Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )

Chng 4: CU KIN CHU UN (TNH TON THEO CNG )

Mc tiu v ni dung c bn ca chng 4 trnh by cc vn sau:

c im cu to v tit din v ct thp ca cu kin chu un (bn v dm), t
cung cp cc kin thc c bn v cu to ca cu kin chu un.
Cc trng thi ng sut trn tit din thng gc ca dm (i din cho cu kin chu
un) t hiu c cc trng hp ph hoi (ph hoi gin, ph hoi do) ca dm.
Tnh ton c cu kin chu un c tit din ch nht v ch T theo cng trn
tit din thng gc theo trng thi gii hn 1 (bao gm tnh ton ct thp dc chu lc,
ct ai v ct xin). Qua cc bi ton vn dng v cc v d p dng gip nng cao kh
nng tnh ton v trnh t cc bc tnh ton, thit k cho ngi hc. Cc phn tnh
ton c trnh by theo TCXDVN356-2005.
Cu kin chu un rt hay gp trong thc t: bn, sn, dm, mt cu thang, lanh t,
vngthnh phn ni lc xut hin ch yu l M v Q.

4.1. C IM CU TO
4.1.1. Cu to ca bn

H.4.1 S b tr ct thp trong bn

a. Mt bng b. Mt ct
1. Ct chu lc 2. ct phn b
Bn l kt cu phng c chiu dy kh b so vi chiu di v chiu rng. Kch
thc mt bng ca bn thng 26m, chiu dy 6 - 20 cm. Btng ca bn thng c
cp bn chu nn khong t B12,5 n B25.
Ct thp trong bn gm ct chu lc v ct phn b nhm CI, CII.
ng knh ct chu lc 6 12 ( hb/10) xc nh theo tnh ton, khong
cch gia 2 thanh khng vt qu:
20 cm khi chiu dy bn h < 15cm
1,5h khi chiu dy bn h 15 cm
d btng khong cch cc ct thp khng c nh hn 7 cm.
Ct phn b c t vung gc ct chu lc, c tc dng gi v tr ct chu lc
khi b tng, phn phi nh hng ca lc tp trung, chu ng sut do co ngt v
nhit gy ra. ng knh ct phn b thng 4 8. S lng khng t hn 10%
46
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
s lng ct chu lc tnh ti tit din c M un ln nht. Khong cch thng t 25 -
30 cm v khng ln qua 35 cm.
Ct chu lc v ct phn b c buc hoc hn vi nhau thnh li.

4.1.2. Cu to ca dm
Dm l cu kin m chiu cao v chiu rng ca tit din ngang kh nh so vi
chiu di ca n. Tit din c th ch nht, I, T, hp ... thng gp nht l tit din ch
nht v ch T.

H 4.2- Cc dng tit din dm

Tit din hp l l tit din c t s: h/b = 2 4, chiu cao h (1/8 1/20) nhp
dm.
Khi chn kch thc b v h cn phi xem xt n yu cu kin trc v vic nh
hnh ho vn khun.
Ct thp trong dm gm: Ct dc chu lc, ct dc cu to, ct ai v ct xin.
3 2 4

H 4.3- Cc loi ct thp trong dm.

a) Ct ai hai nhnh; b) Ct ai mt nhnh; c) Ct ai bn nhnh
1- ct dc chu lc; 2-ct cu to; 3-ct xin; 4-ct ai.
+ Ct dc chu lc t vng ko ca dm, i khi cng c dc chu lc t
vng nn, 10 30. thng dng CII i khi CIII
Khi b 15 cm cn t nht 2 ct dc
Khi b < 15 cm c th t 1 ct dc
+ Ct dc cu to gi v tr ct ai, chu ng sut do co ngt v nhit ,
thng dng 10 - 14 dng CI hoc CII
47
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
+ Khi dm cao h 70 cm cn t thp ph vo mt bn ca tit din dm n
nh ct thp lc thi cng v chu cc ng sut do co ngt, nhit .
Tng tit din ct dc cu to khong 0,1% - 0,2% tit din sn dm.
+ Ct xin v ct ai dng chu lc ct Q, ct ai gn vng b tng chu nn
vi vng b tng chu ko bo m cho tit din chu c M.
Gc un ca ct xin c quy nh nh sau:
Nu h 800 th = 600.
Nu 250 < h < 800 th = 450
Nu h 250 th = 300
Ct ai thng dng 6 10.

4.2. S LM VIC CA DM
Th nghim mt dm n gin chu ti trng tng dn, ta thy khi ti trng nh,
dm cn nguyn vn, cha c khe nt. Khi ti trng ln s thy xut hin nhng
khe nt thng gc vi trc dm ni c momen ln v khe nt nghing khu vc gn
gi ta l ch c lc ct ln.
Khi ti trng kh ln th dm c th b ph hoi ti tit din c khe nt thng gc
hoc ti tit din c khe nt nghing.

Khe nt thng gc Khe nt nghing

H 4.4- Cc dng khe nt trong dm n gin
Vic tnh ton dm theo cng chnh l bo m cho dm khng b ph hoi
trn tit din thng gc (tnh ton cng trn tit din thng gc), v khng b ph
hoi trn tit din nghing (tnh ton cng trn tit din nghing).

TRNG THI NG SUT BIN DNG CA TIT DIN THNG GC

Theo di s pht trin ng sut - bin dng trn tit din thng gc ta c th chia
thnh cc giai on sau:

48
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Giai on I: I < Rb
b Ia b < Rb
Khi M b (ti trng nh), c th xem

x
M M
nh vt liu lm vic n hi, quan h S-
BD l ng thng, s ng sut php c
< Rs
s s < Rs
dng tam gic. Khi M tng ln bin dng
Rbt
do trong BT pht trin. S S php c
dng ng cong. Khi sp sa nt, S ko
trong BT t n gii hn cng chu
II < Rb
b IIa b < Rb
ko Rbt. Ta gi trng thi S-BD ny l
trng thi Ia.

x
M M
Mun cho dm khng b nt th S
php trn tit din khng c vt qu < Rs
s Rs
trng thi Ia
Giai on II:
Khi M tng ln min b tng chu ko
th1 Rb th2 Rb
b nt, khe nt pht trin dn ln pha trn,

x
hu nh ton b lc ko l do ct thp chu. M

x
M
Nu lng thp chu ko khng nhiu
lm th khi M tng ln, ng sut trong CT c Rs s < Rs
th t n gii hn chy Rs. Ta gi trng
thi ny l trng thi IIa.
H 4.5 -Cc giai on ca trng thi
ng sut-bin dng trn tit din thng gc
Giai on III : Giai on ph hoi
Khi M tip tc tng ln, khe nt tip tc tng ln pha trn, vng BT chu nn thu
hp li, S trong vng BT nn tng ln trong khi S trong CT khng tng (v ct thp
chy) khi S php trong vng BT nn t n gii hn cng chu nn Rb th
dm b ph hoi. S ph hoi khi S trong CT t n gii hn chy v S trong BT
t n Rb gi l s ph hoi do. Trng hp ph hoi ny gi l trng hp ph hoi
th nht, tn dng c kh nng chu lc ca BT v CT.
Nu CT vng ko qu nhiu, S trong CT cha t n gii hn chy m BT
vng nn b ph hoi th dm cng b ph hoi. Khi khng xy ra trng thi IIa.
y l s ph hoi dn, CT cha chy do, trng hp ny gi l trng hp ph hoi
th hai. Trng hp ny cn trnh v khng tn dng ht kh nng chu lc ca CT v
cng nguy him v dm b ph hoi khi bin dng cn nh nn kh phng.
Nu ct thp vng ko qu t, th dm cng b ph hoi dn do thp b t t
ngt ngay sau khi khe nt xut hin.

4.3. TNH TON CU KIN CHU UN C TIT DIN CH NHT THEO

CNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC
49
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Hai trng hp t ct thp:
- Trng hp ct n, khi ch c ct thp As (theo tnh ton) t trong vng chu
ko.
- Trng hp ct kp, khi c c ct thp As t trong vng ko v As trong vng
nn.
4.3.1. Trng hp t ct n
a. S ng sut
Ta ly trng hp ph hoi th nht (ph hoi do) lm c s tnh ton. Ct
thp chu ko t n cng chu ko tnh ton Rs, btng vng nn t cng
chu nn tnh ton Rb. Vng btng chu ko khng tnh cho chu lc v b nt.
S ng sut:

x Rb

x
M gh
h0
h

h
Rs AS
a

b
Hnh 4.6. S ng sut ca tit din c ct n

b. Cc cng thc c bn
Ta c cc phng trnh cn bng:
- Tng hnh chiu cc lc ln phng trc dm ta c:
Rb bx Rs As (4.1)
- Tng momen ca cc lc i vi trc i qua trng tm As v vung gc vi mt
phng un ta c:
x
M gh Rb bx( ho ) (4.2)
2
iu kin m bo cho tit din khng vt qu trng thi gii hn v cng
nh sau:
M M gh
x
T (4.2) ta c: M Rb bx(ho ) (4.3)
2
T (4.2) v (4.3) ta c:

50
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
x
M Rs As ( ho ) (4.3a)
2
Cc cng thc (4.1) v (4.3) l cc cng thc c bn tnh cu kin chu un c
tit din ch nht t ct n.
Trong cc cng thc trn:
M: momen un ln nht m cu kin phi chu, do ti trng tnh ton gy nn.
Rb, Rs: Cng chu nn tnh ton ca btng v cng chu ko tnh ton
ca ct thp.
x: chiu cao vng btng chu nn.
b: b rng ca tit din
ho: chiu cao lm vic ca tit din, ho = h a
h: chiu cao ca tit din
a: khong cch t mp chu ko ca tit din n trng tm ca ct thp chu
ko
As: din tch tit din ngang ca ct thp chu ko
c. iu kin hn ch
m bo xy ra ph hoi do th ct thp As phi khng c qu nhiu, tc l
phi hn ch As v tng ng vi n l hn ch chiu cao vng nn x (t cng thc
4.1).
Cc nghin cu thc nghim cho bit trng hp ph hoi do s xy ra khi:
x x
R R (4.4)
ho ho Rs
1 1
sc ,u 1,1
Trong :
- c trng tnh cht bin dng ca vng b tng chu nn
0,008Rb (4.5)
=0,85 i vi btng nng, s c gi tr khc i vi b tng nh v btng
ht nh.
sc,u - ng sut gii hn ca ct thp trong vng b tng chu nn (khi b tng
t ti bin dng cc hn):
+ sc,u =500 MPa i vi ti trng thng xuyn, ti trng tm thi di hn
v ngn hn.
+ sc,u =400 MPa i vi ti trng tc dng ngn hn v ti trng c bit.
Thay (4.4) vo (4.1) ta c :
Rb b.x R Rb bh0
As As ,max (4.6)
Rs Rs
As
Gi : hm lng CT, th hm lng ct thp cc i ca tit din s l :
bh0

51
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
R Rb
max (4.7)
Rs
* Nu ct thp qu t th s xy ra s ph hoi t ngt ngay sau khi b tng b nt.
trnh iu cn phi m bo min .
Gi tr min c xc nh t iu kin kh nng chu M ca dm b tng ct thp
khng nh hn kh nng chu M ca dm b tng khng c ct thp. Thng min =
0,05%.

d. Vn dng
x
t
ho
T (4.1) => Rs As Rb bho (4.8)
T (4.3) => M Rb bho2 1 0.5 m Rb bho2 (4.9)
T (4.8) v (4.9) => M Rs As ho 1 0.5 Rs Asho (4.10)
Trong : m (1 0.5 ) ; (1 0.5 )
iu kin hn ch c th vit thnh:
m R R (1 0.5 R ) (4.11)
Trong thit k ta thng gp cc bi ton sau:

* Bi ton thit k 1 (Bi ton tnh ct thp)

Bit M, b, h, cp bn chu nn ca b tng v nhm ct thp. Yu cu tnh ct
thp As.
Cn c vo cp bn ca btng v nhm thp, tra bng ra Rb, Rs, R , R
Tnh h 0 = h - a
Gi thit a = 1,5 - 2 cm i vi bn; a = 3 - 6 cm i vi dm
Bi ton c hai n s x v As nn c th gii trc tip t 2 cng thc (4.1) v (4.3).
M
Hoc t (4.9) m 2
(4.12)
Rb bh0
+ Nu m R (tc R ) t m tra bng ta c
M
=> Din tch ct thp yu cu As (4.13)
R s h0
As
Kim tra hm lng ct thp phi bo m min
bh0
Hm lng ct thp hp l:
= 0,3 % - 0,9 % i vi bn
= 0,6 % - 1,5 % i vi dm

52
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
+ Nu m > R th phi tng kch thc tit din hoc tng cp bn ca b tng
bo m iu kin hn ch m R . Cng c th t ct thp vo vng nn gim
m (ta c trng hp t ct thp kp).

V d 4.1: Bit b tng c cp bn B15, thp nhm CII, bxh = (20x40)cm,

M=7tm. Yu cu thit k ct thp n (tnh As)?
Li gii
- Bc 1: t cp bn ca b tng B15 v nhm thp CII tra bng ph lc ta c
Rb=8,5Mpa; Rs=280Mpa; R=0,65; R=0,439
- Bc 2: gi thit a= 3cm h 0= h-a= 40-3= 37cm.
M 7 107
- Bc 3: tnh m 0,3 R
Rb .b.h02 8, 5 200 3702
Cu kin xy ra ph hoi do
- Bc 4: vi m 0,3 tra bng ta c = 0,816
M 7 107
As 828mm2 8, 28cm2
Rs . .h0 280 0,816 370
- Bc 5: kim tra hm lng ct thp
As 8, 28
.100% 100% 1,12%
b.h0 20 37
Rb 8,5
min 0, 05%; max R . .100% 0, 65 100% 1,97%
Rs 280
Hm lng ct thp tha mn min max
- Bc 6: chn v b tr ct thp
Vi As= 8,28cm 2 chn 220+16 (As = 8,29cm2)
B tr thp:
400

220
1
20
a

16
2
200
- Bc 7: tnh a = 20 + 10 = 30mm (ng vi gi tr gi thit), bi ton kt thc.

* Bi ton thit k 2 (Bi ton tnh b,h v As)

Bit M, cp bn ca b tng v nhm thp. Yu cu tnh b, h, As . Bi ton hai
phng trnh (4.1) v (4.3) vi 4 n b, h, As,
53
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Do :
- Gi thit b cn c vo kinh nghim, yu cu cu to, kin trc.
- Gi thit = 0,1 0,25 i vi bn, = 0,3 0,4 i vi dm
C => m
1 M
T (4.9) ta c : h0
m Rb b
(4.14)
Chiu cao tit din h = h0 + a. Nu thy h bt hp l th gi thit li b v ,tnh li
h.
Sau khi chn c h, tnh As ging nh bi ton trc

V d 4.2: Chn bxh v thit k As cho mt dm b tng ct thp vi cc s liu

sau: b tng c cp bn B30, thp nhm CIV, M = 60tm.
Li gii
- Bc 1: t cp bn ca b tng B30 v nhm thp CIV tra bng ph lc ta c
Rb=17Mpa; Rs= 510Mpa.
0, 714
Xc nh R 0, 493
Rs 510 0, 714
1 . 1 1 . 1
s.cu 1,1 400 1,1
Vi = 0,85-0,008x 17= 0,714
0, 493
R R . 1 R 0, 493. 1 0,371
2 2
- Bc 2: gi thit a= 6cm; b= 25cm; = 0,3
- Bc 3: t = 0,3 tra bng m= 0,255
M 60 107
h0 686 mm h h0 a 686 60 746 mm
m .Rb .b 0, 255.17.250
Chn h = 750mm = 75cm.
h 75
3 tha mn iu kin [24]
b 25
M 60 10 7
- Bc 4: tnh m 0, 297 R
Rb .b.h02 17 250 690 2
- Bc 5: vi m 0, 297 tra bng ta c = 0,82
M 60 107
As 2079mm2 20, 79cm 2
Rs . .h0 560 0,82 690
- Bc 6: kim tra hm lng ct thp
As 20, 79
.100% 100% 1, 21%
b.h0 25 69

54
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Rb 17
min 0, 05%; max R . .100% 0, 493 100% 1,643%
Rs 510
Hm lng ct thp tha mn min max
- Bc 7: chn v b tr ct thp
Vi As= 20,79cm2 chn 325+220 (As = 21,01cm2)
B tr thp:

750
220
1

25
a

25
325
2
250

3.4,909.3, 75 2.3,142.8,5
- Kim tra: a 5,17cm, so vi gi tr gi thit c sai
21,01
lch nhng thin v an ton do vy c th kt thc bi ton.

* Bi ton kim tra cng :

Bit b, h, As, cp bn ca b tng v nhm thp. Yu cu tnh kh nng chu lc
(Mgh trong cng thc 4.2)
Bi ton vi 2 n s Mgh v x, c th dng (4.1) v (4.2) gii trc tip.
Hoc:
Rs As
T (4.8) =>
Rb bh0
+Nu R => m
Kh nng chu lc:
M gh m Rb bh02 M gh R s As h0
+Nu R tc CT qu nhiu, BT vng nn b ph hoi trc. Kh nng chu lc
Mgh c tnh theo cng ca BT vng nn, tc ly : m R , ( R )
M gh R Rb bh02

55
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
V d 4.3: Kim tra kh nng chu lc cho mt dm b tng ct thp vi cc s liu
sau: b tng c cp bn B20, thp nhm CIII, M= 42tm, bxh= 25x60cm,
As=325+222.
Li gii
- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=11,5Mpa, Rs=365Mpa, R=0,59, R=0,416.
- Bc 2: b tr thp v tnh a

600
222
1

25
a

25
325
2
250

3.4,909.3, 75 2.3,801.8, 6
a 5, 774cm
3.4, 909 2.3,801

h0 h a 60 5, 774 54, 266cm

- Bc 3: tnh
Rs . As 365.2089
0, 489 R
Rb .b.h0 11,5.250.542, 66

0, 489
m . 1 0, 489. 1 0, 369
2 2

M gh m .Rb .b.h02 0,369 11,5 250 542,66 2 312406338 Nmm 31, 24tm

- Bc 4: so snh v kt lun
M M gh : cu kin khng kh nng chu lc.

4.3.2. Trng hp t ct thp kp

M
Nu m 2
R , tc iu kin hn ch (4.4) khng c m bo th c th
R b b h0
t ct thp As vo vng b tng chu nn. Tuy vy khng nn t qu nhiu As' v
khng tit kim. Ch nn t ct thp kp trong cc trng hp sau :
- Cn hn ch tit din cu kin.
56
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
- Khi biu M i du (dm lin tc, nt khung)
- Khi m 0.5
M
Nu m = 0,5 th nn tng kch thc tit din hoc tng cp bn b
R n b h0 2
tng cho m 0,5 ri mi tnh ct thp kp.

a. S ng sut
ng sut trong ct thp As t cng chu ko tnh ton Rs, trong ct thp chu
nn t cng chu nn tnh ton Rsc. ng sut b tng vng nn t cng chu
nn tnh ton Rb. S ng sut trong vng b tng nn xem c dng hnh ch nht.
Cng chu nn tnh ton Rsc ly theo ph lc.
A' s
a'

Rb
Rsc.A' s
x

x
Mgh
ho

h
h

Rs.As
As
a

b
H4.7- S ng sut ca tit din c ct kp.
b. Thit lp cng thc
Rs As Rb bx Rsc A' s (4.15)
x
M gh Rb bx( ho ) Rsc A' s ( h0 a ' ) (4.16)
2
iu kin cng l :
x
M Rb bx( ho ) Rsc A' s ( h0 a ' ) (4.17)
2
x
t m (1 0 .5 )
ho
Ta c : Rs As Rb bho Rsc A' s (4.18)
iu kin cng : M m Rb bho2 Rsc A' s ( ho a ' ) (4.19)

c. iu kin hn ch
khng xy ra ph hoi gin t vng b tng chu nn phi tha mn iu kin
(sau khi t ct kp ):
x R h0 hoc R hoc m R (4.20)
cho ng sut trong ct thp chu nn t Rsc phi tha mn iu kin :
x 2a ' (4.21)

57
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
(Thc nghim cho bit ng sut trong ct thp chu nn ch t n Rsc khi hp lc
Rsc A's cn xa trc trung ha hn hp lc Rb bx, tc b cao vng nn phi tha mn
x 2a').
d. Vn dng
* Bi ton tnh As, A's . Bit M, b, h, Rb,, Rs, Rsc
u tin phi kim tra s cn thit t ct kp:
M
R m 2
0,5 (4.22)
Rbbh0
Hai phng trnh (4.18) v (4.19) c cha 3 n s , A s , A s' , v vy phi chn trc
gi tr ca 1 n ri tnh 2 n cn li. Theo thc nghim tn dng kh nng chu nn
ca BT ta c th chn = R tc m = R thay vo (4.19) ta c :
2
M R Rb bh0
A's (4.23)
Rsc ( h0 a ' )
T (4.18) ta c :
R Rb bh0 Rsc
As A's (4.24)
Rs Rs

V d 4.4: Thit k ct thp kp (As, As) cho mt dm b tng ct thp vi s liu

sau: b tng c cp bn B15, thp nhm CII, bxh=20x40cm, M=10tm.
Li gii
- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=8,5Mpa, Rs=Rsc=280Mpa, R=0,65, R=0,439.
- Bc 2: gi thit a=5cm; a=3cm h0= 40-5= 35cm
- Bc 3: kim tra s cn thit phi t ct kp

M 10 107
m 0, 48
Rb .b.h02 8,5 200 350 2

R 0,5 : tha mn iu kin t ct kp.

- Bc 4: tnh
M R .Rb .b.h02 10 107 0, 439 8,5 200 3502
As' 95, 74 mm 2 0,957cm 2
Rsc . h0 a ' 280 350 30

R .Rb .b.h0 Rsc ' 0, 65 8,5 200 350 280

As . As 95, 74 1477 mm 2 14, 77cm 2
Rs Rs 280 280

- Bc 5: chn v b tr ct thp
Vi As= 0,957cm2 chn 210 (As = 1,57cm2)
Vi As= 14,77cm2 chn 420+18 (As = 15,105cm2)

58
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
210
4

a'

20
400
220
3

25
a
220

20
1
18
2
200
- Bc 6: kim tra a
2 3,142 3 2,545 2,9 2 3,142 7, 5
a 4,86cm
15,105
a ' 2 0,5 2,5cm
Cc gi tr a v a c sai lch nhng thin v an ton, bi ton kt thc.

* Bi ton tnh As, cho bit A's

M Rsc A's ( h0 a ' )
T (4.18) = > m 2
(4.25)
Rb bh0
C th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
+ Nu m R th chng t A's cho cha bo m cng ca vng nn.
Khi phi xem A's l cha bit v tnh li nh bi ton trn.
+ Nu m R =>
+ Nu x h0 2a' (tha mn iu kin hn ch)
T (4.18) ta c:

Rb bh0 Rsc
As A's (4.26)
Rs Rs
+ Nu x h0 2a' th ng sut trong ct thp As' ch t n sc < Rsc. loi
bt n s sc, ngi ta ly x = 2a tnh As. Vit phng trnh cn bng M i vi
trng tm ct thp As :
M gh R s As ( ho a ' ) (4.27)
T iu kin: M M gh
M
=> As (4.28)
Rs (h0 a ' )

V d 4.5. Thit k As cho mt dm b tng ct thp vi cc s liu sau: b tng c

cp bn B20, thp nhm CIII, bxh=20x50cm, M= 25tm, As= 318.
Li gii
59
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=8,5Mpa, Rs=Rsc=280Mpa, R=0,65, R=0,439.
- Bc 2: gi thit a=5cm h0= 40-5= 35cm
a=3+0,9=2,9cm
318
1

a'

20
400
200

M Rsc . As' . h0 a ' 26 107 365 763 440 29

- Bc 3: m 0,304 R
Rb .b.h02 11,5 200 4402

- Bc 4:
R .Rb .b.h0 Rsc ' 0,375 11,5 200 440 365
As . As 763 1803mm2 18, 03cm2
Rs Rs 365 365
- Bc 5: Chn thp 620 (As=18,85cm2)
25
- Bc 6: a 20 25 57,5mm 5, 75cm
2
Gi tr a sai lch vi gi thit khng ln v thin v an ton nn c th kt thc
bi ton.
318
1
a'

20
400

320
3
25
a

320
20

2
200

* Bi ton kim tra cng :

Bit b, h, As , A' s , Rs, Rsc, Rb . Tnh Mgh
Bi ton c 2 phng trnh vi 2 n s v Mgh.
Rs As Rsc A's
T (4.18) = >
Rb bh0

60
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
+ Nu R th ly R , hoc m R tnh Mgh.
M gh R Rb bho2 Rsc A' s (ho a' )
+ Nu 2a' / h0 (tc x < 2a) th xem x = 2a v dng (4.27) tnh:
M gh R s As ( ho a ' )
2a '
+ Nu R th t => m ri tnh Mgh theo cng thc sau:
ho
M gh m Rbbho2 Rsc A' s (ho a' )
V d 4.6. Kim tra kh nng chu lc cho mt dm b tng ct thp vi cc s liu
sau: b tng c cp bn B20, thp nhm AIII, bxh=25x60cm, M=30tm,
As=325+220, As=216.
Li gii
216
3
a'

20
220 600
2
25
a

25

325
1
250

- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=11,5Mpa, Rs=365Mpa, R=0,59, R=0,416.

- Bc 2: tnh a v a
3 4,909 3, 75 2 3,14 8,5 16
a 5,17 cm; a ' 20 28mm
3 4,909 2 3,14 2
h0 h a 60 5,17 54,83cm
- Bc 3: tnh
Rs . As Rsc . As' 365 2101 365 402
0,393 R
Rb .b.h0 11,5 250 548,3
0,393
m . 1 0,393 1 0,316
2 2

M gh m .Rb .b.ho2 Rsc . As' .(ho a ') 0,316 11,5 250 548,32 365 402 (548,3 28)
349468600 Nmm 34,95tm

61
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
- Bc 4: so snh v kt lun
M gh M : cu kin kh nng chu lc.

4.4. TNH TON CU KIN CH T THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN

THNG GC
4.4.1. c im cu to v tnh ton
Tit din ch T gm c cnh v sn. Dm tit din ch T c th l dm c lp,
phn cnh ca tit din c th c s dng vo mt mc ch no hoc m
rng vng nn. Cc dm sn c c lin vi bn cng c xem l c tit din ch
T trong cnh l mt phn bn st vi dm.

b'f
Sc Sc
bf bf
h'f

Sc Sc Sc Sc
Cnh
h

H4.8. Dm mt ct ch T
Cnh c th nm trong vng nn hoc nm trong vng ko, ty thuc vo chiu
momen. Khi cnh nm trong vng nn, din tch vng b tng chu nn tng thm so
vi tit din ch nht b x h. Do vy s dng tit din ch T c cnh trong vng nn s
tit kim hn tit din ch nht. Khi cnh nm trong vng ko, v b tng vng ko
xem nh b nt nn khng c tnh cho chu ko do v mt cng n ch c
gi tr nh tit din ch nht b x h. Do tit din ch I cng ch c gi tr nh tit
din ch T c cnh nm trong vng nn.
b'f
hf

Sc Sc
h

a) b) c) d)
H4.9. Cc trng hp tnh ton cu kin chu un c tit din ch T
vn ca cnh khng c vt qu mt gii hn nht nh bo m cnh
cng tham gia chu lc vi sn c quy nh nh sau:
a) i vi dm c lp
Sc 1/6 nhp dm, ng thi:
- Khi hf 0,1h, ly Sc 6hf
- Khi 0,05h hf < 0,1h ly Sc 3hf
- Khi hf < 0,05h ly Sc = 0
62
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
b) i vi dm sn c lin vi bn
Sc 1/6 nhp dm, ng thi:
- Khi c dm ngang hoc khi b dy ca cnh hf 0,1h th Sc phi khng vt
qu 1/2 khong cch thng thy gia hai dm dc.
- Khi khng c dm ngang hoc khi khong cch gia chng ln hn khong
cch gia hai dm dc v khi h f < 0,1h th Sc 6h f
- Khi hf < 0,05h ly Sc = 0

4.4.2. S ng sut
S ng sut dng tnh ton tit din ch T c cnh trong vng nn xut
pht t trng hp ph hoi do.
b'f b'f
Rb Rb
h'f

h'f
x

x
h

h
M gh M gh
As RSAS As RSAS

b b
a) b)
phn bit trng hp trc trung ha i qua cnh hay qua sn ta so snh
momen ng vi trng hp trc trung ha i qua mp di ca cnh Mf vi momen
ngoi lc M.
M f Rbb 'f h 'f (ho 0,5h 'f ) (4.29)
- Nu M Mf th trc trung ha i qua cnh, vic tnh ton c tin hnh nh i
vi tit din ch nht b 'f h .
- Nu M > Mf th trc trung ha i qua sn. Di y ch cp n trng hp
ny.
Trng hp trc trung ha qua sn
Hai phng trnh cn bng sau:
Rs As Rb bx Rb b 'f bh 'f (4.30)
M gh Rbbx(ho 0,5 x) Rb (b 'f b)h 'f (ho 0,5h 'f ) (4.31)
iu kin cng : M M gh
Tc: M Rbbx(ho 0,5 x) Rb (b 'f b)h 'f (ho 0,5h 'f ) (4.32)
x
t v m (1 0,5 ) th (4.30) v (4.32) s c dng:
ho

Rs As Rb bho Rb b 'f b h 'f (4.33)
M m Rb bho2 Rb (b 'f b)h 'f (ho 0,5h 'f ) (4.34)

63
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
T (4.33) v (4.34) ta thy cnh ca tit din ch T lm tng sc chu ti cho tit
din ch nht bxh ging nh vai tr ca As trong trng hp t ct kp.
iu kin hn ch:
iu kin xy ra ph hoi do, ng sut trong ct thp t n cng chu
ko tnh ton Rs, ng sut trong b tng chu nn t cng chu nn tnh ton Rb
l:
R hoc m R R 1 0,5 R .

* Bi ton thit k (bi ton tnh ct thp)

Bit kch thc tit din, Rb, Rs v momen ngoi lc M => Tnh As.
y bi ton c hai phng trnh (4.33) v (4.34) vi hai n s v As. T (4.34) ta
tnh c:
M Rb (b 'f b) h 'f ( ho 0,5h 'f )
m (4.35)
Rb bho2
- Nu m R tra bng c .
T (4.33) ta tnh c As nh sau:
Rb
As
Rs

bho (b 'f b) h 'f (4.36)

- Nu m > R th phi t ct thp chu nn As, khi vic tnh ton ct thp
tng t nh tnh ton cu kin ch nht t ct thp kp.

V d 4.7. Thit k As cho mt dm b tng ct thp tit din ch T vi cc s liu

sau: b tng c cp bn B20, thp nhm CII, bxh= 25x70cm, bf xhf=100x8cm,
nhp dm ld= 6m, khong cch thng thy gia 2 dm l0=4m, M=60tm.
Li gii
- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=11,5Mpa, Rs=280Mpa, R=0,623, =0,429.
- Bc 2: gi thit a= 6,5cm tnh c h0= h-a= 60-6,5= 63,5cm
- Bc 3: kim tra si cnh
1 1
'
.l 600 100cm
b b 100 25
f 6 6
Sc 37, 5cm
2 2 1 .l 1 400 200cm
2 0 2
si cnh t yu cu
- Bc 4: xc nh v tr trc trung ha
M f Rb .b'f .h'f .(ho 0,5.h'f ) 11, 5 1000 80 (635 0, 5 80) 547400000 Nmm 54, 74tm
M > Mf: trc trung ha qua sn, tnh theo tit din ch T.
- Bc 5:

64
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
M Rb .(b 'f b).h 'f .( ho 0, 5.h 'f ) 60 107 11,5 (1000 250) 80 (635 0,5 80)
m
Rb .b.ho2 11,5 250 6352
0,163 R

= 0,18
- Bc 6:
Rb 11,5
As b ho (b 'f b)h 'f 250 0,18 635 (1000 250) 80 3638mm 2
Rs 280
- Bc 7: kim tra hm lng ct thp
As 36,38
.100% 100% 2, 292%
b.h0 25 63,5
Rb 11,5
min 0, 05%; max R . .100% 0, 623 100% 2,56%
Rs 280
Hm lng ct thp tha mn min max
- Bc 8: Chn thp 625+222 (As=36,38cm2)

600

222
3
225
2
25
a

25

425
1
250
25
- Bc 9: a 25 25 62,5mm 6, 25cm.
2
Gi tr a sai lch vi gi thit khng ln v thin v an ton nn c th kt thc
bi ton.

* Bi ton kim tra

Bit kch thc tit din, Rs, As, cn phi tnh c Mgh:
Bi ton c hai phng trnh (4.33) m (4.34) vi hai n s Mgh v .
Rs As Rb (b 'f b) h 'f
T (4.33) => (4.37)
Rb bho
- Nu R th tra bng ra m v tnh c Mgh:
M gh m Rb bho2 Rb (b 'f b)h 'f (ho 0,5h 'f ) (4.38)
- Nu > R th ly m = R tnh Mgh.
65
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
V d 4.8. Kim tra kh nng chu lc cho dm b tng ct thp tit din ch T
(cnh dng cngson) vi cc s liu sau: B20, CII, bxh= 30x80cm, bf xh f=60x 7cm,
nhp dm ld=6m, khong cch thng thy gia 2 dm l0=4m, M=65tm, As=
325+228.
Li gii
- Bc 1: tra s liu Rb=11,5Mpa, Rs=280Mpa, R=0,623, =0,429.

800
228
2

30
a

30
325
1
300

- Bc 2: b tr thp v tnh a
3 4,909 4, 25 2 6,158 9,9
a 6,82cm
3 4,909 2 6,158
h0 h a 80 6,82 73,18cm
- Bc 3: kim tra Sc
1 1
6 .ld 6 .600 100cm

b 'f b 60 30 1 1
Sc 15cm .l0 .400 200cm
2 2 2 2
'
3.h f 3.7 21cm


Sc t yu cu
- Bc 4: xc nh v tr trc trung ha
M f Rb .(b'f b).h'f .(ho 0,5.h'f )
11, 5.(600 300).70.(731,8 0,5.70) 168277200 Nmm 16,83tm
M > Mf: trc trung ha qua sn.
- Bc 5:
Rs As Rb (b 'f b)h 'f 280.2704 11,5.(600 300).70
0, 204 R
Rb bho 11,5.300.731,8
xy ra ph hoi do
Tra bng m= 0,183
M gh m Rbbho2 Rb (b'f b)h'f (ho 0,5h'f )
0,183.11,5.300.731,82 11,5.(600 300).70.(731,8 0,5.70) 506384848Nmm 50, 64tm

- Bc 6: M > Mgh cu kin khng kh nng chu lc.

66
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
4.5. TNH TON CNG TRN TIT DIN NGHING
4.5.1. S ph hoi trn tit din nghing
nhng on dm c Q ln, ng sut php do M v ng sut tip do lc ct s
gy ra nhng ng sut ko chnh nghing vi trc dm mt gc no v c th lm
xut hin khe nt. Cc ct thp dc, ai, xin i qua khe nt nghing s chng li s
ph hoi theo tit din nghing (H 4.10a). Cng c th hiu s ph hoi do M c xu
hng lm quay 2 phn dm xung quanh vng nn, lc Q c xu hng ko tch 2 phn
dm theo phng vung gc trc dm (H 4.10b).
S ph hoi trn tit din nghing c lin quan n M v Q. Nhng n nay trong
tiu chun thit k vn tch ring vic tnh ct ai, ct xin theo Q vi vic tnh ton
cng trn tit din nghing theo M
a) b)

M Q

Q M

H 4.10 - M t s ph hoi trn tit din nghing

4.5.2. Cc iu kin hn ch khi tnh ton lc ct
a. iu kin hn ch
ng sut ko chnh tch bng dm thnh nhng di nghing. Cc di nghing
c th b v nt v ng sut nn chnh. Thng thng khi ng sut nn chnh khng
vt qu cng chu nn Rb (nn mt trc) ca b tng th b tng khng b ph
hoi.
Tuy nhin bng dm chu ng sut nn v ko theo hai phng vung gc, iu
lm gim kh nng chu nn ca b tng v cn phi c lu .
Cc kt qu th nghim chng t rng, bo m b tng khng b ph hoi
trn tit din nghing theo ng sut nn chnh, cn tha mn iu kin:
Q 0,3 w1 b1 Rb bh0 (4.39)
Trong : w1 - h s xt n nh hng ca ct ai t vung gc vi trc cu
kin:
w1 1 5 w 1, 3 (4.40)
Vi: E s , w Asw
Eb bs
Asw - din tch tit din ngang ca mt lp ct ai v ct qua tit din
nghing.
b - b rng ca tit din ch nht; b rng sn ca tit din ch T v ch I.
s - khong cch ct ai.

67
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
b1 - h s xt n kh nng phn phi li ni lc ca cc lai b tng khc
nhau:
b1 1 Rb (4.41)
= 0,01 - i vi btng nng, btng ht nh v btng t ong
= 0,02 - i vi btng nh.
Rb - tnh bng MPa.
Nu iu kin (4.39) khng tha mn th phi tng kch thc tit din hoc tng
cp bn ca btng.

b. iu kin tnh ton

Khe nt nghing c hnh thnh u tin gia sn dm, ni ng sut tip do
lc ct gy ra t gi tr cc i. Do tnh cht khng n hi ca btng, ng sut tip
s dn dn tr thnh phn b u v khe nt pht trin.
Th nghim chng t rng khi chu ct thun ty, nu
Q
kc 2,5 Rbt
bho
th khng xut hin khe nt nghing tc l kh nng chu ct ln nht ca b tng
bng:
Qb max 2,5 Rbt bho (4.42)
Nh vy, gi tr Qmax mp gi ta ca cu kin khng c ct thp ngang khi chu
lc tp trung gn gi ta phi tha mn:
Qmax 2,5Rbt .bho Qb max (4.43)
ng thi, trong trng hp chung khi khng c ct thp ngang cn phi tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
b 4 .(1 n ).Rbt .b.h02
Q Qb 0 (4.44)
c

b 4 (1 n ) Rbt bho2
V b 3 (1 n ) Rbt bho (4.45)
c
Trong : Qb0 kh nng chu ct ca b tng khi khng c ct ai
Q- lc ct cui tit din nghing.
c - chiu di hnh chiu tit din nghing trn trc cu kin tnh t mp
gi ta, c cmax 2h0
b 3 - h s bng 0,6 i vi btng nng v bng 0,5 i vi btng ht
nh.
b 4 - h s bng 1,5 i vi btng nng v bng 1,2 i vi btng ht
nh.
n - h s xt n nh hng ca lc dc trc.
+ Khi lc dc l lc nn:
68
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
N
n 0,1 0,5 (4.45)
Rbt bho
+Khi lc dc l lc ko:
N
n 0, 2 (4.46)
Rbt bho
N
V 0,2 0,8
Rbt bho
Gi tr Qbo c khng ch trong mt gii hn: Qb 3 Qbo Qmax
Vi: Qb 3 b 3 .(1 n ) Rbt .b.h0
Tiu chun thit k quy nh khng cn tnh ton ct ai chu ct khi:
QA Qb 0 (4.47)
Vi QA l lc ct tnh ton, c xc nh bng lc ct tnh ton tr i ngoi lc
t mt pha tit din ang xt.

4.5.3. iu kin cng trn tit din nghing

Qb
z sw1
s ssw2
q
N b +Rsc.A' s

x
A

Rsw.Asw
zs
Rsp .Asp+Rs .As

c1
Rs

in
z s,

Rsw.Asw
w.
As
.in

co
c

Q
c2
,in
zs

c
a

H 4.11- S tnh ton cng trn tit din nghing.

* iu kin cng trn tit din nghing theo lc ct:
Q Qb Q sw Q s ,inc (4.47)

Q - lc ct tnh mt pha ca tit din

Qsw - lc ct do ct ai chu.
Qs ,inc - lc ct do ct xin chu.
Qb - lc ct do btng chu, c xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim:
.(1 f n ).Rbt .b.h0
Qb b 3 Qb min (4.48)
c
Trong :
69
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
c - chiu di hnh chiu ca mt ct nghing trn trc dc ca cu kin.
b 2 -h s xt n nh hng ca loi btng:
+ b 2 = 2 i vi btng nng v btng t ong.
+ b 2 = 1,7 i vi btng ht nh.
f - h s xt nh hng ca cnh tit din ch T v ch I khi cch nm trong
vng chu nn:
0, 75.u f .h f
f 0,5 (4.49)
b.h0
Vi: u f min 3h f ; (b f b)
Trong mi trng hp: (1 f n ) 1,5.
Mt khc: Qb Qb min b3 (1 f n ) Rbt bh0 (4.50)
b 2
T (4.48)v (4.50) suy ra: c ho .
b 3
b 2
T (4.48) v (4.43) suy ra: c (1 f n ) ho .
2,5
Qsw: tng hnh chiu ni lc gii hn trong ct thp ai ct qua vt nt nghing
nguy him chiu ln phng vung gc vi trc cu kin.
Qsw Rsw Asw (4.51)
Rsw . Asw
Gi qsw l kh nng chu lc ca ct ai em phn b u theo trc dm.
s
Khi bc ai s khng i trong phm vi tit din nghing th:
Qsw qsw c0 (4.52)
Gi tr q sw cn phi c tha mn iu kin:
b 3 .(1 f n ).Rbt .b Qb min
q sw (4.53)
2 2.h0
iu kin cng trn tit din nghing theo m men:
M M s M sw M s.inc (4.54)

4.5.4. Tnh ton ct ai khi khng t ct xin

a. Tit din nguy him nht
Khi khng c ct xin th iu kin cng :
b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02
Q Qb , sw Qb Qsw qsw .c (4.55)
c
Gi Qb,sw l kh nng chu ct ca b tng v ct ai trn tit din nghing c,
Qb,sw=f(c). Kh nng chu ct nh nht ca b tng v ct ai tm t iu kin cc tiu
ca Qb,sw

70
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02
Qb' ,sw q sw
c2

'
b 3 .(1 f n ).Rbt .b.h02 Mb
Q b , sw 0c c0
q sw q sw

M b b 2. 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02
c0 gi l tit din nghing nguy him nht ng vi kh nng chu ct ca b
tng v ct ai nh nht:
Qb ,sw min 2. b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02 .qsw (4.56)

b. Tnh khong cch ca ct ai

Ct ai c xc nh bi cc thng s: ng knh (sw), s thanh (n), khong
cch (s).
Cn c vo ln ca dm gi thuyt ng knh v s nhnh ri tnh s theo Q.
iu kin m bo cng trn tit din nghing nguy him nht:
Q Qb , sw min 2. b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02 .qsw (4.57)

4.b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02

q sw
Q2
Rsw . Asw Rsw .n.asw
Vi qsw
s s
Thay vo biu thc (4.57) ta c:
4.b 2 .(1 f n ).Rbt .b.h02
s .Rbt .n.aaw stt (4.58)
Q2
Vi stt gi l khong cch tnh ton ca cc ct ai.
ng thi trnh trng hp ph hoi theo tit din nghing nm gia hai ct ai
(khi ch c b tng chu ct) th iu kin:
b 4 . 1 n .Rbt .b.h02
s smax
Q (4.59)

c. Khong cch cu to ca cc ct ai trong bn v dm

Trong dm c chiu cao ln hn 150mm v trong tm c l vi chiu dy ln hn
300mm cn phi t ct ngang.
Trong dm c chiu cao b hn 150mm, tm c v trong tm c l vi chiu dy
b hn 300mm khng cn phi t ct ngang nhng phi tha mn iu kin khng
ch v lc ct.
Yu cu cu to: ct ai c th t u trn ton dm hoc tit kim th on
dm c lc ct nh c th t tha hn.
Vi on dm gn gi ta (c lc ct ln):

71
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
h
sct min ;150mm khi h 450mm (4.60)
2
h
sct min ;300mm khi h > 450mm
3
3.h
Vi on dm c lc ct b: sct min
;500mm .
4
on dm gi ta c ly nh sau: ly bng l/4 (l l nhp dm) khi dm chu
ti trng phn b u, ly bng khong cch t gi n lc tp trung u tin nhng
khng b hn l/4 khi dm chu lc tp trung.
Khong cch thit k ca ct ai
s min stt ; smax ; sct ; s lm trn n n v cm d thi cng.

a. Tnh cu kin chu ti trng phn b u

Gi s trn dm c tc dng ti trng thng xuyn lin tc q1 th trong biu thc
(4.55) phi b sung thm thnh phn q 1
Mb
Qu (q sw q1 ).c (4.61)
c
Khi hnh chiu ca tit din nghing co s c dng:
Mb
c0 (4.62)
q sw q1
Nu gi q l tng ti trng phn b u tc dng ln cu kin, khi ton b q l ti
trng thng xuyn th ly q1 = q. Khi trong q c mt phn l ti trng tm thi k
v
hiu l phn b lin tc th ly q1 g , trong g l ti trng thng xuyn lin
2
tc.
iu kin cng :
Mb
Qmax (q sw q1 ).c (4.63)
c
Gi tr co tnh theo (4.62) cn phi c xem xt cng vi tng quan gia q sw v
q1.
+Nu q1 0,56qsw th: c 0 M b (4.64)
q1

Mb
+Nu q1 0,56qsw th: c0 . (4.65)
q sw q1
*Khi tnh ton thit k, tnh qsw nh sau
Qb1
Khi Qmax , vi Qb1 2 M b q1
0,6
2
Qmax Qb21 Q max Q b1
th: q sw (4.66)
4M b 2 ho

72
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Mb Q
Khi Q b1 Q max b1
ho 0 ,6
(Qmax Qb1 ) 2 Qmax Qb1
th: qsw (4.67)
Mb 2 ho
Mb
Khi Qmax Qb1
ho
Qmax Qb1
th: qsw (4.68)
ho
Qb min
Nu tnh ra q sw th tnh li q sw theo cng thc:
2 ho
Qmax b 2 Q Q
qsw q1 ( max b 2 q1 )2 ( max )2 (4.69)
2ho b3 2 ho b 3 2ho

b. Tnh ct ai cho cu kin chu ti trng tp trung

Khi chu ti trng tp trung, cn phi tnh vi tt c cc tit din nghing ci xut
pht t gi ta nhng khng vt qu tit din c gi tr m men ln nht. Gi tr q sw
c xc nh theo h s:
Qi Qbi M
trong: Qbi b . (4.70)
Qbi ci
Qb min co
Nu i oi .
Qbi 2 ho
Qi oi
th: qsw( i ) . (4.71)
co oi 1

ci
Nu oi i
co
F1 F2
Qi Qbi
th qsw( i ) (4.72)
co
ci c
Nu i i
co ho
(Qi Qbi )2
th qsw( i ) (4.73)
Mb c1

c2
ci
Nu i
ho
Q1
Q Qbi Q2 - Q1 = F 1
th qsw( i ) i . (4.74) (4.74)
ho

H 4.12 S tnh ton ct

ai khi chu lc tp trung
73
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
y vi ho ci. Cui cng ly gi tr qsw(i) ln nht xc nh ct ai
Qi - lc ct tit din cch gi ta mt on ci
Qbi - c xc nh theo (4.48) vi c= ci
Qbmin - c xc nh theo (4.50)
Mb - c xc nh theo (4.57)
Ly c0= ci nhng khng ln hn 2h 0
V d 4.9. Thit k ct thp ( ct thp dc chu lc v ct ai) cho dm vi s liu
sau: b tng B25, thp dc chu lc dng nhm thp CII, ct ai dng nhm thp CI.
Dm chu ti trng phn b u vi g = 16kN/m; p=24kN/m (g: tnh ti, p: hot ti),
nhp dm l=8m.
p

l=8m
H 4.13: S tnh ca dm
Li gii
1. Tra s liu tnh ton:
Rb=14,5Mpa, Rbt=1,05Mpa, Eb=27.10 3Mpa.
Thp CI c Rs= Rsc =225Mpa, Rsw=175Mpa, Es=21.104Mpa.
Thp CII c Rs= Rsc =280Mpa, Rsw=225Mpa, Es=21.104Mpa.
Vi B25 v CII tra bng c R = 0,595; R = 0,418.
2. Xc nh ni lc
q.l 2 40.8 2
M max 320kN .m
8 8
q.l 40.8
Qmax 160 kN
2 2
3. Tnh ct thp dc chu lc
(Dng bi ton thit k 2)
Gi thit: a=6cm; b=25cm; =0,35
T =0,35 tra bng ta c m=0,289
M 320.107
h0 553mm h h0 a 553 60 613mm
m .Rb .b 0, 289.14,5.250
Chn h = 600mm = 60cm.
h 60
2, 4 tha mn iu kin [24], lc ny h0=h-a=600-60=540mm
b 25
M 320.106
Tnh m 0,302 R
Rb .b.h02 14,5.250.5402
Vi m 0,302 tra bng ta c = 0,815

74
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
M 320.106
As 2597 mm 2 25, 97cm 2
Rs . .h0 2800.0,815.540
Kim tra hm lng ct thp
As 25, 79
.100% 100% 1, 924%
b.h0 25.54
Rb 14,5
min 0, 05%; max R . .100% 0, 595. .100% 3, 08%
Rs 280
Hm lng ct thp tha mn min max
Chn thp
Vi As= 25,97cm2 chn 325+322 (As = 26,13cm2)
B tr thp:
212
3

600
322
2
25
a

25

325
1
250
H 4.14: Mt ct b tr thp dm
3.4, 909.3, 75 3.3,801.8, 6
a 5,87cm
26,13
Sai lch khng nhiu so vi a gi thit v thin v an ton nn c th kt thc bi
ton.
4. Chn ct thp dc cu to: chn ct gi 212
5. Thit k ct ai
- Bc 1: chun b s liu tnh ton
- Bc 2: d kin dng ai 6, s nhnh n=2 ta c
Asw n.aaw 2.0, 283 0,566cm 2 56, 6 mm 2
- Bc 3: kim tra iu kin tnh ton Q Qb.o
Vi
Qb .o 0,5. b 4 . 1 n .Rbt .b.h0 0,5.1,5.1.1, 05.250.541,3 106568 N 106,57 kN
Q =160kN > Qb.o : cn phi tnh ton ct ai.
- Bc 4: tnh q1 g 0,5 p 16 0,5.24 28kN / m

75
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
M b b 2 . 1 f n .Rbt .b.h02 2.1.1, 05.250.541,32 153827987 Nmm
( f 0; n 0)
Qb1 2. M b .q1 2. 153827987.28 131258 N
Qb1 131, 258
Qmax 160 kN 218, 764kN
0, 6 0, 6
2
Q 2 Qb21 160.10 131258
3 2
N
qsw max 26,54
4.M b 4.153827987 mm
Rsw . Asw
- Bc 5: khong cch tnh ton ca ct ai s
qsw
175.56, 6
s 373mm
26,55
b 4 . 1 n .Rbt .b.ho2 1,5.1, 05.250.5502
Khong cch cc i smax 753mm
QA 158000
Khong cch cu to (sct):
h
ai dy sct min ;300mm min 200;300 200mm
3
3h
ai tha sct min ;500mm min 450;500 450mm
4
Khong cch thit k: stk min stt ; smax ; sct 200mm
Kt lun: ai 6s200

4.5.5. Tnh ton ct xin

nhng on dm m Q > Qb,sw th phi tnh ct xin n cng chu lc vi b
tng v ct ai.
a. B tr cc lp ct xin
B tr cc lp ct xin trong vng c Q>Qb,sw bo m khng xut hin khe
nt nghing ct qua btng nm gia mp gi ta v u lp ct xin th nht, v ct
qua b tng nm gia nhng lp ct xin tip theo.

<Smax <Smax <Smax <Smax

H 4.13- V tr cc lp ct xin trong dm

b. Tnh din tch cc lp ct xin

iu kin cng trn tit din nghing c bt k:

76
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Mb
Q q sw c Rsw As.inc . sin (4.75)
c
Trong :
+As.inc- tng din tch cc lp ct xin ct qua mt ct nghing c

As.inc1 As.inc2 As.inc3

c2

c1 c3

co
c

H 4.14- Cc mt ct nghing dng tnh ton ct xin

Kh nng chu ct ca cc mt ct nghing ci phi ln hn lc ct u mt ct

nghing:
Mb
Q1 qsw .c1 Rsw As .inc1.sin (4.76)
c1
Mb
Q2 qsw .c2 Rsw As.inc2 .sin (4.77)
c2
Mb
Q3 qsw .c3 Rsw As .inc3 .sin (4.78)
c3
Mb
Q3 qsw .c0 Rsw ( As .inc2 As.inc3 ). sin . (4.79)
c0
Trong : Qi l lc ct im u ca mt ct nghing ci
Ch : Khi tnh kh nng chu ct trn cc tit din nghing cn:
+ Phi k n ti trng phn b q1 lm gim lc ct cui tit din nghing.
+Khi tnh qsw.ci: nu ci >co th ly ci=co; khi co >2h o th ly co= 2ho
Mb
+Khi tnh phi m bo Qbmax > Qb > Qbmin
ci
4.5.6. Kim tra cng trn tit din nghing theo m men

77
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )

c
in
zs,
S S

x
zs
a1 s
lx c
H 4.15- S lc trn tit din nghing
Cng thc kim tra: M M s M sw M s ,inc (4.80)
Hay M Rs As z s Rsw Asw z sw Rsw As .inc z s.inc (4.81)
Trong :
+M m men ca ngoi lc nm mt pha ca tit din nghing i vi trc
thng gc vi mt phng un v i qua im t ca hp lc Nb trong vng nn.
+ R sw Asw z sw 0.5q s c 2
+ z s.inc z s cos (c a1 ) sin
*Xc nh chiu cao vng nn x:
X 0:
Rb Ab Rsc A's Rs As Rsw As .inc . cos 0

a. Neo ct dc chu ko gn gi ta t do
ng sut trong ct dc ch t n Rs khi n c neo chc vi chiu di lan tnh t
mp gi ta:
R
l an an s an d (4.82)
Rb
Trong : an 0,5; an 8 (neo trong vng nn) i vi ct c g;
an 0 ,8; an 12 i vi ct trn
* Nu chiu di neo ca ct thp lx< lan th gi tr Rs a vo trong tnh ton phi
lx
gim i bng cch nhn vi h s s5
l an
* Cho php khng kim tra cng trn tit din nghing chu moment khi tha
mn cc iu kin:

78
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
0,8 b 4 Rbt bho2
Qmax 2 Rbt bho ; Q (4.83)
c
* Nu ct dc gi ta t do ca cu kin chu un khng c neo c bit hoc
khng c hn vo tm m gi ta th cn tha mn mt s yu cu cu to sau:
b 4 (1 n ) Rbt bho2
+ Nu Qmax 2,5 Rbt .bho , v Q th la 5d
c
Khi dng khung v li hn; ct dc l ct trn th trong phm vi la phi c mt
ct ngang vi d a 0,5d c hn vi ct dc, cch mt ct dc mt on c:
c 15 mm khi d 10; c 1,5d khi d>10.
b 4 (1 n ) Rbt bho2
+ Nu Qmax 2,5 Rbt .bho ; Q th la 10d.
c
Khi ct dc l ct trn th trong phm vi on la phi hn 2 thanh ct ngang c
da 0,5d v m bo khong c.
la
a/ b/
la da >0,5d
da >0,5d

d d
c c
H 4.16- neo ct thp hn gi ta t do
a/ trong bn; b/ trong dm
b. Un ct thp dc chu ko

H 4.17- S b tr ct thp v
biu bao vt liu ca dm lin tc

79
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )

* Biu bao ni lc l biu m mi tung ca n biu th gi tr i s ca

ni lc ln nht hoc nh nht c th xy ra ti tit din tng ng.
* Biu bao vt liu: kim tra s ng n v hp l ca vic b tr ct thp
cn v hnh bao vt liu. Tung hnh bao vt liu bng kh nng chu lc ca tit
din. Biu bao vt liu cng st vi biu bao ni lc cng tit kim.
Ct s 2 c un t nhp 1 ln gi ta B chu momen m. tit din II-II
kh nng chu lc ca ct s 2 c tn dng ht. m bo cng trn tit din
nghing N1- N1 th cnh tay n zs.inc zs. iu s xy ra khi khang cch t tit
din thng gc II-II n tit din I-I (trng vi im un ca ct xin) ho/2
* iu ny c th gii thch nh sau : Nu ti tit din II-II ct s 2 c tn
dng ht kh nng chu lc ta un ngay ct thnh ct xin th cng chu un
ca tit din nghing N1N1 s khng c m bo. V c 2 cng chu 1 mmen un,
nhng trn tit din II-II th ct dc lm vic vi cnh tay n Zs, cn trn tit din
nghing ct xin (ct un ln) ch lm vic vi cnh tay n Z1= Zs Cos Zs. Mun
cho cng trn tit din nghing t ra cng bng cng trn tit din vung gc
th Z1 Zs. T c th chng minh c im bt u un ct xin phi cch mp
gi ta > ho/2.
c. Ct ct thp dc chu ko
xa gi ta ca dm lin tc, mmen m gim dn, ta c th ct bt ct thp chu
ko. Trn hnh (4.17) ta thy n tit din III-III ct s 2 c th b ct bt. Tit din
III-III gi l tit din ct l thuyt. Tuy nhin m bo cng trn cc tit din
nghing bt k N2-N2 th ct s 2 phi c ko di thm 1 on W n tit din IV-
IV cho
RswAswZsw RsAsZs (4.84)
Tc l kh nng chu M trn tit din nghing N2-N2 b gim i do ct dc s 2 b
ct bt phi c b li bng kh nng chu momen ca cc ct ai nm trong phm vi
tit din nghing .
* i vi cc dm c tit din khng i, ta c :
Q
W 5 d 20 d (4.85)
2 q sw
Q: gi tr lc ct ti tit din ct l thuyt.
d: ng knh ct dc b ct bt
Rsw Asw
q sw (4.86)
s
Gi tr 5d nhm m bo neo chc ct thp.
Nu vng ct bt ct dc c ct xin th W bng:
Q Q s .inc
W 5 d 20 d (4.87)
2 q sw
Trong : Qs.inc = Rs AswSin (4.88)
80
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
Asw: din tch ca lp ct xin nm trong vng ct bt ct thp. n gin v an
ton c th ly nh sau: Asw l din tch lp ct xin ct qua tit din ct l thuyt, l
din tch lp ct xin nm ngay pha trc tit din ct l thuyt (k t gi ta tr ra)
m khong cch t im u ca lp ct xin n tit din ct l thuyt khng ln
Q Q s .inc
hn
2 q sw

81
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. Nu c im cu to ca bn v dm?
2. Cc trng thi ng sut v bin dng trn tit din thng gc ca mt dm chu
un?
3. Th no l ph hoi gin, ph hoi do?
4. V sao hm lng ct thp trong cu kin chu un phi tha mn min max
? Nu khng tha mn th x l th no?
5. V s ng sut, thit lp cc cng thc c bn v iu kin hn ch v cc bi
ton vn dng cho cu kin c tit din ch nht chu un t ct n, ct kp?
6. Cu to, v s ng sut, thit lp cc cng thc c bn v iu kin hn ch
v cc bi ton vn dng cho cu kin c tit din ch T chu un t ct n, ct kp?
7. Cc iu kin khng ch khi tnh ton lc ct?
8. Nguyn tc tnh ton cng trn tit din nghing?
9. Nguyn tc tnh ton un v ct thp?
10. Nguyn tc tnh ton ct ai khi khng c ct xin?
11. Nguyn tc tnh ton ct xin?
12. Tnh As v v mt ct b tr thp vi cc s liu sau:
STT b(cm) h(cm) Cp bn Nhm ct thp M(kNm)
ca b tng B
1 20 40 15 CII 90
2 25 50 20 CII 150
3 25 80 25 CIV 240
4 30 90 30 AIII 360
5 25 70 35 AII 260
13. Chn bxh, tnh As v v mt ct b tr thp vi cc s liu sau:
STT Cp bn ca b tng B Nhm ct thp M(kNm)
1 25 CIII 200
2 15 CII 220
3 20 CII 380
4 15 AII 420
5 30 AIII 450
14. B tr ct thp v kim tra kh nng chu lc?
STT b(cm) h(cm) B Nhm ct thp As M(kNm)
1 20 40 15 CII 320+222 180
2 25 50 20 CII 322+225 240
3 25 80 30 CII 20 360
4 30 90 20 AIII 320+322 400
5 25 70 30 AIII 25 420

15. V mt ct b tr ct thp v xc nh kh nng chu lc?

STT b(cm) h(cm) B Nhm ct thp As
82
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
1 22 40 25 CIII 3+222
2 25 60 15 CII 20
3 30 80 30 CIII 22
4 25 70 25 AII 320+325
5 30 90 25 AIII 20

16. Tnh As, As v v mt ct b tr thp vi cc s liu sau:
STT b(cm) h(cm) B Nhm ct thp M(kNm)
1 20 40 15 CII 140
2 25 50 15 AII 260
3 25 80 15 CIII 600
4 30 90 20 AIII 1200
5 25 70 20 CIII 650
17. Tnh As v v mt ct b tr thp vi cc s liu sau:
STT b(cm) h(cm) As B Nhm ct thp M(kNm)
1 20 40 20 20 CII 160
2 25 50 22 20 AII 320
3 25 80 25 20 CIII 800
4 30 90 328 15 AIII 1050
5 25 70 20 15 CIII 520
18. V mt ct b tr ct thp v xc nh kh nng chu lc?
STT b(cm) h(cm) B Nhm ct thp As A s'
1 22 40 25 CIII 3+222 220
2 25 60 15 CII 20 20
3 30 80 30 CII 22 22
4 25 70 25 AIII 320+325 25
5 30 90 25 AII 20 20
19. Cho dm c mt ct ch T (vi cnh dng cngson) vi s liu cho bng
sau. Tnh As v mt ct b tr thp:

STT b(cm) h(cm) hf'(cm) bf'(cm) ld(cm) l0(cm) B Nhm M(kNm)

ct thp
1 22 60 8 100 5,6 4,0 15 CII 230
2 25 60 10 90 4,2 4,5 15 CII 250
3 30 80 12 70 4,5 4,2 25 CIII 600
4 25 70 10 110 3,5 4,6 20 AII 450
5 30 90 12 80 3,0 3,6 25 AIII 800

20. Cho s kt cu nh hnh v, thit k ct thp cho dm (ct dc, ct ai v

ct xin nu c)

83
 Chng 4: Cu kin chu un (tnh ton theo cng )
P=2qa
q

A B
a/3 a a a/3

STT b(cm) h(cm) q(kN/m) a(m) B Nhm

ct thp
1 22 60 70 4 15 CII
2 25 60 120 5 15 CII
3 30 80 150 6 25 CIII
4 25 70 160 6,5 20 AII
5 30 90 100 6,2 25 AIII

84