Tugas Bahasa Inggris

Dosen Pengampu : Dr. Ing. Suherman, S.T., M.T.

Kelompok 8 (Kelas C Kamis Pagi)

Anggota Kelompok :
Lisa Adrina Pratiwi (21030117120046)
Muhammad Miftahur Rahman (21030117120055)
Belly Purgito (21030117130122)
Dio Dwi Saputra (21030137130139)

Analytical Strategies for determination of cadmium in Brazilian vinegar samples using ET AAS

Vinegar is a condiment used in food preparation throughout theworld. Generally, vinegar is

produced by the fermentation of rawplant materials such as grapes, apples and sugarcane, among
others.Vinegar is primarily composed of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol.The mineral content is derived from
the plant material used andfrom contamination during the production process and storage.Given the
importance of vinegar in human food, several methodsfor the determination of the levels of toxic
chemical elements inthis condiment have been proposed. A paper evaluated differentsample preparation
procedures for the determination of lead concentrationsin vinegar using ICP-MS and GFAAS (Ndungu,
Hibdon,& Flegal, 2004). Another study determined and evaluated possiblesources of lead in vinegar
(Ndungu, Hibdon, & Flegal, 2007). Amethod using stripping chronopotentiometry was proposed
fordetermination of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in commercialIranian vinegars (Saei-Dehkordi,
Fallah, & Ghafari, 2012). A directmethod for the determination of lead in vinegar by ETAAS
wasestablished employing bismuth as internal standard, and thechemical modification was performed
with ruthenium as the permanent modifier and co-injection of palladiummagnesium(de Oliveira &
Gomes Neto, 2007). Another work of the same researchgroup used tungsten as permanent chemical
modifier andco-injection of palladiummagnesium also for direct determinationof lead in vinegar
(Oliveira, Oliveira, & Gomes Neto, 2007).In a method proposed for the determination of cadmium and
leadin vinegar leached from pewter cups by ET AAS the chemicalmodification was performed using
palladiummagnesium (Dessuyet al., 2011). The BoxBehnken design is a chemometric tool often
usedfor the optimization of analytical methods (Garcia-Rodrigues,Cela-Torrijos, Lorenzo-Ferreira, &
Carro-Diaz, 2012; Khajeh, 2011;Kishore & Kayastha, 2012; Singh et al., 2014; Zarena, Sachindra,&
Udaya Sankar, 2012). This tool enables quadratic models showingthe critical condition (maximum,
minimum or saddle point)to be obtained (Ferreira et al., 2007). The optimization of analyticalmethods
involving two or more chemometric responses requiresuse of multiple responses. These multiple
responses are establishedby considering the objective of the analytical system thatis being optimized. The
most common method employed to obtainmultiple responses makes use of a desirability function D,
whereindividual response surfaces are determined for each response(Derringer & Suich, 1980). An on-
line sequential preconcentrationsystem using chemically modified silica was developed fordetermination
of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization was performed using a
multivariatemethodology and a desirability function was established(Tarley et al., 2012).In this study, two
methods for determination of cadmium invinegar using ETAAS were proposed. Also a new strategy
wasestablished to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the peakprofiles obtained during the
optimization step.
 Tugas Bahasa Inggris

Dosen Pengampu : Dr. Ing. Suherman, S.T., M.T.

Kelompok 8 (Kelas C Kamis Pagi)

Anggota Kelompok :
Lisa Adrina Pratiwi (21030117120046)
Muhammad Miftahur Rahman (21030117120055)
Belly Purgito (21030117130122)
Dio Dwi Saputra (21030137130139)

Analytical Strategies for determination of cadmium in Brazilian vinegar samples using ET AAS

STEP 1. SITUATION : Explain the background The letter from the framework above is placed
and Importance of the topic at the end of each sentence
Vinegar is a condiment used in food preparation (A) Give background information on the
throughout the world. Generally, vinegar is topic.
produced by the fermentation of raw plant
materials such as grapes, apples and sugarcane, (B) Explain the general research
among others. Vinegar is primarily composed of purpose/problem/issue
acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. The mineral content
is derived from the plant material used and from
contamination during the production process and (C) Explain the general research purpose
storage [A]. Given the importance of vinegar in
human food, severalmethods for the determination (D) Summarize previous research
of the levels of toxic chemical elements in this
condiment have been proposed [C]. A paper (E) Critically evaluate previous methods
evaluated different sample preparation procedures
for the determination of lead concentrations in (H) Summarize your main result
vinegar using ICP-MS and GFAAS (Ndungu, (I) Indicate the organization of each section
Hibdon,& Flegal, 2004) [D]. Another study of your paper
determined and evaluated possible sources of lead (G) Introduce and give more information
in vinegar (Ndungu, Hibdon, & Flegal, 2007). A
about the methodology
method using stripping chronopotentiometry was
proposed fordetermination of lead, cadmium,
copper and zinc in commercialIranian vinegars
(Saei-Dehkordi, Fallah, & Ghafari, 2012). A direct
method for the determination of lead in vinegar by
ET AAS was established employing bismuth as
internal standard, and the chemical modification
was performed with ruthenium as the permanent
modifier and co-injection of palladium
magnesium(de Oliveira & Gomes Neto, 2007).
Another work of the same research group used
tungsten as permanent chemical modifier andco-
injection of palladiummagnesium also for direct
determinationof lead in vinegar (Oliveira,
Oliveira, & Gomes Neto, 2007). In a method
proposed for the determination of cadmium and
leadin vinegar leached from pewter cups by ET
AAS the chemical modification was performed
using palladiummagnesium (Dessuyet al., 2011)
[G].
The BoxBehnken design is a chemometric tool (A) Give background information on the
often used for the optimization of analytical topic.
methods(Garcia-Rodrigues,Cela-Torrijos,Lorenzo-
Ferreira,&Carro-Diaz,2012; Khajeh, 2011;Kishore (B) Explain the general research
& Kayastha,2012;Singh et al.,2014; Zarena, purpose/problem/issue
Sachindra,& Udaya Sankar, 2012). This tool
enables quadratic models showingthe critical
condition (maximum, minimum or saddle point) to (C) Explain the general research purpose
be obtained (Ferreira et al., 2007) [G]. The
optimization of analytical methods involving two (D) Summarize previous research
or more chemometric responses requires use of
multiple responses. These multiple responses are (E) Critically evaluate previous methods
established by considering the objective of the
analytical system that is being optimized. The (H) Summarize your main result
most common method employed to obtain (I) Indicate the organization of each section
multiple responses makes use of a desirability of your paper
function D, where individual response surfaces are (G) Introduce and give more
determined for each response (Derringer & Suich,
information about the methodology
1980). An on-line sequential preconcentration
system using chemically modified silica was
developed for determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI)
by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The
optimization was performed using a multivariate
methodology and a desirability function was
established(Tarley et al., 2012)[E].
STEP 3. SOLUTION : Introduce your paper as a
solution to these problems or missing areas of
research

In this study, two methods for determination of

cadmium in vinegar using ET AAS were
proposed. Also a new strategy was established to
qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the peak
profiles obtained during the optimization step