly acquitted
autrefois convict (Law French) formerly convicted
bona fide, bonae fidei (Latin) in good faith
bona fides (Latin) good faith
bona vacantia (Latin: vacant goods) property not disposed of by will and
to which no relative is entitled under intestacy laws;
ownerless property
carte blanche (French: blank paper) complete freedom or authority to do

whatever one likes
causa causans (Latin) immediate or effective cause
causa sine qua non (Latin) a necessary cause, the cause without which the thing
cannot be or the event could not have occurred
caveat emptor (Latin) let the buyer beware
caveat venditor (Latin) let the seller beware
cestui que trust; (Law French) one who possesses equitable rights in property
plural cestuis que trust and receives the rents, issues and profits from it; a
beneficiary
ceteris paribus (Latin) other things being equal

31
certiorari (Law Latin: to be more fully informed) formerly a

prerogative writ directed to an inferior court commanding it
to certify; now an order on an application for judicial
review to quash a judgment, order or conviction
compos mentis/ (Latin: master of ones mind) of sound mind/not of sound

non compos mentis mind
confer (cf) (Latin) compare
consensus ad idem (Latin) agreement of parties to the same thing, meeting of

minds
contra (Latin: against) (in citations) the cited authority supports a

contrary view
contra proferentem (Latin: against the offeror) the doctrine that, in

interpreting documents, ambiguities are to be construed
unfavourably to the drafter
coram (Latin) before, in the presence of
corpus; (Latin: body) capital of a fund, as contrasted with the

plural corpora income
curriculum vitae (Latin: course of life) a written record of ones education

and employment
cy prs (Law French: as near as) an equitable doctrine under

which a court interprets a written instrument with a gift to
charity as closely to the donors intention as possible so that
the gift does not fail
de bene esse (Latin: of well being) as conditionally allowed for the

present, in anticipation of a future need
de facto (Latin: in point of fact) having effect though not formally

or legally recognised
de jure (Latin: as a matter of law) existing by right or according to

law
de minimis non curat lex (Latin) the law does not concern itself with trifles
de novo (Latin) anew
dictum [see obiter dictum]

donatio inter vivos; (Latin) gift made during the donors lifetime and delivered
plural donationes inter with the intention of irrevocably surrendering control over
vivos the property; an absolute gift
donatio mortis causa; (Latin) gift in contemplation of immediate death

plural donationes mortis
causa
ejusdem generis (Latin: of the same kind or class) a canon of construction

that when a general word or phrase follows a list of specific
persons or things, the general word or phrase will be
interpreted to include only persons or things of the same type
as that listed
en banc (Law French: on the bench) with all judges present and
participating, in full court
en bloc (French) as a whole, as a unit
en ventre sa mere (Law French: in the womb of the mother) (of a fetus) in
the mothers womb
ergo (Latin) therefore
esprit de corps (French) feelings of pride, care and support shared by

members of a group
et alii or et alia (et al) (Latin) and other persons
et cetera (etc) (Latin: and others) and other things
et sequentes (et seq) (Latin) and those (pages, sections, etc) that follow
ex abundanti cautela (Latin: from abundant caution) out of an excess of

caution, to be on the safe side
ex aequo et bono (Latin) according to what is equitable and good (a decision-

maker authorised to decide ex aequo et bono, especially in
international law, is not bound by legal rules and may instead
follow equitable principles)
ex debito justitiae (Latin: from or as a debt of justice) as a matter of right, in

accordance with the requirements of justice
ex facie (Latin: from the face) apparently, evidently
ex gratia (Latin: by favour) as a favour, not legally necessary

33
ex officio (Latin: from the office) by virtue of ones office
ex parte (Latin: from the part) on or from one party only, usually
without notice to or argument from the adverse party
ex post facto (Latin: from a thing done afterward) after the fact,
retroactively
ex propio motu (Latin) of ones own accord
ex turpi causa non oritur (Latin) from an immoral consideration an action does not
actio arise (a party does not have a right to enforce performance of
an agreement founded on a consideration that is contrary to
the public interest)
exempli gratia (eg) (Latin) for example, for instance
expressio unius est exclusio (Latin) a canon of construction holding that to express or
alterius include one thing implies the exclusion of the other or of the
alternative
forum conveniens (Latin: a suitable forum) a court in which an action is most

appropriately brought, considering the best interests and
convenience of the parties and witnesses
forum non conveniens (Latin: an unsuitable court) the doctrine that an

appropriate forum, even though competent under law, may
divest itself of jurisdiction if, for the convenience of litigants
and witnesses, it appears that the action should proceed in
another forum in which the action might originally have been
brought
functus officio (Latin: having performed ones office) (of an officer or

official body) without further authority or legal competence
because the duties and functions of the original commission
have been fully accomplished
habeas corpus (Latin: have the body [brought before the judge]) writ
requiring a prisoner to be brought into court for a judge to
decide if the imprisonment is legal
ibidem (ibid) (Latin) in the same place used in legal citation to denote
that the reference is to a work cited immediately before, and
that the cited matter appears on the same page of the same
book
id est (ie) (Latin) that is

idem (id) (Latin) the same used in legal citation to refer to the
authority cited immediately before
ignorantia juris non excusat (Latin: ignorance of the law is no excuse) lack of
knowledge about a legal requirement or prohibition is never
an excuse to a criminal charge
in camera (Latin: in a chamber) in the courtroom with all the

spectators excluded
in extenso (Latin) in full, unabridged
in futuro (Latin) in the future
in globo (Latin) as an undivided whole rather than separately
in limine (Latin) preliminarily, at the outset
in loco parentis (Latin: in the place of a parent) acting temporarily as the

guardian of a child
in pari delicto (Latin: in equal fault) equally at fault
in pari materia (Latin in the same matter) in an analogous case, on the

same subject, referring to the same matter
in personam (Latin: against the person) involving or determining the

personal rights and interests of the parties
in praesenti (Latin) at present, right now
in re (Latin: in the matter of) (of a judicial proceeding) not

formally including adverse parties, but rather involving
something, such as an estate
in rem (Latin: against a thing) involving or determining the status

of a thing, and thus the rights of persons generally with
respect to that thing
in situ (Latin) in place
in specie (Latin: in kind) in the same or like form
in terrorem (Latin: in order to frighten) by way of threat, as a warning
infra (Latin) below used in legal citation to refer to a later-cited

authority in the text
35
inter alia (Latin) among other things
inter alios (Latin) among other persons
inter partes (Latin: between the parties) between two or more parties,
with two or more parties in a transaction
inter se (Latin: between or among themselves) between parties

rather than in relation to others
inter vivos (Latin: between the living) of or relating to property not

conveyed by will or in contemplation of an imminent death
but during the conveyors lifetime
in toto (Latin: in whole) completely, as a whole
intra vires (Latin: within the powers of) of or referring to an action

taken within the scope of authority
ipse dixit (Latin: he himself said it) something asserted but not
proved
ipsissima verba (Latin: the very (same) words) the exact words used by
somebody being quoted
ipso facto (Latin: by the fact itself) by the very nature of the situation
ipso jure (Latin: by the law itself) by the operation of the law itself
jus cogens (Latin: compelling law) a mandatory norm of general

international law from which no two or more nations may
exempt themselves or release each other
jus dispositivum (Latin: law subject to the disposition of the parties) a norm
created by the consent of participating nations, as by an
international agreement, and binding only on nations that
agree to be bound by it
jus gentium (Latin: law of nations) international law
jus soli (Latin: right of the soil) the rule that a childs citisenship
is determined by place of birth
lex causae (Latin) the applicable law
lex domicilii (Latin: law of the domicile) the law of the country where a
person is domiciled
lex fori (Latin: law of the forum) the law of the jurisdiction where
the case is pending
lex loci (Latin) the law of the place
lex loci celebrationis (Latin: law of the place of the ceremony) the law of the
place where a contract, especially a marriage, is made
lex loci contractus (Latin: law of the place of the contract) the law of a place
where a contract is executed or to be performed
lex loci delicti or lex loci (Latin: law of the place of the wrong or law of the place
delicti commissi of commission of the wrong) the law of the place where a
tort was committed
lex loci solutionis (Latin: law of the place of solution) the law of the place
where the contract is to be performed (especially by
payment)
lex mercatoria (Latin: mercantile law) the law merchant
lex situs (Latin: law of the location) the law of the place where
property is located
lex posterior derogat priori (Latin: a later law derogates from an earlier one) the
principle that a later statute negates the effect of a prior one if
the later statute expressly repeals or is obviously repugnant
to the earlier statute
lis (Latin) a piece of litigation, a controversy or dispute
lis pendens (Latin) a pending suit
locum tenens (Latin: holding the place) a deputy, a substitute, a

representative
locus actus (Latin: place of the act) the place where an act is done, the
place of performance
locus contractus (Latin: place of the contract) the place where a contract is
made
locus delicti (Latin: place of the wrong) the place where an offence is
committed; the place where the last event necessary to make
the actor liable occurs
locus in quo (Latin: place in which) the place where something is

alleged to have occurred
37
locus poenitentiae (Latin: place of repentance) the point at which it is not too
late for one to change ones legal position; the possibility of
withdrawing from a contemplated course of action,
especially a wrong, before being committed to it
locus standi (Latin: place of standing) right to bring an action or to be

heard in a given forum
mala fide (Latin) in bad faith
mala fides (Latin) bad faith
mandamus (Latin: we command) writ issued by a superior court to

compel a lower court or government officer to perform
mandatory or purely ministerial duties correctly
mens rea; (Latin: guilty mind) state of mind that the prosecution, to
plural mentes reae secure a conviction, must prove that a defendant had when
committing a crime; criminal intent
modus operandi (Latin: manner of operating) method of operating or a

manner of procedure, especially a pattern of criminal
behaviour so distinctive that investigators attribute it to the
work of the same person
mutatis mutandis (Latin) all necessary changes having been made, with the
necessary changes
nemo dat quod non habet (Latin) no one can give what he does not have
nemo judex in causa sua (Latin) no one should be a judge in his own cause
nisi (Latin: unless) (of a courts ruling or grant of relief)

having validity unless the adversely affected party appears
and shows cause why it should be withdrawn
nolle prosequi (Latin) to abandon (a suit or prosecution); to have a case

dismissed by nolle prosequi
non est factum (Latin: it is not his deed) a denial of execution of an

instrument sued upon
non sequitur (Latin: it does not follow) inference or conclusion that

does not logically follow from the premises
noscitur a sociis (Latin: it is known by its associates) a canon of

construction holding that the meaning of an unclear word or
phrase should be determined by the words immediately
surrounding it
novus actus interveniens (Latin: a new act intervening) event that comes between
an initial event in a sequence and the end result, thereby
altering the natural course of events that might have
connected a wrongful act to an injury
nudum pactum (Latin: bare agreement) agreement unenforceable as a

contract because it is not clothed with consideration
nulla poena sine lege (Latin) no punishment without a law authorising it
nunc pro tunc (Latin: now for then) having retroactive legal effect
through a courts inherent power
obiter dictum; (Latin: something said in passing) a judicial comment

plural obiter dicta made during the course of delivering an opinion but one that
is unnecessary to the decision of the case and therefore not
precedential (though it may be considered persuasive). Also
obiter or dictum or in obiter.
pace (Latin) by the permission of
pacta sunt servanda (Latin: agreements must be kept) the rule that agreements
and stipulations, especially those contained in treaties, must
be observed
parens patriae (Latin: parent of ones country) the state in its capacity as
provider of protection to those unable to care for themselves
pari passu (Latin: by equal step) proportionately, without preference
participis criminis (Latin: partner in crime) an accomplice or accessory
passim (Latin: here and there) throughout (the cited work)
pendente lite (Latin: while the action is pending) during the proceedings
or litigation; contingent on the outcome of litigation
per (Latin) through, by
per alium (Latin) by means of another
per curiam (Latin) by the court as a whole

39
per incuriam (Latin) (of a judicial decision) wrongly decided, usually

because the judge or judges were ill-informed about the
applicable law
per se (Latin) of, in or by itself, standing alone, without reference

to additional facts
prima facie (Latin: at first sight) on first appearance but subject to

further evidence or information
pro forma (Latin: for form) made or done as a formality; (of an

invoice or statement) provided in advance to describe items,
predict results or secure approval
pro rata (Latin) proportionately; according to an exact rate, measure

or interest
pro tanto (Latin: to that extent) for so much, as far as it goes
pro tempore (pro tem) (Latin) for the time being, appointed to occupy a post
temporarily
pur autre vie (Law French: for anothers life) for or during a period
measured by anothers life
qua (Latin) in the capacity of, as
quaere (Latin) inquire, query, examine used to show that a point is

doubtful or open to question
quantum meruit (Latin: as much as one has deserved) damages awarded in

an amount considered reasonable to compensate a person
who has rendered services in a quasi-contractual relationship;
a claim or right of action for the reasonable value of services
rendered
quantum valebant (Latin: as much as they are worth) an equitable remedy to

provide restitution for unjust enrichment by awarding the
reasonable value of goods and materials supplied
quia timet (Latin: because one fears) a legal doctrine that allows a
person to seek equitable relief from future probable harm to a
specific right or interest
quicquid plantatur solo, solo (Latin: whatever is fixed to the soil belongs to the soil)
cedit
quid pro quo (Latin: something for something) thing that is exchanged
for another thing of more or less equal value; a substitute
quo warranto (Latin: by what authority) a writ used to inquire into the
authority by which a public office is held or a franchise is
claimed
quoad (Latin) as regards, with regard to
quoad hanc (hunc) (Latin) so far as this woman (man) is concerned (with
reference to nullity of marriage or to sexual impotence)
ratio decidendi; (Latin: reason for deciding) principle or rule of law on

plural rationes decidendi which a courts decision is founded; rule of law on which a
later court thinks a previous court founded its decision
re (Latin) regarding, in the matter of, in re
res; (Latin: thing) an object, interest or status, as opposed to a

plural res person; the subject matter of a trust, a corpus
res gestae (Latin: things done) events at issue, or other events

contemporaneous with them
res integra (Latin: an entire thing) an undecided question of law; a

case of first impression
res inter alios acta, or res (Latin: a thing done between others) a doctrine holding
inter alios acta alteri that a contract cannot unfavourably affect rights of a person
noncere non debet not a party to the contract
res ipsa loquitur (Latin: the thing speaks for itself) a doctrine providing
that, in some circumstances, the mere fact of an accidents
occurrence raises an inference of negligence so as to
establish a prima facie case
res judicata (Latin: a thing adjudicated) an issue definitively settled by

judicial decision; an affirmative defence barring the same
parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the same claim, or
any other claim arising from the same transaction or series of
transactions, and that could have been but was not raised in
the first suit.
restitutio in integrum (Law Latin) restoration to the previous condition or status

quo
resum (French) a short summary or account of something

41
semble (Law French: it seems) used chiefly to indicate an obiter

dictum in a court opinion or to introduce an uncertain thought
or interpretation
sic (Latin: so, thus) used to indicate that the preceding word
or phrase in a quoted passage is reproduced as it appeared in
the original document
simpliciter (Latin: simply) in a simple or summary manner;

absolutely, unconditionally, per se
sine die (Latin: without day) with no day assigned (as for
resumption of a meeting or hearing)
sine qua non (Latin: without which not) an indispensable condition or

thing, something on which something else necessarily
depends
stricto sensu (Latin: strict sense) in its strict meaning
sub judice (Latin) under consideration
sub nomine (sub nom) (Latin: under the name) used in case citations to indicate
that there has been a name change from one stage of the case
to another
sub voce (Latin: under the word) under a specified word
subpoena ad testificandum (Law Latin: for testifying under penalty) order directing a
witness to appear in court and give testimony
subpoena duces tecum (Law Latin) order directing a witness to appear in court and
bring specified documents or records
sui generis (Latin: of its own kind) of its own kind or class; unique or
peculiar
sui juris (Latin: of ones own right) of full age and capacity;
possessing full social and civil rights
supra (Latin: above) earlier in the text used in legal citations to

refer to a previously-cited authority in the text
travaux prparatoires (French: preparatory works) materials used in preparing

the ultimate form of an agreement or statute, especially of an
international treaty; materials constituting a legislative
history
uberrima fides (Latin) utmost good faith
uberrimae fidei (Latin) of the utmost good faith
ultra vires (Latin: beyond the powers of) beyond the scope of power
allowed by a company charter or by law, unauthorised
versus (v) (Latin) against
vice versa (Latin: the position being reversed) with the order or
correspondence reversed; the other way round
vide (Latin: see) used in legal citations for cross-references
videlicet (viz) (Latin) to wit, that is to say, namely used to point out,
particularise or render more specific what has been stated in
general (or more obscure) language
vis--vis (French) in relation to, in comparison with

viva voce (Latin: with living voice) by word of mouth, orally
voir (or voire) dire (Law French: to speak the truth) a preliminary
examination to test the competence of a witness or evidence
volenti non fit injuria (Latin: a person is not wronged by that to which he or she
consents) the principle that a person who knowingly and
voluntarily risks danger cannot recover for any resulting
injury
43
APPENDIX 2A
WORDS AND PHRASES THAT MAY BE ABBREVIATED

AFTER THE FIRST OCCURRENCE
The following words and phrases should be spelt in full the first time they occur in the
judgment. Thereafter, they may be abbreviated as shown in the following table.
Word or Phrase to be Spelt in Full Abbreviation

on First Occurrence
Chief Justice Yong Pung How or Yong The Chief Justice or Yong CJ
Pung How CJ
The Acting Chief Justice Tan Ah Tah or The Acting Chief Justice or Tan Ag CJ
Tan Ah Tah Ag CJ
Judge of Appeal Andrew Phang Boon Phang JA
Leong or Andrew Phang Boon Leong JA
Judges of Appeal L P Thean and Chao Thean and Chao JJA
Hick Tin or L P Thean and Chao Hick
Tin JJA
Justice V K Rajah or V K Rajah J Rajah J
Justices Kan Ting Chiu and Belinda Ang Kan and Ang JJ
Saw Ean or Kan Ting Chiu and Belinda
Ang Saw Ean JJ
Judicial Commissioner T Q Lim or Lim JC
T Q zaLim JC
Senior District Judge Richard Magnus The Snr District Judge or
Snr District Judge Magnus
District Judge Mavis Chionh District Judge Mavis Chionh or
District Judge Chionh
Deputy Registrar Dy Registrar
Senior Assistant Registrar Snr Asst Registrar
Assistant Registrar Asst Registrar
Senior Deputy Registrar Snr Dy Registrar
Attorney-General AG
Solicitor-General SG
Public Prosecutor PP
Deputy Public Prosecutor DPP
Assistant Public Prosecutor APP
Senior State Counsel Snr State Counsel
Investigating Officer IO
Narcotics Officer NO
APPENDIX 2B
WORDS AND PHRASES THAT MAY ALWAYS BE ABBREVIATED
Forms of Address
Mister (correctly Master) Mr
Missus (correctly Mistress) Mrs Ms may be used instead
Madam Mdm Ms may be used instead
Messrs (correctly Messieurs) M/s
Doctor Dr
Professor Prof
Associate Professor Assoc Prof
Assistant Professor Asst Prof
Queens Counsel QC only after counsels name
Senior Counsel SC only after counsels name
Baron B
Lord Chancellor LC
Lord Justice(s) LJ(J)
Lord President LP
Master of the Rolls MR
Vice Chancellor VC
Units of Measurement: Length

millimetre(s) mm
centimetre(s) cm
metre(s) m
kilometre(s) km
inch(es) in (use only in combination with ft, eg
5 ft 3 in, otherwise spell out in full)
foot/feet ft
Units of Measurement: Area

square millimetre(s) mm2
square centimetre(s) cm2
square metre(s) m2
square kilometre(s) km2
hectare(s) ha
square feet sq ft type a non-breaking space
between the numeral and sq ft.
Units of Measurement: Volume

cubic centimetre(s) cm3
cubic metre(s) m3
millilitre(s) ml
litre(s) l italicise the l so that it is not
mistaken for a one (1)
45
Units of Measurement: Weight

milligram(s) mg
gram(s) g
kilogram(s) kg
metric tonne(s) mt
ounce(s) oz
pound(s) lb italicise so that the l is not
mistaken for a one (1)
Units of Measurement: Time

second(s) sec
minute(s) min
hour(s) hr use only in combination with
precise periods of time, eg, 2 hr 20
min 5 sec
Units of Measurement: Speed

kilometres per hour km/h
miles per hour mph
Units of Measurement: Temperature

degrees Celsius C
degrees Fahrenheit F
Units of Measurement: Others

revolutions per minute rpm
Currencies
Singapore dollar $
(or, if necessary for clarity, S$)
Australian dollar A$
Deutsch mark (Germany) DM
Euro (European Monetary Union)
New Zealand dollar NZ$
Pound sterling (United Kingdom)
Renminbi (Peoples Republic of RMB
China)
Ringgit Malaysia RM
United States dollar US$
Yen (Japan)
Words and Phrases Used Mainly in Citations

article(s) (of articles of association, Art(s)
constitutions, contracts, model laws
and treaties)
chapter (of legislation) Cap
chapter(s) (of a book or in legislation) ch(s)
clause(s) and subclause(s) cl(l), sub-cl(l)
compiler(s) comp(s)
confer (Latin: compare) cf
Division(s) (of legislation) Div(s)
editor(s), general editor(s) ed(s), gen ed(s)
edition (of a book or of legislation) Ed
et alii or et alia et al
(Latin: and other persons)
et cetera (Latin: and others) etc
et sequentes et seq
(Latin: and those that follow)
exempli gratia (Latin: for example) eg
exhibit(s) Exh(s)
figure(s) fig(s)
(and the pages) following ff
ibidem (Latin: in the same place) ibid
id est (Latin: that is) ie
idem (Latin: the same) id
Illustration(s) Illus
note(s) (references to footnotes within n(n)
an article)
Notification Number (subsidiary N
legislation)
number(s) (in legislation citations or No(s)
suit or application numbers)
order(s) (eg of the Rules of Court) O for orders, use,
eg, O 3 and O 4
Order Number (subsidiary legislation) O
paragraph(s) and sub-paragraph(s) (of para(s), sub-para(s)
court documents, letters, legal do not use the symbol.
texts, etc) For references to paragraphs
of case reports and judgments, use
square brackets: see para C1(d)
Part(s) (of legislation) Pt(s)
regulation(s) reg(s)
Regulation Number (subsidiary Rg
legislation)
Revised Edition (of a book or of Rev Ed
legislation)
rule(s) r(r)
Rule Number (subsidiary legislation) R
Schedule(s) (of legislation) Sched(s)
but First Schedule, Second Schedule,
etc (spell out in full)
section(s) and subsection(s) s(s), sub-s(s)
do not use the symbol except when
referring to US legislation: see
para C2
translator(s) trans
47
versus (Latin: against) v

videlicet (Latin: namely) viz
Other Words and Phrases

cargo, insurance and freight CIF
free on board FOB
APPENDIX 2C
WORDS AND PHRASES THAT SHOULD NOT BE ABBREVIATED

Do not abbreviate the following words and phrases.
Appendix (part of legislation)

District Judge
Exception (part of legislation)
Registrar
State Counsel
Principal Senior State Counsel
49
APPENDIX 3A
COMPOUND WORDS THAT SHOULD BE HYPHENATED

For Singapore Academy of Law publications, the following compound words should be
hyphenated:
co-operate, co-operation, co-operative, co-ordinate, co-ordination

(but non-cooperation, non-coordination as non-co-operation,
non-co-ordination look awkward avoid these compound
words as far as possible)
co-respondent getting-up (for a case)

court-martial officer-in-charge
cross-examination re-examination
e-mail set-off (noun)
evidence-in-chief time-barred (adjective) eg a
examination-in-chief time-barred action (contra the
action is time barred)
a well-known actor (contra the winding-up (of a company)
actor is well known) (adjective) eg winding-up
well-defined laws (contra the proceedings (contra the
laws are well defined) winding up of the company)
father-in-law, mother-in-law, a five-year-old girl, a ten-year-
etc old car (adjectives)
vis--vis volte-face
mid-July
above-mentioned, last- long-term, short-term
mentioned (but aforementioned, (adjectives)
abovesaid)
APPENDIX 3B
WORDS THAT SHOULD NOT BE HYPHENATED

For Singapore Academy of Law publications, the following compound words should not be
hyphenated:
backdate (verb) prerequisite, precondition

bypass, bystander, byword (but by- registrar in chambers, summons
election, by-product, by-law) in chambers
car park set off (verbal phrase)
case law subcharter, subcharterer,
charterparty subcharterparty
common sense (but a subcontract, subcontractor
common-sense answer, or subject matter
commonsensical) subsection
counterclaim takeover (noun)
creditworthy, creditworthiness time bar (noun)
down payment webpage, website
ill health, ill will wind up, winding up (of a
judge in chambers company) (noun)
misstatement well founded, well known (but
motor car a well-founded argument, a
motorcycle well-known actor)
next of kin workplace, workflow,
ongoing workforce, workday
online worldwide
coastguard coffee shop
rehearing
APPENDIX 3C
WORDS THAT ARE OFTEN MISSPELT
CORRECT SPELLING INCORRECT SPELLING

liaise liase
supersede supercede
beside the point besides the point
kept apprised of (a situation) kept appraised of (a situation)
wreak havoc wreck havoc
keep a tight rein keep a tight reign
dependent on dependant on
humorous humourous
pronunciation pronounciation
license (verb), licence (noun) licence (verb), license (noun)
homogeneous homogenous
spitting image splitting image
51

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The Singapore Academy of Law

Style Guide Quick Reference

1 Supreme Court Lane

July 2007 Singapore Academy of Law. All rights reserved.

2006 Edition 2 October 2006

Feedback or reports of errors should be sent to

[This page is reserved for notes of future updates to this Guide.]

For SAL Journal

(1) Third-level heading

(a) Fourth-level leading

(i) FIFTH-LEVEL HEADING

For SAL Annual Review

Headings should be in the following format: Principle of consistency in

Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (First-level heading)

Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Second-level heading)

Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Third-level heading)

Ad hoc admission of foreign lawyers (Fourth-level heading)

AD HOC ADMISSION OF FOREIGN LAWYERS (FIFTH-LEVEL HEADING)

First Level (a), (b), (c), etc.

Items in a numbered list should be punctuated in one of the following ways:

The following items were found in the accuseds bag:

In order to succeed in establishing that the defendant acted

(a) A duty of care was owed by the defendant to her.

A4.1 Quotations within a sentence. Enclose quotations within a sentence in double

In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done in any

Mr Yeo explained that at the time of the trades, he was more

A4.3 Emphasis in quotations. Words, phrases or sentences in a quotation to be

Where the quotation is set out in a separate block:

The latter indorsement may be to the transferee by name or in blank,

In that case, the judge expressed the view that it is trite

[Note that there is no full stop or other punctuation mark before

Cocaine acts by preventing the removal of adrenalin from its site of

Prolonged ingestion by sniffing is said to damage the nasal tissues.

Cocaine is occasionally mixed with heroin to produce a speedball for

A4.4 Changes to quotations. In general, a quotation should be reproduced exactly as

If it is necessary to make interpolations, corrections, explanations, translations or

He clearly intend[ed] to take dishonestly the cheque out of the

The manner of the attack was vicious and very destructive.

A4.5 Errors in quotations. Spelling or grammatical errors in quotations should be

He cannot have had [sic] been unaware of the presence of the

He cannot have been unaware of the presence of the clause.

A4.6 Quoting mid-sentence.

Original text is:

Drawing from the notes of evidence, she gave reasons why

Where only part of the text is quoted, set it out as follows:

After looking at the cover of the book, I decided not to read

... I decided not to read it. I thought it more worthwhile to spend my

Using the same original text as the first example above:

In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done ... in

To comply with housestyle, the above sentence should be amended

In addition, s 2 also states that these activities must be done in any

A4.7 Quoting mid-paragraph. When quoting a range of paragraphs and some

Cocaine acts by preventing the removal of adrenalin from its site of

... Prolonged ingestion by sniffing is said to damage the nasal tissues.

Cocaine is occasionally mixed with heroin to produce a speedball for

A4.8 Rules on the use of ellipses in quotations.

(a) An ellipsis consists of only 3 dots, no more, no less.

A5 Italics. Note the following specific uses of italics:

When indicating the possessive form of an italicised word or phrase using an

A6.1 Non-breaking spaces. A non-breaking space is to be inserted between pre-fixes

s 23 of the Act (the non-breaking space is between s and 23)

O 18 r 1 of the Rules of Court (the non-breaking spaces are

No 1 on the list (the non-breaking space is between No and