D5.

4 HANDBOOK OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

TO PROMOTE SHP
WORK PACKAGE 5 - COMMON STRATEGIES TO
IMPROVE SHP IMPLEMENTATION
Final Version 1
Date 25.08.2011

R. Magureanu (POLI-B), S. Ambrosi (POLI-B), B. Popa (POLI-B),

Bostan Ion (MOLD), Dulgheru Valeriu (MOLD), Bostan Viorel (MOLD),
Sochirean Anatol (MOLD)
 INDEX
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................. 6
2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 7
3. SMART MEASUREMENTS FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS (RO) ................................... 8
4. INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO PRODUCE SHP (MOLD) ..................................................... 24
4.1. IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR SHP IMPLEMENTATION (ON RIVER PRUT) .. 24
5. ELABORATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO PRODUCE SHP.................................. 31
5.1. ELABORATION OF FLOATING MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANTS FOR RIVER WATER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGY ....................................................................... 31
5.1.1. Conceptual diagrams ................................................................................................................ 31
5.1.2. Micro hydro power plant for river water kinetic energy conversion into electrical Micro hydro
power plant (figure 26) [9] ................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.3. Design of the hydrodynamic rotor ............................................................................................. 38
5.2. INDUSTRIAL PROTOTYPES OF MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR .................... 58
5.2.1. Pilot station of micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into mechanical energy (MHCF D4x1,5 M) ...................................................................... 58
5.2.2. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy conversion into
electrical and mechanical energy (MHCF D4x1,5ME) ........................................................................ 62
5.2.3. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy conversion into
electrical and mechanical energy at small speeds (MHCF D4x1,5ME) ............................................. 65
5.2.4. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy conversion into
electrical energy (MHCF D4x1,5E) ..................................................................................................... 67
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 70
ANNEX ............................................................................................................................................... 71
7. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 75

Figure index
FIGURE 1 - MAP OF ROMANIA WITH MAIN RIVERS, MAJOR, MEDIUM AND SMALL HYDRO PLANTS ..................... 8
FIGURE 2 - RIVER ARGES WITH MAJOR AND SMALL HYDRO PLANTS ............................................................. 8
FIGURE 3 - H/Q AND /Q CHARACTERISTICS FOR SMALL HYDRO TURBINES ................................................. 9
FIGURE 4 - MIHAILESTI SMALL HYDRO PLANT WITH ONE FRANCIS AND TWO KAPLAN TURBINES ..................... 9
FIGURE 5 - MEASUREMENT DIAGRAM FOR MIHAILESTI SHP ..................................................................... 10
FIGURE 6 - ARBITER SYSTEMS POWER SENTINEL PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT ................................... 10
FIGURE 7 WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEM (WAMS) .......................................................................... 11
FIGURE 8 - DATA COLLECTED FROM PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT 1 AT MIHAILESTI SHP; A) VOLTAGES, B)
CURRENTS, C) RMS DATA, D) PHASORS ......................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 9 - THE PMUS IN ELPROS NETWORK AND REPRESENTATION OF VOLTAGES, PHASORS, FREQUENCY
IN ALL FOUR ACQUISITION POINTS .................................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 10 - DATA COLLECTED FROM MIHAILESTI PMU ON THE OUTPUT 20KV OUTPUT LINE...................... 14
FIGURE 11 - NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS COMPACT RIO PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATION CONTROLLER .......... 15
FIGURE 12 POWER MONITORING APPLICATION SCREENSHOTS ............................................................. 18
FIGURE 13 - DIAGRAM FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION USING A COMPACT RIO EQUIPMENT .............. 19
FIGURE 14 - ZIGBEE NETWORK ............................................................................................................. 20
FIGURE 15 - SEA ZIGBEE MODULE ........................................................................................................ 20

2
FIGURE 16 - DIGI XBEE MODULE .......................................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 17 - DATA MONITORING APPLICATION .......................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 18 - CARLO GAVAZZI ENERGY MANAGEMENT SMART POWER QUALITY TRANSDUCER ................... 22
FIGURE 19 SCREENSHOTS OF SCADA POWER MONITORING APPLICATION ........................................... 23
FIGURE 20 MAP OF ENERGETIC POTENTIAL ON PRUT: ........................................................................... 24
FIGURE 21 FP 201 GLOBAL WATER FLOW PROBE. .............................................................................. 25
FIGURE 22 ALIMENTATION SCHEME FOR PRUT RIVER FROM RIGHT AND LEFT BANKS WITH TRIBUTARIES
WATERS. ........................................................................................................................................ 26
FIGURE 23 MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLOW SPEED ON PRUT RIVER. ....................................................... 28
FIGURE 24 CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF THE WATER WHEEL WITH RECTILINEAR PROFILE OF BLADES. ......... 32
FIGURE 25 CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF THE WATER ROTOR WITH HYDRODYNAMIC PROFILE OF BLADES WITH
ITS ORIENTATION TOWARDS THE WATER STREAMS. ........................................................................... 32
FIGURE 26 FLOATABLE MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH BLADES ORIENTATION MECHANISM.................. 34
FIGURE 27 POSITIONING OF BLADES TOWARDS THE WATER CURRENTS. .................................................. 34
FIGURE 28 FLOATING MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND HYDRAULIC PUMP. .. 35
FIGURE 29 FLOATING MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH INFLUENCE COMPENSATION OF WATER CURRENTS
FLOW DIRECTION CHANGE............................................................................................................... 36
FIGURE 30 MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH INCREASED TRANSVERSE STABILITY. ................................ 37
FIGURE 31 FLUID CYCLIC MOTION AROUND PROFILE C. ....................................................................... 41
FIGURE 32 DIGITIZATION OF PROFILE C. ............................................................................................. 41
FIGURE 33 BOUNDARY ELEMENT E j . .................................................................................................. 42
FIGURE 34 SYMMETRIC HYDRODYNAMIC PROFILES: NACA 0012, 0016, 63018 AND 67015. ................. 45
FIGURE 35 HYDRODYNAMIC LIFT CL AND DRAG CD COEFFICIENTS DEPENDANT ON THE ENTERING ANGLE
FOR NACA 0012, 0016, 63018 AND 67015 PROFILES. ................................................................... 46
FIGURE 36 - HYDRODYNAMIC LIFT CL AND DRAG CD COEFFICIENTS DEPENDANT ON THE ENTERING ANGLE
FOR NACA 0016 PROFILE. ........................................................................................................... 47
FIGURE 37 BLADE POSITION AND WORKING AREAS. .............................................................................. 47
FIGURE 38 MODULE, TANGENTIAL COMPONENT AND NORMAL COMPONENT OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE
OF A ROTOR BLADE DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE OF POSITIONING. ....................................................... 47
FIGURE 39 MOMENT Tr ,i DEVELOPED BY THE ROTOR BLADE DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE OF POSITIONING. 48
FIGURE 40 TOTAL MOMENT Tr DEVELOPED BY 5 BLADES AT ROTOR SHAFT DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE OF
POSITIONING. ................................................................................................................................. 48
FIGURE 41 TOTAL MOMENT Tr AT ROTOR SHAFT DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE OF POSITIONING FOR VARIOUS
VELOCITIES OF THE WATER FLOW .................................................................................................... 48
FIGURE 42 NUMBER OF TURNS CM , ref DEPENDING ON THE ENTERING ANGLE FOR NACA 0016 PROFILE 48
FIGURE 43 LOCATION OF THE BLADE FIXING POINT. ............................................................................... 49
FIGURE 44 MOMENT DEVELOPED BY THE BLADE Tr ,i DEPENDING ON THE POSITIONING ANGLE FOR VARIOUS
VALUES OF THE ENTERING ANGLE 15o , 17 o , 18o , 20o. .............................................................. 49
FIGURE 45 TOTAL MOMENT Tr DEPENDING ON THE POSITIONING ANGLE FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF THE

ENTERING ANGLE 15 , 17 o , 18o , 20o. ..................................................................................... 49

o

FIGURE 46 TOTAL MOMENT Tr DEVELOPED AT THE 3-, 4- AND 5-BLADE ROTOR SHAFT DEPENDING ON THE
POSITIONING ANGLE. ...................................................................................................................... 50
FIGURE 47 NACA 0016 HYDRODYNAMIC RACK PROFILE STANDARD. ..................................................... 51
FIGURE 48 NACA 0016 HYDRODYNAMIC RACK PROFILE STANDARD AND THE OPTIMISED PROFILE. .......... 51
FIGURE 49 BLADES PROTOTYPING 5-AXIS MACHINE .............................................................................. 51
FIGURE 50 FLOATING STABILITY ANALYSIS. ........................................................................................... 52
FIGURE 51 MIGRATION TRAJECTORY OF THE CENTRAL POINT OF APPLICATION OF THE ARCHIMEDES FORCES
FOR THE 3-BLADE (A) AND 5-BLADE ROTOR (B). ................................................................................ 53
FIGURE 52 DEPENDENCE OF DISTANCE E OF THE CENTRAL POINT OF APPLICATION OF THE ARCHIMEDES
FORCES ON THE POSITIONING ANGLE OF THE 3-BLADE ROTOR (A) AND OF 5-BLADE ROTOR (B). ...... 54

3
 o
FIGURE 53 VELOCITY FIELD AROUND NACA 0016 PROFILE AT THE ENTERING ANGLE 18 . ...................... 54
FIGURE 54 POINT OF SEPARATION FOR THE FLOW VELOCITIES 1 M/S (A) AND 2 M/S (B)............................ 55
FIGURE 55 3-BLADE HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR. ....................................................................................... 55
FIGURE 56 5-BLADE HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR. ....................................................................................... 55
FIGURE 57 MULTIBLADE ROTOR CONNECTED KINEMATICALLY TO THE ELECTRIC (GENERATOR 1) ENERGY OR
MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC PUMP 2) ENERGY PRODUCTION UNITS......................................................... 56
FIGURE 58 ROTORS WITH 3- (A) AND 5-BLADES (B) WITH HYDRODYNAMIC PROFILE, MANUFACTURED IN THE
LABORATORY OF THE CENTRE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS DESIGN, TUM. ..... 56
FIGURE 59 GENERATED POWER AT ROTOR SHAFT. ................................................................................ 58
FIGURE 60 MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR FOR RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
3
CONVERSION INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY FOR WATER PUMPING (FLOW RATE Q = 40M /H, PUMPING
HEIGHT H =10...15 M) .................................................................................................................... 59
FIGURE 61 KINEMATICS OF MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT MHCF D4X1,5 M. .......................................... 60
FIGURE 62 TORQUE T1 AT THE HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR SHAFT WITH NACA 0016 PROFILE BLADES. ....... 60
FIGURE 63 INDUSTRIAL PROTOTYPE OF THE MICROHYDROPOWER STATION FOR THE RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGIES (DIAMETER OF ROTOR D = 4M, SUBMERSED
HEIGHT OF THE BLADE H = 1,4M, LENGTH OF BLADE L =1,3M) (MHCF D4X1,5 ME). .......................... 62
FIGURE 64 INDUSTRIAL PROTOTYPE OF THE MICROHYDROPOWER STATION FOR THE RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY INSTALLED ON THE RIVER PRUT, V. STOIENETI, CANTEMIR. . 62
FIGURE 65 MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR FOR RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGY (ROTOR DIAMETER D = 4 M, SUBMERGED
HEIGHT OF BLADE H = 1,4 M, LENGTH OF BLADE CHORD L = 1,3 M) (MHCF D4X1,5 ME) .................... 64
FIGURE 66 KINEMATICS OF MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT MHCF D4X1,5 ME. ........................................ 65
FIGURE 67 MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT WITH HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR FOR RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENERGY USED FOR WATER PUMPING (ROTOR DIAMETER
D = 4 M, SUBMERGED HEIGHT OF BLADE H = 1,4 M, LENGTH OF BLADE CHORD L = 1,3 M). .................. 66
FIGURE 68 UNIT OF THREE-STAGE HYDRAULIC PUMP DRIVING MECHANISM PSS 40-10/50...................... 67
FIGURE 69 UNIT OF LOW SPEED ELECTRIC GENERATOR DRIVING MECHANISM (MCHF D4X1,5E). ........... 67
FIGURE 70 MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR FOR RIVER WATER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY (5-BLADE ROTOR DIAMETER D = 4 M, SUBMERGED HEIGHT OF
BLADE H = 1,4 M, LENGTH OF BLADE CHORD L = 1,3 M). .................................................................... 68
FIGURE 72 INDUSTRIAL PROTOTYPE OF THE MICROHYDROPOWER STATION FOR THE RIVER KINETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY (DIAMETER OF ROTOR D = 4M, SUBMERSED HEIGHT OF THE
BLADE H = 1,4M, LENGTH OF BLADE L =1,3M) (MHCF D4X1,5 E)..................................................... 69
FIGURE 71 TORQUE T1 AT THE SHAFT OF 5-BLADE HYDRODYNAMIC ROTOR WITH NACA 0016 PROFILE .. 69
FIGURE 73 FREE FLOW TURBINE, VERDANT POPWER ........................................................................... 71
FIGURE 74 FREE FLOW TURBINE, UEK CORPORATION UNDERWATER ELECTRIC KITE ............................ 72
FIGURE 75 FREE FLOW TURBINE, SWAN TURBINE ................................................................................. 73
FIGURE 76 FREE FLOW TURBINE, GORLOV HELICAL TURBINE ................................................................ 74
FIGURE 77 FREE FLOW TURBINE, MILLAU VLH ..................................................................................... 74

Table index
TABLE 1 WATER FLOW VELOCITY ON PRUT RIVER IN DIFFERENT AREAS. ................................................. 30

4
Preface
The present work is an outcome of the project SEE HYDROPOWER, targeted to improve water
resource management for a growing renewable energy production, in the frame of the South-East-
Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme, co-funded by the European Regional Development
Fund (www.seehydropower.eu).

The project is based on the European Directive on the promotion of Electricity from Renewable
Energy Sources respect to the Kyoto protocol targets, that aims to establish an overall binding
target of 20% share of renewable energy sources in energy consumption to be achieved by each
Member State, as well as binding national targets by 2020 in line with the overall EU target of 20%.
Objectives of the SEE HYDROPOWER deal with the promotion of hydro energy production in SEE
countries, by the optimization of water resource exploitation, in a compatible way with other water
users following environmental friendly approaches. Therefore, it gives a strong contribution to the
integration between the Water Frame and the RES-e Directives.

Main activities of the project concerns the definition of policies, methodologies and tools for a
better water & hydropower planning and management; the establishment of common criteria for
preserving water bodies; to assess strategies to improve hydropower implementation, such as
small hydropower; testing studies in pilot catchments of partner countries; promotion and
dissemination of project outcomes among target groups all over the SEE Region countries.

In particular, the report Handbook of innovative technologies to promote SHP, which is part of the
Work Package 5 Common strategies to improve SHP implementation, is presented here.

5
 1. List of abbreviations

SHP Small Hydropower Plant

PMU Phasor Measurement Unit

WAMS Wide Area System Monitoring

Sp Pumping Station,

SpA Pumping Station for Water Supply,

SpC Pumping Station for Sewage,

SpM Pumping station for Irrigation,

Spm Mobile Pumping Station,

SE Water Cleaning Plant;

STA Water Treatment Plant,

BA Storage Pool

6
 2. Introduction

Handbook of Innovative Technologies presents, on one hand, a monitoring system of the hydraulic,
mechanical and electrical parameters related to a SHP and, on the other hand, it presents a new
concept with regard to the possibility to catch the kinetic energy of a water stream.

Therefore, the first part shows the monitoring system of the SHP parameters implemented to a
SHP on Arges river (one of the well hydropower developed rivers in Romania) Mihailesti SHP,
one of the most important also from the standpoint of the fact that it has a strategic importance for
the company Hidroelectrica, its owner. There are presented the equipment of the monitoring
system, their arrangement within the power house, the connection between the equipment, and the
information processing and presentation method. The system consists in modern equipment, is
portable and can be placed in any small hydropower plant.

Several small hydropower plants, having implemented this monitoring system, can be
interconnected and managed from a dispatcher center. Received parameters can be collected
within a data base and the hydropower plant operation can be analyzed. The most important issue
is that the different failures, that can occur, can be analyzed and interpreted accurately, especially
the electrical failures and that cannot be other way interpreted.

The second part presents potential sites for SHP implementation on Prut river (located at the
border between Romania and Moldavia), providing details on the kinetic energy potential of rivers.
This is due to the fact that the innovative technology refers to the possibility of catching the river
kinetic energy and of its conversion into electrical energy, by means of kinetic turbines.

The micro hydropower plant is a complex technical system that includes constructive components
with distinct functions: rotor-turbine that draws off a part of the water kinetic energy at its interaction
with the water flow; mechanical transmissions for the transformation of the converted energy;
pumps and generators for useful power generation, etc. The conversion efficiency of the micro
hydroelectric power plant depends on the performances of each component.

Starting with the idea and up to the functional prototype in situ the main steps are as follows: the
design of the functional concept of the micro hydroelectric power plant; the theoretical research of
the factor of influence on the water kinetic energy conversion efficiency; the particular research and
design of the working element for the water kinetic energy conversion efficiency; the research and
design of the units participating in the transformation of converted energy into useful energy; the
manufacturing and separate experimental research on the units; the design and manufacturing of
the micro hydroelectric power pilot-plant; the experimental research on the units as integral
technical system and the evaluation of the similarity of functional and constructive parameters that
have been theoretically and experimentally determined; the introduction of partial modifications in
the project documentation; the development of the execution technologies and manufacturing of
the micro hydroelectric power plant, as a final industrial product.

In the Annex there are presented new technologies developed for the catchment of the water
kinetic energy.

7
 3. Smart Measurements for Small Hydropower Plants (RO)
Romania is rich not only in concentrated sources on energy but also on distributed ones
represented by internal rivers flowing through long valleys several hundred kilometers long, Figure
1. (1)

Figure 1 - Map of Romania with main rivers, major, medium and small hydro plants
In our case, on the studied river Arges, Figure 2, where were built a number of Small Hydro Plants,
(SHP), based on different types of water turbines, Figure 3. Function of the head, available flow
and power of the turbines, the best solution was chosen from Francis, Kaplan and Cross Flow
(Banki) type. (2)

Figure 2 - River Arges with major and small hydro plants

8
 Banki Pelton Kaplan Francis

Figure 3 - H/Q and /Q characteristics for small hydro turbines

As a first step for building an advanced Synchronous Measurements System on Arges River, was
the pilot project at SHP Mihailesti, 20 Km outside Bucharest, Figure 4.

Figure 4 - Mihailesti small hydro plant with one Francis and two Kaplan turbines
This SHP belongs to Hidroelectrica SA and is composed of two, 5 MW/6KV Kaplan Turbine /
Synchronous Generator Groups and one 450 KW/400V Francis Turbine/ Induction-Generator
Group, Figure 5, all of them operating in parallel through step-up voltage transformers with output
of 20KV, 50Hz.

9
 Figure 5 - Measurement diagram for Mihailesti SHP

Figure 6 - Arbiter Systems Power Sentinel Phasor Measurement Unit

Through an underground feeder the generated electrical energy is sent to a distribution substation
owned by ENEL SA Romania from where through a step-up transformers at 110 KV is sent by an
aerial line to a 110/400 KV station belonging to TRANSELECTRICA SA, in Romanian National Grid
and from there also to European neighbors, Figure 7.

10
 Figure 7 Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS)
Due to the fact that monitoring area covers large distances and even for lengths of lines of 300 Km,
the information travelling with the speed of light needs 1 ms to be transferred from one point to
another. This corresponds to a delay of 18 electrical degrees for a 50 Hz power line. Taking into
consideration the latencies added by Ethernet network (at least 4 -5 ms) the overall delay in data
transfer can reach a value close to 90 electrical degrees, which make it impossible to be used in
differential protection or in remote control.

In the case of distributed data acquisition in an electrical system the data obtained cannot be used
properly as they are based on different individual local clocks. Synchronous measurement
represents the only solution to solve this problem and is used successfully in transport power
systems. Optimization of distribution networks needs the real time knowledge of actual steady
state operation and dynamic transitions. In order to achieve this target a synchronization
technique has to be used and all the measurements have to be time tagged.

Such a commercial equipment which fulfils these request built on IEEE standard C37,118-TM
2005, is called Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), and is basically a data acquisition system of
three phase voltages and currents sampled at 10 KHz, based on these data are calculated the
frequency, the per-phase rms values, active and reactive power, active and reactive energy,
harmonics and THD, all this data is sent via different communication protocols, including internet,
to the solicitant.

The precise time is obtained from Global Positioning Satellites, (GPS), as Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC). Such a distributed system is called: a Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) and
represents the optimum way to solve also the power transfer and distribution problems. These
systems are intended for monitoring of wide networks by extensive measurement of synchronous
phasors in important network points. WAMS consist of a network of GPS synchronized Phasor
Measurement Units (PMUs), system of tagged data transfer collected using various types of
communication, similar to that of SCADA systems. Using specialized software a server rearranges
all the information to the same moments of time and distributes the synchronized data through
Internet to all stake holders.

The PMU used in this project is an Arbiter Systems Power Sentinel which, offers as output in UTC
time, the three phase voltages and currents with 1 KHz sample time and all other results calculated
in numerical form, Figure 8. (3)

11
 a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8 - Data Collected From Phasor Measurement Unit 1 at Mihailesti SHP; a) Voltages, b)
Currents, c) RMS Data, d) Phasors
Our Lab is connected to a Continental and UK network with a server in Slovenia. [www.elpros.si
(4)]. In Figure 9 a) is a map of continental Europe where the PMUs are placed: Ljubljana, Slovenia;
Dortmund, Germany; Almelo, Nederland, and Bucharest with the low voltage, frequency and
phasors data. In Figure 9 b) are presented the charts of low voltage, phase angle variation and
frequency in these four locations.

12
 a)

b)

Figure 9 - The PMUs in ELPROS network and representation of voltages, phasors, frequency in all
four acquisition points

13
 a)

b)

Figure 10 - Data collected from Mihailesti PMU on the output 20KV output line

14
In Figure 10 is presented in detail the data collected from the PMU installed at Mihailesti: a)
Positive sequence voltage, frequency; b) phase current magnitude, active power, reactive power.

Developing digital measurements control and protection for a power system, and verifying its
stability, it is necessary to estimate in real time the system parameters, and based on them to
simulate the dynamic of system operation. For the control of the synchronous generators from SHP
Mihailesti is necessary to use as reaction the state variables, which have to be synchronously
measured or observed. In order to realize this operation with a single data acquisition equipment
was chosen a Reconfigurable Control and Monitoring System, a NI Compact RIO Programmable
Automation Controller (Figure 11) GPS synchronized, for which we developed the necessary
software in LabVIEW graphical programming language (5). The NI CompactRIO system contains a
real-time controller floating-point processor (RT) and an embedded user-programmable fixed point
FPGA (field programmable gate array) chip providing direct access to input/output (I/O) modules
which contain built-in signal conditioning and isolation. The program in the FPGA runs at 50 us
loop rate while that in the RT processor at 5ms only.

Figure 11 - National Instruments Compact RIO Programmable Automation Controller

For our application were chosen two 5 A, four phase current acquisition modules and one voltage
acquisition module with 300V inputs. The acquisition modules have a resolution of 24 bits and a
maximum sampling rate of 50 ksamples/s. As in the previous case the sampling is done at 10
ksamples/s and a rms currents and voltages, powers, THD and phasors can be done for every
cycle, in fixed point by the mean of a FPGA emulating the Power Sentinel PMU presented above
but even with superior performances. The system is not using prefabricated embedded software as
in the previous case but the one developed by the authors. More than that, the real time data for
currents and voltages sampled at 10 kHz are re-sampled at 1 KHz and can be accessed via
Internet. The preliminary results recorded during a lab test using a 3x400V supply and a pure
resistive load are presented in Figure 12.

15
a) Voltage, Current waveforms; Frequency

b) RMS Data

16
 c) Power

d) RMS Voltage, Current charts

17
 e) Voltage, Current Phasors

f) Voltage, Current Harmonics

Figure 12 Power Monitoring Application Screenshots

The System can be used also for power transformers Differential Protection. In Figure 13 is
presented such a protection for a 20/110 KV transformer. The short circuit must be detected as

18
soon as possible and the transformer disconnected from the AC Grid, otherwise the effects can be
disastrous. A Compact RIO controller with two current acquisition modules with four current inputs
each and two voltage modules with three inputs each is used in this case. In normal situation, the
sum of the rated primary, the secondary currents plus the homo-polar one has to be equal with the
magnetization current which generally is less than 10% of the rated current. If this condition is not
fulfilled, it means that a short circuit is inside and the transformer should be disconnected. A
redundant solution is to measure the active powers on the two entries of the transformer and if they
have contrary senses, means that total power is dissipated inside the transformer due to a short
circuit.

Figure 13 - Diagram for the Differential Protection using a Compact Rio Equipment
One alternative for the acquisition of slow varying signals (temperature, flow, etc.) is to use a
wireless connection between the sensor and controller/measurement unit. Using a wireless
acquisition system instead of a wired one can be less costly in the case of retrofitting a hydro plant.
In our study we had chosen the ZigBee technology. ZigBee wireless network can provide a
medium range communication (about one hundred meters) with fast connection of nodes to the
network and low power usage. For example a data acquisition node can be put in sleep state and
at a specified interval powers up, connects to the network, acquires the signal and sends it to the
coordinator, than goes back to sleep mode. A ZigBee network can be formed in three ways: star,
mesh and tree topology, or any combination of them. In Figure 14 is presented a network formed
using mesh and star topology.

19
 Figure 14 - ZigBee Network
In order to test this type of communication in SHP monitoring and control the Compact RIO
controller was equipped with a SEA GMBh ZigBee Module (Figure 15) acting as coordinator.

Figure 15 - SEA ZigBee Module

As end-points the Digi Xbee PRO modules from DIGI were chosen. These modules include four
ADC channels with a sampling rate of about two samples per second.

Figure 16 - DIGI XBee Module

One of these modules was connected to a temperature sensor, while the other to a light sensor. In Errore.

20
L'origine riferimento non stata trovata. It is shown a screenshot of the application which records the
data received from both of them.

Figure 17 - Data monitoring application

The smaller power generators used are of induction types, generators which practically do not
influence the system operation and the transient data are not necessary to be recorded. For this
reason for the monitoring of the Francis group installed at Mihailesti SHP, was chosen the Carlo
Gavazzi Energy Management Modular Smart Power Quality Transducer (Figure 18) (6). This
transducers computes all power related data, which is acquired and recorded on a server every
second by custom developed SCADA software. This software includes also a WEB interface so all
the data can be visualized remotely. Screenshots of the developed application are presented in
Figure 19.

21
Figure 18 - Carlo Gavazzi Energy Management Smart Power Quality Transducer

a) Main Screen b) Online Values

c) Voltage Chart d) Current Chart

22
 e) Active Power f) Total Power

g) Reactive Power h) Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion

i) Current Total Harmonic Distortion j) Frequency

Figure 19 Screenshots of SCADA Power Monitoring Application

23
 4. Innovative technologies to produce SHP (MOLD)
4.1. Identification and evaluation of potential sites for SHP
implementation (on river Prut)
A special area of interest consists in a more detailed study of the kinetic energy potential of rivers
of Moldova - Nistru, Prut and Raut, rivers with potential sites for SHP implementation. Given the
importance of SHP implementation for Republic of Moldova, the Centre for Development of
Renewable Energy Conversion Systems (CESCER) has been created at the Technical University
of Moldova.

In order to perform the research on the rivers kinetic hydropower potential CESCER was equipped
with a measuring water velocity device Flow Probe FP201. First measurements were made on the
Prut River (figure 20) [1,4]. The choice of the sites was dictated by the following considerations:
Prut river is the border river between Republic of Moldova and Romania, which in
2007 became a part of the European Union;
on both sides of the Prut river towns are located fairly dense, which may allow expansion of field
research in regional projects funded by the European Union.
Prut, the first tributary of the Danube, starts
on the north - east coasts of the
Carpathians at a height of 1580m and flows
through geographic plateau of Moldova.
The total length of the river is 950km with a
water catchment area of 28,400km2 and an
average flow of 86m3/s. The distance of
900km from its mouth, Prut river is a natural
border between Republic of Moldova,
Romania and Ukraine. Prut river section
from its source through the mountains
region has a relatively high flow.

Downriver the town of Chernivtsi (Ukraine)

begins the portion of the river with an
average flow discharge through a floodplain
with width 56km. The river banks are low
and floodable. River flow in the middle is
strong and during the floods the river
channel changes.

Average flow region extends to Ungheni

Figure 20 Map of energetic potential on Prut:
Stoieneti village, the site of micro hydro power
station;
Areas with a measured flow speed v>1m/s.
having a length of 380km. Descending
portion of the Prut River, from Ungheni to
the rivers mouth has a length of 396km. In
this region Prut flows through several
unimportant valleys with an average width
of 1012km. On a large portion of low flow
discharge the river often floods. During the
flooding on certain portions of the river
multiple channels are formed and during

24
the low flow periods drainage channels are subjected to erosion. Also, in this region, landslides
occur often, sometimes quite serious, for example, in 1981, near the village Taxobeni a landslide
almost covered the whole river channel. Sinuosity of the river is high, with an average sinuosity
index equaling 2. River bed has an irregular pattern, sometimes covered with gravel, with sporadic
stone accumulations or even boulders. The rivers banks vegetation mainly consists of trees and
bushes.

Temperature instability characterizes the freezing temperature of the river during the winter. On most of the
river temporary plates of ice can be observed. Stable ice cover was observed 23 times in a ten year period.
The ice usually begin to form in late November and breaks on average in late February. Average ice
thickness is 0.26 to 0.35m, and during very cold winters can reach up to 60cm. On the average the river is
navigable for a period of 266 days, 5060 days of which correspond to the flooding period, and 190210
days correspond to the average flow discharge period.

Average annual air temperature in mountainous areas of the river basin is about +7C. In the hilly
region of the basin average air temperature is +10C. Absolute Maximum is +40C, while absolute
minimum is 31C. In the mountainous area of the river the annual rainfall reaches the level of
800mm. In the other parts of the river, the rainfall varies from 600 to 300 mm. Most of the rainfall
season is in springsummer. Rainfall is the main source of water in the Prut River region. The
water level in the river increases especially in the summer.

Water level oscillations on Prut river depend mostly on the fluctuations of precipitations throughout
the year with some of them being recorded even in the winter months (not often). Spring floods are
caused by snow melt in the mountain region as well as rains and usually end in FebruaryApril.
Summer floods are more important quantitatively, with powerful overflows in July and August.
According to the records provided by Republic of Moldova State Hidrometeorological Service
(HidroMeteo) the highest topological level of the river portion in Republic of Moldova is at 55m
(nearby Criva village). The kinetic hydropower potential can be explored on the part of the Prut
River between Criva village in the north to Giurgiulesti village in the south.

In order to perform the water flow speed

measurements a Global Water Flow Probe
FP 201 Digital Velocity Meter (produced by
IRIS Instruments, USA) has been used
(figure 21) [1,4]. Its telescopic design allows
the maximal and average flow speed
measurements at different depths. FP201
Meter is calibrated and certified by Global
Water Instrumentation Inc.

Prut River leaves the mountain region at

Deleatin, where the valley widens to
molasses Neogene formations, farther
downstream enters the plateau area, being
supplied with water on both sides by its
Figure 21 FP 201 Global Water Flow Probe.
tributary streams (figure 22) [1]. In its wide
valley up to the border with Republic of
Moldova, there is a strong alluvial meadow with an abundance of good quality groundwater.

Upriver from entering the Republic of Moldova, the river collects a number of important tributaries
from the Beschido-Maramures Carpathians, such as Prutetul, Liucica, Pistinka, Rybnitsa and
Ceremusul or Ceremsan (the largest mountain tributary, composed of Ceremusul Negru and

25
Ceremesul Alb). The left bank does not have important Carpathians tributaries, but in turn develops
more extensive associated rivers from PodoloMoldav Plateau to the south (Turkey, Cerneava,
Sovita, Sada, Rarancea, Rakitna and Ringaci).

In order to select the potential sites for micro hydro power station installation the following
conditions must be fulfilled:
the average water flow speed should be greater than 1m/s
the presence of nearby villages and economic agents, potential consumers of converted
energy;
necessity of a minimal capital investment for the construction of the anchoring system for
micro hydro power station.

In order to detect and evaluate the possible sites the following actions have been made:
a comprehensive analysis of the data provided by HidroMeteo Service;
several expeditions in order to perform measurements on Prut River.
967 km

or. Iaremcia
or. Kolomaia
r. Ceremos (2558) r. Cerneava (351)
800

or. Cernauti

sto. Lipcani
r. Lopatinca (265)
600

r. Racovet (795)
r. Baseu (930) r. Ciugur (724)

r. Camenca (1230)
400

or. Ungheni

r. Jijia (5800)
r. Narova (358)
r. Gura-Lapusna (483)
200

or. Leova r. Sarata(706)

r. Elanului (554)
or. Cahul
r. Chineja (764)
16000

16000
0
8000

8000

24000

Km2

Malul drept Malul stang

Figure 22 Alimentation scheme for Prut river from right and left banks with tributaries waters.

Using the data provided by HidroMeteo Service and other sourses, the following locations have
been initially identified as portions of Prut river with the flow speed greater than 1m/s:
Criva Costeti Sector: Lipcani, ireui;
Costeti Ungheni Sector: Avrameni, Cobani, Taxobeni;
Ungheni Leova Sector: Ungheni, Costuleni, Brboieni, Grozeti, Pogneti;
Leova Giugiuleti Sector: Chlia Prut, Colibai, Stoieneti, Leca, Antoneti.

26
Ungheni Sector. In Ungheni, nearby water intakes and pumping stations there have been
recorded average flow speeds 0.751.05m/s at a distance of 2.54.5m from river banks and depth
of up to 1.5m. The measurements have been made between villages McretiFrsineti
(Ungheni district) and Blureti (Nisporeni district).

Grozeti, Zberoaia, Blureti Sector. The narrowest place of the river in this sector is located
form village Frsineti downriver to village Brboieni, where the flow speeds of approximately 2m/s
have been recorded. Because of this narrowing during the increased flow discharge periods the
floods often occur. In order to prevent flooding a bypass channel was built on the opposite bank.
Electrical energy converted from the kinetic energy of water can be consumed by the nearby
border guard station.

In the village Grozesti there were identified three possible sites with an increased flow speed, two
of them near the pumping stations and the other one located nearby the water supply pumping
station (currently out of use due to the lack of electricity). Also, areas with higher flow speeds (1.2
1.4m/s) are located in the downriver areas of the village Grozesti.

In the village Blureti relatively high flow speeds were recorded in the area of river bends, where
small bypass channels with a length up to a hundred meters can be build. Also, the site of nearby
irrigation pumping station, located on the river bank, can be considered.

Cahul Giurgiuleti Sector. Prut river portion from the village Giurgiulesti (mouth of the river) up
to village Manta (Cahul district) there was investigated in the following locations: villages Chilia-
Prut, Slobozia Mare Vleni, Branza, Colibai, Vadul-lui-Isaac. Average flow speeds of 1.11.2m/s
were recorded in the village Branza (at hydrometric station) downriver the mark nr.14. The river
width at the measurement sites is approximately 4060m. The observation and measurement of
the flow speeds were performed in the places with potential consumers of either converted energy
or water for irrigation and water supply purposes. Along the river banks were located pumping
stations and water intake pipes. Measurements were made from river bank, river docks and boat
(see figure 23).

The methodology of hydrometric observations and measurements. Water flow speed was
measured with Flow Probe FP 201 device from the river bank shore at a distance of 35m, from a
raft (in Leova, Ungheni, Taxobeni, Costesti, Bdrajii Vechi), from a river dock at a distance up to
15m from the bank (Duruitoarea and Stoieneti) and from a boat at a distance of 25m (Colibai).

27
Measuring depth of water flow speed was
limited to 1.5 m, equal to the possible
submersion height of the micro hydro power
station blades. Water depth at the distance of
5m from the river banks in different places at the
time of measurements varied between 1.8 to
3.8m.

Investigations on the Prut River were made from

its mouth on the Danube (village Giurgiulesti)
upriver to the border with Ukraine (village Criva)
over a distance of 685km in the locations shown
in Table 1. From the observations and
measurements it was found that higher than
average water flow speeds are registered at the
bends and in narrow places and some rare
rapids. At the beginning and the end of Figure 23 Measurements of the flow speed on
measurements of the depth or flow speed the Prut river.

water level was measured that was correlated with previously recorded data from the hydrometric
stations located in the area of interest. In Table 1 there were included sites on Prut River (nearby
villages and cities) close to houses, gardens, agricultural lands, pumping stations, water storage
tanks and other objectives, which may be potential consumers of energy converted from the kinetic
river energy. In order to select potential sites for the installation of micro hydro power stations
additional investigations were performed in the following sectors:

Sector: mouth of Jijia rivervillage Stoieneti. River floodplain is weakly sinusoidal with a width
of 78.5km, and in the village Tochile-Raducani has a width of 5.2km. Floodplain on both sides, up
the village Pogneti is dammed. Downriver Sarata-Razesi village in the floodplain there are
located small ponds and swampy areas, nearby the river banks dense forest changes in a bushy
area. The soil consists predominantly of clay and sands. The river channel is strongly sinusoidal, at
short distances smaller than 2-5km there are located sandbanks. Predominant width of the river is
5070m, 2km downriver the village Sarata, the river width is 120m and in Brosceti village its
width is 40m. The river depth varies from 0.7 up to 7.3m, with prevailing depth of 35m. The river
banks are steep with a height of 34m. The vegetation mostly consists of forests and bushes.

Sector: village StoienetiPrut mouth on Danube. On this sector 160 km long, the floodplain is
weakly sinusoidal with an average width of 78.5 km, at times increasing up to 12 km. Left slope of
the floodplain is convex with a height of 80120m. In the village Branza left slope tends towards a
more pronounced convexity and it is covered by steppe vegetation. Between village Zrneti and
city Cahul there were terraces with steep steps, with a width of 11.5km and length 612km. The
slope and terraces are well formed mainly with clay soils.

Between villages Slobozia Mare and Cucoara the river channel is highly sinusoidal. Plain is mostly
unbranched. Nearby village Branza there is an island with a length of 24m, width 6m, height 1m.
The width of the river is predominantly 6080m, the largest width being 104m in the village
Crihana. Predominant river depth is 24m, the largest being 15m (2km upriver village Zrneti).

28
Nr. speed Border Nearby reference
Location, village Remark
crt. , m/s marks points
1 2 3 4 5 6
SpM, Spm, customs,
1 Giurgiuleti 0.8/1.0 1329-1334 Border guard station
bridge
2 Chlia Prut 1.0/1.2 1323 Bypass channel
3 Slobozia Mare 0.7/0.9 1320 Bypass channel Border guard station
4 Vleni 0.8/1.1 1299/1300 Rapids, SpM
5 Brnza 0.9/1.1 1296/1297 Spm Hydrometric station
6 Colibai 1.0 /1.3 1291-1294 SpM, Spm, BA Boat measures
7 Cahul 0.8/1.1 1270 SpA+inlet, bridge Border guard station
8 Goteti 0.9/1.2 SpM, Sp2, BA
Spmdock, bridge,
9 Stoieneti 1.1/1.3 Border guard station
customs
10 Cantemir 0.8/1.1 SpA+inlet
11 Leca 1.0/1.2
12 Antoneti 1.1/1.3
Border guard station,
13 Leova 0.9/1.1 1188-1192 SpA,SpC,SE, raft
hydrometric station
14 Srma 0.8/1.0 1181
15 TochileRducani 0.9/1.1 1175, 1178 SpM
16 Srata Rzei 0.8/1.0 1168-1174 Border guard station
17 Pogneti 1.0/1.3 1160-1167 SpM, steep bend
18 Cioara 0.8/1.1 1156-1159 Sp1, Sp2
19 Dancu,Clmui 0.9/1.2 1153-1155 SpM, steep bend
SpM, steep bend,
20 Leueni 0.8/1.1 1145-1152 Border guard station
costums
21 Drnceni (Rom) 0.7/1.0 Bend Hydrometric station
22 Cotul Morii 0.8/1.1 1137 Steep bank, Sp Border guard station
Sp1+BA,Sp2+BA,
23 Blureti 0.9/1.2 1125-1126
bend
24 Zberoaia 0.8/1.1 1120 Bend
Sp1,Sp2,SpA,
25 Grozeti 1.0/1.3 1117, 1118
meanders
Narrow width,
26 Brboieni (sus) 1.1/1.5 1110, 1111 Landslides
meanders
27 Frsineti 0.7/1.0 1109 Bend, bypass channe Border guard station
1 2 3 4 5 6
28 Mcreti 0.7/1.0 1107 Meanders
Narrow width,
29 Costuleni 1.2/1.5 1101
meanders
Sp9, Sp10, SE
30 Valea Mare 0.8/1.1 1097 Border guard station
(Ungheni city)
SpA, STA, raft, Border guard station,
31 Ungheni 1.0/1.3 1077-1079
bridge punct hidrometric
Sp, bypass channel,
32 Sculeni 0.8/1.1 1045/1051 Border guard station
customs, bridge
33 Medeleni 0.9/1.1 1055 Sp3, Sp4, meanders
34 Gherman 0.9/1.0 1042-1044 Sp5+inlet, Sp6(hill)
35 Taxobeni 1.1/1.4 1035-1037 SPA(Fleti city), raft Border guard station

29
 36 Horeti, Unteni 0.7/1.0 1031-1034 Landslides
37 Valea Rusului 0.8/1.2 1027, 1028 Sp, bend Border guard station
38 Clineti 0.7/1.0 SpM+BA Border guard station
39 Chetri 0.8/1.1 1007 Sp1, Sp2, Sp3 Bridge r. Camenca
40 Bisericani 0.9/1.2 1003 SpM+priz Border guard station
SpA (Sugar factory
41 Cobani 1.1/1.4 988 Border guard station
Glodeni)
42 Avrameni 1.1/1.5 984 Steep bend
43 Brneti 0.9/1.1 982 Sp1, Sp2+BA, Hydrometric station
CHE Costeti,
44 0.9/1.2 2 turbines, small BA Border guard station
downriver
BA, dam, Sp,
45 CHE Costeti, upriver 0 Border guard station
customs
46 Duruitoarea 0.1/0.2 BA, dock Tributary r.Ciuhur
47 Bdrajii Vechi 0.2/0.3 960/961 Inlet SpAC+ST, AP Dam r.Racov, Sp
Border guard station,
48 Bdrajii Noi 0.3/0.5 956 Border guard station
pond, plate bank
49 Viioara 0.6/0.8 953/954 Bypass channel Hydrometric station
50 Lopatnic 0.7/1.0 952/953 Bypass channel Tributary r.Lopatinca
Steep banks both
51 Bogdneti 0.9/1.1 951 Border guard station
sides
52 Gremeti 0.9/1.2 948 Steep bank, quarry
53 Tecani 0.8/1.1 945 Mal abrupt, forrest Tributary r.Vilia
938/939, Steep bank, bypass,
54 Pererta 0.9/1.2
942 bend
Steep banks,
55 ireui 1.0/1.2 934-936 Hydrometric station
meanders
56 Lipcani 1.1/1.3 933 Steep banks, bridge
57 Drepcui 0.9/1.1 926 Forrest
58 Criva 0.8/1.0 924 Railway Northern point of Moldova
Table 1 Water flow velocity on Prut river in different areas.

Legend to Table 1: Sp Pumping Station, SpA Pumping Station for Water Supply, SpC
Pumping Station for Sewage, SpM Pumping station for Irrigation, Spm Mobile Pumping Station,
SE Water Cleaning Plant; STA Water Treatment Plant, BA Storage Pool. Flow speed in m/s is
specified as follows: numerator at the depth of 1m; denominator at the water surface.

30
 5. Elaboration of innovative technologies to produce SHP
5.1. Elaboration of floating micro hydropower plants for river water
kinetic energy conversion into electrical and mechanical energy

This issue is quite important for the execution of the renewable energy conversion system, for
instance, - of the micro hydroelectric power plant for the conversion of the river water kinetic
energy into electrical or mechanical energy using the hydrodynamic effects. The micro hydropower
plant is a complex technical system that includes constructive components with distinct functions:
rotor-turbine that draws off a part of the water kinetic energy at its interaction with the water flow;
mechanical transmissions for the transformation of the converted energy; pumps and generators
for useful power generation, etc. The conversion efficiency of the micro hydroelectric power plant
depends on the performances of each component.

The main phases (in successive order) are as follows:

- design of the functional concept of the micro hydroelectric power plant;
- theoretical research of the factor of influence on the water kinetic energy conversion
efficiency;
- particular research and design of the working element for the water kinetic energy
conversion efficiency;
- research and design of the units participating in the transformation of converted energy into
useful energy;
- manufacturing and separate experimental research on the units;
- design and manufacturing of the micro hydroelectric power pilot-plant;
- experimental research on the units as integral technical system and the evaluation of the
similarity of functional and constructive parameters that have been theoretically and
experimentally determined;
- introduction of partial modifications in the project documentation;
- development of the execution technologies and manufacturing of the micro hydroelectric
power plant, as a final industrial product.

The functional and constructive parameters of the hydrodynamic rotor, multiplier, generator and
hydraulic pumps, adopted within the carried out research separately on each working element,
demand experimental research of their functioning as an integral system, in real conditions. The
experimental research on the units of the micro hydroelectric power plant as an integral system
aims at the increase of the conversion efficiency of the water flow kinetic energy into useful energy
by introducing the relevant constructive modifications in the project documentation of the final
industrial product.

5.1.1. Conceptual diagrams

To avoid the construction of dams, it is possible to use the river kinetic energy by utilizing water
flow turbines. This type of turbines can be mounted easily and are simple in operation. Their
maintenance costs are rather convenient. The stream velocity of 1m/s represents an energy
density of 500W/m2 of the flow passage. Still, only part of this energy can be extracted and
converted into useful electrical or mechanical energy, depending on the type of rotor and blades.
Velocity is important, in particular, because the doubling of water velocity leads to an 8 times
increase of the energy density. The section of Prut River is equivalent to 60 m2 and its mean
velocity in the zones of exploration is (1-1,3) m/s, which is equivalent to approximately (30-65) kW

31
of theoretical energy. Taking into account the fact that the turbine can occupy only a part of the
riverbed, the generated energy could be much
smaller. There are various conceptual solutions, but
the issue of increasing the conversion efficiency of
the water kinetic energy stands in the attention of
the researchers. The analysis of the constructive
diversion of micro hydroelectric power plants,
examined previously, does not satisfy completely
from the point of view of water kinetic energy
conversion efficiency. The maximum depth of
blades immersion is about 2/3 of the blade height h
in a classical hydraulic wheel with horizontal axle
(Figure 24) [1,2,4]. Thus, only this surface of the
blade participates at the transformation of water
kinetic energy into mechanical one. As well, the
Figure 24 Conceptual diagram of the preceding blade covers approximately 2/3 of the
water wheel with rectilinear profile of blade surface plunged into the water to the utmost
blades. (h 2/3h), that reduces sensitively the water
stream pressure on the blade. The blade, following
the one that is plunged into the water to its utmost, is covered completely by it and practically does
not participate in the water kinetic energy conversion. Therefore the efficiency of such hydraulic
wheels is small.

Insistent searches of authors have led to the design and licensing of some advanced technical
solutions for outflow micro hydroelectric power plants. They are based on the hydrodynamic effect,
generated by the hydrodynamic profile of blades and by the optimal blades orientation towards
water streams with account of energy conversion at each rotation phase of the turbine rotor (Figure
25) [1, 2, 4]. To achieve this, it was necessary to carry out considerable multicriteria theoretical
research on the selection of the optimal hydrodynamic profile of blades and the design of the
orientation mechanism of blades towards the water streams.

The main advantages of these types of micro

hydroelectric power plants are:
- reduced impact on the environment;
- civil engineering works are not necessary;
- the river does not change its natural stream;
- possibility to produce floating turbines by
utilizing local knowledge.

Another important advantage is the fact that it is

possible to install a series of micro hydro power
plants at small distances (about 30-50m) along the
river course. The influence of turbulence caused by
the neighboring plants is excluded.
Figure 25 Conceptual diagram of the water
The results of investigations conducted by the rotor with hydrodynamic profile of blades
authors (on the water flow velocity in the selected with its orientation towards the water
location for micro hydro power plant mounting, on streams.
the geological prospects of the river banks in the location of installing the anchor foundation and on
the energy demands of the potential consumer) represent the initial data for the conceptual
development of the micro hydro power plants and the working element.

32
The conceptual development of the plant structures with hydrodynamic profile of the blades was
performed on the basis of three conceptual diagrams:
- Micro hydropower plant with pintle and blades fixed on the vertical axles anchored by steel
structure;
- floatable micro hydro power plant with pintle and blades fixed on the vertical axles;
- floatable micro hydro power plant with horizontal axis and blades fixed on the horizontal
axles.
In order to increase the conversion factor of water kinetic energy (Betz coefficient), a number of
structural diagrams of floatable micro hydro power plants has been developed and patented [8-14].
The micro hydropower plants comprise a rotor with vertical axis and vertical blades with
hydrodynamic profile in normal section. The blades are connected by an orientation mechanism
towards the water streams direction. The rotational motion of the rotor with vertical axis is
multiplied by a mechanical transmissions system and is transmitted to an electric generator or to a
hydraulic pump. The mentioned nodes are fixed on a platform installed on floating bodies. The
platform is connected to the shore by a hinged metal truss and by a stress relieving cable.

The selection of the optimal blades hydrodynamic profile is very important for functional
optimization of micro hydro power plants. It will allow increasing the conversion factor (Betz
coefficient) due to the hydrodynamic buoyant force. As well, conversion increase is achieved by
ensuring the optimal position of blades towards the water streams at various phases of rotor
revolution, employing an orientation mechanism of blades. Thus, practically all blades (even those
blades which move against the water currents) participate in the generation of the summary torque.
Moving in the water currents direction, for torque generation the blades use both the hydrodynamic
forces and the water pressure exercised on the blade surfaces. Moving against the water currents
direction the blades use only the hydrodynamic lift force for torque generation. Due to the fact that
the relative velocity of blades concerning the water currents is twice bigger, practically, at their
motion against the water currents, the hydrodynamic lift force is relatively big, and the generated
torque is commensurable to the one generated by the water pressure. This effect makes the basis
of all patented technical solutions. Next, six technical solutions of micro hydro power plants are
presented, comprising various basic nodes and conversion principles that have been patented.
These technical solutions allow essential increasing of the river water kinetic energy conversion
coefficient. Full description of the most representative technical solutions and brief description of
the conceptual diagrams of micro hydro power plants properties are given below.

5.1.2. Micro hydro power plant for river water kinetic energy conversion
into electrical Micro hydro power plant (figure 26) [9]

The turbine 1 comprises blades 2, executed with the hydrodynamic profile and mounted on the
axles 3, fixed by their upper part on the extreme ends of the bars 4, with the possibility to rotate
around their axles. The position of the blades 2 at angle to the direction of water flow is ensured
by the controlling mechanism 5. Platform 6 is consolidated additionally by a winch 7 fixed on the
truss that is mounted unshiftable on the shore pillar 8. The turbine 1 and the blades 2 are placed in
the river water flow. The floating bodies 9 and the hollow blades 2 themselves control the position
of turbine 1 and blades 2 concerning the water level.

33
 The multi-blade
rotor is
connected
cinematically and
coaxially to the
electric generator
11 by the
multiplier 10. The
winch 7 is used
for turbine 1
maintenance
which fact
requires its
removal from the
water. The blade
2 (figure 27) is
positioned under
angle towards
the water flow; it
Figure 26 Floatable micro hydropower plant with blades orientation changes
mechanism.
depending on the blade position to the water
flow direction.

The components of force F, acting on the

blade, are determined from the relationships:
v2
Fx C x S ,
2
v2 ,
Fy C y S (1)
2
where: is water density;
v is the water flow linear velocity;
s is the blade surface;
Cx, Cy are lift and drag (resistance) coefficients
of the blade profile. Coefficients Cx and Cy
depend on the blade entering angle (the
angle between the blade and the water flow
direction) and on the profile shape. The angle
is determined either experimentally or by
Figure 27 Positioning of blades towards the water
numerical calculations.
currents.
The torque developed by one blade is described by the equation;
d d
M F (cos Fy sin Fx ) , (2)
2 2
where F is the projection of force F on the tangent drawn to the path of motion of the blade axis.

The summary torque includes the general component of the resistance force Fh. The torque
moment generated by the turbine consists of the torques generated by each separate blade.
Currently only one blade will not generate positive moment (it will generate a negative moment
the resistance one). Thus, the torque generated by the proposed turbine will be essentially bigger

34
than the torque produced by the existing turbines for the same geometrical (blades dimensions)
and kinematical parameters of water. The proposed micro hydro power plant allows the
transformation of the water flow kinetic energy into mechanical or electrical energy with an
increased utilization coefficient of water energy.

In the floating micro hydro power plant (figure 28) [10] an additional centrifugal pump 2 is
mounted on the resistance structure 1. It is connected cinematically to the multi-blade rotor spindle
3 by belt transmissions 4 and 5. The electric generator 6 is connected to the multi-blade rotor
spindle by belt transmissions 4 and 7. As well, the resistance structure 1 is connected to the shore
by the metal truss 8 and supporting cables with cross-ties 9.

Figure 28 Floating micro hydropower plant with electric generator and hydraulic pump.

In the floating micro hydro power plant (figure 29, a) [11] the rotor 1 contains an odd number of
blades 2 that are fitted with the possibility of rotation on vertical axes O'O' (Figure 29,b) mounted
on the extreme end of each horizontal bar 3. On frame 4, in the front part (through which water
flows pass) a rigid bar 5 is installed on which, in front of the hydro turbine relative to the water flow

direction, a sensor 6 is fixed that determines the water flow direction and connects to the rotation
gear 7. The water flow moves in the direction of vector V0 (figure 29, b). Angle is the entering
angle of the blades formed by the hydrodynamic surface string and the working lines of the water
flow vector V0V0. The angle depends on the form of the hydrodynamic surface and on the position
in the plane surface. By changing the water flow direction due to the change of water discharge
and river bed, the water currents will divert by angle modifying the entering angle . To meet the
angle of attack, optimal in terms of conversion, it is necessary to correct the position of all blades
by angle . When changing the water flow direction, the positioning of all blades 2 is corrected
simultaneously by angle using the rotation mechanism 7:
1,2 = . (3)

35
 Figure 29 Floating micro hydropower plant with influence compensation of water currents flow
direction change.

In the floating micro hydro power plant (figure 30) [8,13] a technical solution is proposed
ensuring the transverse stability of platform 1 of the floating micro hydro power plant that is
mounted on floating bodies 2 and 3, placed on the same side (shore side of the rotor spindle 4).
Due to the fact that the rotor 4 blades 5 are hollow, the hydrostatic Archimedes force of the blades
5 fulfills the role of the floating bodies (figure 30,a, b).

The analysis of the application points motion path of the Archimedes force Fa (point N in fig. 30, c)
has shown that the distance from this point to the plane that crosses the rotor spindle 4 (O1-O1,
figure 38, b) will differentiate depending on the positioning angle of the rotor. Thus, these
distances, for the blades that are placed in the upper semiplane defined by axis O1O1-OO differ
from the distances of those blades placed in the lower semiplane. The migration of the points of
application of the Archimedes force causes the pitching moment:

Mr=Mas-Mad, (4)

where Mas is the summary moment developed by the Archimedes forces that react on the blades
currently located in the upper semiplane;
Mad is the summary moment developed by the Archimedes forces that react on the blades
currently located in the lower semiplane.

The summary moments developed by the Archimedes forces that react on the blades are
determined by the relations:

Mas = Fai lsi and Mad = Fai ldi (5)

where Fai is the Archimedes forces that react on the blades 5 currently located in the upper
semiplane;
lsi is the distance from the point of application of the Archimedes force that reacts on the
blades 5 currently located in the upper semiplane;

36
Figure 30 Micro hydropower plant with increased transverse stability.

37
 ldi is the distance from the point of application of Archimedes force that reacts on the blades
5 currently located in the lower semiplane.
Distances lsi and ldi are calculated from the relation:

l 2 R 2 cM2 2 RcM cos( ) , (6)

Where R is the rotor radius 4;
CM is the distance from the point of application of the Archimedes force and the blade fixing
point to the turbine rotor;
is the angle formed by the blade chord and the water flow direction;
is the angle formed by the rotor lever and the perpendicular direction on the watercourse.

To compensate the pitching moment Mr, the rotor spindle 10 is settled in plane O1' O1' at distance
e compared to the longitudinal axial plane of the floating bodies O1-O1 . Distance e is calculated
from the relation:
n

y i
e i 1 , (7)
n
where n is the number of rotor blades, and yi is the distance from the centre of application of
Archimedes force on blade i up to the longitudinal axial plane (figure 30, c). For each distance, yi is
calculated by the relation:
360o
yi cM cos R sin( (i 1) ), (8)
n

where R is the rotor radius;

CM is the distance from the point of application of the Archimedes force and the blade fixing
point to the turbine impeller, OiNi in figure 30,c;
n is the number of rotor blades.
So, the distance e is calculated by the relation:

e cM cos , (9)

where is the angle formed by the blade chord and the water flow direction.

Conclusion: To ensure the floating stability of the micro hydro power plants the rotor is mounted
on the main structure with displacement e against the water stream. Thus, the micro hydro power
plants designed to be anchored on the left bank cannot be anchored on the right bank.

5.1.3. Design of the hydrodynamic rotor

5.1.3.1. Theoretical justification of the hydrodynamic profile selection of

the blade in normal section

Let consider the symmetrical profile of the blade placed in a fluid stream that moves uniformly at

velocity V (figure 31). In the fixing point O' of the symmetrical blade with lever OO let consider
two coordinate systems, that is: the system O'xy with axis O'y oriented in the direction of the

velocity vector V , and axis O'x - normal for this direction; and the system O'xy with axis O'y

38
oriented to the lever direction O'O, and axis O'x - normal for this direction. Point A corresponds to
the rear edge, and point B corresponds to the entering edge. The entering angle is the angle

between the chord AB of the profile and the direction of the velocity vector V , and the positioning
angle is the angle formed by the velocity vector direction and lever O'O

Figure 31 Hydrodynamic profile blade.

The components of the hydrodynamic force F in the directions O'x and O'y are named the lift
force and the resistance force:
1 (10)
FL CL V2 S p ,
2
1 (11)
FD CD V2 S p ,
2
where is fluid density, V is flow velocity, Sp=ch (c is the length of chord AB, and h is the blade
height) represents the area of the blade lateral surface, and CL and CD are hydrodynamic
dimensionless coefficients, called the lift coefficient and drag coefficient. The hydrodynamic
coefficients CL and CD are functions of the entering angle , Reynolds number Re and the
hydrodynamic shape of the blade profile. The components of the hydrodynamic force in the
coordinate system O'xy are
Fx FL sin FD cos ,
(12)
Fy FL cos FD sin .

The torque moment of the rotor spindle OO developed by blade i is

Tr ,i Fx OO , (13)

and the summary torque moment developed by blades is

Npal
Tr Tri , (14)
i 1

where Npal is the number of rotor blades.

39
Generally, the hydrodynamic force has no point of application in the origin of the blade axes
system O so as it produces a resulting moment. The produced moment is determined by
comparing it to a certain point of reference. The point situated at distance of the chord from the
entering edge B will be considered as point of reference. The moment, also called the pitching
moment, is calculated according to formula
1 (15)
M CM V2 cS p ,
2
where CM is the profile number of turns.

5.1.3.2. Determination of the hydrodynamic coefficients CL and CM.

Plane potential (cyclic) motion

The profile chord is considered unitary for simplicity. Initially, the fluid is considered incompressible
and non-viscous, and its motion plane and cyclic. In the case of an incompressible fluid in plane
motion the velocity components V u , v in point P(x,y) are given by the relations:
(16)
u ( x, y ) , v ( x, y ) ,
x y
where is the potential (cyclic) motion that is obtained by overlapping the velocity uniform flow

V (V cos ,V sin ) with a distribution of sources and a distribution of vortexes placed on the
profile C. In other words the potential is decomposed like:

S V , (17)

where the potential of the uniform flow is demonstrated by the formula:

V x cos V y sin , (18)

the potential of the intensity source distribution (s) is given by formula

q(s)
S
C
2
ln(r )ds, (19)

and the potential of intensity vortex distribution q(s) is given by formula:

(s)
V ds. (20)
C
2
In the relations (19, 20) s represents the measured distance of profile C, and (r, ) are the polar
coordinates of point P'(x,y) reported to the point on the contour corresponding to distance s (figure
32).

40
 Figure 31 Fluid cyclic motion around profile C.

Therefore the potential in point P'(x,y) is given by formula:

q( s) ( s) (21)
( P ') V x cos V y sin
C
2
ln(r )ds
C
2
ds.

To calculate the cyclic motion potential the collocation method is used, namely: the boundary of
profile C is approximated by a closed polygon
N
C Ej,
j 1

sides Ej having their points (vertex) Pj and Pj+1 placed on C. The numbering of points starts from the
rear edge on the lower side in the direction of the entering edge, passing further to the upper side
(Fig. 33). It is considered that the intensity of vortexes (s) distributed on profile C is constant at
the boundary having value , and the intensity of sources q(s) distributed on the profile is constant
at each boundary element Ej having value qj, where j=1,, N. Specifying the above, equation (21)
becomes:

N
qj
V x cos V y sin ln(r ) ds, (22)
j 1 E j 2 2

The unknown being and q j , j 1, , N .

Figure 32 Digitization of profile C.

Let consider the boundary element Ej with points Pj and Pj+1 (Fig. 34). The normal and tangent unit
vectors of the element Ej are given in formulas:
n j ( sin j , cos j ),
(23)
j (cos j ,sin j ),
where
y j 1 y j x j 1 x j
sin j , cos j .
lj lj

41
 Figure 33 Boundary element E j .

The unknown and qj, where j=1,, N from the relation (22), are determined from the boundary
conditions and Kutta condition. In the case of non-viscous fluid, the boundary condition is the
sliding condition at the profile boundary that is watertight and rigid, that, in the particular case of
plane and potential motion of the incompressible fluid, is written as follows:

V n 0, (24)

where n is the normal of the profile. It is necessary to satisfy the condition (24) in the points of

collocation. Points M j x j , y j the centers of sides Ej , are selected as points of collocation:
x j x j 1 y j y j 1
xj , yj , j 1, , N .
2 2

Velocity components in the point of collocation Mj are written by:

u j u ( x j , y j ),
v j v( x j , y j ).

Thus, condition (21) delivers N algebraic relations:

ui sin i vi cos i 0, i 1, , N (25)

that are used to determine those N+1 unknown and qj, where j=1,, N. Kutta condition will
deliver the final relation, namely:

V V , (26)
E1 EN

where is the tangent versor of the boundary element. In our notations, condition (26) takes the
form:

u1 cos 1 v1 sin 1 u N cos N vN sin N . (27)

Velocity components in point M i are determined by the contributions of velocities induced by the
distribution of sources and vortexes on each boundary element Ej:

42
 N N
ui V cos q j uijs uijv ,
j 1 j 1
(28)
N N
vi V sin q v v , s
j ij
v
ij
j 1 j 1

where uijs , vijs , uijv , vijv are so-called induction (influence) coefficients. For instance, uijs represents the
component of velocity direction x in point Mi, induced by the unitary intensity source distribution
from the element E j . The induction coefficients can be calculated in the following way:

1 ri , j 1 ij
uijs ln
cos j sin j ,
2 rij 2

1 ri , j 1 ij
vijs ln
sin j cos j , (29)
2 rij 2
ij 1 ri , j 1
uijv cos j ln sin j ,
2 2 rij
ij 1 ri , j 1
vijs sin j ln cos j ,
2 2 rij

where ij is the angle formed by sides Pj M i and M i Pj 1 , for ij, and ij = , i,j=1,,N, and rij is the
distance between points Mi and Pj. Let substitute expressions (28) and (29) in the boundary
conditions (25) and in Kutta condition (27) to obtain the linear system N+1 of equations with N+1
unknowns: and qj, where j=1,,N :
N

A q ij j Ai , N 1 bi , i 1, N ,
j 1 (30)
N

A
j 1
N 1, j q j AN 1, N 1 bN 1 ,

where coefficients Aij and bi, i, j = 1,, N+1 are calculated by formulas:

ri , j 1 1
sin ij ln cos ij ij , i, j 1, , N ,
1
Aij
2 r 2
ij
ri , j 1
cos ln sin ij ij , i 1, , N ,
N
1
Ai , N 1
2
ij

j 1 rij
1
sin 1 j 1, j sin Nj N , j
2
AN 1, j

r r
cos 1 j ln 1, j 1 cos Nj ln N , j 1 ,
r r
1, j N , j
1 N r1, j 1 rN , j 1
AN 1, N 1 sin 1 j ln sin Nj ln
2 j 1 r1, j rN , j

cos 1 j 1 j cos Nj Nj ,

43
 bi V sin i , i 1, , N ,
bN 1 V cos(1 ) V sin( N ),
and ij i j .

The linear system (30) will give the searched values: and qj, where j=1,, N, that will help further
to calculate the tangential components of velocity in the points of collocation Mi ,i = 1,, N. Let
remind that the normal component of velocity in the points of collocation is null. The below relation
gives the tangential component:
u i ui cos i vi sin i .

Let substitute the relation (28) in the above relation to obtain:

N N N N
u i V cos q j uijs uijv cos i V sin q j vijs vijv sin i .
j 1 j 1 j 1 i 1

Consequently, the following relations will be obtained for the tangential components of velocity:
qi ri , j 1
sin ij ij cos ij ln
N
u i cos i V
j 1 2 rij
(31)
ri , j 1
sin ij ln cos ij ij .
N

j 1 2 rij

Bernoulli equation p 1 V 2 p 1 V 2 implies that

2 2
1 1
p p V 2 V 2 .
2 2
Thus, the local coefficient of pressure can be rewritten as follows:

p p V2 (32)
Cp 1 .
1 V2 V2
2

Accordingly, the local pressure coefficient on the discretized contour profile can be calculated from
the relation
2
u (33)
C p ,i 1 i ,
V
where components u i are supplied by formula (31).

The hydrodynamic forces that react on the boundary element Ej are obtained from the relations
relations:
f xj C p , j y j 1 y j ,
(34)
f yj C p , j x j 1 x j ,

and the pitching moments reported to the point of reference xref , yref c ,0 , are calculated by 4
formula:
y yj x j 1 x j c (35)
cm, j f xj j 1 f yj .
2 2 4

44
The total force is the sum of contributions of each boundary element:
N
Fx f xj , (36)
j 1
N
Fy f yj ,
j 1

and the lift coefficient and the moment coefficient are calculated as follows:
CL Fx sin Fy cos , (37)
N
CM cm, j . (38)
j 1

5.1.3.3. Selection of the optimal hydrodynamic profile of blades

The optimization of the hydrodynamic blade turbine performance demands blade optimal
hydrodynamic profile. The numerical calculation methods, previously described, are used to
calculate the coefficients CL ,ref and CD ,ref for the symmetrical profiles from the library of NACA
aerodynamic profiles with a chord length cref = 1 m. It should be remarked that the calculation
method converges for the entering angles that do not exceed 20o 25o dependent on the
selected profile and the corresponding Reynolds number (Re = 1300000). For the entering angles
exceeding this critical value, the rates corresponding to a flat (plane) profile are considered. Some
of the considered profiles are shown in figure 35: NACA 0012, 0016, 63018 and 67015. Figure 36
shows the hydrodynamic lift C L , ref and drag CD , ref coefficients depending on the entering angle.
Taking into account the data from Fig. 36, the NACA 0016 hydrodynamic profile is being selected
as the reference profile. Subsequently, this profile will be optimized in order to increase the turbine
performance.
Profil NACA 0012 Profil NACA 0016

0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Y (m)

Y (m)

0 0
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

X (m) X (m)

Profil NACA 63018 Profil NACA 67015

0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Y (m)

Y (m)

0 0
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

X (m) X (m)

Figure 34 Symmetric hydrodynamic profiles: NACA 0012, 0016, 63018 and 67015.

45
 Profil: NACA 0012 Profil: NACA 0016
2 2

1.5 1.5
CL
CD
CL, CD

CL, CD
1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 15 30 45 60 75 90
Unghiul de atac, (Deg) Unghiul de atac, (Deg)

Profil: NACA 63018 Profil NACA 67015

2 2

1.5 1.5
CL, CD

CL, CD

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
15 30 45 60 75 90 15 30 45 60 75 90
Unghiul de atac, (Deg) Unghiul de atac, (Deg)

Figure 35 Hydrodynamic lift CL and drag CD coefficients dependant on the entering angle for
NACA 0012, 0016, 63018 and 67015 profiles.

5.1.3.4. The torque moment and the forces applied on the multi-blade
hydrodynamic rotor

The hydrodynamic coefficients for the NACA 0016 reference profile with chord length, for instance,
c 1,3 m. , are calculated below. The coefficients corresponding to the profile with the chord length 1.3 m
are calculated from the relations:

46
 Coeficientii CL si CD in functie de unghiul de atac. Profil: NACA 0016 CL CL ,ref 1,3 ,
2.5 (39)
Lungimea palei1.3 m CM CM ,ref (1,3) 2 ,
2.25
Numarul Reynolds1300000 CD CD ,ref 1,3 .
2 C
CD
L
The values of the lift and drag coefficients
1.75
dependant on the entering angle are
1.5 shown in figure 37. Taking into account
CL, CD

1.25 these values, the angle 18o is selected

1 as the working entering angle.
0.75

0.5 The blade changes its entering angle

during its motion depending on the position
0.25
(figure 38). Thus, in sector I the entering
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 angle (angle formed by the blade and water
Unghiul de atac, (Deg)
flow) is 18; in sector II the entering angle
Figure 36 - Hydrodynamic lift CL and drag CD shifts from 18 up to -18, but the blade
does not contribute to the total moment
coefficients dependant on the entering angle for
developed at the rotor shaft. In this sector,
NACA 0016 profile.
extended up to approximately 60, the
blade is carried freely by the water flow and its re-positioning takes place at an angle of -18 at the
end of sector III. The entering angle is -18 in sector III. In sectors IV-VI the hydrodynamic effect is
minimal and the blade has to be re-positioned from angle -18 to angle 18. In order to use the
kinetic energy in the sectors IV-VI it is proposed to re-position the blade from -18 to 90 in sector
IV; in sector V the blade remains under an angle of 90, and in sector VI the entering angle returns
to 18. Knowing the values of the hydrodynamic coefficients C L and CD , the lift force FL and drag

Fortele care actioneaza pe pala , Profil:NACA 0016

4000
Modulul rezultantei
3500
Componenta tangentiala
3000 Componenta normala
2500
2000
1500
1000
Fortele, (N)

500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Profil: NACA 0016 Raza rotorului = 2 m
2500
Viteza fluxului de apa = 1 m/s Numarul palelor = 5
3000
Unghiul de atac = 18 Deg Inaltimea palei = 1.4 m
3500
Lungimea palei = 1.3 m
4000
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 37 Blade position and working Figure 38 Module, tangential component and normal
areas. component of the hydrodynamic force of a rotor
blade depending on the angle of positioning.

force FD are calculated by the formulas (10) and (11), and the formula (12) supplies the
hydrodynamic force that reacts on the blade (figure 39).

47

The module of the hydrodynamic force F that reacts on the blade, and its tangential and normal
components Fx and Fy, depending on the positioning angle (angle of sight) are shown in Fig. 39.
The following constructive parameters of the rotor (impeller) were considered:
Rotor (Impeller) radius R 2 m;
Height of the submersible blade H 1, 4 m;
Blade length (chord) c 1,3 m;
Working entering angle 18o ;
Number of blades N pal 5.
Figure 40 shows the moment Tr ,i developed by the blade depending on the positioning angle; the
moment is calculated by the formula (13). Figure 41 shows the total (sum) moment at the rotor
(impeller) shaft Tr developed by all blades depending on the positioning angle. The total moment
is calculated by the formula (14). Figure 42 shows the total moment Tr depending on the
positioning angle for three values of water flow velocity V: 1 m/s, 1.3 m/s and 1.6 m/s. The graph
of the number of turns CM,ref depending on the entering angle is shown in figure 43.

Momentul dezvoltat de o pala functie de unghiul de pozitionare Momentul total la arborele rotorului functie de unghiul de pozitionare
7000

6000 14000

5000
12000
4000

3000 10000
Moment, (N m)

Moment, (N m)

2000
8000
1000

0 6000
1000
Raza rotorului = 2 m Profil: NACA 0016 Raza rotorului = 2 m
Profil: NACA 0016
2000 4000
Viteza fluxului de apa = 1 m/s Numarul palelor = 5
Viteza fluxului de apa = 1 m/s Numarul palelor = 5
3000 Unghiul de atac = 18 Deg Inaltimea palei = 1.4 m
Unghiul de atac = 18 Deg Inaltimea palei = 1.4 m 2000
Lungimea palei = 1.3 m
4000
Lungimea palei = 1.3 m
5000 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Unghiul de pozitionare (Deg) Unghiul de pozitionare (Deg)

Figure 39 Moment Tr ,i developed by the rotor Figure 40 Total moment Tr developed by 5

blade depending on the angle of positioning. blades at rotor shaft depending on the angle of
positioning.
4 Momentul total la diferite viteze
x 10
4.5
1 m/s
1.3 m/s
4
1.6 m/s

3.5

3
Moment, (N m)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 41 Total moment Tr at rotor shaft Figure 42 Number of turns CM ,ref depending on
depending on the angle of positioning for the entering angle for NACA 0016 profile
various velocities of the water flow

48
Taking into account the fact that the hydrodynamic force is not applied in the blade fixed coordinate
system O (figure 44) this force produces a moment of torsion called the pitching moment. This
moment is determined given the point of reference. Point P will be considered as the point of
reference situated at distance of the chord from the entering edge B (figure 44). For the working
values of the entering angle = 18 it is obtained CM,ref = -0.026. Thus, from the relation (40)
results that CM = 0.0439. The moment of torsion compared to the point P is
1
M CM V2 cS p 39,92 N m, (40)
2
where V = 1 m/s, c = 1.3 m and H = 1.4 m. In the system of coordinates Oxy , the components
of the hydrodynamic forces are delivered by the relation (12). Applying the values FL and FD
obtained previously we have:
Fx 1601, 2 N ,
(41)
Fy 413,8 N .
Then
OP M Fx 0,0249 m 25 mm. (42)

In order to ensure the stability of the blade motion, the fixing point W should be selected in the
interval 25 mm O W H ,
where H min H H max . Values
Hmin and Hmax are taken under
the condition that the frictional
force, appearing in the
kinematical couples of the
orientation mechanism, must
be minimal.
Figure 43 Location of the blade fixing point.

To determine the optimal working entering angle it is necessary to calculate the value of the
moment developed by one blade and the total moment for several values of the entering angle,
namely: 15o , 17o , 18o , 20o , (figure 45-46). In this context the entering angle for the blade with
hydrodynamic profile NACA 0016 is 18o.
4 Momentul total la diferite unghiuri de atac
Momentul dezvoltat de o pala la diferite unghiuri de atac x 10
5000 1.7
15 Deg 15 Deg
17 Deg 1.6 17 Deg
18 Deg 18 Deg
1.5
4000 20 Deg
20 Deg
1.4

1.3
3000
Moment, (N m)
Moment, (N m)

1.2

1.1
2000
1

0.9
1000
0.8

0.7
0 0.6

0.5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 44 Moment developed by the blade Tr ,i Figure 45 Total moment Tr depending on the
depending on the positioning angle for various positioning angle for various values of the
values of the entering angle 15o , 17 o , 18o , 20o. entering angle 15o , 17 o , 18o , 20o.

49
Also, the performance of 3-, 4- and 5-blades rotor was analysed. The total moment developed by
the rotor shaft was calculated and the results are presented in figure 47.
4 Momentul total la diferite configuratii
x 10
1.7
3 pale
1.6 4 pale
1.5 5 pale

1.4
1.3
1.2
Moment, (N m)

1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 46 Total moment Tr developed at the 3-, 4- and 5-blade rotor shaft depending on the
positioning angle.

5.1.3.5. Optimisation of NACA 0016 hydrodynamic profile

In order to maximize the moment of torsion produced by the micro hydro power plant rotor, the
optimization of the hydrodynamic profile will be considered. The moment of torsion depends on the
lift and drag hydrodynamic forces given by formulas (10) and (11). The hydrodynamic forces
through the hydrodynamic coefficients depend on the entering angle , Re number and the shape
of the hydrodynamic profile. The hydrodynamic shape of the profile was selected from the NACA
library of 4 and 5 figures having as parameters (with account of the profile symmetry) only the
maximal thickness. The entering angle constitutes the second parameter. The optimization aims at
maximizing the lift force and, at the same time, does not allow the pitching moment and the
resistance force to take very big values. The following issue of optimization should be considered:
Maximize C L C L ( , )
with constraints imposed to the coefficients CD and CM , (43)

where is the maximum thickness and is the entering angle. The values of the inferior and
superior borders are determined, as follows: the negative maximum value for the pitching
coefficient will correspond to the solution for the entering angle 0. The maximum value for the
resistance coefficient will correspond to the solution for the entering angle = 18. Also, restrictions
have been added to the optimization parameters 10% 20% and 0o 20o . To find the
optimal values of function f f ( x1 , , xn ) an iterative method is used:

As long as the demanded accuracy is not reached the solution will be,
Bi si f ( xi ) ,
xi 1 xi i si , (44)

50
where i are the multipliers and Bi are the definite positive approximations of the Hessian
function f . The partial derivation of function f related to the component i is approximated with
the help of the finite difference formulas:

f f ( x hei ) f ( x hei )
( x) , (45)
xi 2h
where ei is the basis vector.

The optimization is done by the MATLAB optimization soft: Sequential quadratic

programming algorithm with a line search and a BFGS Hessian update. The quadratic sub-tasks
are solved by modified projection method. The gradient of function CL CL ( , ) is calculated by the
finite difference formulas with the constant pitch h 10 4 . NACA 0016 profile was considered as
the initial profile (figure 48). The result of optimization is presented in Fig. 49. The results of the
carried out research were published in [1 - 5].

Figure 47 NACA 0016 hydrodynamic rack profile Figure 48 NACA 0016 hydrodynamic rack
standard. profile standard and the optimised profile.

In order to optimize the hydrodynamic

profiles of the blades a prototyping 5-axis
machine has been purchased (figure 50).
For the manufacturing of the prototypes
of hydrodynamic blades in the framework
of the current project several special
modules are at purchasing stage. The
purchased equipment will allow the
prototyping, manufacturing and testing of
the profiles sugested by modelling and
computer simulations.

Figure 49 Blades prototyping 5-axis machine

51
 5.1.3.6. Floating stability of the micro hydropower plant

The micro hydro power plant is posted in the river water flow. The position of blades compared to
the water level is ensured by the Archimedes forces that react on the floating blades. The blade
cavity generates the Archimedes force determined by
the relation
FA Vg , (46),

where is the water density, V is the interior volume of

the blade and g is the gravitational acceleration. The
analysis of the path of motion (motion trajectory) of the
points of application of the Archimedes force FA (points
Ni, i = 1, 2, 3, figure 51) has shown that the distance
from these points to the rotor axis O will oscillate
depending on the positioning angle . Thus, for the
blades located in the superior semi-plane defined by the
straight line OO these distances are different from the
respective distances of the blades located in the inferior
semi-plane.
This fact leads to the appearance of the pitching
moment with respect to the axis of longitudinal Figure 50 Floating stability analysis.
symmetry of the floating bodies:
M r M ,S M ,I , (47)
where M ,S is the total moment developed by the Archimedes forces that react on the blades,
currently located in the superior semi-plane, and M ,I is the total moment developed by the
Archimedes forces that react on the blades currently located in the inferior semi-plane.

The total moments developed by the Archimedes forces that react on the blades currently located
in the superior and the inferior semi-plane are determined by the relation
M , S FA,i DA,i , (48)

where FA,i are the Archimedes forces that react on the blades; D A,i are the distances from the
point of application of the Archimedes forces to the rotor spindle, and the summarization is done for
all blades located in the superior semi-plane. Similarly,
M , I FA,i DA,i . (49)

Distances D A,i are calculated by the formula:

DA2,i R 2 cA2 2 RcA cos( i ), (50)

where R is the rotor radius; c A is the distance between the point of application of the Archimedes
forces and the point of blade fixing to the rotor lever; is the angle formed by the blade chord

52
AB and the direction of the water flowing, and i is the angle formed by the rotor lever and the
direction OO .

To compensate the pitching moment M r it is proposed to locate the rotor spindle in the plane
shifted at distance e compared to the plane of longitudinal symmetry of the floating bodies.
Distance e is calculated by the relation:
N pal

y i
e i 1
, (51)
N pal
where N pal is the number of rotor blades and yi is the distance from the central point of
application of the Archimedes force on the blade i till the plane of longitudinal symmetry (figure
51). For each blade, distance yi is calculated by the relation:

360o
yi c A cos R sin( (i 1) ). (52)
n

Let introduce (52) into (52) and obtain:

e c A cos (53)

The point of application of the Archimedes force on each blade is the centre of gravity (mass point)
of the applied hydrodynamic profile, in our case NACA 0016 profile. The central point of application
of the Archimedes force system that reacts on a number N pal of the submersible blades will
describe a migration trajectory generated by the rotor revolution. The migration trajectory
generated by a complete revolution of 3- and 5-blade rotor represents closed curves described in
figure 52 (a) and figure 52 (b). One point on the closed curve represents the position of the central
point of application of the Archimedes force system corresponding to a concrete angular position of
the rotor.
To identify the technical solution ensuring the floating stability of the micro hydro power plant it is
Traiectoria de migrare a punctului c Traiectoria de migrare a punctului c
A necessary to estimate A

0.38 0.37
the values of the
0.36 0.36
distance between the
0.34 0.35
central point of
application of the
0.32 0.34
Archimedes force
Y, (m)
Y, (m)

0.33
system and the
0.3

longitudinal symmetry
0.28 0.32

0.26 0.31
axis of the floating
0.24 0.3

0.22 0.29

0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
X, (m) X, (m)

Figure 51 Migration trajectory of the central point of application of the

bodies Figure 53 (a, b).
Archimedes forces for the 3-blade (a) and 5-blade rotor (b). shows

53
 Distanta e Distanta e the distance e
0.36
depending on the
positioning angle of
0.36

the 3-blade (a) and 5-

0.35
0.34
0.3296

0.32
0.34
blade (b) rotor. It has
been stated that in the
0.3296
0.33
e, (m)

e, (m)
0.3
0.32 case of 3-blade rotor,
distance e takes values
0.28
0.31

0.26
0.3 comprising
0.24 0.29 emin 0, 238 m and
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 36 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 emax 0,363 m .
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg) Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 52 Dependence of distance e of the central point of application of

the Archimedes forces on the positioning angle of the 3-blade rotor (a)
and of 5-blade rotor (b).
And in the case of 5-blade rotor: emin 0, 289 m , and emax 0,363 m . Let calculate the mean value
of distance e depending on the positioning angle : for 3- and 5-blade rotors the same mean
distance emed 0,33 m is obtained.

Conclusions:
1. To ensure the floating stability of the micro hydro power plant it is necessary that the spindle of
3- and 5-blade rotor shifts from the axis of longitudinal symmetry of the floating bodies at rate
emed 0,33 m in the direction opposite to the water flow.
2. Micro hydro power plants anchored on the left bank differ from those anchored on the right bank
by the spatial truss constructions and, in particular, by the constructional elements of the
hydrodynamic rotor shifted at rate emed 0,33 m.

5.1.3.7. Turbulence and stability of the hydrodynamic rotor

Figure 54 shows the field of fluid velocities around NACA 0016 profile at entering angle 18 and the
Reynolds number calculated from the relation [2]:
cV cV (54)
Re ,

where the fluid density is

998, 4 kg m3 at 20 C,
o

the kinematical viscosity

is 1, 012 106 m2 s ,
and the length of the
profile chord is
c 1,3 m .
For the fluid flow rate
V 1 m s , 1,5 m s , 2 m s
Figure 53 Velocity field around NACA 0016 profile at the entering the following values of the
o
angle 18 .

54
Reynolds number Re = 1284600, 1798400 and 2312300 are obtained. The transition and
separation of the boundary layer on the inferior and superior surfaces of the blade profile is shown
in figure 55. Points T.U. and T.L. stand for the points of separation from the laminar flow to the
turbulent flow on the inferior Cinf and superior Csup surfaces of the blade (figure 52). Respectively,
points S.U. and S.L. represent the points of separation on the inferior and superior surface. In all
cases it was observed that transition from the laminar flow to the turbulent flow takes place in the
proximity of the point of stagnation, and the separation of flow from the profile surface is foreseen
at an approximate 40-50% distance of the blade chord length. The transition from the laminar flow
to the turbulent flow as well as the separation of the turbulent boundary layer will take place in the
proximity of the rear edge on the inferior surface.

a. b.
Figure 54 Point of separation for the flow velocities 1 m/s (a) and 2 m/s (b).

5.1.3.8. Design and manufacturing of the hydrodynamic rotor

The hydrodynamic rotor has been designed in the Autodesk MotionInventor software (figure 56 - 3
1 4 blades rotor, and figure 57 - 5 blades rotor). The
2
hydrodynamic rotor is the main working
element of the micro hydropower plant, which
converts kinetic energy of the water flow and
transmit it via the kinematical linkage to the
production units of electrical (generator 1)
energy or mechanical (hydraulic pump 2)
energy (figure 58).
From the point of view of its design, the
rotor comprises the main shaft 1 (figures 56,
57), the casing with radial bars 2, on which
3 ends the hydrodynamic profile blades 3 are
mounted with the help of node 4. The main

Figure 55 3-blade hydrodynamic rotor. 2 1 4

shaft 1 and the casing with the bars 2 are

mounted removable. The hydrodynamic rotor
is a spatial structure, strained complex with
the bending and twisting moments. The
casing with radial bars are made of aluminium
alloy plates with calculated dimensions able to
ensure design positioning (calculated) of
blades with minimal deviations (the deflexion
of blade axles till 5 mm, the angle of twist of 3
the radial bars 1o).

Figure 56 5-blade hydrodynamic rotor.

55
 The technical solutions adopted in the final
construction of the hydrodynamic rotor have
resulted into computer simulated research, by
utilising ANSYS CFX 5.7, sub programmes in the
package of mathematic modelling MathCAD, etc.,
by applying possible loading in real conditions.
The node 4 allows the changing of blade 3
positioning towards their axis of rotation, aiming
at the insurance of the optimal pitching moment
(the technical solution contains Know-How
elements). Figure 59 shows 3-blade (a) and,
respectively, 5-blade (b) rotors, the diameter of
blade location is D = 4 m. The shape and
Figure 57 Multiblade rotor connected
kinematically to the electric (generator 1) energy
dimensions of the hydrodynamic profile of blades
or mechanical hydraulic pump 2) energy have been justified within the carried out research
production units. [1,2].
Pilot station destination. The micro hydro power plant is a complex system, which includes the
main working element the hydrodynamic rotor, destined for the conversion of a part of the river
water kinetic energy potential into useful energy, and the units with distinct functions, such as the
multiplier, generator, hydraulic pump etc. The results of research on the construction and functional
parameters of the mentioned units, shown separately from each other regardless of their functional
interdependence as an integral system, are presented in [1,2].

To carry out research on the functional parameters, in field conditions, of all units participating in
the process of conversion of flowing water kinetic energy into useful energy as an integral technical
system, the pilot plant design was developed in MotionInventor AutoDesk design environment,

Figure 58 Rotors with 3- (a) and 5-blades (b) with hydrodynamic profile, manufactured in the
laboratory of the Centre for Renewable Energy Conversion Systems Design, TUM.
using the developed conceptual diagrams [1,2] and the results of theoretical research findings, of
computer modelling and simulation of hydrodynamic profile blade interaction with the fluid (water).
The pilot station is intended for research and verification of the technical solutions adopted at each
stage of unit development, in real conditions, and, if necessary, changes will be made at the design
stage of the industrial prototypes of micro hydro power plants.

Pilot station positioning. The pilot station is installed on the river Prut, v. Stoieneti, district
Cantemir, under the following positioning conditions:
- Rotor axis is perpendicular to the water mirror;

56
 - Longitudinal axis of spatial housing is perpendicular to the water flow velocity vector;
- Level of blades submersion meets the project rate (h = 1.4 m). Perpendicularity of the
hydrodynamic rotor shaft to the water mirror is ensured by changing the buoyancy of four floating
bodies, and the perpendicularity of the longitudinal axis of the spatial housing to the water flow
stream vector is ensured through supporting cables secured to the anchoring rods. The
submersion level of blades with hydrodynamic profile h = 1.4 m is maintained by changing the
buoyancy of the four equal floating bodies.

Structural and functional parameters of hydrodynamic rotor, planetary multiplier, generator and low
speed centrifugal pumps, determined separately for each working body, needs to be checked by
experimental investigations in real conditions of their operation in an integral technical system.

In this context, the time table of experimental research on the pilot station in field conditions
includes:
1. study of diversity of water flow speed cadastre within the boundaries of rotor effective
section (the width of the rotor blades and level of submersion) and assessment of the water flow
energy potential;
2. study of the influence of force factors on the stability of the hydrodynamic profile blades
positioning (angle of attack ) and the kinetostatic analysis of the blades positioning mechanism;
3. study of energy and kinetic conversion efficiency parameters (for the electric generator
terminals and the input shaft of hydraulic pumps);
4. study of kinematic parameters of hydrodynamic rotor and mechanical losses in the
kinematic chain (linkage);
5. setting the influence of structural and functional parameters of hydrodynamic rotor on the
hydrodynamic effects and water turbulence flow mode under field conditions;
6. study of functional characteristics of electrical generator and centrifugal pumps.
The experimental research of the integral technical system - hydrodynamic rotor coupled
kinematically with component units of micro hydro power plants aims at increasing efficiency of
water flow kinetic energy conversion into useful energy by identifying and, where necessary,
introducing in the technical documentation of partial structural changes and, sometimes, of
conceptual and technical solutions adopted previously.

When developing industrial prototypes of micro hydropower plants for river water kinetic energy
conversion the following criteria and requirements were taken into account:
- Exclusion of dam construction and of the negative impact on the environment, implicitly;
- Lowest cost;
- Simplicity of construction and operation;
- Increased reliability at dynamic overload in operating conditions;
- Resistant composite materials, including conditions of high humidity;
- Automatic adjustment of the micro hydropower plant platform position in conditions of water
level changing.

The technical solutions adopted in the process of micro hydropower plants design result from
theoretical and experimental research presented in [1,2]. To justify the constructive and functional
parameters, additional numerical modelling and simulations were performed, using ANSYS
software CFX5.7, and the sub-software developed by the authors for MathCAD, Autodesk
MotionInventor, etc., namely, simulation of the fluid blade interaction and floating stability,
hydrodynamic optimization of the blade profile in order to increase kinetic energy conversion
efficiency of river water at its different velocities using 3-, 4- and 5-blades rotor. The efficient
operation of micro hydropower plants by individual customers for particular destination depends on
their constructive configuration choices and on the functional characteristics of component units

57
participating in the conversion of flowing water kinetic energy into useful energy.
To meet the objectives and consumer demands for micro hydro power plants, and also to increase
the efficiency of conversion of flowing water kinetic potential in the certain river area, the authors
have developed the following structural and functional concepts based on modular assembly:
1. micro hydropower plant with
hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into mechanical energy for water
pumping (MHCF D4x1,5 M);
2. micro hydropower plant with
hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into electric and mechanical energy
(MHCF D4x1,5 ME);
3. micro hydropower plant with
hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into mechanical energy at low
speeds (MHCF D4x1,5 ME);
4. micro hydropower plant with
hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into electric energy (MHCF D4x1,5
E).

The micro hydropower plants designed

modularly, allow change of destination and of
functional characteristics by replacing some units
with others (generator, pump, blades with other Figure 59 Generated power at rotor shaft.
hydrodynamic profile, 3- and 5- blade rotor).

The micro hydropower plants possess similar resistance in structure construction calculated for
strength and rigidity to dynamic applications. Buoyancy and maintainance of hydropower plant
rotor axis perpendicularity at variable river water level is ensured by patented technical solutions
[8-14]. Continuous orientation mechanism of the blades at the constant entering angle relative to
the direction of fluid stream contains Know-how elements and is not described here. The main
working body, which depends mainly on the amount of kinetic energy converted into useful energy,
is the blade with hydrodynamic NACA 0016 profile, developed on the basis of carried research
[1,2].

Two types of 3- and 5-blade rotors were designed for the described micro hydropower plants.
Installed capacity of micro hydropower plants with diameter D = 4 m, submerged height of blades h
= 1,4 m and the length of blade chord l = 1,3 m at water flow velocity V = 1...2 m/s can be in the
boundaries P = 2...19 kW (see [figure 60]).

5.2. Industrial prototypes of micro hydropower plant with

hydrodynamic rotor
5.2.1. Pilot station of micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor
for river water kinetic energy conversion into mechanical energy (MHCF
D4x1,5 M)
This model of hydro power plant is designed to convert river water kinetic energy into mechanical
energy used to pump water into irrigation and sewerage systems, and supply industrial water etc.
with the flow rate Q = 40 m3/h at the height pumping H = (10 15) m.

58
Static description of the microhydro power plant. The blades 1 (figure 61) are connected to the
hydrodynamic rotor 2 by roller friction bearings to ensure their orientation under a certain entering
angle .

1.1. Blade with hydrodynamic 0016

NACA profile; 2 3-blade rotor; 3
planetary multiplier with multiplying
ratio i=112; 4 belt drive with
multiplying ratio i = 1,9; 5 - permanent
magnet generator (characteristics
see p. 5.4); 6. centrifugal pump
PSS4010/50 (characteristics pump
flow rate Q=40m3/h at pumping height
(10...15)m; 7 plastic pontoons; 8
guide; 9 spatial housing.

Figure 60 Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river kinetic energy conversion into
mechanical energy for water pumping (flow rate Q = 40m3/h, pumping height H =10...15 m)
(MHCF D4x1,5 M)

59
Functioning principle. The river flowing water with the energy potential dependent on the flow velocity
drives the hydrodynamic profile blades 1 (figure 62), oriented continuously by the entering The hydrodynamic
rotor 2 is mounted on the input shaft of the planetary multiplier 3 through an auxiliary shaft, which is fixed on
the bearings. The belt pulleys of the transmission 4 are mounted on the output shaft of the planetary
multiplier - the big one, and the small one - on the input shaft of the centrifugal pump 5. The hydrodynamic
rotor 2 and blades 1, the multiplier 3, the centrifugal pump 5 and guides 6 are mounted on the spatial
housing 7, installed on the
pontoons 8.

The micro hydropower

rotor 2 comprises three
blades oriented at an
entering angle , which is
dependent on the water
flow velocity. In the areas
of blades 1 location,
inefficient from the point of
view of river kinetic energy
conversion, under
hydrodynamic forces the
blades 1 are repositioned
at an angle of 90o to the
currents of water or are
carried by the water
unhampered to the angle
= 0. Thus, the respective
positioning of blades allows
the increase of water
kinetic energy rate
converted into useful
energy. As result, the water
currents transmit a part of
Figure 61 Kinematics of micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1,5 M. their kinetic energy to the
blades 1, stressing them
under the hydrodynamic forces and
reporting rotational motion with angular x 10
4 Momentul sumar T la diferite viteze, Profil:NACA 0016
frequency 1 and torque T1 to the rotor 2. 4
v0=1.3 m/s
The summary torque T1 , developed by the
v =1.6 m/s
hydrodynamic forces and applied to the 3- 3.5 0
v0=1.8 m/s
blade rotor shaft at water flow velocities
1.3, 1.6 and 1.8 m/s and at the entering 3
angle of blades = 18o , is presented in
figure 63. 2.5
22887 N m
T, (n m)

For rotor diameter D = 4 m, the submerged 2

18084 N m
height of blades h=1,4 m and length of
blade chord l = 1,3 m, the torque is: 1.5
11938 N m
T1 = 11938 Nm for water flow velocity V =
1,3 m/s; T1 = 18084 Nm for V = 1,3 m/s; 1
T1 = 22887 Nm for V = 1,8 m/s. The
calculations of kinematics and lifting 0.5 valoare medie
capacity of all constructive elements as well
as of all functional and energy parameters 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)

Figure 62 Torque T1 at the hydrodynamic rotor shaft with

NACA 0016 profile blades.

60
of micro hydropower plant have been carried out for the torque value T1 = 18084 Nm.
Rotor 2, rigidly coupled by means of auxiliary shaft with the input shaft of the multiplier 3, transmits
rotational motion to the last with angular frequency 1 and torque T1. The multiplier reproduces the
rotor 2 revolutions up to n2 301 i1 (min 1 ), where i1 represents the multiplying ratio of the multiplier

(i1=112). Rotational motion at angular frequency 2 n2 ( s 1 ) is transmitted from the multiplier
30
input shaft via a transmission belt 4 of the centrifugal pump input shaft with multiplying ratio i1 =
2,25. As result, the input shaft of the centrifugal pump swivels with angular frequency 3 = 1i1i2
(s-1) and is stressed at torque:
T1 1 2 r
T3 ,( Nm ) ,
i1 i2
where: 1 is the multiplier mechanical efficiency (1 = 0,9);
2 - is belt transmission mechanical efficiency (1 = 0,95);
r - mechanical efficiency of hydrodynamic rotor bearings (1 = 0,99).

According to the experimental research presented in [1,2] the mechanical efficiency of centrifugal
pump is 1 = 0,72 at rated speed frequency
303
n3 500 min 1 .

The mechanical efficiency of the micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water
kinetic energy conversion into mechanical energy, with account of all mechanical losses in the
linkage (at the hydraulic pump shaft) is:
123r 0,9 0,95 0,99 0,846.
Accordingly, the micro hydropower plant (MHCF D4x1,5 M) ensures the transformation into useful
energy of 84,6% of the kinetic energy potential of the flowing water transmitted to the
hydrodynamic rotor.

61
 Figure 63 Industrial prototype of the microhydropower station for the river kinetic energy
conversion into electrical and mechanical energies (diameter of rotor d = 4m, submersed height of
the blade h = 1,4m, length of blade l =1,3m) (MHCF D4x1,5 ME).
According with obtained results the industrial prototype of the microhydropower station for the river
kinetic energy conversion into electrical and mechanical energies (diameter of rotor d = 4m,
submersed height of the blade h = 1,4m, length of blade l =1,3m) (MHCF D4x1,5 ME) was
produced (figure 64). Now is installed on the river Prut, v. Stoieneti, Cantemir for testing in real
conditions (figure 65).

Figure 64 Industrial prototype of the microhydropower station for the river kinetic energy
conversion into mechanical energy installed on the river Prut, v. Stoieneti, Cantemir.

5.2.2. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water
kinetic energy conversion into electrical and mechanical energy (MHCF
D4x1,5ME)
The micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1,5 ME for river water kinetic energy conversion into
electrical and mechanical energy (figure 66) is polyfunctional and can be utilised for electrical
lighting of streets, heating, water pumping in drip irrigation systems, and also for draining
agricultural lands adjacent to rivers.

Rigging the NACA 0016 profile blades 1 in the hydrodynamic rotor 2 and its attachment to the
multiplier input shaft 3 is done similar to micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1, 5 M. Kinematic and
construction peculiarities of MHCF D4x1,5 ME are as follows: rotational movement of the

62
hydrodynamic rotor 2 (Figure 67) with an angular frequency (velocity) 1, by means of multiplier 3
and belt transmission 4 with effective multiplying ratio i = 212.8, is multiplied to the operating
angular frequency of the permanent magnet low speed generator 5:
3=1i1 (s-1).
Torque T3, applied to rotor 5, is:
T1 1 2 r
T3 ,( Nm ) ,
i
where: 1 is multiplier mechanical efficiency (1 = 0,9);
2 is belt transmission mechanical efficiency (1 = 0,95);
r mechanical efficiency of hydrodynamic rotor bearings (1 = 0,99).
i effective multiplying ratio equal to the multiplying ratios product of the planetary multiplier
and belt transmission

63
 1. Blade with hydrodynamic NACA
0016 profile; 2 3-blade rotor; 3
planetary multiplier with multiplying
ratio i=112; 4 belt drive with
multiplying ratio i = 1,9; 5 - permanent
magnet generator (characteristics
see p. 5.4); 6. centrifugal pump CH
400 (characteristics pump flow rate
Q=(20-40)m3/h at pumping height
15...32m); 7 plastic pontoons; 8
guide; 10 space housing.

Figure 65 Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river kinetic energy conversion into
electrical and mechanical energy (rotor diameter D = 4 m, submerged height of blade h = 1,4 m,
length of blade chord l = 1,3 m) (MHCF D4x1,5 ME)

The electric energy produced by the permanent magnet generator 5 (figure 67) can be utilised to satisfy the
energy needs of the private consumers and, as well, to supply the centrifugal pump 6 (model CH 400) with
electrical energy in order to pump water in drip irrigation systems or for drainage of agricultural land adjacent
to river (with relocation of the centrifugal pump 6). In the case of electric energy production, with account of
mechanical losses both in the micro hydropower plant linkage and in the permanent magnet generator, the
efficiency of energy utilisation at generators terminals is,
1 2 r g 0,9 0,95 0,99 0,87 0,736 ,
And in the case of water pumping (at the centrifugal pump shaft) the efficiency is:
1 2 r g me 0,9 0,95 0,99 0,87 0,91 0,67 ,

64
 where: g is the
generator efficiency;
me is the
efficiency of the
hydraulic pump
electromotor.
Thus, the micro
hydropower plant
MHCF D4x1,5 ME
ensures the
transformation into
useful energy of
73,6% and 67% of the
energy potential of
flowing water, picked
up by the
hydrodynamic rotor, in
producing electrical
energy and,
respectively, in water
pumping.
Water current
Figure 66 Kinematics of micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1,5 ME.

5.2.3. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water
kinetic energy conversion into electrical and mechanical energy at
small speeds (MHCF D4x1,5ME)

Micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1,5 ME (figure 68) is designed to convert river water kinetic
energy into electrical and mechanical energy, by utilising low speed permanent magnet generator
5 (n = 375 min-1) and three-stage low speed centrifugal pump (PSS 40-10/50 (n = 500 min-1) 7
designed, in particular, for the micro hydropower plant and manufactured at Hidrotehnica S.A.,
Chiinu. Research results and functional characteristics of the low speed pump are presented in
[1,2].

Kinematics and functional principle of the micro hydropower plant are analogic to the micro
hydropower plant presented above (figure 67). Constructive peculiarities of this micro hydropower
plant refer, in particular, to the driving mechanism unit of the centrifugal pump (fig. 69) and to the
supply of the pump low speed electromotor 2 from the permanent magnet low speed generator 5
(figure 68). This design configuration can be used both to meet the needs of irrigation by pumping
water at relatively low heights (10 ... 15) m (e.g. over the river dam) and to perform the draining
works of the land adjacent to the river. When the micro hydropower plant is used for draining
works, the centrifugal pump driving mechanism (Fig. 70) is relocated from the spatial housing of
the micro hydropower plant to the floating platform in the flooded area of agricultural land adjacent
to the river.

65
 1. Blade with hydrodynamic NACA
0016 profile; 2 3-blade rotor; 3
planetary multiplier with multiplying
ratio i=112; 4 belt drive with
multiplying ratio i = 1,9; 5 -
permanent magnet generator
(characteristics see p. 5.4); 6.
asynchronous electromotor; 7
centrifugal pump PSS-40-10/50
(characteristics Q and H see
p.5.4.3); 8 plastic pontoons; 9
guide; 10 spatial housing.
Figure 67 Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river kinetic energy conversion into
electrical and mechanical energy used for water pumping (rotor diameter D = 4 m, submerged height
of blade h = 1,4 m, length of blade chord l = 1,3 m).
Three-stage centrifugal pump PSS 40-10/50 1 (fig. 69) is coupled to the electromotor 2 through the
toroidal coupling 3 and the housing 4 for the transmission of the reactive torque. Taking into
account the mechanical losses both in the linkage and in the electric generator, the kinetic energy
efficiency transmitted by the water flow to the hydrodynamic rotor at the permanent magnet
generator terminals makes up:
1 2 r g 0,9 0,95 0,99 0,87 0,736 ,

66
and at the inlet shaft of the hydraulic pump PSS4010/50 it is:

Figure 68 Unit of three-stage hydraulic pump Figure 69 Unit of low speed electric generator
driving mechanism PSS 40-10/50. driving mechanism (MCHF D4x1,5E).

1 2 r g m.e. 0,9 0,95 0,99 0,87 0,81 0,596.

The micro hydropower plant (MHCF D4x1,5 ME) with the given configuration ensures the
transformation of 73,6% of river water energy potential into useful energy and only 59,6% - at
water pumping. Relatively small efficiency at water pumping is due to a more reduced efficiency of
the low speed electromotor.

5.2.4. Micro hydropower plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water
kinetic energy conversion into electrical energy (MHCF D4x1,5E)

The micro hydro power plant (figure 54) is designed to convert river water kinetic energy into
electrical energy only. The construction peculiarities are as follows: the hydraulic rotor comprises
five blades 1; the permanent magnet generator 3 (figure 53) is assembled coaxially with a

67
planetary multiplier 1 through toroidal coupling 2 and housing 4 for taking over the reactive moment
of torsion.

1. Blade with hydrodynamic

NACA 0016 profile; 2 5 blade
rotor; 3 planetary multiplier with
multiplying ratio i=112; 4
permanent magnet generator
(characteristics see p. 5.3); 5
plastic pontoons; 6 guide; 7
spatial housing.

Figure 70 Micro hydro power plant with hydrodynamic rotor for river water kinetic energy
conversion into electrical energy (5-blade rotor diameter D = 4 m, submerged height of blade h = 1,4
m, length of blade chord l = 1,3 m).

68
Dependence of summary torque T1 applied to
the 5-blade rotor shaft depending on water flow 5
x 10
4 Momentul sumar T la diferite viteze, Profil:NACA 0016

velocity (V = 1,3...1,8) m/s is presented in

figure 72. Kinematic and lifting capacity 4.5

calculations of all structural elements, including 4

functional parameters and technical 3.5
38137 N m

characteristics of micro hydropower plants have

been carried out for the torque value T1 = 19893 3
30133 N m

T, (n m)
Nm, corresponding to the water flow velocity V 2.5

= 1,3 m/s (maximum velocity specified for Prut, 2

19893 N m
Dniester and Raut rivers).
1.5

Efficiency of the kinetic energy transmitted by 1

Valoare medie
v0=1.3 m/s

the water flow to the hydraulic rotor can be 0.5

v =1.6 m/s
0
v0=1.8 m/s
considered (at the permanent magnet generator 0
terminals): 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Unghiul de pozitionare, (Deg)
300 330 360

1 r g 0,9 0,99 0,87 0,775 . Figure 71 Torque T1 at the shaft of 5-blade

hydrodynamic rotor with NACA 0016 profile
In conclusion, we state that micro hydropower plant MHCF D4x1, 5E ensures the transformation of
77.5% of the flowing water potential energy into useful electrical energy transmitted to the
hydrodynamic rotor.

According with obtained research results the industrial prototype of the microhydropower station for
the river kinetic energy conversion into electrical and mechanical energies (diameter of rotor d =
4m, submersed height of the blade h = 1,4m, length of blade l =1,3m) (MHCF D4x1,5 E) was
produced (figure 73).

Figure 72 Industrial prototype of the microhydropower station for the river kinetic energy
conversion into electrical energy (diameter of rotor d = 4m, submersed height of the blade h = 1,4m,
length of blade l =1,3m) (MHCF D4x1,5 E)

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 6. Summary and Conclusions

The paper presents a modern monitoring system of the hydraulic, mechanical and electrical
parameters related to a SHP and also a new concept with regard to the possibility of catching the
kinetic energy of a water stream.

The monitoring system of the SHP parameters has been implemented to a SHP on Arges river,
here being presented the equipment of the monitoring system, their arrangement within the power
house, the connection between the equipment, and the information processing and presentation
method. The paper presents also the fact that several small hydropower plants, having
implemented this monitoring system, can be interconnected and managed from a dispatcher
center. The most important issue is that the different failures, that can occur, can be analyzed and
interpreted accurately, especially the electrical failures and that cannot be other way interpreted.

As innovative technology for the catchment of the water kinetic energy it is presented a kinetic
turbine, completely new, of last generation, fully designed and manufactured by the technical
University of Moldavia and tested in situ in Prut river (located at the border between Romania and
Moldavia).

In the Annex there are presented new technologies developed for the catchment of the water
kinetic energy.

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Annex

FREE FLOW TURBINE VERDANT POWER

-a three-blade horizontal-axis turbine designed to capture energy from both river and tidal currents
-the turbines are installed and operate fully under water, invisible from the shore
-spun slowly and steadily by underwater currents, the turbines rotor drives a gearbox, which in turn
drives a grid-connected generator
-the gearbox and generator are encased in a waterproof streamlined nacelle mounted on a pylon
-the pylon assembly has internal yaw bearings allowing it to pivot the turbine with the direction of
the rivers currents
-the pylon is bolted via an adjustable adapter to a pile fixed to the river bottom
-the turbine will operate below 1 m/s but for economic efficiency it recommends velocities
greater than of 2 m/s and water depths of at least 6.5 m

Figure 73 Free flow turbine, Verdant Popwer

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FREE FLOW TURBINE UEK Corporation Underwater Electric Kite

-the system employs two axial-flow turbines in a side-by-side configuration. Each turbine consists
of five blades that dive a single internal generator housed within the nacelle.
-the system incorporates an augmenter ring that is integral with rear edge of the shroud. The
augmenter ring extends outwardly with respect to the axial alignment of the turbine shafts and
deflects the flow of water about the shroud. This creates a low pressure zone of the rear of the
shroud that pulls water through the turbine blades at a velocity greater than that of the normal
surrounding flow of water.
-the unit is positively buoyant and is secured to the river bed by a single anchorage system using a
cable bridle. When flown as a kite the angle of attack is altered by a patented ballasting system
that shifts a weight forward and back in the keel. Keeping a controlled operational depth, the units
are not affected by the surface effect of the large waves or navigation. Lateral positioning controls
permit the units to stay in the core of current.
-the turbine is designed to operate in river, tidal or ocean currents
-various models exist from 2 m to 5 m and operate in extremely low velocities of 0.2 m/s or less

Figure 74 Free flow turbine, UEK Corporation Underwater Electric Kite

FREE FLOW TURBINE SWAN TURBINE

-the unit is a three-bladed axial flow turbine

-a gearless low speed generator offers a high efficiency over a range of speeds with minimal
maintenance demands through the use of novel structural electromagnetic topologies

-a simple, robust and serviceable yawing mechanism is used for maximum flow capture

72
 Figure 75 Free flow turbine, Swan turbine

FREE FLOW TURBINE GORLOV HELICAL

-a cross-axis turbine consisting of one or more helical blades that run along an imaginary
cylindrical surface of rotation like a screw thread
-the helical airfoil blades provide a reaction thrust perpendicular to the leading edges of the blades
that can pull them faster than the fluid flow itself
-the GHT allows a large mass of slow water to flow through, capturing its kinetic energy and
utilizing a very simple rotor
-it can be assembled vertically, horizontally or in any other cross-axis combination using common
shaft and generator for an array of multiple turbines
-generating capacity is proportional to the number of modules
-in its vertical orientation the generator and gearing can easily be positioned above water
-the standard unit is 1 m diameter by 2.5 m in length
-it starts producing power at approximately 0.6 m/s.

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 Figure 76 Free flow turbine, Gorlov helical turbine

FREE FLOW TURBINE MILLAU VLH (VERY LOW HEAD TURBINE)

-installed capacity 410 kW
-commissioned on March 19, 2007
-a DN 4500 (runner diameter 4.5 m).
-the 410 kW max nominal power at grid was reached at the nominal speed of 37 rpm
-very smooth, vibration-free and silent operation (one must touch the machine to find out whether it
is operating)

Figure 77 Free flow turbine, Millau VLH

74
7. References
References (RO)

1. Cojocar, Mihai. Hidroconstructia 2005. 2005.

2. Pavel, Dorin. Masini Hidraulice. Bucuresti : Editura Energetica de stat, 1965.
3. Arbiter Systems. Model 1133A Power Sentinel GPS-Synchronized Power Quality/Revenue Standard -
Operation Manual.
4. www.elpros.si. UniFusion. ELPROS. [Online] ELPROS. http://www.elpros.si/eng/UF_base.htm.
5. National Instruments. NI cRIO-9022 Operating Instructions and Specifications.
6. Carlo Gavazzi. PQT H Smart Modular Network Power Quality Transducer - Instruction Manual.
7. Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy - Power for a Sustainable Future. s.l. : Oxford University Press.
8. Silviu, Folea. LabVIEW - Practical Applications and Solutions. s.l. : InTech, Croatia, 2011.
9. Alexandru Fransua, Razvan Magureanu. Electrical machines and Drive Systems. s.l. : Technical Press,
Oxford, UK, 1984.
10. Aquatic Renewable Energy Technologies AQUARET, Leonardo da Vinci, Project No: IRL/06/B/F/PP-
153111, 2006, www.aquaret.com.
11. Websites: www.vlh-turbine.com, www.swanturbines.co.uk, www.uekus.com,
www.verdantpower.com, www.gcktechnology.com, en.wikipedia.org

References (MOLD)

Monographs:
1. I. Bostan, V. Dulgheru, I. Sobor, V. Bostan, A. Sochirean. Renewable energy conversion systems: / - Ch. :
Tehnica-Info, 2007. 592pp.
2. Bostan, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, R. Ciuperc. Anthology of inventions: renewable energy conversion
systems: / - Ch.: Bons Offices SRL, 2009. 458pp.
3. Jula A., Mogan Gh., Bostan I., Dulgheru V. et al. ECOMECA ECO- mechanical engineering. Braov,
Publ. House of Transilvania University, Braov, p.324.
4. BOSTAN, I.; GHEORGHE, A.; DULGHERU, V.; BOSTAN, V.; SOCHIREANU, A.; DICUSAR, I.
Conversion of Renewable Kinetic Energy of Water: synthesis, Theoretical Modeling, and Experimental
Evaluation. Energy Security: International and Local Issues, Theoretical Perspectives, and Critical Energy
Infrastructures (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security). 2011. Published
by Springer, p. 125-177. ISBN 978-94-007-0718-4

Article:
5. Bostan I., Dulgheru V., Sobor I., Bostan V., Sochirean A. Valorisation of renewable energy // ENERG VI:
Energy, Environment, Economy, Resources, Globalization. Publ. AGIR, Bucureti. P. 152-205. ISBN 978-
973-720-263-5.
6. Bostan I., Bostan V., Dulgheru V. Microhidro stations / Seminar addressed to hydropower stakeholders in
Moldova - SEE HYDROPOWER - clear water, clean energy (SEE - South East Europe) 24.03.2010.
7. Dulgheru V. Utilisation of renewable energy sources - wind, solar and hydro in the Republic of Moldova.
Meridian Ingineresc, nr. 3, 2009. P. 63-69.
8. Bostan I., Dulgheru V. Renewable energy conversion systems one of basic element for sustenable
st
development of society. // Pro-Active Partnership in Creativity for the Next Generation. Proceedings: 32
ARA Congress. - Sibiu, 2009. - P. 78-82.

75
Patents:
9. PATENT 2981 (MD), CIB B 63 B 35/44; E 02 B 17/00. Hydraulic station / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgheru, V.
Bostan. R. Ciuperc. Publ. BOPI 2006. - Nr. 2.
10. PATENT 2991 (MD), CIB F03 B 7/00. Hydroelectric station / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, O.
Ciobanu, A. Sochireanu. Publ. BOPI 2006. - Nr. 2.
11. PATENT 2992 (MD), CIB F 03 B 7/00. Hydraulic station / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgheru, A. Sochireanu, V.
Bostan, O. Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu. Publ. BOPI 2006. - Nr. 2.
12. PATENT 2993 (MD), CIB F 03 B 7/00; F 03 B 13/00. Hydraulic turbine / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgheru, V.
Bostan, A. Sochireanu, N. Trifan. Publ. BOPI 2006. - Nr. 2.
13. PATENT 3104 (MD), CIB F 03 B 7/00: F 16 H 1/00. Hydraulic station / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgheru, V.
Bostan, A. Sochireanu, O. Ciobanu; R. Ciobanu, I. Dicusar. Publ. BOPI2006. -Nr. 7.
14. PATENT 3845 (MD), CIB F 03 B 13/00; F 03 B 7/00; F 03 B 13/10; ; F 03 B 13/22; ; F 03 B 17/06.
Hydraulic station / I. BOSTAN, V. Dulgeru, V. Bostan, A. Sochireanu, O. Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu. Publ. BOPI
2009. - Nr. 2.
15. PATENT 3846 (MD), CIB F 03 B 13/00; F 03 B 7/00; F 03 B 13/18; ; F 03 B 13/22; ; F 03 B 17/06.
Hydraulic station with horizontal axle / I. BOSTAN, A. Gheorghe, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, A. Sochireanu, O.
Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu. Publ. BOPI 2009. - Nr. 2.

Presentation on the International Salon of Research and Innovations

16. Bostan Ion, Dulgheru Valeriu, Sobor Ion, Bostan Viorel, Sochireanu Anatol, Crudu Radu, Guu Marin,
Ciobanu Oleg, Ciobanu Radu, Trifan Nicolae. Industrial prototype of mini hidropower station for flow
water kinetic energy conversion. Salon des Inventions, Geneva,- Palexpo, 6 au 10 avril 2010 (Silver
medal).
17. Bostan Ion, Dulgheru Valeriu, Sobor Ion, Bostan Viorel, Sochireanu Anatol, Crudu Radu, Guu Marin,
Ciobanu Oleg, Ciobanu Radu,Trifan Nicolae. Industrial prototype of mini hidropower station for flow
water kinetic energy conversion. XIIIth Moskow International Salon of Research and Innovations
ARHIMED-2010. 30.03..02.04.2010 (Gold medal).
18. Bostan I. (MD), Dulgheru V. (MD), Bostan V. (MD), Ciobanu O. (MD), Ciobanu R. (MD), Sochireanu A.
(MD), Dicusar I. (MD), Trifan N. (MD). Industrial prototype of mini hidropower station for flow water
kinetic energy conversion into electrica land mechanical energy. (DIPLOM i Medalia de aur. Premiul
Special al Asociaiei Inventatorilor din Zagreb). EUROINVENT"-European Exhibition of Creativity and
Innovation-Iai, Romnia. 07..09.05.2010 (Gold medal).
19. Bostan Ion, Dulgheru Valeriu, Bostan Viorel, Sochireanu Anatol, Ciobanu Oleg, Ciobanu Radu, Dicusar
Ion, Trifan Nicolae. Industrial prototype of mini hidropower station for flow water kinetic energy
conversion into electrica land mechanical energy. International Salon of Research and Innovations,
INVENTICA 2010, XIVth edition, 9- 11 June 2010 (Gold medal).
20. Bostan Ion, Dulgheru Valeriu, Bostan Viorel, Sochireanu Anatol, Ciobanu Oleg, Ciobanu Radu, Dicusar
Ion, Trifan Nicolae. Industrial prototype of mini-hydropower station for flow water kinetic energy conversion.
EURECA 2009, Bruxel (Gold medal).
21. DIPLOMA. Awarded to: I. Bostan, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, A. Sochirean, O. Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu, N.
Trifan for the Floatable micro-hydropower station. PRIZE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION.
EUROINVENT2009 - Iai, 9/05/2009.
22. I. Bostan, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, A. Sochirean, O. Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu, Nicolae Trifan for the Floatable
micro-hydropower station with adjustable blades. EUROINVENT2009.- Iai, 9/05/2009. (Gold medal).
23. I. Bostan, I. Via, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, A. Sochireanu, O. Ciobanu, N. Trifan. Micro-hydropower station
for the rivers water kinetic energy conversion // - Cluj-Napoca, 2009 The International Salon of Research
and Innovations PROINVENT 2009. The DIPLOMA of EXCELLENCE and PROINVENT medal.
24. I. Bostan, A.Greorghe, V. Dulgheru, V. Bostan, A. Sochireanu, V. Cartofeanu, O. Ciobanu, R. Ciobanu, I.
Dicusar, N. Trifan. Flotable micro-hydropower station with self-oriented hydrodynamic blades // - Cluj-
Napoca, 2011 The International Salon of Research and Innovations PROINVENT 2011. The DIPLOMA of
EXCELLENCE and (Gold medal).

76
 Authors Contact

Razvan Magureanu (POLI-B)

razmagureanu@ieee.org
Telephone: +40 722228514
Fax: +40 214029342

Sergiu Ambrosi (POLI-B)

e-mailsergiu.ambrosi@yahoo.com
Telephone: +40 721761481
Fax: +40 214029342

Bogdan Popa (POLI-B)

e-mail: popab_234@yahoo.com
Telephone: +40 214029189
Fax: +40 214029189

Bostan Ion, Dulgheru Valeriu,

Bostan Viorel, Sochirean Anatol (MOLD)
e-mail:dulgheru@mail.utm.md

www.seehydropower.eu

Project Contact

Ing. Maximo Peviani

maximo.peviani@erse-web.it
Telephone: +39 035 55771 (switchboard)

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