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    BS EN ISO 12944-2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    806 views18 pages

    BS en Iso 12944-2

    Uploaded by

    Waldo Arellano
    BS EN ISO 12944-2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM Ub24bb9 97396257 049 a BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO en | 12944-2:1998 Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Part 2: Classification of environments ‘The Buropean Standard EN ISO 1244-2; 1998 has the status of a British Standard oT uf NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW _—_————— Copyright by the Eritish Standards Institution fi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002, STD-BSI BS EN ISO 22944-2-ENGL 1998 MM Lb24bb9 0736256 TAS Ml BS EN ISO 12944-2:1998 National foreword ‘This British Standard is the English language version of EN ISO 12044-2:1998. itis, fdontical with ISO 120442:1908. Together with the ather seven parts of BS EN ISO 12044, it partially supersedes BS 5493:1977 which is declared obsolescent. ‘The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STU27, Paint systems for metallic substrates, which has the responsibility to: _— sid enquirers to understand the text; — present to the responsible intemational/European committee any enquiries on the ierpreation, or ropes fr chang, and Keep the UK nterests inform — monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Alist of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELBC Standards normally include aan annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in thie document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “Intemational Standards Correspondence Index’, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of ‘contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages ‘This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 8, the annex ZA page and a back cover. ‘This Bish Standard having Amendments issued since publication ‘een prepared under the Grn of he Sector And Date ‘Text affected ‘Committee for Materials and Xo. ‘Chemica, was published under ~ the abort ofthe Sandaris Cones Sod comes to eect tn 8 Noverber 1908 © St 1908 {SBN 01580 30348 4 Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM lb24bb9 0738259 921 mm EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 12944-2 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM May 1998 13 87.020 Descriptors: see ISO document English version Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 2: Classification of environments (ISO 12944-2:1998) Printures ot veri - Anicorosion des sructurns an aciar oschichtungestofe- Kerosloneochuts von Stahbautan ‘ar sysmes de peiture- Pari 2: Classication ds ‘durch Beschichtungssysiome - Tol 2: Eitalung der ‘environnement (SO 12944-21998). ‘Umgebungsbedingungen (160 12844-2:1908) ‘This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 June 1997, ‘GEN members are bounc to comply withthe CEN/CENELEC Inlamal Regulations which stipulate the conlions fr giving tis European, ‘Standard the statu of a atonal sanders without any aration, Up-o dale ets anc bblopraphical alerenceeconceming such noel ‘sunaaros may be cgtred on appcaon othe Conal Sorta oro ry CEN member ‘This European Standard axsts in thre offil versions (Engish, French, German). A verson in any ater language made by translation Lungor te responsiity of CEN member ino ts own language and noid 1 tho Central Secretaria has the same status a8 the ofl versions. GEN members are the national standards boss of Aus, Begum, Czech Republe, Denmark, Fintan, France, Germany, Greece, Jeeland,Keland, tal, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Swizeriand and United Kingdom. “s+ RELI EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG ‘Contrat Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36. 6-1060 Brussels (©1990.CEN At ghts of expionauon in any form ane by any means reserved Rot. No. EN ISO 12044-21008 & \wortgwise for CEN ratonal Members, Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 Ml Lb24bb4 0738260 633 a EN ISO 12944-2:1998 Corrected 1998-06-18 Foreword The text of the International Standard IGO 12044-2:1998 hes been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35 “Paints and varnishes" in collaboration with Technical Committ CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes", the secretariat of which is held by DIN. ll be given the status of # national standard, either by publication of an ‘This European Standard s| nt, at the latest by Novembor 1998, end conflicting national standards Ibe withdrawn at the latest by November 1998. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Danmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, looland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice ‘The text of the International Standard ISO 12944-2:1998 was approved by CEN es @ European ‘Standard without any modification. Usted in annex ZA (normative). NOTE: Normative references to International Standerds Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD.BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM 1L24bb9 073821 S7T A Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 EN ISO 12944-2:1998 INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12944-2 a Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environments Peintures et veris — Anticorosion des structures en acier par systémes 9 peinure — Parte 2: Classification des environnement Reference number 180 12944-2:1898(E) STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM LL24LL9 0736262 4Ob Ml EN ISO 12944-2:1998 Contents Page 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 Corrosion stresses due to the atmosphere, water and sci 3 5 Classification of environments... - 4 Annexes ‘A Climatic conditions — - . B Special cases 7 Descriptors: . « Descriptors: pants. vaishes, sual consicton, comosion, cooson prevention, protective coatngs, ervermens, corrosive Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L25Wu-2-ENGL 1998 MM Lb24bL9 073982b3 342 Ml Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 Foreword 1SO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Intemational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented ‘on that committee. Intemational organizations, governmental and non- governmental, in liaison will ISO, also take pant in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Interational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Dratt Intemational Standards adopted by the technical committees are Girculated to the member bodles for voting. Pubication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting avete. International Standard ISO 12944-2 was prepared by Technical Committee 18O/TC 35, Paints and vamishes, Subcommitee SC 14, Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems. 180 12944 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints ‘and vamishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective aint eyotema: — Part 1: General introduction — Part 2: Classification of environments — Part 3: Design considerations — Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation — Patt 6: Protective paint systems — Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods — _ Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work — Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance ‘Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 12944 are for information only STD-BSI BS EN ISO 12944-2-ENGL 1998 MM Lb24bL9 073824 239 EN ISO 12944-2:1998 e180 Introduction Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subject to corrosion that may lead to damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normalty protected to withstand the corrosion stresses ‘during the service life required of the structure. ‘There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. 150 12944 deals with protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but requir particular agreement between the Interested partis In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, it ie necessary for owners of such structures, planners, consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings and manufacturers of coating materials to have at their disposal state-of- the-art information in concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. Such information has to be as complole ac possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid dificulles and misunderstandings between the parties concemed with the practical Implementation of protection work. This Intemational Standard — 180 12044 — ie intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. It is written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of (SO 12944 is tamiiar with other relevant Intemational Standards, in Particular those dealing with surface preparation, as well as relevant national ragulations. Although ISO 12944 does not deal wih financial and contractual questions, attention is drawn to the fact thal, because of the considerable implications ‘of inadequate corrosion protection, non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in this standard may reeult in serious finencial consequences. 1SO 12944-1 defines the overall scope of all parts of ISO 12944. It gives ‘some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes-a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 for a given project. This part of 18012944 describes the environmental impact on steel ‘Structures. i covers structures exposed to the atmosphere as well as those immersed in water or buried in soil, For different atmospheric environments, a classification system based on corrosivity categories is presented. Different environments for immersed and buried structures are ‘also described. All these environments are relevant to the choice of Protective paint eyatems. Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM 2b24bb4 0738265 115 mw EN ISO 12944-21998 Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems Part 2: Classification of environments 1 Scope 1.1. This part of ISO 12944 deals with the classification of the principal environments to which stee! structures are ‘exposed, and the eorrosivty of these environments. It — defines atmospheric-corrosivity categories, based on mass loss (or thickness loss) by standard specimens, and describes typical natural atmospheric environments to which steel structures are exposed, giving advice on the estimation of the corrosivity;, — describes different categories of environment for structures immersed in water or buried in soil; — Gives information on same spacial corrosion stresses that may cause a significant increase in corrosion rate oF place higher demands on the performance of the protective paint system. ‘Tne corrosion stresses associated with a particular environment or corrosivity category represent one essential parameter governing the selection of protective paint systems. 1.2 This part of ISO 12944 does not deal with the classification of those environments that consist of special atmospheres (for example those in and around chemical and metallurgical plants). 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of 'SO 12944. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and Parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12944 are encouraged to investigate the possibilty of applying the ‘ost recent editions of the standards indicated below. Memibers of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 'S0 9223:1892, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivty of atmospheres — Classification. 1S0 9226-1992. Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corroeivity of atmocpheree — Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity. 160 12944-1:1986, Paints and vamishes — Corresion protection of stee! structures by protective paint systems — Part 1: General introduction. EN 12501-1:— 1, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion— Corrosion fikelinood in soil — Part 1: General. 1) Tobe pubished. Copyright by the Eritish Standards insitation Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BST BS EN ISO 12944-2-ENGL 1998 MM Lb24bb9 0738266 05) Mm EN ISO 12944-2:1998 3 Definitions For the purposes ofthis part of ISO 12944, the following definitions apply in addition to those given in ISO 1294-1. NOTE— Some of the definitions have been taken from ISO 8044:1889, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Vocabulary, 28 indicated. 3.1. corrosivity: Abilty of an environment to cause corrosion ina given corrosion system. [ISO 8044] 3.2. corrosion stresses: The environmental factors which promote corrosion. 3.3. corrosion system: System consisting of one or more metals and all parts of the environment which influence ‘corrosion. ISO 8044] 3.4 climate: The weather prevailing at a given location or in a given area, as established statistically by ‘meteorological parameters recorded over a prolonged period. 3.8. atmosphere: A mixture of gases, and normally also aerosols and particles, that surrounds a given object. 3.6. atmospheric corrosion: Corrosion with the Earth's atmosphere at ambient temperature as the corosive environment. [ISO 8044] 8.7 type of atmosphere: Characterization of the atmosphere on the basis of the corrosive agents present and their concentration. NOTE — The main corrosive agents are gases (especially suifur dioxide) and salts (especially chlorides and/or sufates). 3.7.1 rural atmosphere: The atmosphere prevailing in rural areas and small towns, without significant ‘contamination by corrosive agents such as sulfur dioxide andor chlorides. 3.7.2. urban atmosphere: The contaminated atmosphere prevailing in densely populated areas without significant industry. thas moderate concentrations of pollutants such as sullurdioxde and/or chlorides. 3.7.8 Industrial atmosphere: The atmosphere contaminated by corrosive pullulants from local and regional industry (mainly sufur dioxide). 3.7.4 marine atmosphere: The atmosphere over and near the sea. NOTE — A marine atmosphere will extend a certain distance inland, depending on topography and prevaling wind direction tis heavily poluted with sea-salt aerosols (mainly chiorides). 3.8 local environment: The atmospheric conditions prevailing around a constituent element of a structure. NOTE — These conditions determine the corroshity calogory and include both meteorological and pollution parameters. 3.9 micro-environment: The environment at the interface between a constituent element of a structure and its ‘surroundings. The micro-ervironment is one of the decisive factors in the assessment of corTosion stresses. 3.10 time of wetness: The poriod during which a metal surface is covered by a film of electro that is capable (of causing atmospheric corrosion. Guidance values for time of wetness can be calculated from temperature and relative humidity by summing the hours during which the relative humidity is above 80% and, at same time, the temperature is above 0 °C. Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1994 MM Lb24bb9 0738267 T98 A EN ISO 12944-21998 4 Corrosion stresses due to the atmosphere, water and soil 4.1. Atmospheric corrosion ‘Atmospheric corrosion is a process that takes place in a fm of moisture on the metal surface. The moisture fim may be $0 thin that itis invisible to the naked eye. ‘The corrosion rate is increased by the following factors: = aniincrease in relative humidity; — the occurrence of condensation (when the surface temperature is at or below the dew point); —_ an increase in the amount of pollution in the atmosphere (the corrosive pollutants can react with the stee! and may form deposits on the surtace). Experience has shown that significant corrosion is ikely to take place ifthe relative humidity is above 80 % and the temperature above 0 °C. However, if pollutants and/or hygroscopic salts are present, corrosion occurs at much lower humidity levels. Tho atmospheric humidity and sir temperature in a particular region of the world will depend on the climate prevailing in that part of the worid. A brief description of the most important climates is given in annex A. The location of the constituent element of a structure also influences corrosion. Where structures are exposed to the open air, climatic parameters such as rain and sunshine and pollutants in the form of gases or aerosols atfect corrosion. Under cover, the cimatic infiuences are reduced. indoors, the effect of atmospheric polutants is reduced, although a locally high corrosion rate caused by poor ventilation, high humidity or condensation is possible For the estimation of the corrosion stresses, an appreciation of the local environment and the micro-environment is. essential, Examples of decisive micro-environments are the underside of a bridge (particularly over water), the roof fof an indoor swimming pool, and the sunny and shady sides of a building 4.2 Corrosion in water and soil ‘Special care shall be taken when considering structures that are partly immersed in water ot partly buried in soil Corrosion under such conditions is often restricted to a small part of the structure where the corrosion rate can be high. Exposure tects for estimating the corrosivty of water or suil environments ate not recommended. However, diferent immersion/burial conditions can be described. 42.1 Structures immersed in water ‘The type of water — fresh, brackish or salt — has a significant influence on the corrosion of steel. Corrosivity is also influenced by the oxygen content of the water, the type and quantity of dissolved substances and the water temperature, Animal or vegetable growth can accelerate corrosion. ‘Three different zones for immersion in water can be defined: — the underwater zone is the area which is permanently exposed to water; — the intermediate (fluctuating level) zone is the area in which the water level changes due to natural or artificial etfects, thus giving rise to increased corrosion due to the combined impact of water and the atmosphere; — the splash zone is the area mellud by wave and spray action which can gWve rise to exceptionally high Corrosion stresses, especially with sea water, Copyright by the ritish Standards institation Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BST BS EN ISO 22944-2-ENGL 1958 MM Lb24bb9 0734268 924 Ml EN ISO 12944-2:1998 422 Structures buried in soll Corrosion in soll is dependent on the mineral content of the soil and the nature of these minerals, and on the organic ‘mattor present, the water content and the oxygen content. The corrosivity of soll i strongly influenced by the degree of aeration. The oxygen content will vary and corrosion cells may be formed, Where major steel structures ‘uch as pipelines, tunnels, tank installations, etc., pass through different types of soi, soils with differing oxygen contents, soils with differing ground water levels, etc., increased local corrosion (pitting) may occur due to formation ‘of corrosion cells. For further details, see EN 12501-1 Ditlerent types of sol and differences in sol parameters are not considered as classification eftria inthis part of 180 12044, 4.3 Special cases For the selection of a protective paint system, special stresses to which a structure is subjected and special situations in which a structure is located shall also be taken into account. Deth the design as well as the use of the ‘structure may lead to corrosion stresses not taken into consideration in the classification system given in clause 5. Examples of such special cases are given in annex B. 5 Classification of environments. 5.1. Atmospheric-corrosivity categories 2.1.4 For the purposes of 180 12944, atmospheric environments are classiid Into six atmospheric-corrosivty categories: C1 verylow 2 c3 ca os C5-M__very high (marine) 5.12 To determine corrosivity categories, the exposure of standard specimens is strongly recommended. Table 1 eines tne corrosivty categories in terms of the mass or thickness loss of such standard specimens made of low- ‘carbon steel and/or zinc after the frst year of exposure. For details of standard specimens and the treatment of the spocimans prior to and alter expoeure, ese 'SO 0226. Extrapolation of the mass or thickness losees to one year {rom shorter exposure times, or backextrapolation from longer times, will not give reliable results and is therefore ‘ot permitted. The mass or thickness losses obtained for steel and zinc specimens may sometimes give different ‘categories. In such cases, the higher corrosivity category shall be taken. HWitie not possible to expose standard epecimens in the actual environment of interest, the corrosivity category may be estimated by simply considering the examples of typical environments given in table 1. The examples listed are informative and may occasionally be misleading. Only the actual measurement of mass or thickness loss will give the correct classification, NOTE — Corrasivty catagories can also be estimated by considering the combined effect of the following environmental {sctom: yey time of weness,yeafy mean concenttation of Sufur doxde and yearly mesn deposton of clone 00 180 0223), Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO 22944-2-ENGL 1994 MM Lb24bb5 0738269 B60 Me EN ISO 12944-2:1998 Table 1 — Atmospheric-corrosivity categories and examples of typical environments: Toag pe ult surlecefickness le Examples of peal environments corosnay {ctor rt your of expose) intemperate climate (riorraive ony) ‘category | —~Law-arbon steel Tne exterior Interior Massioss | Thickness | Massiose | Thickness ioe ‘oer ome im gime im ci <1 =ia | <07 | won = Heated oainga wah Sor tow iar atosshe, offcoe, hope, oa, bolle ce S row me | S1see | >O70s [> 07007 [Ammapes wahlow [Unenterbuangs ow levee petion, | where condensation wosnyaraaeas. | may oun 8g depots, spor hall & SPanioase | >75;50 | Swis | SO7waT [Umm and nditel | Producten oops eum atngopheres, wiv high mit and ioimtesiie | fame Sr pelions foe pot. | acapreconig a, Coastal areas with iow |laundmes, browenes, sain dai Se Facoiw 080 | >s0;89 | > isis | >a T0a2 |inasinal acae and |Chenical pans, ign Coastal areos wity | swimming poo troderate sity” | conse and Seana Eig [> Ow TS] sew a | >How |S eamks lemma leu ae ver cimenyand’” [ean aGet asm actin Sagrecsve Sondenesicn andi = jatmosphere. high pollution. E (oem > eso 1500] >esw0200 | >sawe0 | >azt0Hs | coastal ang onshore | Buleinge or areas ny high fees wintign [win ages permanent — (marine) ‘salinity. |condensation and with = righ pono, . NOTES 3 1 Thaloe value ued rhe comony clgoe ar en ose yr 90 8223. 2 Jn casa areas not foes, ho aca e fra res can eceed he it of ctgay C54, Spec prcaone mst ihetatre be lten when Solechng poleciv pat syste sruckrs a suchas 5.2 Categories for water and soll For structures immersed in water or buried in soil, corrasion is normally local i nature and corrosivity categories are ificut to define. However, for the purpose of this International Standard, various environments can be described. {in table 2, three different environments are given together with their designations, See 4.2 for more detail NOTE — In many such situations, cathodic protection is involved and this should be bome in mind. ‘Tablé 2 — Categories for water and soll Category Envionment | Examplea of envronmente and structures Tat Fah water Fiver instalations, hyao-lecre power pans wa Ses orbrackshwater | Harbour arae wih ctttes the ehiee getse, lock, jones cfahore aust twa sol Buried tanks, tel ples, see! ines Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD.BSI BS EN ISO L@TU4-2-ENGL 1998 MM Lb24bb4 0738270 S82 Mw Annex A (informative) Climatic conditions Usually, only general conclusions as to the likely corrosion behaviour can be drawn from the type of climate. In a ‘cold climate or a dry climate, the corrosion rate willbe lower than in a temperate climate; it will be greatest in a hot, humid climate and in a marine climate, although considerable local differences can occur. ‘The main concer is the length of time a structure is exposed to high humidities, also described as time of wetness. Table A.’ — Calculated time of wetness and selected characteristics of various types of climate (taken from ISO 8228:1992) ‘Mean value of the annual extreme values ‘Type of climate Highest Calculated time of Lowtemperature | Hightemperature | temperature with | wetness at RH > 80% RH> 95% | and temperature >0°C ‘c ‘c c hyoar = = 65 73 +20 O10 100 cold = 80 +32 320) 150162 500 Cold temperate =33 +34 +28 ‘Warm temperate -20 +35 +25 2 50010 4 200 Warm dry 20) +40 +27 Mild warm dry “8 +40 +27 1010 1 600 Extremely warm dry +3 +55 +28 Warn damp +5 +40 +31 Warm damp, equable +13 +38 +33 4200 to 6 000 Copyright by the Eritish Standards institation Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BSI BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1998 MM Vb24bb9 0738272 419 me EN ISO 12944-2:1998 Annex B (informative) Special cases B.1. Special situations B.1.1, Corrosion inside bulldings Corrosion stresses on steel structures located inside buildings sheltered from the outside environment are generally insignificant It the interior of the building is only partly sheltered from the outside environment, the corrosion stresses may be ‘ascumes to be the same as those associated with the type of atmosphere surrourding the bullding. ‘The etfect of corrosion stresses due to the climate inside the building can be considerably intensified by the use to which the building is put, and these stresses should be dealt with as special stresses (see clause B.2). Such stresses may occur in indoor swimming pools with chlorinated water, livestock buildings and other special-purpose bbuidings, Cooler areas on structures can be subject to higher corrosion stresses as a result of seasonal formation of ‘condensation. {In cases where surtaces are wetted by electrolytes, even If such wetting Is only temporary (Tor example in the case of saturated building materials), particularly stringent corrosion requirements are necessary. B.1.2. Corrosion in box members and hollow components “s+ AML Hollow components that are hermetically sealed and thus inaccessible are not subjected to any internal corrosion, ‘whereas tightly sealed casings which are opened occasionally are subject to small corrosion stresses. ‘The design of sealed hollow components and box members should ensure their airtightness (e.g. no discontinuous ‘welds, tightly bolted jeinte). Otherwise — depending on the outside temperalure — muisiure from precipitation or ‘condensation may be drawn in and retained. If this is likely to happen, the internal surfaces have to be protected. Note that condensation is often observed even in boxes which have been designed with tightly sealed casings. Corrosion must be expected inside box members and hollow components that are not closed on all sides, and ‘appropriate maacures taken. For more information on design see ISO 1294-3, 8.2 Special stresses Special stresses. for the purposes of ISO 12044, are etreseos which cause a significant increase in corrosion and/or which make higher demands on the performance of protective paint systems. Owing to the diversity of such ‘tresses, only a selected number of examples can be presented here. B.2.1 Chemical stresses Corrosion is aggravated locally by pollutants deriving from the operation of a plant (for example acids, alkalis or salts, organic solvents, aggressive gases and dust particles). ‘Such stresses occur in the vicinity af @.9. coking works, pickling shops, electroplating plante, dye mille, wood pulp ‘works, tanneries and oll refineries. Copyright by the Eritish Standards institution Pi Sep 20 02:11:90 2002 STD-BST BS EN ISO L2944-2-ENGL 1994 MM 1b24LL9 0738272 355 a EN ISO 12944-2:1998 B.2.2 Mechanical stresses 8.2.2.1 Inthe atmosphere Abrasive stresses (erosion) may occur due to particles (for example sand) being entrained by the wind. ‘Surfaces which are subject to abrasion are considered to be exposed to moderate or severe mechanical stresses. 8222 Inwater {n water, mechanical stresses may be produced by boulder movement, the abrasive action of eand, wave action, ete. Mechanical stresses can be divided Into three classes: ) weak: no, or very slight and intermittent. mechanical stresses, for example dun to light debris or small ‘quantities of sand entrained in slow-moving water, b) moderate: modorate mechanical stresses, due, for example, to — Solid debris, sand, gravel, shingle or ice entrained in moderate quantities in moderately fastlowing water, — a strong current without entrained matter flowing past vertical surfaces, — moderate growth (animal or vegetable), —_ moderate wave action; ©) severe: high mechanical stresses due, for example, to — Solid debris, sand, gravel, shingle or ice entrained in large quantities by fastlowing water over horizontal or inclined surfaces, — dense growth (animal or vegetable), particularly if, for operational reasons, it must be removed mechanically rom time to time, 5.2.3. Stresses due to condensation If the temperature at the surface of a structure remains below the dew peint for eeversl daye, the condensation ‘produced will represent a particularly high corrosion stress, especially if such condensation may be expected to Fecur at regular intervals (lor example in water works, on cooling-water pipes). B.2.4 Stresses due to medium or high temperatures {mn this International Standard, medium temperatures are those between + 60°C and + 150°C, and high tempera- tures those between + 150 °C and + 400 °C. Temperatures of thie magnitude only occur under special conditions

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