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 I PERSEPSI


!"#$%&'()!('!#*(+,%+-.+,%)"#!(/%,%#/()#0."
a. Persepsi, dalam arti kata luas.

+#/()%)"#'(+,()"#%+'(*%&%*%+-%+"%1!#)%+"(+"%+,!(!.%".&%$"()"(+".
b. Persepesi, dalam arti kata sempit

+#/()%)"#!%*%-(+,%+'()!('!#'%+2%#+-()%3%+,/()%)"#"%+,0%'%+)%+,!%+,
-%)#$.%)4$(&'%+2%#+-()%5
%$%* '(*()#0!%%+ '!#0#%")# 0&.!.! &%).! -#'()#0!% %'%0%& !"#*.$.! %0.!"#0
6'(+-(+,%)%+7 !"#*.$.! 8#!.%$ 6'(+,$#&%"%+7 -%+ !"#*.$.!!"#*.$.! $%#+ *(*%+, -#
"%+,0%'4$(&#+-#8#-.!(2%)%9%:%)5c()$.-#'()&%"#0%+/%&9%-%$%*0(%-%%+'!#04"#0
"()"(+".!.%"./.+3#%"%.,%*/%)%+0&.!.!-%'%"-#'()!('!#!(2%)%!%+,%""#-%09%:%)
-%+0%-%+,0%-%+,!%+,%"*(+%0."0%+5
;.,% -%$%* 0(%-%%+ #+"40!#0%!# -%+ 0(%-%%+ -(,(+()%!# 4),%+#2 *%0%
'()!('!#'%+2%#+-()%#+#-%'%""(),%+,,.5
c()!('!# %-%$%& &%!#$ #+"()%0!# %+"%)% -.% '#&%0 3%#". !%". '#&%0  )%+,!%+,
!(+!4)#03%+,"()".:.0('%-%#+-#8#-.#".-%+-#'#&%0$%#+1%2"4)1%0"4)'(+,%).&3%+,
*(+,%".) %"%. *(+,4$%& )%+,!%+, #". !(2%)% #+")%'!#0#05 %2"4)1%0"4) '(+,%).& #+#
-%'%"/()!#1%"/#4$4,#2!42#%$-%+'!#04$4,#05
%)(+% %-%+3% ')4!(! '(+,%).&*(*'(+,%).&# %+"%)% 0(-.% '#&%0 "%-#
-#*%+% ".)." !()"% ')4!(! %!4!#%!# *%0% "():%-#$%& !.%". &%!#$ #+"()%0!# "()"(+". 3%+,
/()!#1%"<,%*/%)%+'!#0#0=5

Ilusi
Ilusi adalah suatu persepsi panca-indera disebabkan adanya rangsang panca
indra yang ditafsirkan salah. Dengan lain perkataan adanya interpretasi yang salah dari
suatu rangsang panca indra.
(/%,%# *#!!%$ !(4)%+, '(+-()#"% -(+,%+ '()%!%%+ 3%+, /()!%$%& -%'%"
*(+,#+"()')("%!#!.%)%/(),()%0-%.+-%.+!(/%,%#!.%)%3%+,*(+-(0%"#+3%5

$.!#!()#+,"()-%'%"'%-%
 (%-%%+%1(0"#13%+,$.%)/#%!%
  (#+,#+%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%
 4)4+,%+-%+#*'.$!#*'.$!3%+,*(+-(!%0
c%-% 0(%-%%+ /#+,.+, 0%)(+% #+"40!#0%!# /%#0 -#!(/%/0%+ 4$(& 0%)(+% )%2.+
*%.'.+ #+1(0!# '()!('!# -%'%" -# #+"()')("%!# !%$%& 0%)(+% )%+,!%+, !(+!4)#0 -%+
0(!%+0(!%+ "#-%0 -#./%& -%+ -# #+"(,)%!# !(2%)% /%#0 -# -%$%* 4"%05
$.!# -(*#0#%+
/#%!%+3% 0.)%+, /()%)"# -#/%+-#+,0%+ -(+,%+ #$.!# 3%+, "():%-# -(+,%+ 0(!%-%)%+
'(+.&5
-%:(+#!#$.!#
 #!.%$
 0.!"#0
 $1%0"4)#0

.!"%"4)#0
 %0"#$

@alusinasi
@alusinasi adalah persepsi panca-indera tanpa rangsang pada reseptor-reseptor
panca indra. Jadi halusinasi adalah persepsi tanpa objek.
%$.!#+%!# *().'%0%+ !.%". ,(:%$% '!#0#%")#0 3%+, ,%9%" 6!()#.!75
+-#8#-.
*(+-(+,%) !.%)% "%+'% %-%+3% )%+,!%+, %0.!"#05
+-#8#-. *($#&%" !(!.%". "%+'%
%-%+3% )%+,!%+, '%-% *%"% *(*/%. !(!.%". "%+'% %-%+3% )%+,!%+, '%-% #+-)%
'(+2#.*%+5
(:%$% &%$.!#+%!# '%-% .*.*+3% *().'%0%+ !.%". ,(:%$% '!#04"#0
&%$.!#+%!# '(+-(+,%)%+ !()#+, -#:.*'%# '%-% !0#>41)(+#% !(-%+,0%+ &%$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$
!()#+,-#%$%*#'%-%'(+-()#"%-(+,%+'!#04!%3%+,%0."5
(+("%'0%+ ,(:%$% &%$.!#+%!# %-%$%& '(+"#+, !(0%$# %0%+ "("%'# $(/#& '(+"#+,
$%,# #%$%& *(+-.,% ')4!(! -#+%*#0 3%+, *(+:%-# -%!%) -%)# &%$.!#+%!# #". %,%) 0#"%
-%'%"*(*%&%*#!(2%)%$(/#&*(+-%$%*04+1$#03%+,-#%$%*#4$(&'(+-()#"%"()!(/."5
%$.!#+%!# -%'%" '.$% "():%-# '%-% 4)%+, +4)*%$ 3%#". &%$.!#+%!# 3%+, "():%-#
'%-% 9%0". %+"%)% 9%0". "#-.) -%+ 9%0". /%+,.+ &%$ #+# 0#"% !(/." &%$.!#+%!#
&3'+%,4,#05
c%-% 4)%+, +4)*%$ -%'%" '.% "#*/.$ &%$.!#+%!# -%+ #$.!# -(+,%+ '(*/()#%+
4/%"4/%"%+*#!%$+3%
 (!2%$#+(%"%.-$3!(),#2%2#--#("&3$%*#-(?6 5 57
. @alusinasi pendengaran (akustik)
%$.!#+%!##+#!()#+,0%$#/()/(+".0
 04%!*%!.%)%!.%)%3%+,0%2%./%$%.3%+,"%0-%'%"-#/(-%0%+!(2%)%
"(,%!5
 c&4+(*(!.%)%!.%)%3%+,/()/(+".0!.%)%:($%!!('()"#3%+,/()%!%$-%)#
*%+.!#%!(&#+,,%'(+-()#"%*(+-(+,%)0%"%0%"%%"%.0%$#*%""()"(+".5
%$.!#+%!# %0.!"#0 *().'%0%+ ,%+,,.%+ '()!('!# 3%+, '%$#+, !()#+, 0#"%
:.*'%#5
%-%+,0%-%+, &%$.!#+%!# /().'% /()*%2%**%2%* !.%)% "("%'#
0(/%+3%0%+ /().'% 0%"%0%"% 3%+, !(-#0#" *(*/(+".0 0%$#*%"5 #%!%+3%
0%$#*%"0%$#*%" #". /()#!# 0%"%0%"% 3%+, !!%$#+, /()&./.+,%+ %"%. 3%+,
-#%$%*%"0%+ 6-#".:.0%+7 0('%-% '(+-()#"%5 c(+-()#"% -%'%" /()/#2%)% %"%.
/()"(+,0%) -(+,%+ !.%)% #".5 $(& '(+-()#"% -#0%"%0%+ /%&9% !.%)% #".
/()!.*/()@/()%!%$ -%)# !%$%& !%". /%,#%+ "./.&+3% %"%. -%"%+, -%)# :%.&5
%-%+,0%-%+, #!# '()0%"%%+ *(+3(+%+,0%+ "("%'# /#%!%+3% "#-%0
*(+3(+%+,0%+ *(+,&#+% 04"4) %"%. /()!#1%" *(+.-.&5 %"%0%"% 3%+,
"#-%0 *(+3(+%+,0%+ #+# *().'%0%+ ')43(0!# -%)# %!'(0 0(')#/%-#%+ 3%+,
"#-%0 -##+,#+0%+ %"%. &%)%'%+ 3%+, "#-%0 -##:#+0%%+ *%!.0 0( -%$%* %$%*
!%-%)-%$%*/(+".0!(*.$%5
%$.!#+%!# 3%+, *(+3%+,0." '()#+"%& /#%!%+3% *(3%0#+0%+ -%+
*(*%0!%5 %)(+%+3% -%'%" *(+,%0#/%"0%+ '()/.%"%+ $%+,!.+, -%+
/()/%&%3%5 c(+,%).&+3% -(*#0#%+ /(!%) !(&#+,,% '(+-()#"% "#-%0 /%+3%0
*(*'()&%"#0%+0(+3%"%%+-#!(0($#$#+,+3%5
2. @alusinasi penglihatan (visual)
#:.*'%# "#-%0 !(/%+3%0 ,%+,,.%+ &%$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$ -#/%+-#+,0%+
&%$.!#+%!#%0.!"#05 ()#+,-#!()"%#-(+,%+0(!%-%)%+*(+.).+%"%./()0%/."5
(2%)%0&%!/%+3%0-#:.*'%#'%-%0(%-%%+-($#)#.*4$(&0%)(+%'(+3%0#"
#+1(0!# %0." %"%. '!#04!% 4),%+#25
%+,,.%+ "():%-# '%-% ,%+,,.%+ 4"%0 3%+,
%0."-%+)(8()!#/$(5
 %$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$ $(#/& !()#+, *(+#*/.$0%+ 0("%0."%+ '%-% '(+-()#"%
-#/%+-#+,0%+-(+,%+&%$.!#+%!#%0.!"#05
c%-% 0(%-%%+ -($#)#.* ")(*(+! "():%-# &%$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$ -(+,%+ 0(!%+
3%+,!%+,%"*(+%0."0%+-%+!%+,%"*(+,,($#!%&0%+5
%$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$ 3%+, "%0 :($%! /(+".0+3% -#:.*'%# '%-% 0($%#+%+ -%)#
24)"(A 2()(/)# !(-%+,0%+ &%$.!#+%!# 8#!.%$ -(+,%+ /(+".0 3%+, :($%! -%+
0(:%-#%+0(:%-#%+ 3%+, 04*'$(0! -#-%'%"0%+ '%-% 0($%#+%+ 24)"(A "(*'4)4
'%)#("%$-#'()0#)%0%+'%-%/%,#%+3%+,-4*#+%+5
R. @alusinasi olfaktorik (pembauan)
()#+,-#-%'%"0%+'%-%0(%-%%+!0#>41)(+#%-%+0(%-%%+$(!#-%)#$4/.!
"(*'4)%$#!5 %$.!#+%!# 4$1%0"4)#0 !()#+, "#-%0 *(+3(+%+,0%+ -%+ "#-%0 -#!.0%#5
#*/.$!#1%"'(+4$%0%+-%+*().'%0%+,%*/%)%+-%)#'()%!%%+/()!%$%&5
4. @alusinasi gustatorik (rasa lidah/pengecap)
%$.!#+%!#,.!"%"4)#0*.)+#:%)%+,-#:.*'%#"("%'#!()#+,"():%-#/()!%*%
!%*%-(+,%+&%$.!#+%!#4$1%0"4)#05
$.!#,.!"%"4)#0$(/#&!()#+,-#:.*'%#5
5. @alusinasi (taktil) perabaan
()#+,-#:.*'%#'%-%0(%-%%+"40!#0*#!%$+3%-($#)#.*")(*(+!-%+:.,%
'%-%%-#0!#040%#+5
6. @alusinasi heptik

+# *().'%0%+ !.%". '()!('!# -#*%+% !(4$%&4$%& "./.& !(+-#)#
/()!(+".&%+@/()!#+,,.+,%+ !(2%)% 1#!#0 -(+,%+ *%+.!#% $%#+ %"%. /(+-% $%#+5
()#+,0%$#&%$.!#+%!#&%'"#0#+#/()24)%0!(0!.%$5
7. @alusinasi kinestetik
c(+-()#"% *()%!% /%&9% %+,,4"% "./.&+3% "()$('%! -%)# "./.&+3%
*(+,%$%*# '()./%&%+ /(+".0 -%+ /(),()%0 !(+-#)#5 ()#+, -#:.*'%# '%-%
!0#>41)(+#% -%+ 0(%-%%+0(%-%%+ "40!#05 ;.,% '%-% 0()%2.+%+ *(!2%$#+
'!#$423/#+-%+- 5
8. @alusinasi autoskopi, heatoskopi
c(+-()#"%!(4$%&4$%&*($#&%"-#)#+3%-#&%-%'%++3%

 
 II PROSES BERPIKIR

croses berfikir ialah suatu proses intra-psikik yang meliputi pengolahan dari
berbagai fikiran dan faham dengan jalan membayangkan, mengkhayalkan, memahami,
membandingkan dan menarik kesimpulan sehingga terjelma pikiran dan paham baru.
%,# *%+.!#% ')4!(! /()'#0#) #+# *().'%0%+ !.%". &%$ 3%+, !%+,%" '(+#"+,
0%)(+%*($%$.#')4!(!/()'#0#)#".$%&"():%-#'(+,4$%&%+-%)#'%-%/()/%,%#!#%!%".+".0
*(+(+".0%+!#0%'-%+"#+,0%&$%0.0(*.-#%+5
%)(+% #". ')4!(! /()1#0#) -%'%" -#!(/." !(/%,%# .!%&% '()!#%'%+ .+".0
'()/.%"%+ 0(*.-#%+5 c)4!(! /()1#0#) -#%+,,%' !(/%,%# !.%". /(+".0  ")('!#0#0 -%)#
'()/.%"%+*%+.!#%-%+4$(&0%)(+%#".-#%+,,%'!(/%,%#/(+"0#+"(,)%!#3%+,"()"#+,,#
'%-%*%+.!#%5
#-%$%*')4!(!/()1#0#)#".-#4$%&!(,%$%'(+,%).&-%+0(!%+!()"%'(+,%$%*%+
3%+,'()+%&-#'()4$(&*%+.!#%/%#0-%$%*#+"()%0!#'!#04!4!#%$*%.'.+3%+,/()!#1%"
04+!"#".!#%"%.4),%+4/#4$4,#0!(&#+,,%"():($*%$%&!.%"./(+".03%+,$(/#&04*'$(0!
$(/#&#+"(,)%"#8(-%+/()"%)%1$(/#&"#+,,#
%$%**(*'()&%"#0%+')4!(!/()1#0#)!(!(4)%+,0#"%'()&%"#0%+
%5 (+".0'#0#)%+
/5 c)4,)(!#@0($%+2%)%+@%).!1#0#)%+
25
!#'#0#)%+

. Gangguan bentuk pikiran
%+,!%+, /()'#0#) /()%!%$ -%)# /()/%,%# !.*/() "()*%!.0 -%)# %$%* "%0
!%-%)-%+%$%*'()%!%%+"("%'#-#04)(0!#4(&%0%$!(&%"$4,#0%-%+)(%$#"%!5
c#0#)%+ -(*#0#%+ -#+%*%0%+ )%!#4+%$ -%+ )(%$#!"#25 (*.%+3% -#%)%&0%+
-%+ "():%-# -%$%* 0(%-%%+ 0(!%-%)%+ '(+.&5 c%-% 0(%-%%+ *($%*.+ 6-%3
-)(%*#+,7 /()'#0#) -#%)%&0%+ "#-%0 &%+3% 4$(& '()"#*/%+,%+ )(%$#!"#2 "("%'#
!(/%,#%+/(!%)4$(&0(#+,#+%+(,4!(+")#0-%+0(/.".&%++%1!.5
c%-% ,%+,,.%+ :#9% "()."%*% !0#>41)(+#% /()'#0#) -%'%" -#%)%&0%+ 4$(&
1%2"4)1%0"4) -#$.%) 0(!%-%)%+ 6/%9%& !%-%)7 -%+ *(+:%-# !.%". /(+".0 %."#!#"#!
6-()(#!"#075
 ()'#0#)!(2%)%%."#!"#2*().'%0%+0(/%$#0%+-%)#/()'#0#)!(2%)%)(%$#!"#25
()'#0#) %."#!"#2 /()!#1%" 04*'$(0! -(+,%+ -4)4+,%+ -%+ *4"#8%!# %1(0"#1
-%+ 04+%"#1 $%#++3% *(+-%'%" 0(/(/%!%+ -%+ /():%$%+ "%+'% *(+,&#)%.0%+
0(!%-%)%+-%+)(%$#"%!50#/%"+3%&./.+,%+6%!4!#%!#71%&%*@'#0#)%+"#-%0$4,#!
$%,#5
B. Gangguan progresi pikiran
($%+2%)%+ -%+ %0"8#"%! %!4!#%!# -#'#0#)%+ "(+". !%:% "#-%0 -%'%" 0#"%
'($%:%)#0(2.%$#*(+#$%#'()0%"%%+3%+,0($.%)-%$%*'(*/#2%)%%+!(!(4)%+,5
c%-% 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ !($%$. %-% %!4!#%!# "()"(+". %+"%)% !%". '4040
'#0#)%+ -(+,%+ '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+, $%#+ *(+.:. 0( !%". ".:.%+ "()%0&#) 3%+,
"()"(+".'.$%5#!#+#&%).!-#!()"%#'.$%&./.+,%+3%+,$4,#!%+"%)%!%".'4040
'#0#)%+-(+,%+'4040'#0#)%+3%+,$%#+!(&#+,,%*(+,&%!#$0%+!.%".'(+,()"#%+
3%+,-%'%"-#"%+,0%'4$(&4)%+,$%#+5
. Flight of ideas / pikiran yang berloncat-loncat
c%-% ,%+,,.%+ *(+"%$ "()"(+". "():%-# ,%+,,.%+ -# -%$%* ')4,)(!#
'#0#)%+ -#"%+-%# -(+,%+ %0"#8#"%! %!4!#%!# 3%+, *(+#+,0%" -(+,%+
'(+3#*'%+,%+ -%)# !%". '4040 '#0#)%+ 0( '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+, $%#+5 c4040
'#0#)%+ '4040 '#0#)%+ #+# !.!.$ *(+3.!.$ -(+,%+ .)."%+ 3%+, 2('%" "("%'#
"#-%0*(+.:.0(!.%".".:.%+%0&#)3%+,"()"(+".5
%!#& %-% &./.+,%+ 3%+, %,%0 $4,#! %+"%)% '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+, !%".
-(+,%+'4040'#0#)%+3%+,/()#0."+3%!(&#+,,%#!#'#0#)%+!($.).&+3%*%!#&
/#!%-#"%+,0%'4$(&4)%+,$%#+5
%+3%0'4040'#0#)%+3%+,"#*/.$!(2%)%2('%"0%)(+%'(+-()#"%"#-%0
-%'%" *(*.!%"0%+ '()&%"#%++3% &%+3% 0('%-% !%". ".:.%+ "("%'# !($%$.
"()"%)#0 '()&%"#%++3% 0('%-% '4040 '#0#)%+ $%#+ 3%+, "#*/.$ !(2%)% 2('%"
-%$%* #+,%"%++3%5 !4!#%!#+3% !%+,%" 2('%" -%+ "#*/.$ /()*%2%**%2%*
%!4!#%!# %+"%)% '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+, !%". -(+,%+ '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+,
/()#0."+3%5
#"%0(+%$*%2%*%!4!#%!#
 sosiasi bunyi-#*%+%"()-%'%"'()!%*%%+0%"%%"%.!.0.0%"%%+"%)%
'4040'#0#)%+3%+,!%".-(+,%+'4040'#0#)%+/()#0."+3%5#!%$+3%0%'%$
 "()/%+,B0%'%$ $%."B$%." :%9%B:%9% "(+,%&5 +,0%.B-%+%.0()/%.
!.%)%'%)%.
 sosiasi pengertian -#*%+% "()-%'%" '()!%*%%+ '(+,()"#%+ %+"%)%
'4040'#0#)%+!%".-(+,%+'4040'#0#)%+3%+,/()#0."+3%5#!%$+3%0%'%$
"()/%+,B/.).+,,%).-%?$%*/%+, (,%)%?%-#$*%0*.)
()#+,0#"%-%'%"0%+%!4!#%!#/.+3#-%+%!4!#%!#'(+,()"#%+"():%-#/()!%*%
!%*%5$#,&"!41#-(%!"()-%'%"'%-%!#+-)4*%*%+#25
2. Retardasi
c%-% '(+-()#"% #+# %!4!#%!# !%+,%" $%*/%" 2%)% /()'#0#) :.,% !%+,%"
$%*/%"5c#0#)%+++3%"#*/.$!(2%)%'($%+'($%+')4,)(!#+3%$%*/%"/#%!%+3%
-(+,%+ +%-% 3%+, !%+,%" $(*%& !(4$%&4$%& 0%"% -(*# 0%"% &%).! -#"%)#0
0($.%)5
#"% &%).! !%/%) -%$%* /()/#2%)% -(+,%+ '(+-()#"% #+#5 (%-%%+ #+#
!()#+,0#"%-%'%"0%+'%-%!#+-)4*%-(')(!#-%+:.,%'%-%!0#>41)(+#%5
R. Pornovorasi dan verbigerasi
#!#+# "():%-# '(+,.$%+,%+ "().!*(+().! -%)# !.%". '4040 '0#)%+
!.%".0%$#*%"%"%.!.%".0%"%0%"%5c(+,.$%+,%+"():%-#!(2%)%%/+4)*%$5
Persoverasi:#0%3%+,-#.$%+,#0%$#*%"0%$#*%"3%+,!%*%
Verbigenasi:#0%3%+,-#.$%+,#0%"%0%"%3%+,!%*%5
(%-%%+#+#0#"%-%'%"0%+'%-%!#+-)4*%0%"%"4+5
5 Circumstantiality6'#0#)%+3%+,/()'."%)'."%)7
c%-% 0(%-%%+ ,%+,,.%+ #+# '(+-()#"% "#-%0 -%'%" *(+,."%)%0%+
'4040'#0#)%++3%!(2%)%"(,%!"#-%0-%'%"*(*/(-%0%+*%+%3%+,(!(+!#%$
-%+3%+,+4+(!(+!#%$!(&#+,,%!($%$.-#2%*'.)#-(+,%+/()*%2%**%2%*
!4%$ 3%+, "#-%0 /()%)"#5 (&#+,,% /%+3%0 "#*/.$ '(+3#*'%+,%+
'(+3#*'%+,%+ 3%+, *($($%&0%+5 (%-%%+ #+# "()-%'%" '%-%  4$#,4'&)(+#%
('#$('!3-%+-(*(+"#%!(*#$#!5
5. Inkoherensi

%$%& !%.". ')4,)(!#1 '#0#)%+ 3%+, 0%2%.5 (/()%'% '4040 '#0#)%+
-#0($.%)0%+ !(2%)% !(0%$#,.! -%$%* !%". 0%$#*%"5 #-%0 %-% &./.+,%+ 3%+,
+3%"% -%+ $4,#! %+"%)% '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+, !%". -(+,%+ '4040 '#0#)%+ 3%+,
 /()#0."+3%5#-%0%-%&./.+,%+3%+,$4,#!%+"%)%0%$#*%"3%+,!%".-(+,%+
0%$#*%"3%+,$%#+-(*#0#%+'.$%%+"%)%!%".'&)%!(-(+,%+'&)%!(3%+,$%#+
6'&)%!( C '()+3%"%%+75 c%-% #+04&()(+!# %-% 0(2(+-().+,%+ '#0#)%+ "#*/.$
-%)#04*'$(0!3%+,0%2%.3%+,*().'0%+/%&%+/%&%+)(')(!#(1(0"#13%+,
!.-%&:(+.&5
(:%$%#+#*().'%0%+,(:%$%0&%!'%-%!0#>41)(+#%5
6. Blocking (terhalang)
c%-%0(%-%%+#+#-(+,%+"#/%"#/%%).!'#0#)%+"()&(+"#5c(+-()#"%"#-%0
-%'%" *(+,($.%)0%+ !('%"%& 0%"%'.+ !(!.-%& /(/()%'% 9%0". !(!.-%&
0(%-%%+#+#&#$%+,%).!'#0#)%+-%'%"0(*/%$#!('()"#!(*.$%5

+"().'!# -%)# ')4,)(!# '#0#)%+ #+# -#!(/%/0%+ 4$(& %0"#8#"%! 3%+,
04*'$(0! -%)# %1(0 3%+, "#-%0 *(+3(+%+,0%+5 $420#+, !()#+, 0#"% :.*'%#
'%-%!0#>41)(+#%5
C. Gangguan isi pikiran
%$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ #!# '#0#)%+ *(*'()$#&%"0%+ 8%)#%!# 3%+, 2.0.'
$.%!5 %$%* 0(%-%%+ "()"(+". '.$% !.%". '4$% !(+")%$ -%$%* '#0#)%+ *%+.!#%
4$(& 0%)(+% 04*'$(0!+3% '#0#)%+ #". -#%+,,%' !%+,%" '(+"#+, /%,#+3%5 ("%'#
4$(&4)%+,$%#+&%$#".-#%+,,%'"#-%0'(+"#+,5
0%+ "("%'# %-% :.,% #+-#8#-. 3%+, !(+%+"#%!% *(*'()!4%$0%+ -#)#+3%
!(+-#)# !(&#+,,% -#!#". +%*'%0$%& :($%! (,4!(+")#0 *()(0%5 '%/#$% !#1%"
(,4!(+")#0 #+# *($%*'%.# /%"%! +4)*%$ *%0% "#*/.$$%& ,%+,,.%+ -%)# #!#
'#0#)%+5
5 Over determined idea atau over valued idea (pikiran dengan tafsiran
yang terlalu tinggi)
c()&%"#%+ !($.).&+3% -#".:.0%+ 0(%)%& !%". "4'#2 %"%. *%!%$%&
-(+,%+ *(+(0%+0%+ !(,%$% '()%!%%++3% "()&%-%' !4%$!4%$ "()!(/."5
#%!%+3% #+# /()&./.+,%+ -(+,%+ 0(#+,#+%+0(#+,#+%+ 3%+, "()!(*/.+3#5
;#0% %-% '()"#*/%+,%+ 3%+, *(+(+"%+, #+# *%0% !(*.% "#-%0 -#$.$.!0%+
0($.%)-%$%*0(!%-%)%+5
($.).& 0(')#/%-#%+ -#'(+,%).&# 4$(& '()%!%%+ -%+ '#0#)%+ "()!(/."5
c#0#)%+ -(+,%+ "%1!#)%+ 3%+, "()$%$. "#+,,# #+# 648() 8%$.(- #-(%7 !($%$.
-#*%0!.-0%+ .+".0 *(*/($% -#)# *(*/($% 0($(*%&%+ !(+-#)# %"%.
 *(*/%+,,%0%+ -#)#+3% !(+-#)#5 D4+"4&  4)%+, 3%+, !.-%& ".% .+".0
*(*/($% 0($(*%&%++3% !(+-#)# -%$%* '(),%.$%+ !(&%)#&%)# !($%$.
*(+3%"%0%+  < 0#"% -%&.$. !(04$%& !.!%& $(/#& !.!%& -%)# !(0%)%+,
'($%:%)%+ -%&.$. $(/#& !(*'.)+% -%)# !(0%)%+, !%3% !.-%& /#%!% /(0():%
-%$%*!.%!%+%"(+%+,-%+"()%".)!(0%)%+,!(*.%#+#0%2%.=5
2. Delusi/waham/pikiran salah
aham adalah suatu keyakinan atau pikiran yang salah, karena
bertentangan dengan kenyataan (dunia realitas). aham dibangun atas
unsur-unsur yang tidak berdasarkan logic, individu tidak mau melepaskan
wahamnya, walaupun telah tersedia cukup bukti-bukti yang objektif tentang
ketidakbenarannya itu.#%!%+3%9%&%*-#,.+%0%+.+".0*(+,#!#0('()$.%+
%"%.0(#+,#+%+0(#+,#+%+-%)#'(+-()#"%#".!(+-#)#5#%'9%&%**(*'.+3%#
!#1%""()"(+".6!3%)%"7
 .%&'#0#)%+#+#!($%$.*(+,(+%#-#)#!(+-#)#6(,4!(+")#!7
 ($%$./()"(+"%+,%+-(+,%+)(%$#"%!
 ($%$./()"(+"%+,%+-(+,%+$4,#0%6'#0#)%+!(&%"7
 c(+-()#"%'()2%3% E'%-%0(/(+%)%+'#0#)%++3%5
 #-%0 -%'%" -#)./%& 4$(& 4)%+, $%#+ !(0%$#'.+ -(+,%+ :%$%+ 3%+, $4,#!
-%+)%!#4+%$5
F%&%* %-%$%& !.%". .!%&% .+".0 *(*/()#0%+ !.%". ,%*/%)%+
6'()+3%"%%+7 -%)# /()/%,%# *%2%* ')4/$(* ')#/%-# 60(!.0%)%+0(!.0%)%+7
%"%. "(0%+%+"(0%+%+ 3%+, %-%-%$%* 0(')#/%-#%+ '(+-()#"% 3%+, /#%!%+3%
*().'%0%+
 (#+,#+%+3%+,"()"(0%+
 (0(2(9%%+-%$%*/()/%,%#&%)%'%+
 c()%!%%+)(+-%&-#)#
 c()%!%%+)(+-%&-#)#3%+,"().!*(+().!
 c()%!%%+/(!%$%&
 (%-%%+0(%-%%+3%+,*(*()$.0%+'()$#+-.+,%+"()&%-%'0("%0."%+

!# -%)# 9%&%* /#%!%+3% *().'%0%+ %)"# !#*/4$#! 3%+, !%*%)!%*%)5
;(+#!:(+#!9%&%*3%+,0#"%0(+%$
a. Waham kebesaran
c(+-()#"% *()%!% -#)#+3% 4)%+, /(!%) 4)%+, /()'%+,0%" "#+,,#
4)%+, 3%+, '%+-%# !(0%$# 4)%+, 0%3% /%+3%0 .%+,+3% -%+ /%+3%0
).*%&+3%5#-%'%"0%+'%-%!#+-)4**%+#(5
b. Waham berdosa
#*/.$'()%!%%+!%$%&3%+,$.%)/#%!%-%+*()%!%0%+!.%".-4!%
3%+, /(!%)5 c(+-()#"% '()2%3% !.-%& !($%3%0+3% -#)#+3% &%).! -#&.0.*
/()%"%"%.*(+:%$%+#&.0.*%+*%"#!(0%$#'.+5#-%'%"0%+'%-%!#+-)4*%
-(')(!#5
c. Waham dikejar (waham diancam)

+-#8#-. *()%!% -#)#+3% !(+%+"#%!% -#0(:%)0(:%) 4$(& 4)%+, $%#+
%"%.!(0($4*'404)%+,3%+,/()*%0!.-/()/.%":%&%"0('%-%-#)#+3%5
d. Waham curiga (waham sindiran

+-#8#-. *()%!% !($%$. -#!#+-#) 4$(& 4)%+,4)%+, -# !(0#"%)+3%5

+-#8#-. 2.)#,% "()&%-%' !(0#"%)+3%5 #%!%+3% #+-#8#-. 3%+, *(*'.+3%#
9%&%* #+# *(+2%)#2%)# &./.+,%+ %+"%)% -#)#+3% -(+,%+ 4)%+, $%#+
-#!(0#"%)+3%3%+,/()*%0!.-*(+3#+-#)0%+%"%.*(+.-.&&%$3%+,"#-%0
!(+4+4& "()&%-%' -#)# '(+-()#"%5 %$%* /(+".0 3%+, $(/#& )#+,%+ 0#"%
0(+%$ = #-(%! 41 )(1()(+2( < 3%#". #-(% %"%. '()%!%%+ /%&9% '()#!"#9%
"()"(+". -%+ '()/.%"%+'()/.%"%+ "()"(+". -%)# 4)%+, $%#+ 6!(+3.*%+
,()%0,()#0 "%+,%+ +3%+3#%+ -%+ !(/%,%#+3%7*(*'.+3%# &./.+,%+
-(+,%+-#)#+3%!(+-#)#5
e. Waham cemburu
($%$.2(*/.).'%-%4)%+,$%#+5
f. Waham rendah diri
c()%!%%+)(+-%&-#)#@0.)%+,-%)#'%-%4)%+,$%#+5
g. Waham hypochondri
c()%!%%+ *(+,(+%# /()/%,%# '(+3%0#" 3%+, /()%-% -%$%* "./.&+3%5
()#+,-#-%'%"0%+'%-%!0#>41)(+#%5
h. Waham magik-mistik
F%&%**(+,(+%#!4%$!4%$*%,#0-%+*#!"#0
 i. Waham sistematis
%#". 9%&%* 3%+, !.-%& -#%+%$#!% *(*'()$#&%"0%+ !.%". '4$%
!(+")%$"()"(+".3%+,0(*.-#%+-#/(!%)0%+%"%.-#"%*/%&"%*/%&!(2%)%
!%+,%" )%'# -%+ !#*"4*%"#05 F%$%.'.+ .+!.)( -%!%)+3% !%$%& -%+ "%0
$4,#! %0&#)+3% -#'()4$(& !.%". 9%&%* 3%+, "($%& "()/(+".0 -%+
/()0(*/%+,!(2%)%04+!(0.(+5
R. Obsesi
Ialah suatu pikiran yang bersifat terpaku, terus menerus menganggu
penderita, terus menerus berulang kembali, yang mendesak ke taraf
kesadaran individu, dan timbulnya tidak dapat dielakkan penderita sendiri.
/!(!# -%'%" :.,% *().'%0%+ '#0#)%+ 3%+, #)%!#4+%$ -%+ /#%!%+3%
-#!()"%# !.%". !#0%' (*4!#4+%$ 3%+, 0.%"5 4/!(!# /#%!%+3% -#:%-#0%+ %$%!%+
.+".0/()"#+-%0-%+/()/.%"!(2%)%04*'.$!#15

+-#8#-.3%+,/()!%+,0."%+"%&./(".$"(+"%+,!#1%"3%+,"#-%0+4)*%$
-%$%* !#0%'+3% -%+ '%-% .*.*+3% '(+-()#"% *(+:%-# !%+,%" *(+-()#"%
"("%'#"#-%0/()0.%!%.+".0*(+,./%&!#0%'+3%5c()./%&%+:.,%"#-%0-%'%"
"():%-#*(!0#'.+4)%+,$%#+/().!%&%.+".0*(+,#+!3%10%+*($%$.#:%$%+3%+,
$4,#! -%+ )%!#4+%$5 D4+"4&  !%3% &%).! '(),# 0( 0./.)%+ 4)%+, ".%5 '%
!(/%/!%3%'()(*'.%+/.0%+$%0#$%0#5
4. Fobia
Ialah suatu keadaan ketakutan atau kegelisahan yang bersifat
irasional, yang diakui ketidak benarannya oleh penderita tetapi tetap
menguasai jalan pikirannya5#%!%+3%'4/#%#"./()!#1%""#-%0!(&%"*%$%&%+
0%-%+,0%-%+, '%"4$4,#0 !()"% "()".:. 0('%-% !.%". 4/:(0 %"%. !#".%!#
"()"(+".5
 %2##$4'4/#%"%0."%0%+0.*%+'(+3%0#"
 D$%.!")4'&4/#%"%0."/()%-%'%-%).%+,3%+,"()".".'
 (2)4'&4/#%"%0."%0%+*%3%"
 ()4'&4/#%"%0."/()%-%-#"(*'%""(*'%"3%+,"#+,,#
 #2&*4'&4/#%"%0."%0%+/(+-%/(+-%"%:%*
 c$%+4'&4/#%"%0."/()%-%-#"(*'%""()/.0%-%+$.%!-$$
 III KED FEKTIF D REKSI EMOSIO IL

c%-%.*.*+3%'(+,()"#%+"(+"%+,(*4!#-%+%1(0#+#-#2%0.'-%$%*%)"#<%$%*
'()%!%%+=5 %$%* '(*()#0!%%+ '!#0#%")# '(+#$%#%+ -%+ '(*%!"#%+ "(+"%+, %$%*
'()%!%%+ #+# !%+,%" '(+"#+, 4$(& 0%)(+%+3% 0#"% &%).! &%"#&%"# %,%) '(+-()#"% -%'%"
*($%&#)0%+!(,%$%%'%3%+,%-%-%$%*%$%*'()%!%%++3%5

(%-%%+%1(0"#1%"%.!.%!%+%'()%!%%+

+#/()%)"#%-%+3%!.%".24)%0'()%!%%+3%+,!#1%"+3%%,%0*(+("%'624+!"%+"7
-%+ /#%!%+3% /()$%+,!.+, .+".0 9%0". 3%+, $%*%5 (%-%%+ %1(0"#1 #+# !(4$%&4$%&
*(+,.%!%# !($.).& /#-%+, '()%!%%+ #+-#8#-. "()!(/."@ 9%$%.'.+ *%!#& -%'%" -#'%2.
.+".0/()(%0!#!(2%)%$%#+'.$%5
%$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ 0(%-%%+ %1(0"#1 #+# "#-%0 *(*'()$#&%"0%+ 0($%#+%+
0($%#+%+ 3%+, *(+34$40 /%#0 -%$%* #+"(+!#"%! 609%$#"%+7 *%.'.+ -%$%*
0($%+,!.+,%++3% 60(:%-#%+ %"%. '():%$%+%++3%7 $%,# '.$% -%$%* 0(%-%%+ %1(0"#1 3%+,
+4)*%$!(*.%24)%0'()%!%%+4)%+,!($%$.!(!.%#-(+,%+!.%!%+%$#+,0.+,%+5
'%/#$% !.%!%+% $#+,0.+,%+ ,(*/#)% *%0% -(+,%+ !(+-#)#+3% 24)%0 '()%!%%+
4)%+,3%+,+4)*%$%0%+,(*/#)%:.,%!(!.%#-(+,%+!.%!%+%$#+,0.+,%+"%-#5

(%0!#(*4!#4+#$

+# /()%)"# !.%". 24)%0 '()%!%%+ 3%+, !#1%"+3% -%'%" /()0(*/%+, -%+ !.)."
!()"% -%'%" "():%-# -%$%* 9%0". 3%+, )($%"#8( '(+-(05 %0 :%)%+, 24)%0 '()%!%%+ #+#
-#$%&#)0%+!(2%)%0()%!-%+*(+,%+-.+,'.$%!(,#1#!#0-#!%*'#+,/()!#1%"'!#0#05
#%!%+3%)(%0!#(*4!#4+#$#+#*(+,%-.+,04*'4+(+1#!#0*#!%$
 -%+3%0(+%#0%+"(0%+%+-%)%&
 ($.%)+3%0()#+,%"3%+,/()$(/#&%+
 (),()%0+3%4"4"4"4"*#*#2-%+4"4"4"4"3%+,$%#+
 c()#!"%$"#2.!.!-%+$%*/.+,*(+#+,0%"
 #$%"%!#'(*/.$.&-%)%&'%-%*.0%0('%$%6*.0%*()%&7
 4+!")#0!#'(*/.$.&-%)%&*.0%0('%$%6*.0%'.2%"7
%2%**%2%*,%+,,.%+-%)#0(%-%%+%1(0"#1
 5 3'()"&3*#%
%5 .'&4)#%
/5 0!%$"%!#
25 0!"%!(
-5 %+#%2%$@*%+#2
5 3'4"&3*#%
5 c4#0#$4"&3*#%
5 c%)%"&3*#%
5 (+!4+
5 +A#("362(*%!7
5 c%+#20
G5 */#8%$(+!#
5 -('()!4+%$#!%!#
'(+#$%#%+-%)#)(%0!#(*4!#4+#$
5 !"%/#$#"%!
5 '(+,(+-%$#%+
5 !.+,.&!.+,,.&%"%."#-%06!()#.!%"%."#-%07
5 -%$%*-%+-%+,0%$+3%
5 !0%$%-(1()(+!#%!#
5 (*'%"#
5 %).!(*4!#

. @yperthymia
Disebut juga keadaan afektif yang meninggi5
+# /()%)"# /%&9% '(+-()#"%
*(*'()$#&%"0%+ !.%". 0(%-%%+ %1(0"#1 3%+,<,(*/#)% -#$.%) /%"%!= !(4$%& 4$%&
#%/()/(!%)&%"#"%+'%!(/%/!(/%/3%+,4/:(0"#1%"%.:($%!5
a. Euphoria
Ini berarti suatu keadaan kegembiraan, kesejahteraan,
kebahagiaan yang abnormal5 ("#-%0"#-%0+3% 0(,(*/#)%%+ 3%+,
-#'()$#&%"0%+ 3%+, /()!%+,0."%+ #". "#-%0 24240 -(+,%+ 1%2"4) 4/:(0"#1
3%+, %-% '%-% #+-#8#-. "()!(/."5 #!%$+3% '(+-()#"% -(+,%+ 04+-#!#
 /%-%+ 3%+, !%+,%" /.).0 *(*'()$#&%"0%+ !.%". 0(,(*/#)%%+ 3%+, $.%)
/#%!% #% *(+,%+,,%' (+"(+, !(,%$% !(!.%".+3% *%$%&%+ *(+24/%
.+".0 *(+,,(*/#)%0%+ &%"# 4)%+,4)%+, 3%+, *()%!% 0&%9%"#) "(+"%+,
-#)#+3%5
b. Eksaltasi
uatu keadaan, dimana penderita mempunyai suatu keyakinan diri
yang amat berlebihan -%+ !()#+,0%$# -#+3%"%0%++3% %"%. "()'.!%" '%-%
'#0#)%+'#0#)%+0(/(+%)%+"()"(+"."(+"%+,-#)#+3%5
c. Ekstase
uatu keadaan, dimana penderita memperlihatkan seolah-olah ia
sedang mengalami suatu kenikmatan yang mendalam sekali5 c(+-()#"%
!(4$%&4$%& -%'%" *()%!% "()$('%! -%)# -.+#% 1%+% #+#5
% *($%*/.+,
"#+,,#-%+*(+#+,0%"'%-%!.%".0(&#-.'%+3%+,/()"%)%1$(/#&"#+,,#-%+
+#0*%" !(0%$#5 #$% '(+-()#"% !.-%& +4)*%$ 0(*/%$# '%-% 0(%-%%+ /#%!%
#%*%!#&:.,%*(+,(+%+,0%+0(*/%$#)%!%(0!")%!(+3%#".5
d. Maniacal/manic
uatu keadaan afektif yang serba berlebihan5 c()/.%"%+ '#0#)%+
-%+'()%!%%+'(+-()#"%/()$(/#&%+:%.&-#$.%)/%"%!+4)*%$5#!(/."0%+
/%&9% '#0#)%+ '()%!%%+'()%!%%+ *(+,%$%*# 48() ')4-.0!#5 c(+-()#"%
*(+,%+,,%'!(,%$%!(!.%".!()/%(+"(+,-%+!()#+,0%$#/().!%&%.+".0
*(3%0#+0%+4)%+,$%#+"(+"%+,0(,(*/#)%%+&#-.'+3%5
2. @ypothymia
Disebut juga keadaan afektif yang merendah.
+#/()%)"#/%&9%'(+-()#"%
*(*'()$#&%"0%+ &%*/%"%+ -# !(,%$% /#-%+,%0"#8#"%!+3% /%#0 '#0#)%+ '()%!%%+
*%.'.+ '()/.%"%++3%5
%*/%)%+ 3%+, %*'%0 %-%$%& 0(%-%%+ -(')(!#5
F%$%.'.+ -(*#0#%+ '(+-()#"% !()#+,0%$# -#0.%!%# 4$(& !.%". '()%!%%+
0(,($#!%&%+3%+,*(*.+2%0-%+!%+,%""(,%+,5
R. Poikilothymia
Disebut juga keadaan afektif yang berubah-ubah5 %+,%":%)%+,-#:.*'%#5
(%-%%+ %1(0"#1 '(+-()#"% /()./%&./%& -%)# !.%". 0(%-%%+ 0(,(*/#)%%+
 0('%-%0(%-%%+$%#+3%+,*(+.+:.00%+0(,($#!%&%+.*.*%"%.!.%".0(%-%%+
0(!(-#&%+5
4. Parathymia
eadaaan afektifnya yang tak sesuai dengan lingkungan yang
sebenarnya, malahan sering bertentangan dengan keadaan sebenarnya5
#!%$+3%*(+2()#"%0%+0(*%"#%+#/.+3%-(+,%+"()"%9%5
5. Tension
elalu ada perasaan tertekan, baik tertekan perasaannya, maupun
merasakan tekanan pada otot-ototnya. c(+-()#"% *()%!% "#-%0 "(+%+, "#-%0
'.%!!(4$%&4$%&*(+.+,,./%&%3%%"%.'()!4%$%+3%+,"#-%0*(+3(+%+,0%+5
4*%+ *.0% *(+,,%*/%)0%+ '()%!%%+ "()"(0%+ "()!(/." "(,%+, -%+ !()#+,
-#!()"%# -(+,%+ ")(*4) '%-% :%)#:%)# "%+,%+ !($%$. "(),4'4&,4'4& -%$%*
"#+-%0%++3%5 c(+-()#"% *()%!% 0.)%+, -%3% 04+!(+")%!#+3% '()%!%%+ "#-%0
(+%0-#0('%$%-%+-#)%!%0%+!.!%&/()+%1%!5
(+!#4+ /#%!%+3% "()-%'%" '%-% 4)%+, 3%+, "#-%0 -%'%" *(+,%*/#$
0('.".!%+-#%+"%)%0(#+,#+%+0(#+,#+%+3%+,/()"(+"%+,%+5;.,%-%$%*.!%&%
.+".0 *(*'()4$(& 0(%*%+%+ :#0% %'%/#$% *()%!% :#9%+3% !(-%+, "()"(0%+5
#%!%+3%"(+!#4+#+#/()%!%$-%)#1%2"4)?1%0"4)!%-%)-%+"%0!%-%)5
6. nxiety (cemas)
dalah perasaan takut terus menerus terhadap bahaya yang seolah-olah
terus mengancam, yang sebenarnya tidak nyata tetapi hanya dalam perasaan
penderita saja.
c()%!%%+ 2(*%! #+# /()%!%$ -%)# '()%!%%+ "#-%0 !%-%) %"%. #*'.$! 3%+,
/()%-% -# -%$%* 0(')#/%-#%+ !(+-#)# :%-# "%0 /()&./.+,%+ -(+,%+ 4/:(0 3%+,
+3%"%%"%.0(%-%%+3%+,/(+%)/(+%)%-%5c(+-()#"%!(+-#)#"%&.%0%+%!%$+3%
'()%!%%+0(2(*%!%+#".5
(2(*%!%+ #". /#%!%+3% "#*/.$ :#0% !.%". '()%!%%+ 3%+, "#-%0 (+%0
-#"(0%+ -%+ '(+-()#"% *(+:%-# "%0." -%'%" :.,% /()%!%$ -%)# '()%!%%+ "#-%0
'.%! '()%!%%+ "#-%0 %*%+ -%+ :.,% "#*/.$ -%)# '()"(+"%+,%+ '()"(+"%+,%+
%+"%)% '(+-()#"% -(+,%+ !(0#"%)+3%5 c()%!%%+ 2(*%! #+# !()#+, '.$% -#!()"%#
 -(+,%+ /()/%,%# "#+-%0%+ '(*/($%%+ -#)# *#!%$+3% $(0%! "()!#+,,.+, $(0%!
*%)%&*(+3(+-#)#"#-%0!.0%/(),%.$2.)#,%5
(2(*%!%+ !%+,%" *(*'(+,%).&# !3!"(* !3%)%1 4"4+4* 0%)(+% !()#+,
*(*'(+,%).&# 1.+,!#1.+,!# 1#!#4$4,#! -%)# '(+-()#"%5 $%"%$%" 3%+, !()#+,
-#'(+,%).&#
 '%!*(-%)#$%*/.+,
 4$#0'%-%.!.!
 3'()2&$4)&3-)#%
 #%))&(%
 /!"#'%!#
 %2&32%)-#%
 A")%!3!"4$(
 %0#"%+,%+3%+,-#+,#+
 .0%3%+,"#/%"#/%*(+:%-#*()%&
 .0%)/()+%1%!
;#0%0(2(*%!%+#+#"()$%$./()%"-%+&(/%"-%'%"*(*'(+,%).&#!3!"(*
*4"4)#0 *%0% '(+-()#"% *(+.+:.00%+ 0(,($#!%&%+ %"%. *(+:%-# %,)(!#15 c%-%
0(2(*%!%+ -%'%" *(*'(+,%).&# '()./%&%+'()./%&%+ -%)# !3!"(*!#!"(*
'%-%"./.&
 .!.+%+!3%)%18(,("%"#8(
 #)0.$%!#-%)%&
 (0%+%+-%)%&
 0!0)(!#0()#+,%"
 -)(+%$#+-%$%*-%)%&/()"%*/%&

.$%-%)%&/()"%*/%&
(/%$#0+3%0($%#+%+:%!*%+#-%'%":.,%*(+#*/.$0%+0(2(*%!%+*#!%$+3%
 (!%0+%'%!
 3'4A#%
 ($%#+%+:%+".+,
 #%/("(!*($$#".!
7. Panick
 uatu keadaan cemas yang luar biasa, dan menimbulkan dis-organisasi
dari fungsi ego. #*/.$+3% "#/%"#/% ,(:%$%+3% !%+,%" &(/%" /()-!%!%)0%+
"(0%+%+:#9%3%+,"().!*(+().!*().'%0%+!.%".0$#*%0!-%+!.%".0(%-%%+
%0."5
Gejala-gejala yang khusus dari panic :
 (2(*%!%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%
 c()%!%%+"#-%0%*%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%
 c()%!%%+2.)#,%
 #*/.$"(+-(+!#.+".0*(*')43(0!#0%+'()%!%%++3%"()&%-%'!(0#"%)+3%

+"(,)%!#0(')#/%-#%+*(+:%-#0%2%.
;#0%'%+#2#+# *%0#+ *(+,&(/%" -%'%" "#*/.$ &%$.!#+%!# -%+ :.,% 9%&%*
-#%+2%*5(%-%%+#+#-#!(/."reaksi paranoid akut'%-%0(%-%%+'%+#2-%'%"
:.,%"():%-#/.+.&-#)#5
8. mbivalensi
Dua perasaan yang bertentangan yang berada pada satu saat dalam satu
individu5 ()#+,'()%!%%+3%+,!%".-%'%"-#"(0%+"("%'#0(*.-#%+-%'%""#*/.$
!(2%)% "#/%"#/%5 "%. '()%!%%+ 3%+, /()"(+"%+,%+5 #!%$+3%  *(!)% /(+2#
"("%'# )#+-. #+,#+ "("%'# *(+4$%05 */#8%$(+!# *().'%0%+ ,(:%$% 0&.!.! -%)#
!0#>41)(+#%5
O. Depersonalisasi
dalah gangguan afek dengan gejala utamanya perasaan berada di luar
realitas dan kehilangan keyakinan akan identitas diri sendiri, kehilangan rasa
identifikasi dan kehilangan kendali terhadap tubuhnya sendiri5 # !#+# "#*/.$
'()%!%%+ &#$%+, %0"#8#"%! ')#/%-#+3% '()%!%%+ !('()"# 0(')#/%-#%++3% "($%&
/()./%& -%+ -.+#% $.%) "($%& /()./%&5 c#0#)%++3% *(+:%-# $%#+ !(4$%&4$%&
-#0(+-%$#0%+ 4$(& 4)%+, $%#+ %"%. 4$(& !.%". *(0%+#05 (,%$% "#+-%0%++3%
-#'(+,%).&# 4)%+, $%#+ *()%!% '#0#)%++3% -#0("%&.# 4)%+, $%#+5 (/%,#%+
"./.&+3% *#$#0 4)%+, $%#+5 ('()!4+%$#!%!# *().'%0%+ "%+-% '(+"#+, '%-%
!0#>41)(+#%5;.,%"()-%'%"'%-%0(%-%%+&#!"()#00%-%+,0%-%+,'%-%-(')(!#5

Penilaian dari reaksi emosionil
. Stabilitas
Ini berarti adanya suatu ketetapan dalam bereaksi5 %$%* 0(%-%%+
+4)*%$4)%+,*(*'()$#&%"0%+!.%".)(%0!#(*4!#4+#$3%+,"#*/.$-%$%*&%"#+3%5
(/%$#+3% !()#+, 0#"% :.*'%# !.%". 0(%-%%+ $%/#$#"%! -%)# )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$
'(+-()#"%5 #!%$+3%  $(0%! "()&%). $(0%! 0%!#&%+ !(&#+,,% $(0%! *(+%+,#!
$(0%!,(*/#)%!(&#+,,%$(0%!"()&#/.)4$(&0%)(+%%:%0%+%"%.2()#"%4)%+,$%#+5
.%". !(,#$%#+ -%)# 0("#-%0!"%/#$%+ !(*%2%* #". #%$%& !#1%"$(0%! "()/%9% 4$(&
0(!%+%"%.!%)%+3%+,0#"%!(/."&3'()%.,,(!"#/$(5
2. Pengendalian
%'%"-#%-%0%+!(2%)%9%:%)5-%0%$%+3%4)%+,!(4$%&4$%&*(+,(0%+,
)(%0!# (*4!#4+#$+3% #% "()$%$. 0()%! *(+,(+-%$#0%+ -#)#+3% -(+,%+ -(*#0#%+
*(*/()# 0(!%+ 0($.%) !(4$%&4$%& "#-%0 %-% )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$5 %"#+3% "#-%0
"(),4+2%+, 4$(& !.%!%+% !(-#& %"%. ,(*/#)% "#-%0 '.$% "()'(+,%).& 4$(& )%!%
/(+2# %"%. 2#+"%5 )%+, 3%+, -(*#0#%+ #+# /4$(& -#%+,,%' !(/%,%# 4)%+, 3%+,
*(+,.%!%# -#)#+3% !(2%)% /()$(/#&$(/#&%+ 3%+, !()#+, 0#"% !(/."  48()
24+")4$$(--%+48()14)*%$#!"#25
R. sunguh-sungguh atau tidak (serius atau tidak)
#+# %-%$%& .+".0 *(+#$%# %'%0%& )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, -#(0!')(!#0%+
'(+-()#"% !.+,,.&!.+,,.& %"%. "#-%05 (+,%+ $%#+ '()0%"%%+ %'%0%& )(%0!#
(*4!#4+#$#".*().'%0%+!(!.%".(0!')(!#3%+,*(*'.+3%#*%0+%-%+%)"#3%+,
-#&%3%"# -%+ -#%$%*# !.+,,.&!.+,,.& 4$(& '(+-()#"% %"%. &%+3% !(0(-%)
!%+-#9%)% 0(2#$ 3%+, "%0 *(+-%$%* %)"# -%+ *%0+%+3% :%-# "#-%0 !.+,,.&
!.+,,.&5 (%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, "%0 !.+,,.&!.+,,.& 0#"% -%'%"0%+ '%-%
'(+-()#"%-(+,%+0(')#/%-#%+&#!"()#05
4. dalam dan dangkalnya
"#-%0 !(*.% '()#!"#9% )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ *%+.!#% -#)%!%0%+ !(/%,%#
!(!.%". 3%+, !%*% *(+-%$%*+3%5 -%0%$%+3% )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ #". "():%-#
!(4$%&4$%& "%+'% /(0%!5 (/%$#0+3% %-% 3%+, !(+,%" *(+-%$%* /()0(!%+
-%$%*&%"#3%+,/()!%+,0."%+5%$%*0(%-%%++4)*%$*%+.!#%/()!#1%"4/3(0"#1
"()&%-%' !(*.% '()#!"#9% (*4!#4+#$5 c%-% '(+-()#"%'(+-()#"% "()"(+". 3%+,
!($%$. "()0(+% !(2%)% *(+-%$%* )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$+3% 9%$%.'.+ 4$(& '()#!"#9%
 3%+, 0(2#$ -%+ )(*(& 0#"% 0%"%0%+ )(0%!# (*4!#4+#$+3% $(/#& -%$%* -%)# '%-%
4)%+, +4)*%$5 %$ #+# !()#+, %0#/%" !"%/#$#"%!+3% 3%+, "(),%+,,.5 (/%$#0+3%
'%-% 4)%+,4)%+, 3%+, )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$+3% $(/#& -%+,0%$ -%)# '%-% 4)%+,
+4)*%$ 0#"% "($#"# $(/#& $%+:." 24)%0 0(')#/%-#%++3%5 '%0%& *.+,0#+ "()-%'%" 
'!#04'%"#0($%#+%+4),%+#2-(,(+()%"#8(%"%.'!#04"#05
5. skala deferensiasi
$.%! !(*'#"+3% !0%$% -(1()(+!#%!# -%)# )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ "(),%+,,. -%)#
'(+,%$%*%+ #+"($(0".%$ -%+ *%"%+,+3% 0(')#/%-#%+ !(!(4)%+,5 (4)%+, 3%+,
/()'(+-#-#0%+)(+-%&'(+,%$%*%+3%+,0.)%+,!()"%0(')#/%-#%+3%+,0.)%+,
*%"%+, -(+,%+ !(+-#)#+3% "#-%0 '()+%& /($%:%) -%+ *(*%&%*# %"%.
*(+,&%),%# '()#!"#9%'()#!"#9% (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, $.%!5 (4$%&4$%& 3%+, -%'%"
-#"%+,0%' -%+ -#&%),%# &%+3%$%& '()#!"#9% (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, 04+0)#" !%:%5 %+,
%/!")%0 -%+ 3%+, /()!#1%" !#*/4$#0 /()$%$. !%:% "%+'% *%*'. .+".0
-#"%+,0%'+3%
'%-% 4)%+,4)%+, 3%+, /()'(+-#-#0%+ 2.0.' "#+,,# *(*'.+3%#
'(+,%$%*%+2.0.'$.%!-%+!.-%&*(+,%$%*#*%".)%!#0(')#/%-#%+3%+,2.0.'
*%"%+, '%-% .*.*+3% *(*#$#0# !0%$% -(1()(+!#%!# -%)# )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+,
2.0.' $.%! '.$%5 $(& 0%)(+% !(!.%". !(/%/ ,%+,,.%+ :#9% /%#0 3%+, /()!#1%"
+(.)4"#2 *%.'.+ 3%+, /()!#1%" '!#04"#0 !0%$% -(1()(+!#%!# 3%+, $.%! #".
0(*.-#%+ -%'%" *(+:%-# $(/#& !(*'#" !(&#+,,% '(+-()#"% "()!(/." &%+3%
*%*'.".)."*()%!%0%+!(!.%".3%+,)($%"#8($(/#&!(*'#"5
6. empati
yaitu kemampuan dari pihak pemeriksa untuk merasakan reaksi emosionil
yang dihayati dan dialami oleh penderita5 #-%0 &%+3% -%$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$
"("%'#:.,%-%$%*0(%-%%+:#9%3%+,"(),%+,,.0#"%"("%'-%'%"".)."*()%!%0%+
)(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, -#$%&#)0%+ 4$(& '(+-()#"%5 (/%$#0+3% '%-% !0#>41)(+#%
!()#+,0%$# !%+,%" !.0%) %"%. "#-%0 -%'%" !%*% !(0%$# .+".0 ".)." !()"%
*()%!%0%+)(%0!#(*4!#4+#$+3%5
7. arus emosi
(*4!# -%'%" -#*#!%$0%+ !(4$%&4$%& *(+,%$#) *($%$.# !.%". %).! 3%+,
"()"(+".5 %$%* 0(%-%%+ 3%+, +4)*%$ *%0% )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ #". "():%-# !(2%)%
 2.0.' 2('%" -%+ $#+2%&5 %$%* 0(%-%%+0(%-%%+ 3%+, *(+3#*'%+, -%)#
0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ *%0% %).! (*4!# #". "():%-# !(2%)% $(/#& $%*/%" %"%. &%+3%
!(2%)%'()$%&%+$%&%+5

 
 IV SIKP D TI GK@ LKU

%$%* '(*()#0!%%+ '!#0#%")# 0#"% &%).! *(*'()&%"#0%+ !#0%' -%+ "#+,0%& $%0.
'(+-()#"%0#"%'()&%"#0%+!($%*% 9%9%+2%)%/()$%+,!.+,5%$#+#'(+"#+,4$(&0%)(+%
!#0%' -%+ "#+,0%&$%0. '(+-()#"% "%0 -%'%" $('%! -%)# 0(!($.).&%+ (0!')(!# '(+-()#"%5
#"%/(-%0%+%+"%)%!#0%'-%+"#+,0%&$%0.
 !#0%' 6%""#".-(7 3%+, ($/#& *(+%+-%!0%+ !(!.%". 0(%-%%+ 3%+, !"%"#! :%-# +4+
-#+%*#! -%$%* %)"# 0%"% /%&9% ,()%0%+,()%0%+ /%-%+ '%-% .*.*+3% %,%0
"()/%"%!5
 #+,0%& $%0. 6/(&%8#4)7 3%+, $(/#& /()24)%0 ,()%0,()#0 *4"4)#0 -%+ %0"#8#"%!
"()."%*%0%0#-%+"%+,%+'(+-()#"%5
#0%'3%+,-#'()$#&%"0%+'(+-()#"%
. Indifferent
#0%' 3%+, "#-%0 *(+.:. 0( !.%". 0(2(+-().+,%+ 6"(+-(+!#7 "()"(+". :%-#
/%+3%03%+,/()!#1%"+(")%$5
2. patik
#0%' %2.& "%0 %2.& !#0%' *%!% /4-4& -%+ "%0 *(+,&#)%.0%+ %'%'.+ 3%+,
"():%-#-#!(0($#$#+,+3%5
R. Koperatif
#0%'#+,#+/()!%&%/%"#+,#+".)."-(+,%+'(".+:.0%"%.'()#+"%&#+,#+/(0():%
!%*%-(+,%+!(*.%4)%+,5
4. egativism pasif
0%'*(+4$%0'(".+:.0%"%.'()#+"%&3%+,-#/()#0%+"%+'%%$%!%+3%+,4/:(0"#15
5. Dependen
#0%' #+,#+ *(+,,%+".+,0%+ -#)# !(2%)% /()$(/#&%+ '%-% '(*()#0!% %"%.
#+-#8#-.$%#+3%+,*(*(,%+,0(0.%!%%+5
6. Infentil
#0%'0(0%+%00%+%0%+5
7. Rigid
#0%' 0%0. -%+ "%0 1$(0!#/($ 0%-%+,0%-%+, !.-%& -(0%" -(+,%+ !#0%'
+(,%"#8#!"#25
 8. Curiga
#0%' 3%+, "%0 '()2%3% !(4$%&4$%& *(+3%+,0%$0%+ *%0!.- /%#0 -%)#
'(*()#0!%%"%.4)%+,$%#+/%#0.2%'%++3%*%.'.+,()%0%++3%5
O. Berubah-ubah
#0%' 3%+, "%0 !"%/#$ !($%$. "(),%+"#,%+"# !#0%' &%$ #+# !()#+, *(+.+:.00%+
0(,($#!%&%+3%+,/()!%+,0."%+5

. Tegang
#0%'3%+,"#-%0"(+%+,0%-%+,0%-%+,-(0%"'%-%!#0%'3%+,,($#!%&5
. Pasif
#0%'"%+'%#+!#%"#1*(+.)."%"%.*(+3()%&!%:%5
2. ktif
#0%''(+.&#+!#%"#1-%+0(#+,#+%+/()"#+-%05
R. Katalepsi
#0%'3%+,/()"%&%+-%$%*!%".0(-.-.0%+!%:%.+".0:%+,0%9%0".3%+,2.0.'
$%*% !()#+,%$# %+(& "%0 *%!.0 %0%$ -%+ "%0 %-% ".:.%++3%5 #!(/." :.,%
1$(0!#/#$#"%!2()(%5
4. Bermusuhan
#0%'!('()"##+,#+*(+3()%+,%"%.*%)%&!%:%5

#+,0%&$%0.3%+,-#'()$#&%"0%+4$(&'(+-()#"%
. @yperaktif
%+,%"/(!%)-4)4+,%+/(),()%0+3%-#!(/.":.,%48()%0"#15
2. @ypoaktif
4)4+,%+/(),()%0+3%%*%"0.)%+,9%$%.'.+"%0*(+,&#$%+,!%*%!(0%$#5
R. Stupor
(,%$%'(),()%0%+/()&(+"#'(+-()#"%"#-%0"#+,,%$-#%*!('()"#'%".+,5
4. Gelisah

()%0%+3%+,*(+3%"%0%+%-%+3%0("(,%+,%+:#9%3%+,*(*.+2%0'(+-()#"%
"#-%0-%'%"-.-.0-#%*-%+&%).!/()-#)#-%+/():%$%+:%$%+0#%+0(*%)#5
5. Berkoordinasi

()%0%+3%+,&%)*4+#2!(!.%#-%+1$(0!#/($!(2%)%$.9(!5
6. Tak berkoordinasi

()%0%+3%+,"#-%0&%)*4+#20%0.-%+0%-%+,0%-%+,0%2%.5
7. Stereotip

()%0%+ 3%+, /()"%&%+ -%$%* !%". %"%. -.% *%2%* "3'( ,()%0%+ 3%+, "().!
*(+().!-#.$%+,.+".09%0".3%+,$%*%"%+'%".:.%+3%+,:($%!5
8. Manineren

()%0%+ 3%+, /()*%2%**%2%* "("%'# !(*.%+3% %+(&%+(& -%+0 %)(+%
0(%+(&%++3% #+# !()#+,0%$# *(+%)#0 '()&%"#%+ !(0($#$#+,+3%5 (+#)()(+ -%'%"
:.,% "():%-# '%-% '(*/#2%)%%+5 %+#)()(+ "%*'%0 '%(-% )4*%+ *.0% -#!(/."
,)#*%!()(+5
O. mbivalensi
.% 0(*%.%+ 3%+, /()"(+"%+,%+ 3%+, /()/(-% '%-% !%". !%%" -%$%* !%".
#+-#8#-.5 #!%$+3%  /()-#)# -.-.0H /():%$%+ 0(0#)#/():%$%+ 0(0%+%+5 (-%+,
*(!)% *(+("(0# %+%0 %"%. *(*($.0 %+%0 "#/%"#/% *%)%& -%+ *(+2%*'%00%+
%+%00("%+%&5c%-%.*.*+3%4)%+,#+#-%$%*0(%-%%%+0(/#*/%+,%+5

. gresif
-%$%& +%1!. .+".0 /()(%0!# -(+,%+ 2%)% 0(0.%"%+5 %1!. -%'%" "()$#&%" -%)#
)4*%+*.0%-%+!#0%'+3%5
. Pereseverasi
c(*/#2%)%%+3%+,!($%$.*(+,.$%+,#0%"%0%"%3%+,!%*%5
2. Verbigenasi
c(*/#2%)%%+3%+,!($%$.*(+,.$%+,#0%"%0%"%3%+,!%*%5
R. Echolalia
($%$.*(+#).0%+%'%3%+,-#.2%'0%+4)%+,$%#+5
4. Echopraxia
($%$.*(+#).0%+%'%3%+,-#$%0.0%+4)%+,$%#+6,()%0%+75
5. Befehls-aubomatic
(,%$% '()#+"%& -#$%0.0%+ !(2%)% 2('%" "#/%"#/% "%+'% -#'#0#) $(/#& -.$.
64"4*%"#!-%+04*'.$!#17
6. egativism aktif
($%0.0%+!.%".'()#+"%&3%+,/()"(+"%+,%+-(+,%+%'%3%+,-#'()#+"%&0%+5
 7. Gerakan otomatis

()%0%+ -#$.%) 0(*%.%+ '(+-()#"% '(+-()#"% "%0 !%-%) /%&9% ,()%0%+ #".
%-%$%&,()%0%+!(+-#)#5
8. Gerakan autochtoon

()%0%+ 3%+, *(+.)." '(+-()#"% -#$%0.0%+ 4$(& 4)%+, $%#+ %"%. *(+.)."
'()%!%%+ '(+-()#"% -#0(+-%$#0%+ 4$(& -.+#% $.%)5 #% "#-%0 !(*'%" *($%9%+
'(+,%).&#+#5
O. Gerakan paksaan atau kompulsif

()%0%+ 3%+, -#!%-%)# 4$(& '(+-()#"% !(/%,%# ,()%0%+,()%0%++3% !(+-#)#
'(+-()#"% "%&. /%&9% ,()%0%+,()%0%+ #". /()"(+"%+,%+ -(+,%+ '#0#)%+ !(&%"
-%+ *().'%0%+ ,()%0%+ 3%+, $.%) /#%!% "("%'# '(+-()#"% "#-%0 -%'%" *($%9%+
'%0!%%+3%+,!($%$.-#)%!%#+3%#".5c(+-()#"%"%0."%0#/%"%0#/%"3%+,"#*/.$:#0%
#%*(+(+"%+,'%0!%%+#+#5
2
. Gerakan impulsive

()%0%+ 2('%" "#-%0 $%*% -#$%0.0%+ -(+,%+ "#/%"#/%5
+# %-%$%& *%+#1(!"%!#
-%)#!%$%&!%".+%1!.!.%".,()%0%+-%)#'(+,%).&+%1!.3%+,$.%)/#%!%"%+'%
'()"#*/%+,%+$(/#&-%&.$.5
2. Poriomanie
%1!..+".0*(+,(*/%)%.+".00($.3.)%+5
22. Kleptomania
%1!..+".0*(+2.)#!(2%)%"#-%0!%-%)5
2R. Pyromania
%1!..+"./()*%#+%'#*(*/%0%)/%)%+,/%)%+,%"%.).*%&5

 
 V KESDR

esadaran ialah keadaan fungsionil daripada individu untuk mengadakan relasi
(hubungan) dan limitasi (membatasi hubungan ini) terhadap dunia sekelilingnya yang
terdiri dari manusia, benda atau faham, seperti yang dapat tertangkap oleh panca
inderanya.
$(& !(/%/ #". *%0% 0(!%-%)%+ #+-#8#-. "%-# !%*'%# "%)%1 *%+%0%& #% -%'%"
*(+,("%&.#-%+*(+%1!#)0%+-.+#%!(0($#$#+,+3%5

+-#8#-. -(+,%+ 0(!%-%)%+ /%#0 -%'%" *(+,%-%0%+ )($%!# -%+ $#*#"%!# -(+,%+
/%#0"()&%-%'-.+#%!(0($#$#+,+3%5
%-%'%"*(+,("%&.#-%+*(+%1!#)0%+-(+,%+"('%"
!()"% -%'%" *(+2%0.' -%+ *(+,.%!%# !(2%)% &%$.! -%+ "()'()#+2# !(,%$% &%$ 3%+,
"():%-# -%$%* -.+#% !(0($#$#+,+3%5 (+,%+ $%#+ '()0%"%%+ 4)#(+"%!# "()&%-%'
!(0($#$#+,+3%/%#05
c%-% "#%' 0(!%-%)%+ -%'%" 0#"% +#$%# '.$% $.%!+3% 0(!%-%)%+ -%+ "()%+,+3%
0(!%-%)%+5 %$%* '!#0#%")# 0(%-%%+ 0(!%-%)%+ '(+-()#"% !%+,%" '(+"#+, .+".0
-#%,+4!( -%+ ')4,+4!( -%)# !.%". '(+3%0#" :#9%5
(:%$%,(:%$% '!#04"#0 -(+,%+
0(!%-%)%+ +4)*%$ *(*'.+3%# %)"# 3%+, /()/(-% :%.& -#/%+-#+,0%+ ,(:%$%,(:%$%
'!#04"#0-(+,%+0(!%-%)%+"(),%+,,.5
(2%)% 0$#+#! %-% /(/()%'% "#+,0%"%+ 0(!%-%)%+ -#$#&%" -%)# 0(9%!'%-%%+
!(!(4)%+,"()&%-%'$#+,0.+,%+5()".)."".)."-%)#"#+,%+!%*'%#/()%"
5 (%-%%+/#+,.+,
5 (!%-%)%+/()0%/."
5 ($#)#.*
5 (%-%%+*#*'#
5 ".'4)

c(+:($%!%+
. Keadaan bingung
dalah gangguan kesadaran ditandai dengan bingung, kacau, gangguan
fungsi asosiasi dan kemiskinan berpikir.4*%+*.0%+3%*(+.+:.00%+(0!')(!#
0&%9%"#)/#+,.+,-%+0%-%+,0%-%+,0(&()%+&()%+%+5
 #-%'%"0%+'%-%

+"40!#0%!#
 (%-%%+#+1(0!#
 )%.*%"#2
 (%0!#-#!4!#%!#
 '#$('!3
 0(,($#!%&%+
2. Kesadaran berkabut / menurun
dalah gangguan dimana kesadaran tidak lengkap, biasanya karena
gangguan fisik dan kimia, yang menimbulkan kerusakan fungsi dari proses
asosiasi cerebrum. c()&%"#%+ *($%+".) -%+ '(+%+,0%'%+ '(+-()#"% "()&%-%'
!(0#"%)+3%"#-%0"('%"-%+"#-%0$(+,0%'5

(:%$% #+# !()#+, "()-%'%" '%-% '(+-()#"%'(+-()#"% -(+,%+ '(+3%0#"
#+10(!#-%+0(%-%%+0(%-%%+$%#+3%+,*(+,,%+,,.40!#,(+%!#-%+*("%/4$#!*
2()(/)%$5(!%-%)%+/()0%/.":.,%"()-%'%"'%-%,%+,,.%+'!#04,(+3%#".'%-%
)(%0!#-#!4!#%!#5
#+,0%"%+-%)#0(!%-%)%+/()0%/."*.$%#3%+,'%$#+,)#+,%+!%*'%#3%+,
/()%"!.1!4*+4$(+!".'4)-%+04*%5
R. Delirium
().'%0%+ !.%". !3*'"4* 3%+, 04*'$(0! 3%+, -#!(/." !#+-)4*% 4"%0
%0."5 #+-)4* #+# /#%!%+3% /()0(*/%+, -%+ /():%$%+ %0." -#"%+-%# -(+,%+
0(!%-%)%+*(+.).+@/()0%/."/#+,.+,,($#!%&-#!4)#(+"%!##$.!#-%+&%$.!#+%!#
2(*%! %"%. "%0."5 (:%-#%+ #+# /#%!%+3%  /()&./.+,%+ -(+,%+ #+1(0!# -#!()"%#
'%+%! 0(%-%%+ "40!#0 ,%+,,.%+ *("%/4$#!* 6.)(*#% '($$%,)% %+(*#%
'()+#2#4!%7 -(04*'(+!%!# 24)-#! -%+ ")%.*% 2%'#"#!5 #!#+# "():%-# 0().!%0%+
1.+,!# 2()(/)%$ -%+ *(+3(/%/0%+ #+!.1#!#(+!# 2()(/)%$5 %2"4)1%0"4) 3%+,
*(*'(+,%).&#0(2(+-().+,%+"():%-#+3%-($#)#.*
 c(*/%9%%+
 c(+,%).&"40!#+"()&%-%'4"%0
 (!#!"(+!#/%)#()-%)%&2()(/)4!'#+%$

+"(,)%!#0(')#/%-#%+
  "%/#$#"%!0(')#/%-#%+

(:%$% ')4-)4*%$ -#"%+-%# -(+,%+  $(!. "#-.) ,($#!%& 0(!.0%)%+
*(+%+,0%' '()&%"#%+ "(),%+,,.5 c%-% 0(%-%%+ )#+,%+ '(+-()#"% %*'%0
/4-4&5 %*/%+ "%0 "%&. :($%! %'% 3%+, "():%-# '%-% -#)#+3% !(+-#)# !(-#0#"
*($%*.+'()&%"#%+"(),%+,,.0%'%!#"%!/()'#0#)3%+,%/!")%0/()0.)%+,5
;#0% -($#)#.* /()%" 0(*.-#%+ !(*/.& '(+-()#"% "%0 #+,%" $%,# 0(:%-#%+
0(:%-#%+!($%*%-($#)#.*6%*+(!#%75
4. Keadaan mimpi / Twilight state
(!%-%)%+ *(+.).+ "("%'# 4)#(+"%!# "()&%-%' !(0#"%)+3% !()#+, *%!#&
$(/#& /%#0 -%+ "%+-% %-% /#2%)% 0%2%.5 4+"%0 -(+,%+ !(0#"%)+3% *%!#& %-%
0%-%+,0%-%+, -%$%* 0(%-%%+ *%)%& 3%+, $.%) /#%!% -%+ -%$%* 0(%-%%+
*%)%& #+# -%'%" -#$%0.0%+ '(+,%+#%3%%+ -%+ '(*/.+.&%+5 c(+-()#"% !()#+,
/()+%1!. .+".0 *(+,(*/%)% :#0% 0(!%-%)%+ #+# $(/#& *(+.).+ $%,# %0%+ "#*/.$
-#!4)#(+"%!#-%+/#2%)%0%2%.5
(%-%%+ #+# "#*/.$ 4$(& 0%)(+% ,%+,,.%+ (1(0 3%+, $.%) /#%!% %"%.'.+
0(%-%%+'!#04"#03%+,$%#+5 ()#+,-#-%'%"0%+'%-%
 *4!#3%+,&(/%"
 '#$('!3
 (%0!#-4!4!#%!#
;#0% 0(%-%%+ '.$#& 0(*/%$# *(+:%-# +4)*%$ '(+-()#"% *($%'4)0%+ /%&9%
!($%*%"9#$#,&"!"%"(#%*()%!%!(4$%&4$%&-%$%**#*'#-%+#%!(-#0#"#+,%"%"%.
!%*%!(0%$#"#-%0#+,%"0(:%-#%+0(:%-#%+3%+,"():%-#!($%*%'()#4-(#".5
5. Stupor
tupor adalah keadaan dimana penderita akinetik (tak bergerak, diam
seperti patung) dan mutistik, tetapi kesadaran relative masih ada5 %!#& %-%
,()%0%+ *%"% -%+ )(!'#)%!#5 ("%'# ,()%0 *%"% '%-% .*.*+3% %*'%0 "%+'%
".:.%+5
(!.-%& 0(%-%%+ !".'4) !()#+, %-% 0(!%+,,.'%+ .+".0 *(+,#+,%"
0(:%-#%+0(:%-#%+ *(!0#'.+ -%'%" "():%-# :.,% %*+(!#% "4"%$5 ".'4) '()$.
-#/(-%0%+ -(+,%+ )%!% *(+,%+".0 0(&#$%+,%+ 0(!%-%)%+ !()'()"# '%-% 04*%
-%+'%)%$3>(!3%)%1*4"4)#05
 ".'4)-%'%"*(+:%-#/%#0'%-%,%+,,.%+*(+"%$"40!#04),%+#2*%.'.+
,%+,,.%+ *(+"%$ '!#04,(+#05 %#0 '%-% !".'4) "40!#0 4),%+#2 ')4!(! /()'#0#)
!%-%) -#".+-%5 (-%+,0%+ '%-% !".'4) 0%"%"4+#0 6'!#04,(+#07 '(+-()#"%
*(*#0#)0%+ !(!.%". 3%+, *(+-%$%* 3%+, /()!#1%" %."#!"#2 -(+,%+ 0(&$#+,%+
)(%$#"%! "%+'% 0(&#$%+,%+ 0(!%-%)%+5 c(),%+"#%+ *(+-%-%0 -%)# !".'4) 0(
%0"#8#"%! !()#+, #*'.$!#8( %"%. /()$(/#&%+ &%+3% "()-%'%" '%-% !".'4)
'!#04,(+#05

 
 VI ORIE TSI

Vrientasi adalah suatu proses dimana seseorang dapat menangkap/mengerti
keadaan sekitarnya, dan ia dapat melokalisir dirinya dalam hubungan dengan
sekitarnya tersebut.
;#0% !(4)%+, "%&. '4!#!#+3% -%$%* &./.+,%+ -(+,%+ 9%0". !%-%) %0%+
0(%-%%%+ ')#/%-#+3% !%-%) !#".%!# $#+,0.+,%++3% -%+ *(+,()"# &./.+,%++3%
*(+,%'%4)%+,$%#+%-%-#!#".-#+%*%0%+4)%+,"()!(/."/()4)#(+"%!#/%#05;#0%#%"#-%0
*(+,(+%$ -%+ "%0 -%'%" *($40%$#!#) -#)#+3% -%$%* &./.+,%+ -(+,%+ 1%2"4)1%0"4)
"()!(/."-#%"%!-#!(/."-#!4)#(+"%!#5

%+,,.%+4)#(+"%!#-%'%""#*/.$'%-%"#%',%+,,.%+*(+"%$-#*%+%-#-%'%"0%+
,%+,,.%+'()#+,%"%+,%+,,.%+'()!('!#-%+,%+,,.%+'()&%"#%+5
%+,,.%+4)#(+"%!#
/%+3%0 -#-%'%"0%+ '%-% 0(%-%%+0(%-%%+ !#+-)4*% 4"%0 4),%+#2 %0." "("%'# :%)%+,
-#-%'%"0%+'%-%0(%-%%+%1(03%+,$.%)/#%!%04+1$#004+1$#03%+,%0."5
$(& !(/%/ #". *%0% -%3% 0(*%*'.%+ 4)#(+"%!# #+# !%+,%" ()%" &./.+,%++3%
-(+,%+ 0(!%-%)%+ #+-#8#-.5 %$%* *(+($#"# -%3% 4)#(+"%!# #+# -%$%* ')%0"(0+3% 0#"%
*(+:%$%+0%+'(*()#0!%%+0(!%-%)%+#+-#8#-.5
#"%*(+,(+%$/()*%2%**%2%*4)#(+"%!#
%5 )#(+"%!#'()!4+%$64)#(+"%!#'()4)%+,%+7
(*%*'.%+ #+-#8#-. .+".0 *(+,(*.0%0%+ #-(+"#"%! -#)# !(+-#)# -%+ 4)%+,
$%#+-#!(0#"%)+3%5
/5 )#(+"%!#"(*'4)%$64)#(+"%!#9%0".7
(*%*'.%+ .+".0 *(+,("%&.# "(+"%+, &./.+,%+ *%!% 9%0". &%)#
"%+,,%$ /.$%+ *.!#* -%+ "%&.+ !(0%)%+,5%#0 3%+,$%*'%. *%.'.+ 3%+,%0%+
-%"%+,5
25 )#(+"%!#!'%!#%$64)#(+"%!#"(*'%"7
(*%*'.%+ .+".0 *(+,("%&.# "(+"%+, /%"%!%+ ).%+, %"%. $40%!# 3%+,
-#"(*'%"#-%+&./.+,%++3%-(+,%+).%+,$%#+%"%.$40%!#$%#+5#!%$+3%&./.+,%+
%+"%)%!%"."(*'%"-(+,%+"(*'%"$%#+%+"%)%!%".$40%!#-(+,%+$40%!#$%#+%+"%)%
!%".).%+,-(+,%+).%+,$%#+-%+!%".04"%-(+,%+04"%$%#+5
-5 )#(+"%!#!#".%!#4+%$64)#(+"%!#!#".%!#7
 (*%*'.%+ #+-#8#-. .+".0 *(+%1!#0)%+ %'%0 !(/%/+3% !(4)%+ %"%.
/(/()%'% 4)%+, /()%-% -# !.%". "(*'%" %"%. -# !.%". !#".%!# "()"(+".5 '%0%&
*%!#+,*%!#+,".,%!+3%-%+0('()$.%++3%-#!#".5
c()$. 0#"% '()&%"#0%+ /%&9% !(4)%+, '(+-()#"% ,%+,,.%+ :#9% *.+,0#+
*(+,%$%*# ,%+,,.%+ 4)#(+"%!# -%)# !%$%& !%". %"%. /(/()%'% 4)#(+"%!# "()!(/."
9%$%.'.+ 0(!%-%)%++3% /%#05 %$ #+# -%'%" -#!(/%/0%+ 4$(& 0%)(+% '(+-()#"% "($%&
*(+,%$%*#'(+,%!#+,%+-#)#%0#/%"')4!(!*(+"%$3%+,'%"4$4,#05
#!%$+3% 0%)(+% !#0%' %'%"&3 %."#!* 0(%-%%+ %1(0 3%+, $.%) /#%!%5 %$
!(*%2%*#+#0#"%!(/."-#!4)#(+"%!#)($%"#8(5%$#+#"#-%0/4$(&0#"%%/%#0%+5

 
 VII KO TK PSIKIK

ontak psikik adalah daya kemampuan individu untuk mengadakan hubungan
mental dan emosionil yang wajar dengan orang lain, dalam jangaka waktu yang cukup
dibutuhkan5./.+,%+3%+,9%:%)-%+2.0.'-#/.".&0%+#+#&%+3%!%+,,.'-#:%$%+0%+
#+-#8#-. %'%/#$% #% !%+,,.' '.$% *(+2.)%&0%+ 6*(+2%+".*0%+7 '()&%"#%++3% 3%+,
2.0.''.$%"()&%-%'!4%$3%+,!(-%+,-#'()/#+2%+,0%+5
%0%-%$%**(+#$%#04+"%0'!#0#0/()".)."".)."
5 -%0%&0(*%*'.%+.+".004+"%0'!#0#0I
5 %+,,.'0%&*($%0.0%+&./.+,%+*(+"%$(*4!#4+#$!(2%)%9%:%)I
5 %+,,.'0%& &./.+,%+ *(+"%$ (*4!#4+#$ #+# /()$%+,!.+, -%$%* :%+,0% 9%0".
3%+,2.0.'-#/.".&0%+I
'%/#$% '(+-()#"% -#,%+,,. 4$(& ')4!(!')4!(! '%"4$4,#0 /%#0 3%+, !#1%"+3%
*(+"%$ *%.'.+ 3%+, !#1%"+3% 1#!#0 !()#+,0%$# -%3% 0(*%*'.%+3% .+".0 *(+,%-%0%+
04+"%0'!#0#0!%+,%"0.)%+,!(0%$#%"%."()/%"%!5

 
 VIII PER@TI

(*%*'.%+ !(!(4)%+, .+".0 *(*'()&%"#0%+ 0(%-%%+ -# !(0#"%)+3% 0#"% !(/."
'()&%"#%+5%2%**%2%*,%+,,.%+'()&%"#%+
5 3'()8#,#$#"%!'()&%"#%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%-%+/()'#+-%&'#+-%&4/:(05
5 3'48#,#$#"%!0.)%+,'()&%"#%+"()&%-%'!(0#"%)+3%
5 ."#!*  &#-.' -%$%* %$%* '#0#)%++3% !(+-#)# !(&#+,,% "#-%0 %-% '()&%"#%+
"()&%-%'!(0#"%)+3%5

 
 IX D I GT

Daya ingatan adalah daya kemampuan individu untuk memproduksi
(menghasilkan kembali) hal ikhwal tertentu yang telah terjadi di masa yang lampau5;%-#
-%'%"-#%+,,%'/%&9%-%$%*'()#+,%"%+"()-%'%"')4!(!
 c(+()#*%%+-%+'(+2%"%"%+-%)#0(!%+*(+"%$
 c(+3#*'%+%+-%)#0(!%+3%+,"($%&-#-%'%"
 c(+,,%$#%+0(*/%$#-%)#0(!%+"()!(/."6)(')4-.0!#7
%3% 0(*%*'.%+ #+# -%'%" -#,.+%0%+ !(2%)% %0"#1 3%#". -(+,%+ *(+2.)%&0%+
!(,%$% '()&%"#%+ !%-%) 0('%-% '()#!"#9% %"%. !4%$ -#*%!% $%*'%. #". !(&#+,,% -%'%"
-#&%!#$0%+ )(')4-.0!# #".5 !%&% !(*%2%* #+# -#!(/." ')4!(! *(+,#+,%" 0(*/%$#5 -%
0%$%+3% .!%&% .+".0 *(+,#+,%" 0(*/%$# #". "%0 /()&%!#$ %"%. "%0 !(*'.)+% /()&%!#$5
%$%* &%$ #+# *%!#& -%'%" -#"4$4+, -(+,%+ *(*'()$#&%"0%+ %"%. *(*'()#+,%"0%+
/(/()%'%-("%#$"()"(+".!(&#+,,%#%-%'%"*(+,(+%$0(*/%$#0(!($.).&%++3%-(+,%+
$(/#&!(*'.)+%5
'%0%& !(!.%". &%$ %"%. '()#!"#9% #". /()0(!%+ *(+-%$%* %"%. /()/(0%!
-%+,0%$-%$%*-#)#*%+.!#%"(),%+".+,'%-%1%2"4)1%0"4)
 (!%)+3%'()&%"#%+3%+,-#2.)%&0%+#+-#8#-.!(9%0".'()#!"#9%#"./()$%+,!.+,
 .%"+3% %!4!#%!# '()#!"#9% #". -(+,%+ '()#!"#9%'()#!"#9% $%#+ 3%+, "():%-#
!(/($.*+3%%"%.!(!.-%&+3%-%+3%+,*.-%&-##+,%"0(*/%$#5
 .%"+3% '(+,%).& '()#!"#9% "()&%-%' (*4!# '(+-()#"% !(9%0". '()#!"#9% #".
/()$%+,!.+,5
;#0%-%3%#+,%"#+-#8#-."(),%+,,.*%0%/(/()%'%&%$3%+,&%).!-#'()"#*/%+,0%+
5 '%0%&"()-%'%"!.%".0(*.+-.)%+3%+,-#%0#/%"0%+4$(&0%)(+%!(/%/4),%+4
/#4$4,#0 !(&#+,,% "():%-# 0().!%0%+ '%-% !./!"%+!#% 4"%0 3%+, !#1%"+3%
'()*%+(+5#!%$+3%-(*(+"#%5
5 '%0%&"()-%'%"!.%".0(*.+-.)%+3%+,/()%)"#0(&#$%+,%+-%3%#+,%"%+3%+,
'(+3(/%/+3% $(/#& 04*'$(0! 3%+, /#%!%+3% 4$(& 04*/#+%!# !(/%/ 4),%+4
/#4$4,#0 -%+ '!#04!4!#%$5 (&#$%+,%+ -%3% #+,%"%+ -# !#+# !#1%"+3% !(*(+"%)%5
#!%$+3%%*+(!#%5
 5 '%0%&"()-%'%"!.%".0(*.+-.)%+-%3%#+,%"%+3%+,0#"%0(+%$$.'%"()&%-%'
!%$%&!%".%"%./(/()%'%'()#!"#9%!%:%5%$#+#'%-%.*.*+3%0%)(+%'(+,%).&
(*4!# %"%. '(+,%).& '!#04$4,#0 3%+, 0.%" 3%+, -#-.,% "():-%# -%$%* %$%* "%0
!%-%)5 %)(+% !()#+, 0%$# '()#!"#9%'()#!"#9% #". /()!#1%" *(+%0."0%+ %"%.
*(*%$.0%+5
%2%**%2%*,%+,,.%+'()#+,%"%+
 3'()*(+!#%
 *+(!#%
 c%)%*+(!#%
 (*(+"#%

. @ypermnesia

aitu peringatan yang berlebih-lebihan dan abnormal5 3'()*+(!#%
0%-%+,0%-%+, "()$#&%" '%-% 0(%-%%+ *%+#% '%)%+4#% -%+ 0%"%"4+#%5
(*%*'.%+ *(+,#+,%" *(+:%-# /()$(/#&$(/#&%+ -%+ 0(/%+3%0%+ "()/%"%!
'%-% '()#4-('()#4-( 0&.!.! %"%. 0(:%-#%+0(:%-#%+ 0&.!.! -%+ '(+,%$%*%+
'(+,%$%*%+ 0&.!.! 3%+, -#&./.+,0%+ -(+,%+ )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, !%+,%"
0.%"5 0(!%+ 3%+, "#*/.$ -%)# 0(:%-#%+0(:%-#%+ (*4!#4+#$ #". -#2%"%" -(+,%+
#+"(+!#"%!3%+,$.%)/#%!%-(+,%+-(*#0#%+#+-#8#-.#".-%'%"*(+,#+,%"-(+,%+
:($%!-%+*(+-("%#$5
2. mnesia
mnesia dapat ditimbulkan baik oleh factor-faktor organic maupun
psikogen5 *+(!#% 4),%+#2 -#!(/%/0%+ 0%)(+% ,%+,,.%+ '%-% ')4!(!
'(+2%"%"%+ -%+ '(+3#*'%+%+5 (-%+,0%+ %*+(!#% '!#04,(+ -#!(/%/0%+
0%)(+%,%+,,.%+'%-%')4!(!')4-.0!#5;(+#!:(+#!%*+(!#%
%5 mnesia anterograd  0(&#$%+,%+ #+,%"%+ -%)# '()#!"#9%'()#!"#9% 3%+,
"():%-# !(!.-%& 0(:%-#%+ 3%+, *(+#*/.$0%+ %*+(!#% "()!(/." !%*'%#
'()#4-(9%0"."()"(+".5
/5 mnesia retrograde0(&#$%+,%+#+,%"%+-%)#'()#!"#9%3%+,"():%-#!(/($.*
0(:%-#%+3%+,*(+#*/.$0%+%*+(!#%"()!(/."-%)#'()#4-(9%0"."()"(+".5
R. Paramnesia
 Disebut juga peringatan salah5 (%-%%+ -#*%+% '(+-()#"% "%&. /(+%)
/(+%) /%&9% %'% 3%+, -#%$%*# !(0%)%+, "($%& -#%$%*#+3% '.$% '%-% 9%0".
-%&.$. !(-%+, &%$ #". !%*% !(0%$# "#-%0 /(+%)5 ()*%!.0 '%)%*+(!#% 
04+1%/.$%+!#-J:K8.:%*%#!8.5
 Konfabulasi :
D()#"%"(+"%+,!4%$!4%$-%+0(:%-#%+3%+,!(/(+%)+3%!%*%!(0%$#"#-%0
"():%-#5#"%0(+%$:(+#!04+1%/.$%!#
%5 4+1%/.$%!#!'4+"%+
/5 4+1%/.$%!#..+".0*(+.".'#0(/4-4&%+0(/4-4&%+%"%.0(0.)%+,%+
0(0.)%+,%+-%$%*'()#+,%"%+5
 Dj vu
#!(/."'.$%#$.!#'()#+,%"%+5-%+3%'()%!%%+%'%3%+,-#$#&%"!(0%)%+,
#+# '()+%& -#$#&%" -%+ -#0(+%$ !(/($.*+3% '%-%&%$ !(/($.*+3% /($.*
'()+%&*($#&%"-%+*(+,(+%$+3%5
 amais vu
-%+3% '()%!%%+ !%$%& %"%. '%$!. -#*%+% '(+-()#"% "#-%0 *(+,(+%$
!#".%!# %"%. '()!4+%$ 3%+, !(/(+%)+3% &%$ #+# '()+%& -# %$%*# %"%.
-#0(+%$+3% '%-% 9%0". 3%+, $%*'%.5 ()#+, -#-%'%"0%+ '%-% $4/.!
"(*'4)%$#!:.,%'%-%('#$('!35
4. Dementia
Dementia adalah gangguan atau degenerasi dari ukuran neuron, pada
kortika cerebri yang berlangsung lama, dengan akibat kehilangan efisiensi
intelektual yang bersifat permanen dan irreversible.
c%-% ,%+,,.%+ 3%+, /()"%)%1 )#+,%+ "():%-# ,%+,,.%+ '%-% 0)#"#0
"()&%-%' -#)# !(+-#)# ,%+,,.%+ -%$%* -#!0)#*#+%!# &%$.! )%,.)%,. -%$%*
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*(+3(*'#"-%+".*'.$0(!%+0(!%+-#"()#*%-%+-#%!#*#$%!#$%*/%+5
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4)%+, $%#+ '()#+,%"%+ ).!%0 -%+ -%'%" *(+:%-# 0(/#+,.+,%+ -%+ "():%-#
-#!4)#(+"%!#5
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15 (4'$%!*%
,5 )%.*%61#!#07

 
 X I TELEK D I TELEGE SI

ecara popular intelegensi sering disebut sebagai saraf kecerdasan individu,
sedangkan intelek sering disebut taraf pendidikan individu.

+"($(,(+!# -%+ #+"($(0 "%0 -%'%" -#"#+:%. !(2%)% "()'#!%&5 .%". 1%2"4) 3%+,
'(+"#+, -%$%* !4%$ #+"($(,(+!# #%$%& 0(*%*'.%+ #+-#8#-. .+".0 *(+,%*/#$ *%+1%%"
-%)# '%-% ')4/$(*%"#2 -%+ '(+,%$%*%+ 3%+, "()-%&$. /%,# ')4/$(*%"#2 3%+, "#*/.$
0(*.-#%+5c)4!(!*(+,%*/#$*%+1%%"-%)#'(+,%$%*%+#+#/#%!%+3%*().'%0%+!%$%&
!%".%!'(0'(+"#+,-%)#')4!(!/($%:%)*%+.!#%5$(&0%)(+%#".*%0%"%)%1#+"($(,(+!#
*().'%0%+ !.%". #+-#0%!# -%)# 0(*%*'.%+ /($%:%) *%+.!#% /%#0 '%-% '(+,%$%*%+
')%0"(0*%.'.+-%)#&%!#$'(+-#-#0%+-#!(04$%&5
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!(2%)% !#*.$"%+ !(-%+,0%+ #+-#8#-. $%#++3% &%+3% *%*'. *(+3($(!%#0%+ !4%$ !%".
'()!%".5 (*#0#%+ '.$% #+-#8#-. %-% 3%+, *%*'. *(+3($(!%#0%+ !4%$!4%$ !(2%)%
2('%"*(+.)."!#%!%"'#0#)%+3%+,"()%".)%-%'.$%#+-#8#-.3%+,*(+3($(!%#0%+!4%$
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#"./()-%!%)0%+')4!(!#+")%'!#0#06!('()"#'%-%,%+,,.%++(.)4"#2%"%.'!#04"#07%"%.
%'%0%& &%$ #". /()-%!%)0%+ 0($%#+%+ -(,(+()%"#8( -%)# +(.)4+ 04)"#02%$ !('()"# 3%+,
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04*'$(0! -%+ !.$#" 3%+, '%-% !%%" #+#'.+ *%!#& /($.* -#%0.# !(2%)% .+#8()!%$
0('(+"#+,%+ !()"% 0(-.-.0%++3%5 c%-% '(*()#0!%%+ '!#0#%")# 3%+, '(+"#+, #%$%&
-.,%%+#+"($(,(+!##+-#8#-.3%#".%'%0%&/()"%)%1!.'()#4)+4)*%$%"%.!./+4)*%$5
c%-% '(*()#0!%%+ '!#04$4,# 64$(& '!#04$4,7 !4%$ #+"($(,(+!# -%+
5M5 #+#
*().'%0%+ !%$%& !%". !%)%+ !(+")%$ -%)# '(*()#0!%%+ "()!(/." -%+ -#$%'4)0%+ !(2%)%
"()'()#+2# -%$%* (8%$.%!# '!#04$4,#0+3%5 ()-%!%)0%+ #+# '.$% -#&%)%'0%+ 0#"% -%'%"
*(+%+,%+#'(+-()#"%-(+,%+$(/#&"('%"5
 
 XI EKSPRESI, KR G , TULIS D GMBR

kspresi berarti segala manifestasi dan segala cara untuk melahirkan
(menyatakan) proses-proses mental emosional individu. %$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$
#+-#8#-. *%*'. *(+:%$%+0%+ (0!')(!# !(!.%# -(+,%+ "%)%1 '(+-#-#0%+ -%+ "%)%1
*%".)%!# 0(')#/%-#%+5 %$%* 0(%-%%+ '!#04"#0 -%+ +(.)4"#2 "%0 :%)%+, -%3%
0(*%*'.%+ (0!')(!# 3%+, &%$.! -%+ '()+%& -#2%'%#+3% #". 0(*.-#%+ !(4$%&4$%&
).+".& %"%. (+,%$%*# )(,)(!#5 %$ #+# %*'%0 '%-% 2%)% 4)%+, /()/#2%)% 2%)% 4)%+,
*(+,,()%00%+ %+,,4"%%+,,4"% /%-%++3% 2%)% #% *(+.$#! *(+,,%*/%) -%+
*(+,%)%+,2()#"%5
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%"%.0%)3%'(+-()#"%*(+:%-#'(".+.:03%+,'(+"#+,/%,#')4!(!*(+"%$%"%.(*4!#4+#$
3%+,!(-%+,*(+#*'%-#)#'(+-()#"%#".5
%*'%# "%)%1 "()"(+". ')#+!#' #+#'.+ -#,.+%0%+ -%$%* 2%)% '(*()#0!%%+
'!#04$4,#0 "()."%*% 3%+, !#1%"+3% ')43(0"#1 3%#". 3%+, -#%+,,%' -%'%" *(*/()#0%+
,%*/%)%+ "(+"%+, $%'#!%+$%'#!%+ 0(!%-%)%+ *%+.!#% 3%+, "%0 !%-%) %"%. /%9%&
!%-%)5

 
 XII I ISITIF

Insiatif adalah dorongan untuk melakukan perbuatan yang baru dan original, jadi
bukan perbuatan yang sifatnya sekedar mencontoh atau meniru.
%$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ "#%'"#%' #+-#8#-. *()%!% -#)#+3% "()-4)4+, .+".0
*($%0.0%+'()/.%"%+"()"(+".3%+,/()!.*/()'%-%#+!#%"#1-#)#!(+-#)#5

%/#%!%+3%"%0!.0%*(+24+"4&%"%.*($%0.0%+'()/.%"%+3%+,&%+3%0%)(+%
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*%+%0%&-4)4+,%+.+".0*($%0.0%+'()/.%"%+"()"(+".3%+,!#1%"+3%/%).-%+4)#!#+#$
#".-%'%"-#"()#*%/%#04$(&$#+,0.+,%++3%"%+'%-#%+,,%'%+(&4$(&4)%+,$%#+5
%$%* /(/()%'% 0(%-%%+ '!#04"#0 -%+ +(.)4"#2 -4)4+,%+ .+".0 /()#+!#%"#1 #+#
/()0.)%+, %"%. /()"%*/%& -#$.%) /%"%!/%"%! +4)*%$5 #!%$+3% -%$%* 0(%-%%+
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*.".-%)#'%-%'(0():%%+3%#".!%+,%"0.)%+,!(0%$#*#!%$+3%#%&(+-%0*(+:%$%+0%+
!('.$.& *%2%* '(0():%%+ !(0%$#,.! "("%'# !%".'.+ -%)# '%-% '(0():%%+ 3%+,
-#!%+,,.'#+3% #". "#-%0 %-% 3%+, !($(!%# -#$%0.0%+5 (/%$#0+3% -%$%* 0(%-%%+
-(')(!#1 *%0% '(+-()#"% !%*% !(0%$# 0(&#$%+,%+ #+#!#%"#1+3% !(4$%&4$%& !(,%$%
!(!.%".#".3%+,*(+%)#0!(0%)%+,"#-%0*(+%)#0$%,#5

 
 XII D KO SE TRSI

Daya konsentrasi adalah daya kemampuan seorang individu untuk memusatkan
pikiran atau perhatiannya terhadap sesuatu hal, yang terdapat dalam kesadaran
individu tersebut.
%$%* '(*()#0!%%+ '!#0#%")# 0&.!.! '()$. '.$% -#"($#"# %'%0%& !(4)%+, #+-#8#-.
#".*%*'.*(*.!%"0%+'#0#)%+-%+'()&%"#%++3%"()&%-%'&%$&%$3%+,"()$("%0-#$.%)
-#)#+3%!()"%"()&%-%'&%$&%$3%+,"()$("%0-%$%*%$%*-#)#')#/%-#+3%!(+-#)#5
%+,&%).!0#"%'()&%"#0%+#%$%&%'%0%&#+-#8#-.#".*%*'.*(*.!%"0%+'#0#)%+
-%+'()&%"#%++3%#"."().!*(+().!*($#'."#!.%".9%0".3%+,%,%0'%+:%+,5
%$%* 0(%-%%+ +4)*%$ !(4)%+, #+-#8#-. -%'%" *($%0.0%+ ".,%! #+# "%+'%
*()4!4"+3% -%3% 04+!(+")%!# !(2%)% *(+34$405 c%-% 0(%-%%+ :#9% 3%+, "(),%+,,.
*%0%-%3%04+!(+")%!##".!()#+,0%$#*(+:%-#$(*/(0%"%.0%/.)'()&%"#%++3%*.-%&
"()$('%! %"%. /()2%/%+,2%/%+, *#!%$+3% '%-% 0(%-%%+ *(+#%0%$5 c%-% 0(%-%%+
-(')(!# '()&%"#%++3% *.-%& *($(*/(0 -%+ !(4$%&4$%& *(+,&#$%+, !%:% "%+'% %-%
-4)4+,%+.+".0*($%+:."0%+.!%&%'(*.!%"%+'()&%"#%+#".5c%-%0(%-%%+!0#>41)(+#%
-%+ 0(%-%%+ '%)%+4#- '()&%"#%+ !.0%) -#'.!%"0%+ %"%. :#0% -#'.!%"0%+ !()#+, 0%$#
"()".:.'%-%&%$&%$3%+,!#1%"+3%!%+,%"-("%#$-%+0(2#$!%:%5
%$ $%#+ 3%+, '()$. -#'()&%"#0%+ #%$%& %-%+3% 0(:()+#&%+ -%3% /()'#0#) 3%+,
/()!#1%"0%/.)"()."%*%'%-%0(%-%%+#+"40!#0%!#5

 
 XIV PE DPT

cendapat adalah daya kemampuan individu untuk mengusahakan suatu
identifikasi realistic (pemastian yang berdasarkan kenyataan) disertai suatu evaluasi
realistic (penilaian yang bedsasarkan kenyataan), daripada berbagai faham dan
peristiwa dengan berbagai variabelnya, serta mengusahakan adanya relasi dan limitasi
antara faham dan fakta itu.
.%". '(+-%'%" -#!(/." -#!0)#*#+%"#1 :#0% '(+-%'%" #". 0(2.%$# '%-% ')#+!#'+3%
/%#0 :.,% *(+,.!%&%0%+ %-%+3% '(*/(-%%+'(*/(-%%+ -%$%* !(,4$4+,%+
0(%-%%+0(%-%%+ 3%+, *(+3().'%# !%". -(+,%+ 3%+, $%#+5 %+.!#% +4)*%$ 3%+,
/()#+"($#,(+!#+4)*%$-%'%"-#&%)%'0%+!%+,,.'*(+:%$%+0%+.!%&%*(*/%+-#+,0%+
/%+-#+,0%+ -%+ "#-%0 *(*.0.$)%"%0%+ 1%0"% -%$%* -.+#% !(0($#$#+,+3%5
% !%+,,.'
/()!#0%'2.0.'0)#"#!3%+,/()%)"#/%&9%#%!%+,,.'*(+($#"#-%+*(+3#%!%"#&./.+,%+
6)($%!# -%+ $#*#"%!#7 %+"%)% !%". 1%&%* -%+ 1%&%* $%#+ -%+ %+"%)% !%". 1%0"% -(+,%+
1%0"%$%#+!()"%-(+,%+2.0.'!(0!%*%-%'%"*(+(,%00%+'(*%!"#%+6#-(+"#1#0%!#7-%+
'(+#$%#%+6(8%$.%!#7*%!#+,*%!#+,1%0"%-%+1%&%*#".!%*'%#"%)%1*%+%0%&*()(0%
#".*(+,%+-.+,0(/(+%)%+-(+,%+:%$%+*(*/%+-#+,/%+-#+,0%+5
(*%*'.%+ .+".0 /()!#0%' -%+ /()'(+-%'%" 0)#"#! *(+:%-# '(-4*%+ '(+"#+,
/%,# '(*()#0!% .+".0 *(+("%'0%+ *.". '(+-%'%" -#!0)#*#+%"#1 '%-% !(4)%+,
'(+-()#"%5
(+,%+ -(*#0#%+ *%0% 0(*%*'.%+ .+".0 *(+,(*.0%0%+ '(+-%'%" !(2%)%
-#!0)#*#+%"#1 *().'%0%+ !.%". 1.+,!# 0&.!.! -%)#'%-% 0(')#/%-#%+ *%+.!#% 3%+,
."%*%!(0%$#-%+4$(&0%)(+%#".'()$.-#'()&%"#0%+!("($#"#"($#"#+3%5
#"%/(-%0%+/(/()%'%:(+#!'(+-%'%"
a. Pendapat global atau pendapat universal

+# %-%$%& '(+-%'%" 3%+, *(+,(+%# &%$&%$ 3%+, /#%!%+3% !.-%&
-#0("%&.# !($.).& .*%" *%+.!#% "%+'% -#'($%:%)# !(2%)% 0&.!.! !('()"# &%$&%$
3%+, *(+3%+,0." ("#0% !4'%+ !%+".+ -%+ &%$&%$ 3%+, *(+3%+,0." ("#0%
'(),%.$%+ /#%!%5 c(+-%'%"'(+-%'%" 3%+, "(),4$4+, -# !#+# /#%!%+3% +4+0)#"#!
-%+/()!#1%"4"4*%"#!5#!%$+3%/4$(&0%&4)%+,*(+2.)#I/4$(&0%&/()/4&4+,
I
 b. Pendapat khusus atau pendapat spesifik

+# %-%$%& '(+-%'%"'(+-%'%" *(+,(+%# &%$&%$ "()"(+". 3%+,
*(+,&%).!0%+ %-%+3% !.%". !#0%' 3%+, $(/#& 0)#"#! 4$(& 0%)(+% 3%+,
/()!%+,0."%+ &%).! *(+(+".0%+ !.%". '(+-#)#%+ 3%+, 0&.!.! 9%$%.'.+
*.+,0#+ -#)#')#/%-#+3% "%0 $%+,!.+, "()!%+,0." -# -%$%*+3%5 *#!%$+3% 
/%,%#*%+%/(-%/4&4+,-%+0&#$%1I/%,%#*%+%/(-%0&%9%"#)-%+"%0."I
;($%!$%& /%&9% .+".0 *(+,(*.0%0%+ '(+-%'%" 0&.!.! !(*%2%* #".
-#'()$.0%+!.%"."%)%1#+"($(,(+!#-%+"%)%1#+"($(0"()"(+".5
c()$. -#2%"%" /%&9% !($.).& '(*()#0!%%+ '(+-%'%" #". '%-% .*.*+3%
&%).!-#!(!.%#0%+-(+,%+#+"($(03%+,/()!%+,0."%+-%+&%).!"()".:.0('%-%
!%$%&!%".!(,#-%)#'%-%')4!(!/()'#0#)&%$#+#'()$.%,%)!.'%3%'(*()#0!%%+
&%$'4!#"#1#+#/(),.+%/%,#0(!($.).&%+'(*()#0!%%+'!#0#%")#5
c. Pendapat pribadi atau pendapat personal

+# %-%$%& '(+-%'%" *(+,(+%# -#)#!(+-#)# -%+ *(*/()# '(+:($%!%+
"(+"%+,'(+,()"#%+-#)#!(+-#)#-%+0(#+!3%1%+"(+"%+,'(+3%0#"+3%5
;#0%0#"%&(+-%0*(+#$%##+#*%0%'()$.0#"%*(+:%$%+0%+'(*()#0!%%+3%+,&%"#
&%"# %,%) !.'%3% '(+-()#"% *(*%&%*# -%+ *(+,&%3%"# -#)#!(+-#)#5 c(+-()#"% -#*#+"%
.+".0 *($%&#)0%+ '(+-%'%" 3%+, %0%+ *(+2()*#+0%+ -%3% '(+,()"#%+ "(+"%+, -#)#+3%
!(+-#)# !(2%)% "()'()#+2#5 $(& !(/%/ #". *%0% !4%$ '(+-%'%" ')#/%-# #+# *(+:%-#
'(".+:.03%+,'(+"#+,%'%0%&3%+,/()!%+,0."%+*(*#$#0#!.%".'(+,()"#%+-#)#!(+-#)#
3%+,2.0.'%"%.0%&0.)%+,*(+2.0.'#:#0%-#/%+-#+,0%+-(+,%+"%)%1#+"($(,(+!#-%+
#+"($(0+3%5

 
 XV PE GERTI TE T G DIRI  SE DIRI

cengertian tentang dirinya sendiri atau pemahaman diskriminatif adalah daya
kemampuan individu untuk menginsyafi dan menjalankan asal-usul dan perkembangan
dari pada berbagai kelakuan, pikiran dan perasasannya beserta gangguan-gangguan
yang dialami atau diperlihatkan pada waktu sekarang.
(+,%+ -(*#0#%+ *%0% 3%+, &%).! 0#"% "($#"# #%$%& !%*'%# "%)%1 *%+%0%&
'(+-()#"%-%'%"*(+,#+!3%1#!()"%*(+:($%!0%+*(+"%$-%+(*4!#4+%$+3%!(0%)%+,#".
!(/%,%#!(!.%".3,*%!#&+4)*%$%"%.0%&3%+,!.-%&/()!#1%"'(+3%0#"5
#!%$+3% '%-% '(+-()#"% 3%+, *(+,(*.0%0%+ 0(3%0#+%++3% /%&9% #% <
"()$%*'%.!()#+,0("%0."%+%"%.,($#!%&!(4$%&4$%&%0%+!(,()%*%"#-%+-#!%*'#+,
#". !(/(".$+3% "%0 /()%$%!%+ *%0% '(+-()#"% #". 0#"% !(/." !(/%,%# 4)%+, 3%+, *%!#&
*(*#$#0# '(+,()"#%+ '(+3%0#" 3%+, 0(*.-#%+ -%'%" -#:%-#0%+ -%!%) .+".0
*(+.*/.&0%+!.%".'(+,()"#%+-#)#3%+,$(/#&!(*'.)+%5#%!%+3%!.%".'(+,()"#%+
-#)# 3%+, $(/#& !(*'.)+% #". -%'%" -#.!%&%0%+ -(+,%+ '!#04"()%'# !(2%)% /()"%&%'
!(&#+,,% '(+,()"#%+ -#)# #". !(2%)% /()%+,!.)%+,!.) %0%+ /()"%*/%& /(!%) -%+
*(+-%$%*5
(/%$#0+3%'%-%4)%+,3%+,*(*'.+3%#0(3%0#+%+3%+,!#1%"+3%9%&%**%0%
:($%!$%&/%,%#*%+%'.+.!%&%0#"%#%%0%+"("%'/()'(,%+,"(,.&'%-%0(3%0#+%++3%
!(+-#)# 3%+, !%$%&5
% "("%' *(+(+"%+, -%+ *(+4$%& !("#%' '(+:($%!%+ 3%+, $%#+ -%)#
'%-% '(+,()"#%++3% !(+-#)# :%-# '%-% '(+-()#"% #". "#-%0 %-% '(+,()"#%+ "(+"%+,
'(+3%0#"+3%5 $(& 0%)(+% #". !%+,%" !.0%) .+".0 *(+,&%)%'0%+ %0%+ %-%+3%
'(+,()"#%+-#)#!(+-#)#!.0%).+".0*(+,&%)%'0%+%0%+%-%+3%'(+,()"#%+-#)#!(+-#)#5
%$ #+# /#%!%+3% 0#"% :.*'%# '%-% ,4$4+,%+ '(+3%0#" '!#04"#05 #-%0 :%)%+,
!(!.-%& '(+-()#"% !(*/.& -%)# ,%+,,.%+ :#9%+3% *%!#& "("%' *(+.+:.00%+
'(+,()"#%+ -#)# !(+-#)# 3%+, 0.)%+, !(*'.)+% "(+"%+, '(+3%0#"+3% "("%'# 9%$%.'.+
-(*#0#%+ +%*.+ 0#"%&%).! !(*%0!#*%$ *.+,0#+ *(+.*/.&0%+ !.%". '(+,()"#%+ -#)#
!(+-#)#3%+,$(/#&2()*%"'%-%-#)#'(+-()#"%"()!(/."5
 
 XVI I STI K D DORO G I STI KTUL

Instink adalah sumber tenaga dari segala tingkah laku yang tak usah dipelajari
secara khusus oleh individu. ekuatan yang ada dibelakang tingkah laku serupa itu
disebut dorongan instinktuil.
(+".0/(+".0 4),%+#!*( &#-.' 3%+, )(+-%& *(*'()$#&%"0%+ "#+,0%& $%0.
#+!"#+0".#$3%+,$(/#&*(+34$40-%)#'%-%/(+".0/(+".04),%+#!*(3%+,/()"%)%1$(/#&
"#+,,#5 c%-% 0(&#-.'%+ *%+.!#% -#:.*'%# 1%2"4) $#+,0.+,%+ !42#%$ 3%+, !%,%" '(+"#+,
-%$%* *(*'(+,%).&# "#+,0%& $%0.+3%5 .'%).'%+3% .+".0 0(&#-.'%+ *%+.!#%
-(+,%+ !(,%$% %-%"#!"#%-%"+3% 04+-#!# !42#%$ #".$%& 3%+, '%$#+, *(+(+".0%+
/%,%#*%+%2%)%&#-.'+3%#".%0%+-#%".)0(*.-#%+5
;($%! 0#)%+3% /%&9% 2%)% &#-.' *%+.!#% 0("#0% #% $%&#) -%+ 2%)% &#-.'+3% #".
%0%+-#%".)0(*.-#%+5
;($%! 0#)%+3% /%&9% 2%)% &#-.' *%+.!#% 0("#0% #% $%&#) -%+ 2%)% &#-.'+3%
!(*%!% -(9%!% %0%+ :%.& /()/(-% !%". -(+,%+ $%#++3% :.!"). 0%)(+% 1%2"4) 04+-#!#
!42#%$#".5
c(+#$%#%+ '!#0#%")#0 *(+,(+%# -4)4+,%+ #+!"#+0".#$ #+# /()!#1%" !.%". (8%$.%!#
!%*'%# /(/()%'% :%.&0%& -%$%* "#%' 0(%-%%+ '!#04'%"&4$4,#0 -4)4+,%+ #+# "%*'#$
0(*.0%%"%.*(+3#*'%+,-%)#'%-%+4)*%$5;(+#!:(+#!+3%%+"%)%$%#+
 /.$#%
 ".'4)
 ('".!
 *(+"#!

a. bulia
bulia berarti keadaan kehilangan atau kekurangan dorongan kehendak.
Dorongan kehendak adalah sama dengan keinginan berkehendak dan berarti,
bahwa individu mempunyai keinginan untuk berbuat sesuatu. Tetapi dalam
abulia, individu itu walaupun ada keinginan atau kekuatan kehendak, jarang
sekali dijumpai.
ang lebih sering dilihat adalah keadaan dimana keinginan-
 keinginan atau kehendak itu sangat berkurang. @al ini sering kita jumpai pada
skizofrenia.
adang-kadang kemerosotan dari kehendak nampak dalam hubungannya
dengan beberapa pekerjaan tertentu saja, dan tidak mengenal seluruh bidang
aktifitas manusia. Individu seolah-olah beperan bahwa ia kurang sempurna
atau kurang lengkap, sehingga Ia mudah jatuh kedalam kekuasaan orang lain
yang dorongan kehendaknya lebih kuat.
Istilah abulia social menandakan adanya suatu inaktifitas fokal atau
inaktifitas umum terhadap lingkungannya, yang disebabkan karena individu
tersebut tidak mampu untuk menyusun suatu rencana tentang usaha-usaha yang
hendak dijalankannya. Mungkin individu tersebut ingin berhubungan dengan
masyarakat, akan tetapi ia tak mampu mengubah keinginan itu menjadi
perbuatan yang nyata, walaupun jika dilihat secara seksama, ia memiliki tenaga
yang cukup besar untuk itu.
Letak gangguannya justru pada ketidakmampuannya untuk menyusun
siasat atau kebijaksanaan praktis untuk menyelesaikan bebagai soal-soal social
yang dihadapinya, karena dorongan kehendak itu hilang atau berkurang.
b. Stupor
dalah suatu keadaan yang terjadi karena bekunya segala dorongan
untuk berbuat dan kebalnya keadaan perasaan seorang individu. cenderita
seolah-olah kehilangan segala daya untuk merasakan segala apa-apa dan
mentalnya hilang dari kehidupannya, serta mati segala aktifitas fisik dan
mentalnya. cenderita tak mampu lagi menerima rangsang dan karena itu tak
dapat menilai lagi hakekat dan sifat dari pada apa yang terjadi dalam lingkungan
sekelilingnya.
adang-kadang istilah stupor itu diartikan juga sebagai suatu keadaan
dimana individu itu berada dalam suatu keadaan mutisme (membisu tak mau
bicara), tetapi yang tidak disebabkan karena adanya gangguan sensorism.
c. Raptus
Raptus adalah suatu keadaan yang bersifat serangan eksplosif dan
sekonyong-konyong tanpa adanya provokasi yang adekuat, sehingga tmbul
 keadaan agitasi yang hebat. Dalam keadaan semacam ini segala dorongan
berbuat dilepaskan dari segala hambatan-hambatannya. @al ini dapat terjadi
dalam suatu fasekatatonik dari penyakit skizofrenia (raptus impulsivus) dan juga
pada keadaan melancholia, bila terjadi suatu serangan yang eksplosif agitatif
yang hebat disebut juga raptus melancholicus.
d. mentia
mentia ialah suatu keadaan kekacauan halusinatorik, dengan kesadaran
yang merendah dan biasanya disebabkan oleh etiologi organo-biologik
(eksogen) yang sifatnya toksik, infeksi atau kelelahan. %$%* &%$ #+# "():%-#$%&
0(0%2%.%+ -%)# !(,%$% 1.+,!# 0(')#/%-#%+ 9%$%.'.+ '(+-()#"% 0%-%+,0%-%+,
*%!#& +%*'%0 !(/%,%# !(4)%+, 3%+, -%'%" /()'#0#) :($%! -%+ "%:%*5 (%-%%+
%*(+"#% #+# '%-% .*.*+3% -%'%" -#%"%!# -(+,%+ 2.0.' *(*.%!0%+ %'%/#$%
0(%-%%+ .*.* 1#!#0 /($.* "()$%$. *()4!4" !(0%$#'.+ 0(%-%%+ 0(0%2%.%+ #".
-%'%"/()$%+,!.+,$%*%5

 
 XVII SI DROM-SI DROM PSIKITRI

%$%* -#%,+4!#! '!#0#%")#$(/#&$(/#& '%-% '!#0#%")# !"%"#! %"%. '!#0#%")# -#!0)#'"#1 !()#+,
!.0% !(0%$# .+".0 *(+(+".0%+ -#%,+4!#! !(4)%+, '(+-()#"% '%-% '(*()#0!%%+ 3%+,
'()"%*% 0%$#5 # !#+# 0#"% '()$.0%+ !.%". 4/!()8%!# $(/#& $%+:." .+".0 *(+(+".0%+
-#%,+4!(3%+,$(/#&'%!"#5
(+,%+ -#0("%&.#+3% ,(:%$%,(:%$% !%". '()!%". *%0% 0#"% -%'%"0%+ ,%*/%)%+
0(%-%%+ '!#0#! -%)# '(+-()#"% "()!(/." *#!%$+3% %'%0%& '(+-()#"% -%$%* 0(%-%%+
/#+,.+, -%$%* 0(%-%%+ -($#)%+" %"%. -%$%* 0(%-%%+ 2(*%!5 0&#)+3% 0#"% -%'%"
*(+,.*'.$0%+ -%+ *(+3#*'.$0%+ /(/()%'% ,(:%$% 3%+, !($%$. "()-%'%" '%-% !.%".
04*/#+%!#"()"(+".3%+,0#"%!(/."!#+-)4*%%"%.0.*'.$%+,(:%$%5
. Sindroma ensefalopati
().'%0%+ 0.*'.$%+ ,(:%$%,(:%$% '!#0#%")#0%0#/%" 0($%#+%+4),%+#2 '%-%4"%0
0(2.%$# '%-% /(/()%'% ".*4) 0(2#$5 #+-)4* (+!(1%$4'%"# #+# *#!%$+3% "()-%'%"
'%-%  %)"()#4!0$()4!#! 2()(/)# ".*4) 2()(/)# &3-)42('&%$.! ")%.*% 2%'#"#!
")%.*% '%-% '%)".! 60($%&#)%+7 (+2('&%$#"#! $.(! 2()(/)# -(*(+"#% '%)%$3"#2%
-(*(+"#% !(+#$#! -(*(+"#% ')(!(+#$#! *4)/.! c#20 *4)/.! $>&(#*() *4)/.!
.*"#+,"4+-(,(+()%!#-%)#2()(/).*-%+$%#+$%#+5

(:%$%,(:%$%-%)#!#+-)4*(+!(1%$4'%"#
 )%-3'&)(+#%  $%*/%" -%$%* ')4,)(!#"#"%! '#0#)%+5 ()#+, ,(:%$% #+#
*().'%0%+ ,(:%$% !%".!%".+3% -%$%* :%+,0% 9%0". 3%+, $%*%5
)%-3'&)(+#%&%).!0#"%/(-%0%+-(+,%+)("%)-%!#5
 #-%0 %-% #+#!#%"#1 !(&#+,,% 0(&#$%+,%+ !'4+"%+#"%! .+".0 *($%0.0%+
!.%".%0"#8#"%!5
 c(+,(+-%$#%+ -%)# )(%0!# (*4!#4+#$ 3%+, !%+,%" 0.)%+, !(&#+,,% "#*/.$
0(%-%%+ %))#"%/($ *#!%$+3%  $(0%! *%)%& *.-%& "()!#+,,.+, *.-%&
!(-#&-%+!(/%,%#+3%5
 %3% #+,%"%+ *(+:%-# *.+-.) $(/#&$(/#& '%-% ')4!(! '(+2%"%"%+ -%+
')4!(!'(+3#*'%+%+-%)#'()#+,%"%+5
 %*%$%*%"#*/.$-(*(+"#%5
  (!%-%)%+/#%!%+3%"#-%0"(),%+,,.0(2.%$#'%-%")%.*%2%'#"#!-#*%+%
0(!%-%)%+/#%!%+3%"(),%+,,.5
"(),%+".+, $("%0 -%)# $(!# 4),%+#2 -%$%* 2()(/).* -#-%'%"0%+ '.$% ,(:%$%,(:%$%
"%*/%&%+!('()"#
 '&%!#%/%#0*4"4)#0*%.'.+!(+!4)#0
 ,+4!#%  "%0 -%'%" *(+,(+%$@*(+3%-%)# %'% 3%+, -#$#&%"+3% /%#0 4)%+,
*%.'.+/%)%+,
 ')%A#%"%0*%*'.*($%0.0%+,()%0%+3%+,/()".:.%+
 %-%+,0%-%+,%*+(!#%
%)#!#+-)4*%(+!(1%$4"%##+#"()-%'%"/(/()%'%8%)#%!#%+"%)%$%#+
 #+-)4*1)4+"%$
 #+-)4*%/%"%+,4"%0
 #+-)4*%*(!(+!(1%$4+

#+-)4*%1)4+"%$"%+-%"%+-%+3%
%5
+#!#%"#1 &#$%+, %'%"&3 %0#+(!#% *#!%$+3% '%-% $(.04"4*# 3%#". $4/.! 1)4+"%$#!
-#/.%+,5
/5 (&#$%+,%+)(* 0(&#$%+,%+ '()%!%%+ "()&%-%' +4)*%+4)*% !42#%$ -%+ !.!#$%
$(0%!*%)%&
25 #+-%0%+"#+-%0%+3%+,"#-%0&%)*4+#!
-5 %0%-%0(#+!3%1%+)%!%!%0#"
(5 #*/.$+3%-(*(+"#%

#+-)4*%/%"%+,4"%0
%5 -%&%*/%"%+-%)#+%1!.-%+%1(0
/5 c!#0#0!%+,%"0%0.:($%!"()$#&%"'%-%'(+3%0#"c%)0#+!4+
25
(:%$%,(:%$% 0(&#$%+,%+ )(* '(+-()#"% *(+:%-# #*'.$!#8( $(0%! "()!#+,,.+,
"#+-%0%+'%0!%%+0(*%)%&%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%-(+,%+"#/%"#/%5
-5 c%-%%0&#)+3%"#*/.$0(#+!3%1%+!%0#"-%+)%!%'(+3(!%$%+5

#+-)4*(!(+!(1%$4+
%5 '%"&#(0($(!.%+-(')(!#"().!*(+().!*(+,%+".0
/5 (&#$%+,%+ )(* %*%+#2 3%+, #*'.$!#8( !()%+,%+ *%)%& 3%+, &(/%" +%1!.
.+".0*(+,(*/%)%6'4)#4*%+#75
#+-)4*% *(!(+!(1%$4+ %0#/%" ,%+,,.%+ '%-% -#(+!(1%$4+ -%+ &#'41#!(5 c%-%
#+!.$"('#$('!3-%'%"'.$%-#*%!.00%+-%$%*!#+-)4*%(+!(1%$4'%"#5
2. Sindroma hiperesthtik-emosional
#+-)4*% #+# !()#+, -#:.*'%# '%-% *%!% )(04+8%$(+!# !(!.-%& 0($($%&%+ 3%+,
$.%)/#%!%-%+:.,%'%-%'()#4-('.()'()#.*5
(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 3'()!(+!#"#8("()&%-%'/.+3#/.+3#%+-%+2%&%3%
 (%0!#(*4!#4+#$!%+,%"$%/#$-%+'(+,(+-%$$#%+0.)%+,
(%-%%+ #+# &%).! 0#"% /(-%0%+ -(+,%+ +(.)4!% "()."%*% -+(,%+ +(.)4!%
&#!"4)#25
c%-% !#+-)4*% &#'()%!&("#0(*4!#4+#$ 0(%-%%+ #+# /()$%+,!.+, &%+3% !('#+"%!
!%:%5 (+,%+ -(*#0#%+"()%'# -%+ "#+-%0%++3% '%-% 0(%-%%+0(%-%%+ "()!(/."
:.,%/()/(-%5
R. Sindroma twilight state atau keadaan mimpi

(:%$%?,(:%$%
 #-.'!('()"#-%$%**#*'#
 (!#+"(,)%!#)#+,%+-%)#1.+,!#'!#0#0
 (!%-%)%+!(-#0#"*()(+-%&
 4+"%0*%!#&/%#0
4. Sindroma amentis
()-%'%"'%-%'(+3%0#"#+1(0!##+"40!#0%!#-%+0($($%&%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%5

(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 (!%-%)%+*()(+-%&
 (0%2%.%+-%)#!(,%$%1.+,!#0(')#/%-#%+

($#!%&%0#/%"%-%+3%&%$.!#+%!#3%+,0%2%.
 #-%0 *(+,()"# %'% 3%+, -#$#&%"+3% -%+ )4*%+ *.0% '(+.& (0!')(!#
"%+-%%+3%
 c(+-()#"%!%+,%"0("%0."%+-%+*(+3().'%#0(%-%%+5
5. Sindroma delirium atau keadaan delirant
 #:.*'%# '%-% 0(%-%%+ #+"40!#0%!# :.,% '%-% '(+3%0#" #+1(0!# -(+,%+ '%+%!
3%+,"#+,,#5
(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 (!%-%)%+3%+,*()(+-%&
 D%)%/()'#0#)3%+,0%2%.
 #!4)#(+"%!#
 #-.'!(4$%&4$%&!('()"#-%$%**#*'#
 %$.!#+%!#%0.!"#0-%+8#!.%$

$.!#
 ;%*%#!8.
 (%0!#(*4!#4+#$3%+,$%/#$-%+!%+,%"#*'.$!#8(
 (!#+"(,)%!#0(')#/%-#%+
 #+,0%&$%0.3%+,"%0"()04)-#+%!#
 %+3%0,()%0!($%$.#+,#+$%)#-%)#"(*'%""#-.)
 ()#+,"#*/.$'()%!%%+"%0."!(&#+,,%-%'%""():%-#%,,)(!#8#"%!
%$%*0(%-%%+-($#)%+"#+#0#"%&%).!9%!'%-%"()&%-%'!.#2#-(6/.+.&-#)#7%"%.
*(*/.+.&%+%0+3%6'%-%'(.)'()#.*75
6. Sindroma manic

(:%$%,(:%$%")#%!*%+#(-%+,(:%$%"%*/%&%+5)#(!*%+#(#%$%&
 $#,&"41#-(%!
 .'&4)#!-%+)(%0!#(*4!#4+#$3%+,$%/#$5.-%&*%)%&-%+-%'%"!%*'%#
(0!%$"%!#
 #0%' 3%+, /()./%&./%& -%+ "#+,0%& $%0. 3%+, '()!'(0"#15 %1!.
/(),()%0 3%+, /%+3%0 -%+ -%'%" "():%-# $4,4)&4( 6/#2%)% 2('%" -%+
/%+3%07
,(:%$%"%*/%&%+
 ($%$./%+,,%-#)#!#0%'!4*/4+,'.%!"()&%-%'-#)#+3%5
 %-%+,0%-%+,9%&%*0(/(!%)%+
7. Sindroma depresi
%2%**%2%*+3%
 #+-)4*%-(')(!#*($%+2&4$#2
 #+-)4*%-(')(!#8(,("%"#8(
  #+-)4*%-(')(!#'!#04,(+#0
 #+-)4*%-(')(!##+84$.!#

#+-)4*%-(')(!#*($%+2&4$#2
-%+3%)(*-#!(,%$%/#-%+,

(:%$%,(:%$%")#%!-(')(!#-%+,(:%$%"%*/%&%+5
)#%!-(')(!#
 D%)%/()'#0#)3%+,!%+,%"$%*/%+
 #+,0%&$%0.3%+,$%*/%+0%-%+,0%-%+,!%*'%#!".'4)%"%.*."#!*(
 c()%!%%+&%"#3%+,!(-#&+(,%"#8#!*

(:%$%"%*/%&%+
 %0%-%0('()2%3%%+'%-%-#)#!(+-#)#
 ()#+,"%0."
 -%+%1!./.+.&-#)#
 %-%+,0%-%+,&%$.!#+%!#
 %-%+,0%-%+, %-% 9%&%* &3'42&4+-)#2 9%&%* /()-4!% 9%&%* -#)#
*#!0#+

(:%$%,(:%$%:%!*%+#0.).!04+!"#'%!#%*(+4)&4(5(%-%%+#+#"()-%'%"'%-%
-(')(!#(+-4,(+-%+*($%+2&4$#%5

#+-)4*-(')(!#8(,("%"#8(
%+3%0 -#-%'%"0%+ ,(:%$%,(:%$% 8(,("%"#8( *#!%$+3%  !()#+, &%.! /%+3%0
0()#+,%"4/!"#'%!#'%$'#"%!#'%)(%!"&(!#")(*4)'.!#+,'.!#+,0%-%+,0%-%+,
:%".&'#+,!%+5
(:%$%,(:%$%'!#0#0&%+3%!(-#0#"
 -%+3%)(**#+,
 ()"%9%!('()$.+3%
 c()%!%%+"%0."
 #-%0%-%9%&%*

#+-)4*-(')(!#'!#04,(+#0
 #!(/%/0%+ 4$(& 0%)(+% ")%.*% '!#0#0 /#$% ")%.*% &#$%+, !#+-)4*% -(')(!#
&#$%+,5
(:%$%,(:%$%
 (*%*'.%+'!#0#0/()0.)%+,
 ($%#+%+'!#0#0"%0*(+4+:4$
 c!#04")%.*% -#0("%&.# 4$(& '(+-()#"% "("%'# '(+-()#"% "#-%0 *(+,()"#
*(+,%'%0(!(-#&%+"%0-%'%"&#$%+,
 %'%"-#"4$4+,-(+,%+'!#04%+%$#!%

#+-)4*%-(')(!##+84$.!#
 ()-%'%"'%-%2$#*%2"()#.*
 -%+3%)(**#+,
 ($.&%+0($.&%+!(2%)%/()$(/#&%+
 )#%!-(')(!#

8. Sindroma hipocondri
c%-% !(4)%+, -(+,%+ &3'42&4+-)# 3%+, !%+,%" 0.%" -.+#% /%,#+3% *(+:%-#
!%+,%" 0(2#$ -%+ "%0 %-% %)"#+3% '#0#)%+'#0#)%++3% -#".:.0%+ 0('%-% "./.&+3%
!(+-#)#5 %-%+,0%-%+, &%+3% *(+,(+%# !(/%,#%+ -%)# "./.&+3% *#!%$+3% 
'()."+3% :%+".+,+3% -%+ $%#+$%#+5 (,%$% !(!.%". -# -%$%* /%-%++3%
*(+-%'%"'()&%"#%+3%+,$.%)/#%!%5#*/.$/()*%2%**%2%*'()%!%%+
 c(+.&-%$%*0('%$%
 ()%"-#-%$%*-%-%%"%.'()."
 #$%+,0(!(#*/%+,%+
 (0%+%+-%$%*/%-%+
 (,%$%'()%!%%+"#-%0(+%0
c()%!%%+'()%!%%+ #+# 0%-%+,0%-%+, :.,% -#)%!%0%+ 4$(& 4)%+, /#%!%5 ("%'#
'%-% !(4)%+, -(+,%+ &#'42&4+-)# *(+,%+,,%' !(,%$% '()%!%%+ -%)# -%$%*
"./.& /()%!%$ -%)# !%$%& !%". '()./%&%+ -%$%* "./.& 3%+, /()%)"#5 #*/.$
/()*%2%**%2%*'#0#)%+3%+,!%$%&69%&%*&#'42&4+-)#7*#!%$+3%.!.!3%+,
"()".".' %"%. 3%+, "()!.*/%" -%+ $%#+$%#+5 ;#0% '()%!%%+'()%!%%+ "()!(/."
 "#-%0 *%!.0 %0%$ *%0% /#%!%+3% %-%$%& 9%&%* &#'404+-)# -%)# !(4)%+,
'(+-()#"%!0#>41)(+#%%"%.'(+-()#"%-(*(+"#%'%)%$3"#0%5
O. Sindroma paranoid

(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 ()*%2%**%2%*9%&%*3%+,"()!.!.+)%'#!(2%)%!#!"(*%"#!
 ()*%2%**%2%*&%$.!#+%!#
 ."#!*(-%$%*-.+#%9%&%*+3%
#+-)4*% '%)%+4#- /()%!%$ -%)# ,%+,,.%+ %1(0 "()-%'%" '%-% 0!#04!% -#*%+%
(1(0!%+,%""(),%+,,.*#!%$+3%'%-%'%)%+4#-*%+#2-(')(!#-%+!0#>41)(+#%5

. Sindroma kataton

(:%$%?,(:%$%
 (,%"#8#!*
 "()(4"3'#
 %"%$('!#
 2&4$%$#%
 2&4')%A#(
 (1(&$!%."4*%!#
 ()/#,()%!#
 c()%48()%!#
;#0% 0(%-%%+ #+# *%0#+ &(/%" -%+ "()-%'%" ,(:%$% *."#!*( %"%. !".'4) *%0%
0(%-%%+#+#-#!(/."!".'4)0%"("4+5
. Sindroma skizofrenia

(:%$%,(:%$%+3%

+24&()(+!#
 ."#!*
 ('()!4+%$#!%!#
 c%)%"3*#
 */#8%$(+!#
c%-%0(%-%%+-($#)%+"!()#+,:.,%-#-%'%"0%+!#+-)4*%!0#>41)(+#%#+#"("%'#
0(!%-%)%+ !($%$. *()(+-%&5 (-%+,0%+ '%-% '(+3%0#" !0#>41)(+#%
0(!%-%)%+/%#0-%+4)#(+"%!#:.,%/%#05
 2. Eksaltasi kataton

(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 %+3%0/(),()%0
 ,)(!#1
 4,4))&4(

+04&()(+!#
 c%)%"3*#
 (,%"#8#!*
 (!%-%)%+/%#0
R. Eksaltasi manie

(:%$%,(:%$%+3%
 %+3%0//(),()%0
 4,4))&4(
 (!%-%)%+/%#0
 %+3%0/#2%)%"%'#-%'%"-#*(+,()"#
 %+3%0!4*/4+,
 %,)(!#1

 
 GEL-GEL PSIKITRI


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