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6. Assessment of food consumption and nutrient intake

Michael Nelson and Sheila A. Bingham
in Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

Published in print: 1997 Published Online: Publisher: Oxford University Press
September 2009 DOI: 10.1093/
ISBN: 9780192627391 eISBN: 9780191723704 acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0006
Item type: chapter
This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the techniques, strengths,

and weaknesses of approaches to estimating food consumption and
nutrient intake at the household and individual level. At the household
level, it provides a detailed description of the methods available and
the ways in which the data can be interpreted for epidemiological
purposes, including techniques for estimating the distribution of food
consumption and nutrient intake in individuals when data are collected
at the household level. Similarly, it describes in detail the techniques
for estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the individual
level, and focuses strongly on the repeatability and validity of measures,
including an analysis of the sources of error such as portion size
estimation, day-to-day variations in diet, estimates of the frequency
of consumption, and the determination of current and past (relevant)
diet. It addresses issues of under-reporting and energy adjustment,
and concludes with an analysis of the effects of measurement error on
validity.
Biochemical Indicators of Dietary Intake

Rob M. Van Dam and David Hunter
in Nutritional Epidemiology
January 2013 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This chapter reviews the relationships between the intake of nutrients

and foods and their corresponding biochemical indicators. First, it
discusses some general principles of the relation between nutrient intake
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and biochemical indicators, which define the utility of these measures
for epidemiological purposes. It then reviews aspects of study design,
specimen collection and storage, and measurement relevant to the
validity of biochemical indicators. Finally, it provides examples of specific
biochemical indicators to assess intake of selected nutrients and food
groups of current interest.
Nutritional Epidemiology
Walter C. Willett
Item type: book
This book is intended to increase understanding of the complex

relationships between diet and the major diseases of western civilization,
such as cancer and atherosclerosis. The book starts with an overview
of research strategies in nutritional epidemiologya relatively new
discipline which combines the knowledge compiled by nutritionists
during this century with the methodology developed by epidemiologists
to study the determinants of disease with multiple etiologies and long
latent periods. A major part of the book is devoted to methods of dietary
assessment using data on food intake, biochemical indicators of diet,
and measures of body size and composition. The reproducibility and
validity of each approach and the implications of measurement error
are considered in detail. The analysis, presentation, and interpretation
of data from epidemiologic studies of diet and disease are discussed.
Particular attention is paid to the important influence of total energy
intake on findings in such studies. As examples of methodologic issues in
nutritional epidemiology, three substantive topics are examined in depth:
the relations of diet and coronary heart disease, fat intake and breast
cancer, and Vitamin A and lung cancer.
8. The validation of dietary assessment

Michael Nelson
in Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

Item type: chapter
Validation considers the context within which measures are being made
(national, household, individual) and helps to describe the extent to
which observed values differ from the truth. This chapter outlines the
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general principles that should be applied in the design of validation
studies of dietary measurements, and considers some of the statistical
techniques that have been developed to overcome the problems which
arise from the absence of a reference measure of true dietary intakes.
The concepts of validity and reproducibility are reviewed. The context
of validation is considered (current or past intake; food consumption
or nutrient intake; absolute or relative intakes; group versus individual
intakes). Validation techniques, including the identification of relevant
reference measures, validation procedures, and factors affecting the
design of validation studies are considered. Statistical techniques for
interpreting findings from validation studies are described in detail.
Reproducibility and Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires

Walter Willett and Elizabeth Lenart
January 2013 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
The food frequency questionnaire has been the most widely used method
for dietary assessment in epidemiologic studies. It is, therefore, crucial to
consider in detail the degree to which such questionnaires can measure
true dietary intake. This chapter deals with approaches used to evaluate
dietary questionnaires, the design of validation studies, and the analysis
and presentation of data from validation studies.
Diet, Nutrition, and Obesity

Frank B. Hu
in Obesity Epidemiology
Item type: chapter
This chapter briefly reviews evidence from epidemiologic studies and

clinical trials regarding the effects of macronutrients on body weight.
It then describes epidemiologic studies with respect to individual foods
or beverages (including whole grains, fruits and vegetables, nuts, dairy
products, coffee and caffeine, and alcoholic beverages). Finally, it
discusses studies on overall eating patterns (including fast-food habits
and skipping breakfast) and dietary energy density in relation to body
weight.
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Issues in Analysis and Presentation of Dietary Data
Walter Willett
January 2013 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This chapter is a synthesis of selected issues relating to the analysis

and presentation of dietary data, building on the experiences of those
working in this field. The underlying objectives of data analysis and
presentation are to learn as much as possible from the available data
and to present what has been learned so far to readers completely and
with maximum clarity. Particularly for presentation, the approaches
should vary depending on the intended readership. For example, simpler
analytic approaches and greater use of figures may be appropriate for a
general medical journal, whereas more complex methods and primarily
tabular results may be best for an epidemiologic publication.
Food Frequency Methods

Walter Willett
January 2013 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This chapter discusses the use of food frequency questionnaires for

measuring dietary intake in epidemiologic studies. Food frequency
questionnaires are extremely practical in epidemiologic applications
because they are easy for subjects to complete, often as a self-
administered form. Processing is readily computerized and inexpensive,
so that even prospective studies involving tens of thousands of subjects
are feasible. In constructing food frequency questionnaires, careful
attention must be given to the choice of foods, the clarity of the
questions, and the format of the frequency response section.
Future Research Directions

Walter Willett
January 2013
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ISBN: 9780199754038 eISBN: 9780199979448 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter acprof:oso/9780199754038.003.0021
Probably the most important accomplishment in nutritional epidemiology

during the 1980s and early 1990s was the development and validation
of inexpensive methods for measuring dietary intake that can be used
in large populations and that are accurate enough to evaluate numerous
existing hypotheses. In the 2000s, the longer follow-up and repeated
measures of diet have provided more detailed insights into the temporal
relation of diet to disease. Advances in molecular pathology and clinical
medicine are also allowing more detailed classification of cancers and
other outcomes that can strengthen the evidence for causality and
provide deeper biological insights. This chapter discusses the potential
for pursuing these and other avenues.
Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

Barrie M. Margetts and Michael Nelson (eds)
Item type: book
This book provides a practical guide to the understanding, interpretation,

and application of the principles of nutritional epidemiology, set in
the context of public health nutrition. Relating dietary and nutritional
exposures to health outcomes requires a rigorous approach to
measurement of both the key exposure and outcome variables of
interest and also the associated measurement errors. Moreover, the
analysis of such data requires appropriate statistical approaches that
take into account sampling, measurement techniques, and the role of
confounders in the context of specific study designs. The first part of
the book brings a practical focus to the scientific concepts underlying
study design with emphasis on design, planning, and evaluation of
nutritional epidemiological studies; issues of sampling, sample size
and power; and an understanding of the impact of measurement error,
with practical remedies. The second part deals with the problems of
measurement and interpretation of a variety of variables relevant to
nutritional epidemiology. It covers issues relating to determination
of food consumption and nutrient intake and the strengths and
weaknesses of approaches to such measurements; the strengths and
weaknesses of biochemical markers as indicators of both nutrient
intake and nutritional status; validation studies of dietary assessment;
and assessment of the potential influence of socio-economic factors,
anthropometric measurements, and gene-nutrient interactions on
diet-health associations. The final part addresses the principles and
interpretation of the main types of epidemiological study in the context
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of questions addressing relationships between diet and health, including
issues of lag time and relevant exposure.
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University Press Scholarship Online

You are looking at 1-10 of 12 items for: keywords : dietary assessment

6. Assessment of food consumption and nutrient intake

in Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the techniques, strengths,

Biochemical Indicators of Dietary Intake

This chapter reviews the relationships between the intake of nutrients

This book is intended to increase understanding of the complex

8. The validation of dietary assessment

in Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

Reproducibility and Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires

Diet, Nutrition, and Obesity

This chapter briefly reviews evidence from epidemiologic studies and

This chapter is a synthesis of selected issues relating to the analysis

Food Frequency Methods

This chapter discusses the use of food frequency questionnaires for

Future Research Directions

Probably the most important accomplishment in nutritional epidemiology

Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology

This book provides a practical guide to the understanding, interpretation,

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