Rohana Few Exp

w;aoelS lsysmhla - frdayK fr
w;aoelS lsysmhla
frdayK fr
1
w;aoelS lsysmhla
frdayK fr
kshuqjd m%ldYk
2
ISBN 978-955-8696-25-5
fojk uqKh - 2011 foien
m%ldYkh - kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda
*elaia - 0112786050
uqKh - ''t,a' ms%kagia m%hsj ,sg"

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jpkhla
1971 Oj, NSIKfhka wk;=rej isr f.j,aj,g iSud lrk
,o ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa kdhl;ajh mx;s i;=rd bfha mdjdu
iòyd mCIfha is fdaySyq lghq;= l<y' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a fdayS
l%shdld;ajh uokfhka miqj ysjqKla fkdj 71 wr.,hg fmr
isgu mCIh ;=< jOkh fjka mej;s nj;a th uokhg mdr lemQ
nj;a c''fm' ksud;D frdayK fr ifydaorhd fuu f,aLkfhka
fmkajd fohs'
lKavdhjdoh ms<snò Tyqf.a i w;aoelS f,aLkhlg f.dkql<
fuu ,smsh lKavdhjdoh y`kd.ekSu yd tys ldYkh ms<snò
yeoEu i|yd jk w;afmd;la n`h' ft;sydisl jeo.;alula
we;s fuu f,aLkh uqKh lr ck;dj w;g m;al< hq;= hehs
wms ;srKh lf<a" tys ld,Sk jeo.;alu i,ldh' tfiau fuu
uqKfha uq,a ,sh,af,a jHdlrK ;shu mj;ajd .ekSug lghq;=
flKs' udihlg;a jvd wvq ld,hla ;=< fojeks uqKh ksl=;a
lsug isu fuu lD;sh ms<sn| mdGl Wkkaj fl;ro hkak
m%lg lrjd we;'
kshuqjd m%ldYlfhda
2011 fkdjen 25
4
m<uq uqKfha fmrjok

ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ish kdhlhka
f;dard.kq ,nkafka" wka lsis mCIhlg jvd m%cd;ka;%jd f,iskah'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa jHjia:djg uqukskau wkql+,j jir
mylg jrla mj;ajkq ,nk uy iuqjl thg iyNd.s jk
mCI idudlfhda" ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg B<`. jir my ;=<
kdhl;ajh th fufyhu i|yd uOHu ldrl iNdj f;dard
m;alr .ks;s' tlS uOHu ldrl iNdj f;dard.kq ,nkafka" mCI
idudlhkaf.a Pkaoh m%ldY lsu u.skah' uy iuq yereKqg
wjYHjQ g fYaI uy iuq fyda ksfhda; iuqo meje;aug
mCI jHjia:dj ;=< m%;smdok we;=<;alr we;' tjeks iuqj,o
wjYH;dj mekke`.=K g ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa uOHu ldrl
iNdj f;dard m;alr .; yel' uy iuq" fYAI uy iuq"
ksfhda; iuqj, yer wka ljr wjia:djlj;a ck;d uqla;s
fmruqKg uOHu ldrl iNdjla m;alr.ekSug fkdyelsh'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg ks,Od uKav,hla tk
foaYmd,k uKAv,hla f;dard m;alr.kq ,nkafkao tys uOHu
ldrl iNdj iskah' mCI iuq`Mjl jHjia:dkql+,j f;dard
m;alr.kq ,nk uOHu ldrl iNdj tys m<uq lghq;a; f,i
l< hq;af;a" mCIhg ks,Od uKav,hla fkdfyd;a foaYmd,k
uKav,hla f;dard m;alr.ekSuh' th f;dard m;a lr.; hq;=
jkafkao uOHu ldrl iNslhkaf.a Pkaofhks' uOHu ldrl
iNshka w;ka lsysmfofkla muKla foaYmd,k uKav, iNslhka
f,i f;dard m;a lr.kq ,ef' lsish uOHu ldrl iNslfhl=
foaYmd,k uKav,hg f;dard m;alr .kq ,eug k Tyq fyda
weh iuia; uOHu ldrl iNdf idudlhka w;ka wvlg
jefofkl=f.a Pkaoh ,nd.; hq;=h'
5
ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKA foaYmd,k uKav,fha

idudl ixLHdj ms<sn| iSudjla mek we;' ta wkqj ck;d
uqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudl ixLHdj lsis
fgl tys uOHu ldrl iNdfs idudl ixLHdfjka y wvlg
jvd je fkdh hq;=h'
by; i|yka meye,s lsu fuu fmrjofka
wdrNh f,i tl;= lf<a fya;= iys;jh' ck;d uqla;s fmruqK
ish 6 jeks iuqj mj;ajd kj uOHu ldrl iNdj m;alr .;af;a"
2011 fmnrjd 10 fjksodh' t;ekaisg .;jQfha udi 8la muKs' f
fudfydf;a ck;d uqla;s fmruqK h<s;a j;djla lKavdhjdoS
m%Yakhlg uqyqK ishs' jir 46l wNsudkj;a b;sydih ;=<
w;S;;fhao ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg lsysmjrla lKavdhjdoS
m%Yakj,g uqyqK fokakg ish' ta lsk wjia:djlj;a ck;d
uqla;s fmruqK lKavdhjdoS m%Yakj,g hgjQfha ke;' ta yeu
gu lKAvdhjdoS m%Yako tajd h;al< kdhlhkao uqukskau
mrojd,Sug iu;ah' ta whqkau j;udk lKavdhjdoS m%Yakho"
th h;al< who ksiel jYfhkau mrdch lr ck;d uqla;s
fmruqKo tys jHjia:djo tys wNsudkho Yla;sho wdrCIdlrk
nj wms iy;sl lruq'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK f fudfydf;a uqyqK
we;s lKavdh m%YAkh biau;= jQfha" mCIh ;=< is lsysm fofkla
mCI jHjia:dj W,a,x>kh lrka ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
zzn,h we,a,SugZZ lKAvdhula f,i l=uka;%Kh l< ksidh'
mCIfha kdhl uKAv,h tk foaYmd,k uKAv,h
fjkia lsug uOHu ldrl iNdf idudlfhl=g idudldjlg
fyda idudlhka lsysmfofkl=g wjYH jkafkak tfia lsu i|yd
mCI jHjia:df m%;smdok ;sf' ta m%;smdok wkqj foaYmd,k
uKAv, iNslfhl= fyda iNslhka foaYmd,k uKav,fhka bj;a
lsug fyda uOHu ldrl iNdf idudlhka w;ka tla wfhl=
fyda jefofkl= foaYmd,k uKav,hg m;a l<yelafla ta i|yd
uOHu ldrl iNdjg bm;a flfrk fhdackdjla iarfuka miq
tu fhdackdj uOHu ldrl iNdf talu;slj iu; lsfuka
fyda uOHu ldrl iNdf nyq;rh iska iu; lsfuks'
6
kuq;a tfia lrkq fjkqjg isjQfha ck;d uqla;s

fmruqfKA uOHu ldrl iNdf yd foaYmd,k uKAv,fha
idudlhka w;ka lsysmfofkla mCIfha zzn,h we,a,SfZZ
wruqK we;sj zzl=uka;%Kld lKavdhulaZZ f.dvk.d th mq,a
lsf hqyqiq uls' Tjqyq ta i|yd mCIfha u;jd tald.%;djh
W,a,x>kh l<y' tfiau ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKA ixOdk kh
W,a,x>kh l<y'
mCIfha foaYmd,k uKAv,fha fyda uOHu ldrl iNdf
wkqkqu wkque;sh fkdue;sj fou< fnjd u;jdohg mCI
u;hla fydr ryfiau mCIfha m%ldYk ;=<g x.ug fudjQyq
lghq;= l<y' ^wjqfrdard fmnrjd-ud;= l,dmfha zB,d fjkqjg
t,a,d ,smsh'Z& tfia lrka ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKA cd;sl m%Yakh
ms<sn| ksjer ia:djrh wNsfhda.hg ,lalr we;' ck;d uqla;s
fmruqfKA ksud;D frdayK fr ifydaorhd iska bm;a
l< ksjer u;jdohg msgqmd we;' tfiau fmd ck udkisl;ajh
fkdi,ld fmd ck;dj ixOdkh lsug ndOd lrk yq ma,h
jd.a mdG fodvjk yd ksoyiajd f,i lghq;= lrk fg%dialsjd
l,a,shl ,CIK fmkajd we;' tu ksido fudjqyq frdayK fr
ifydaorhdf.a b.ekaj,g fukau Nd;hgo msgqmd is;s'
wksla w;g f lKavdhjdka iska mCIfha ixOdk cd,h
wjq,a lrka yria inkaO;d mj;ajd mCI idudl;ajh fkdu.
hjd we; rjgd we; fndref.,a wj,do m;=rjd we;' tu.ska
mCIh;a mCIfha wjxl kdhlhka yd idudlhkq;a mCIh yd rg
bfha yE,alr we;'
wms uq,u i|yka l< m mCIh fujeks fdaySlj,g
uqyqK ka m<uq wjia:dj fuh fkdf'
frdayK fr ifydaorhd mCIh f.dvk.oa"
Ou_fialr lKavdhu" f,dl= w;=, lKavdhu" ck;d ix.
lKAvdhu iy y;rfokdf.a l,a,sh ysh' thg j.lsj hq;af;a
frdayK fr ifydaorhd we;= mCIh fkdf' lKAvdhjdkah'
frdayK fr ifydaorhd tlai;a cd;sl mCI wdKAvqf mQK
fufyhu msg kSure lKavdh iska >d;k lrkq ,enqjdg
miq mCIh ;=< lKAvdhjdoh ysi tih' ta lu,a foaYm%shf.a
lKAvdhu u,a rjxYf.a lKAvdhu yd j;udkfha ys we;s
lKAvdhuhs'
7
ma,jjd mCI f.j;a jOkhla w;am;a lr.kakd

go wfkla w;g miqnEo w;am;alr.kakd go tu mCI
;=< lKavdhjdkao lKavdho ysjk njg wmg cd;Hka;r
fldhqksia jHdmdrfha yd wfmau b;sydih ;=<skao kE;r
idlaIs fidhd.; yelsh'
zzw;alS lsysmhlaZZ kka wm Tn w;g m;alrk
lKAvdhjdoh yd mdjd ms<sn| ;u w;alS ia;r lrka
frdayK ifydaorhd iska ,shk ,o fuu fmd;a msxp j;udkfha
u;=j we;s lKavdhjdofha iajNdjh tys ydkslr nj;a
f;are.ekSug m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
71 wfm%a,a ke.sug fmr mCIh ;=< mej;s lKAvdh
wfm%a,a ke.sfuka miqj mCIh ms<sn|j;a frdayK fr
ifydaorhd ms<sn|j;a isrf.j,a ;=<;a isrf.j,aj,ska msg;;a
f.k.sh uydmudK f.,a" kskaod wmydi" i;H lreKq
lD;sls yd p; >d;k ms<sn|j;a tod mej;s cd;sl yd
cd;Hka;r foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j;a .%y lrka frdayK ifydaorhd
wfm%a,a ke.sf isg fl l,la we;=<; nkaOkd.drh ;=< b;d
Ialr ;;ajhka ;=< ,smshla ,sfh' ish w;alS iys; tu ,smsh
,shd nkaOkd.drj," isrl|jqre ;=< yd ck;dj w;r yd jkfha
is is ifydaor ifydaohka w;g m;alf<a tod fndref.,a"
lD;sls" wmydi ls bfha" laIsma;j is mCIfha wjxl
ifydaor ifydaohkag i;H fy<slsug;a" i;=rkaf.a ienE
iajNdjh f;are.ekSug myiq lsug;a fYaIfhkau lKAvdh
m%Yak mx;s i;=rd iska ish jdishg fhdod.kakd ie;a meye,s
lsug;ah' fuu fmd;a msxp ;=< wvx.= jkafka" frdayK fr
ifydaorhd iska tod ,shk ,o tu jkd ,smshhs'
frdayK fr ifydaorhd iska tu ,smsh ;=< f.dkqlrk
,o cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r w;alS f.dkak" f fudfydf;a ck;d
uqla;s fmruqK kdYl< yelshehs is;k foaYmd,k w|nd,hka
iska h;a lrkq ,en we;s lKavdhjdoh;a Tjqka iska ck;d
uqla;s fmruqKg;a ysfhka ck;d uqla;s fmruqK wdrCId
lsug wem lem isk tys kdhl kdhsldjkag tys idudl
idudldjkag" ys;j;=kag yd ys;j;shkag;a tfrysj jmqrk
idyisl wj,do fndre f.,a jHdmdrh;a f;are.ekSug jeka;
myiqjla jkjdg iel ke;' Tn l< hq;af;a f,dl= w;=," '
' is,ajd" l=udkdhl" msh;s,l" fmd w;=," iqkkao" l=,r;ak
8
nKAvd" Ou_fialr hkd k fjkqjg wo ck;d uqla;s fmruqK

;=< lKavdhjdoh h;alr we;s fdaySkaf.a k wdfoaY lsu
muKls'
frdayK ifydaorhd fuu .%yh u.ska bm;alr we;s
mu mCIfha j;udk fdaySka f fudfydf;a lrka we;af;a"
zzcd;Hka;r jYfhkao cd;sl jYfhkao ld,dka;rhla uq`M,af,a
w;ayod n,k ,o u;=mska ykd.; fkdyels ixlSK fdaySlh"
ma,jfha kka ma,jhg y;=rel lsu;a ksOkmx;s ma,jjd
mCIh we;=<;ska |u;a weoysh fkdyels uyd mp" f.,a"
kskaod" wmydi" wj,do ke.Su;a i;H lereKq lD;s fldg
bm;alsu;ah'
w;S;fha wfma mCIh lKavdhjdoh fya;=fldgf.k
,enQ mrdchka ms<sn|j frdayK fr ifydaorhd iska ,shk
,o fuu ,smsfhka ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels njg wms Yajdi
lruq'
ta wkqj wfma mCIh uqyqK we;s lKavdh yd thg
j.lsjhq;= lKavdhjdka mCIh kdYlrkakg;a ,dxflah
jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha .uk nd, lrkakg;a .kakd m%h;akh b;d
uefkka f;are .; hq;=h' ta wjfndaOh we;sj mCIhg tfrysj
biau;= we;s l=uka;%Kld lKavdhu;a Tjqka h;a lr we;s
kdYld lKavdhjdoh;a uq`Mukskau mrdch lsug fmrg
tkak" igkajkak" ksh; ch.%yKh lrd t,fUkak" iudcjd YS%
,xldjla yslrkak'
wrdcHjdohg kdYh - ck;djg uqla;sh

Okjdohg kdYh - iudcjdohg ch.%yKh
fidaujxY wurisxy
kdhl
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK
9
ifydaorjreks"
Tf m%Yak .ek k.kak ,enqKd' wjia:df yehg ta
ms<sn|j b;du;a yqka i;H f;dr;=re iemhSu n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'
wfm%a,a isoafhka miqj jHdmdrh ms<sn|j;a ud ms<sn|j;a l|jqre
;=<;a isrf.j,a ;=<;a msg;;a Yd, m%udKfhka i;H lreKq
lD;s ls" uyd mudK f.,a weonE" kskaod" wmydi" wj,do
ls" muKla fkdj p; >d;k mjd lrf.k f.dia ;sfnk nj;a
lrf.k hka isk nj;a fydka oks' tajdfha le; wruqKq
fudkjdo@ tajdg fya;= fudkjdo@ tajd ljqreka iska l=uk M,
m%fhdackhla i|yd lrkq ,nkaklao@ tajdfha h:d:h l=ulao@
hkak udlaia f,kskajdfhl= jYfhka ug k ryila fkdf'
fjd cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrhg w;a foaj,a fkdf'
tneka wms tjeks wj,do wmydi .ek mqu fkdfjuq' mquh k
mx;s i;=rka iska ma,jjdkag tfrysj" ma,jjd jHdmdrhkg
tfrysj Tjeks le; kskaod iy wmydi" wj,do fkdk.d is hehs
is;Suh' f ;;ajhka wmg Wreu jQ fyda wdfKsl jQjla fkdf'
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha uq,a Wmf;a mgkau il,O
m%;s.d iQrdlkakka iska fkdfhl=;a ndOl" uev,S lrka
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh kdY lsug rE m%h;akhka
lsisfjl=g;a ryila fkdf'
10
uq, th .Kka fkd.kskao" miqj tu ls%hdoduh

wj,x.= nj fmfkkq g OfkaYajr rdcH hka;%h fhdojd
l=re f,i ma,jjd jHdmdrfha wemlem jQjka >d;kh lsu
u.skao" isr.; lsu u.skao" we;e ;ekaays uquy;a ma,h
ck iuQyhd iuQ, >d;kh lsu u.skao" OfkaYajr mx;s wruqKq
bgq fkdjk wjia:dj, l=,shg .;a OfkaYajr mx;s ka;lhska
,jd ksOk mx;s ma,jjd jHdmdrhg OfkaYajr mx;sfha
me;af;ka zzkHdhd;auljZZ m%ydr t,a, lsf iQCIau hl+gq
ls%hdud.j,skao" miqj OfkaYajr mx;sfha T;a;=lrejka iy
ne,fufylrejka ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh ;=<g x.jd Tjqka u.ska
ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh we;=<;ska | oud" wNHka;rfhka msyjd"
OfkaYajr mx;sh yuqf yS,E lr.ekSug;a" W;aidy lr f ish,a,
M, rys; jQ g hre je ish,a, f" ish,a, kdY lsf;a
ish,a, >d;kh lsf f,aP ls%hdud.hg;a wj;SK thskq
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wruqK ma,h jHdmdrh iuQ, >d;kh lsf
wruqK uqukskau idCId;a lr.ekSug fkdyels jQ ;ekays ma,h
jHdmdrh flfrys nyqck iuQyhdf.a we;s mCImd;S;ajh yd Nla;sh
kdY lsug;a ma,jd jHdmdrfha wemlem jQjka j.lsjhq;a;ka
flfrys ck;djf.a wdorh yd Yajdih m lr ke;sNx. lr
f kska; f;kdfjka ma,jjd jHdmdrhg reoaOj;a
tys mqfrda.dkag;a reoaOj le; kska; ms<sl=,aiy.; wi;H
fpdaokd" kskaod wmydi" wj,do" wjudk lrka p; >d;khkays
mjd fhfokjd'
ma,jhg tfrysj" ma,jjd jHdmdrhkag tfrysj"
ma,jjdkg tfrysj" OfkaYajr mx;sh uqquy;a mx;s igka
b;sydih mqrd ls%hdf fh m%;sma,jjd ls%hdud. Tkak Th
wdldrhs' OfkaYajr mx;sfha fpdaokdjg ,la fkdjQ tl ienE
ma,jjd jHdmdrhla f,dj fuf;la ;snqKdo@ OfkaYajr mx;sfha
kskaod wmydi wj,doj,g f.dre fkdjQ tl ma,jjd
kdhlfhla f,dj fuf;la ishdo@ OfkaYajr mx;sh iy Tjqkaf.a
il,O jD; wdjD; .e;af;la" tacka;jrfhla iskau
wjuka lrkq fkd,enQ" mNjhg m;alrkq fkd,enQ" ma,h
ls%hdud.hla f,dj fuf;la ;snqKdo@ cd;Hka;r fldhqksia
jHdmdrfha wiuiu wiydh kdhlhska jk udlaia" tx.,aia" f,kska
11
we;= cd;Hka;r ma,jjd jHdmdrfha m%.ukhg Wr ka iEu

ish lS;su;a ma,jjdfhlau m%;s.d iQrdlk mx;Skaf.a;a
Wkaf.a ;=rkaf.a iy .e;a;kaf.a wj,do wmydij,g md;% jQ
nj uquy;a mx;s igka b;sydihu wmg fyd|dldrju fmkakq
lrkjd' tjeks ;;ajhka hgf;a ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a
th f.dvke.Sf wjxlj lemjqK whg;a fm!oa.,slj ug;a
tfrysj il,O mx;s i;=rka iskau Tjqkaf.a fjia j<d.;a
ffjjdrK ;=rka iy tacka;,d iska wj,do wmydi kskaod
.eryS lsu .ek uu miq;e,s fkdfj' uu th Tjqkaf.ka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQjla fkdfj' iEu wjHdc ma,jjdfhlau"
ma,jjd jHdmdrhlau j;auka ;;ajhka hgf;a OfkaYajr md,l
mx;Skaf.ka" fldam hre jegqKq iQrdlkakkaf.a ksOk mx;s
jHdmdrhg fdays i;=rka w;g mek .shjqkaf.ka fjia j,d.;a
i;=re tacka;jrekaf.ka" lsisu mels,Sulska f;drj ish fm!oa.,sl
,dNdfmaCIdjka iy ;srYa;Ska i|yd ish ; .,jd .ekSu
i|yd" ish ksoyi i|yd ksOk mx;sfha f,a mdjdf kskaokSh
lghq;a; l<jqkaf.ka W;aikak jk mx;s igka r< f.h yuqf
Tfrd;a;= f Yla;shlska f;drj uqkska jegqKjqkaf.ka" Tjeks
;;ajhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= h hq;=h'
zzi;=rd iska myr fokq ,eu krl fohla fkdj fyd|
fohls' mqoa.,fhla ms<sn|j;a" foaYmd,k mCIhla ms<sn|j;a
fuh i;Hhls' i;=rd wmg myr fok g thska ye`.fjkafka wm
ksje/ njhs' i;=rd;a wm;a w;r meye,s fnod fjkalsula we;s
njhs' i;=rd wm jv jvd;a l`Mlr fmkajhs k th Bg jvd;au
fyd|hZZ f ud woyia olajd we;s whqrehs' i;=rd wmg myr fok
g Tyq tfia lrkqfha wm i;=rdg ojk fyhsks" wfma l%shdl,dmh
iska i;=rdg uy;a ydks muqKqjk fyhsks" i;=rd wmg myr fkd
wfma .=K .h;ak thska yefkqfha" wm i;=rdg m%fhdackj;a jk
hg lghq;= lr we;s nj iy i;=rdf.a me;af;ka isk njh'
fuf,i n,k g ,dxlSh ksOk mx;s ma,jhg ol=fKka fukau
jfukao i;Hh lD;s lrka wN+; fpdaokd" k.k oafIiy.;
wmjdo wj,do k.k iEu ish l n,f.hla iskau lrkqfha"
krl fohla fkdj fyd| fohls' we;a; jYfhkau wmydi ls
wj,do ke.S u.ska i;=rd fkdoekqj;aju wmg uy.= fiajhla
12
lrhs' ta l=ulao@ t<smsg isk yd iejqKq mx;s i;=rka iy

fdaySka wmg wj,do k.k g wmydi lrk g tajdfha h:d:h;a
wruqK;a tajd bm;a lrkafka ljqreka iskao@ l=ula i|ydo@
hkak;a f;are .kska wjxl" wjHdc ma,jdka i;Hfha me;af;a
isgf.k" ma,jfha me;af;a isgf.k m%Yak f;are .kakjd'
f ls%hdoduh u.ska tla me;a;lska ienE ma,jjdkq;a wfkla
me;af;ka le; wjia:djdkq;a fy<ss fmfy<s lr .ekSug uy;a
wdOdrlhla fjkjd'
wo OfkaYajr mx;sh uqyqK md isk ne?reu" Yd,;u
m%Yakh l=ulao@ th wka lsisjla fkdj ksOk mx;sfha me;af;ka
t,a,jk ma,h ;ckhhs' th msgq lSug u. yrjd .ekSug
k ma,h jHdmdrh kdYlr h hq;=h' ma,h jHdmdrhla
f.dvkef.kqfha ksOk mx;s nyqck iuQyhd ma,h kHdhla
.%yKh lr .;a g tu ma,h n,f.h ixOdk lsfuka iy
ls%hd;aul lsfuks' OfkaYajr mx;shg" OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< ksOk
mx;sh" mx;shla jYfhka kdYlr h fkdyelsh' OfkaYajr
iudc l%uh ;=< wksjdhfhka ysjk iy mj;sk iudcuh
idOlhls" ksOk mx;sh' tneka OfkaYajr md,l mx;Skaf.a
uquy;a W;aidyh jkqfha ksOk mx;sh ma,h n,f.hla
njg m;au j<lajd,Suhs' ke;fyd;a ma,h n,f.hla jYfhka
meje;au kdYlsuhs' OfkaYajr mx;sh l%shdlr we;af;a;a"
ls%hdlrkqfha;a f wNsm%dfhka hq;=jh' f lghq;a; i|yd
OfkaYajr mx;sh ;uka i;= ;uka wNsuqj we;s iEu ish my;a"
ksjg" kskaokSh whlau Wmdh Wml%uhlau fhdodf.k ;sfnkjd'
Tjqka ta i|yd l< yels yeu ish,a,lau lrkjd' f ls%hdodufha
Tjqka cd;Hka;r jYfhka ld,dka;rhla uq,af,a w;ayod n,k
,o ixlSK Wml%uhka ;ud" ma,jfha kka ma,jhg y;=rel
lsu;a" ksOk mx;s ma,jd mCIh we;=<;ska |u;a weoysh
fkdyels uyd mp" f.,a" kskaod" wmydi" wj,do ke.Su;a i;H
lreKq lD;s fldg bm;a lsu;a'
,dxlSh OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh ck;d uqla;s
fmruqK uokh lsf lghq;af;a Tjqkaf.a cd;Hka;r Okm;s
mx;s i.hska mqrd Y;jIhlg;a wl ld,hla uq,af,a mx;s
igfka ;u m%;sma,h ldhNdrhka bgqlrka ,o w;alS
13
iNdrhu wo f rf Wmfhda.S lr.kska iskjd' tk

l=re fj WKavj, mgka wjia:djd jd.aud,d yryd jHdc
ma,jjd fpk iy kHdhka yryd" ms<sl=,a iy.; wj,do"
wmydi olajd iEu m%;sma,h whlau ck;d uqla;s fmruqK
uokh lsug fhdojd ;sfnkjd' fj WKavh;a" hqo gexlsh;a"
nhsfk;a;=" rhs*,a" ueIska ;=jlal= yd fy,sfldmag" .=jka hdkd;a
OfkaYajr mx;sh i;= tlu wdhqOh fkdf' ;s%O yuqod" fmd,sish
jeks ikakoaO uok yuqod OfkaYajr mx;sh i;= tlu m%ydrl
fiakdxlh fkdf' fjd j,x.= fkdjk ;ek fjd m%fhdackhg
f.k ksOk mx;s jHdhduh kdY l< fkdyels ;ek OfkaYajr
md,l mx;Syq ;uka i;= m%;sma,h w .nvdfjka wksl=;a
kskaodiy.; w wdhqO fuj, ksOk mx;s ma,jjd jHdmdr
kdYlsu i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,ef' OfkaYajr mx;sh i;=
m%;sma,h w .nvdj b;d mq,ah' tfiau ta m%;sma,h w
mdlsu i|yd fhdokq ,nk fiakdxlo ffjjdrKH fukau
Yd,h' w wfudardf.k igka f jD;ju t<shg tk
hqo fin<d fmd,sisfha isruefha wudkqIslj kuq;a uqyqKg
uqyqK,d jD;ju myr msg myr fok l=re fmd,sia Nghd
fukau OfkaYajr md,l mx;sfha mx;s wjYH;djhka iy wruqKq
bgqlsug" Bg;a jvd fjkia ;;ajhka hgf;a fjkia wdldrfhka
lghq;= lrkakfkdao is;s' f mqoa.,hska OfkaYajr mx;shg
lrk fiajh hqo fin<d fyda fmd,sia Nghd lrk fiajh fuka
tl t,af,au tl mdrgu flfkl=g jD;j l .; fkdyelsh'
Tjqka lrk fiajh jl% wdldrhlska b;d ishq f,i iy ie`.
isgf.k lrkafkls' cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha b;sydih
;=< fydka t nejfyd;a wmg tjeks mqoa.,hka iy ;;ajhka
Yd, m%udKhla fidhd.; yel'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK kdY lsu i|yd ,xldf
OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh ish T;a;=fiajd" fmd,sish" ;%sO yuqod"
iafPd fiajl n, weKs" .%dh wdrCIl fiakdxl" foaY w
wdhqO wdmkak" yiskS;sh" wekS;sh" uyck wdrCIl mkf;a
fjk;a fYaI j.ka;s ish,a, md l< nj Tn fydka okafkysh'
OfkaYajr mx;sh uq`M jer fhdod uq`M Yla;sh yd oCI;djhka
fhdod ;u cd;Hka;r mx;s i.hkaf.a wdOdr" wkqn, yd Wmfoia
14
,ndf.k Yd, ksia ixydrhla u.ska" wfma b;sydifha uE;

jljdkqf flreKq f,aP ksia >d;kh u.ska ck;d uqla;s
fmruqK kdY lr ug" ,dxlSh ksOk mx;s n,f.h
iyuq,skau ke;sNx. lr ug ;e;a rej kuq;a Tjqka ;ju;a
ish wjidk wruqK bgqlr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a nj Tjqkagu
jegySf.diah' isrNdrhg.;a oioyia .Kkla fokd yd isrNdrhg
;ju;a wiqfkdjQ mqoa.,hka tlaflda >d;kh lr f m%h;akh
ke;fyd;a wka ljr fyda u.lska Tjqka ma,jhg fdayS jk
ma,jhg i;=re jk ;;ajhg weo ug fyda ma,jh flfrys
l,lsreKq ma,jh tmdjqKq WodiSk" Wlg,S ;;ajhg weo ug
fyda m;al< hq;=j we;' f oioyia .Kka ma,jjd ;reKhskag
;jrg;a ma,jjdka jYfhka mj;skakg bv ròjd ;nd.ekSu
OfkaYajr mx;sh yuqf we;s Yd,;u wka;rdjls'
fYaIfhkau oyia .Kka ;u mx;s ix.hska" ;u
ma,jjd fidhqrka OfkaYajr mx;s >d;lhskaf.a f,aP jO
ysxidj,g f.drej h hkq isheiskau gq ;u ifydaohka
OfkaYajr f,aP idyisl Nghka iska IKh lrkq l we;s"
ish f.j,a fodrj,a ojd w lrkq ,en we;s ma,jjd ;reKhska
oioyia .Kkska ;jrg;a ma,jjd j.=Kfhka ms b;s .sh
ksiqka yehg ròjd ;nd .ekSu k OfkaYajr mx;shg ish
kid .ekSuls' tneka Tjqka iska l< hq;= jkafka tlaflda
ys, hqfo cd;slhka >d;kh l< whqka f ;reK ckhd
>d;kh lr uhs' kuq;a th m%Yakhg iùla fkdjkq we;'
f oi oyia .Kka ;reKhska mmd;sl jQjka fkdfj;s' Tjqka
iudcfhau fldgila fj;s' f ;;ajhka fydka f;are .;a wfma
rf OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh Wkaf.a cd;Hka;r mx;s i.hskaf.a
Wmfoia yd wkqYdikd m h" OfkaYajr mx;sh mx;shla jYfhka
uqyqK ,d we;s f ne?re m%Yakh iùg mx;shla jYfhka
bm;a jQfha' ta i` u. k f oioyia .Kka ma,jjd
;reKhska >d;kh fkdlr ma,jjdka jYfhka >d;kh lsuhs'
Ydlj >d;kh lsula fkdj foaYmd,ksl jYfhka >d;kh
lsuhs' Tjqka ;jrg;a ma,jjdka jYfhka ke;sj tlaflda
WodiSk jQjka ke;ak m%;sma,jjdkaf.a ;;ajhg m;alsuhs'
th l< fkdyels k wvq ;rka ck;d uqla;s fmruqK fNao
15
kak lr tlsfkldg mr i;=re jQ" tlsfkldg W.=,a wgjd .kakd"

tlsfkld mdjd .kakd ;;ajhka we;s lr tlsfkld flfrys
tlsfkldg Yajdihla ke;s lr O kHdhka wkq.ukh lrk
O ksldhkag wh;a le .sh l=vd lKavdh njg m;a fldg
tu.ska ma,h n,f.hla jYfhka ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
Yla;sh yelshdj yd judk nj kdY lsuhs' th wjq,a cd,djla
lsuhs' f lghq;a; ;ud mqkre;a:dmkh kka ye`kajQfha'
mqkre;a:dmkh hkq ;reKhska isrf.j,aj, ròjd ;nd f.k
lEu u" ,ndu fkdfjhs' f mqkre;a:dmkfha fYaI ix.Dys;
jevms<sfj< jkqfha" ck;d uqla;s fmruqK wNHka;rfhka o
oud iS iSlv lr tys fldgia fkdfhla jl% ud.j,ska OfkaYajr
mx;sfha my< jk mx;s ixOdkh yryd iy OfkaYajr mx;sh
iska yS,E lr.kakd ,o ffjjdrK ma,jjd ixOdk yryd
fyda OfkaYajr mx;shg fiajh lrk wegr jQ rdm;a .sh jò
neyemq kHdhka fj; kujd .ekSu u.ska fyda OfkaYajr mx;sfha
wruqKq bgqjk ;ekg lghq;= i,id .ekSuhs'
OfkaYajr mx;shg tys jD; mx;s ksfhda;hskag
iy kdhlhskag fl<skau bm;a l< yels mqkre;a:dmkhla
ke;' mS,slaia vhia nKavdrkdhl fyda ffu;%Smd, fiakdkdhl
fyda weka'we' fmfrd fyda fld,aka wd' o is,ajd fyda f,iais
.=KjOk fyda mSg flakuka weia' ta' l%uisxy fyda iageka,s
fiakdkdhl fyda ,hk,a fiakdkdhl fyda fiamd, wd., fyda
fjk;a tjeks OfkaYajr mx;sfha jD; ksfhda;fhlag fyda ck;d
uqla;s fmruqKg reoaOj" tys oYkhg reoaOj" m%;sm;a;sj,g
reoaOj" jevms<sfj<g reoaOj" l%shdud.hkg reoaOj" tys
mqfrda.dkag reoaOj lsjyels fohla ;sfo@ Tjqka lshk fohla
ma,jjdka .Kka .kSo@ i;a;lskau ke;' fukak f ;;ajhka
hgf;a OfkaYajr mx;sh iska ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg wj,do
ke.Su i|yd tu.ska ck;d uqla;s fmruqK flfrys ck;djf.a
we;s Yajdih m lsu i|yd" ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
l%shdud. m%;sm;a;s oYkh yd jevms<sfj< flfrys ck;djf.a
we;s n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka lsu i|yd yd ck;d uqla;s fmruqfKa
ienE ma,jdka flfrys ck;djf.a we;s wdorh yd Yajdih
wfydais lsu i|yd ma,jdka kka fmkS isk OfkaYajr mx;s
tacka;jreka iy fdaySka m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafkah'
16
mCIhla ms<sn|j fyda mqoa.,hska ms<sn| ienE je/

fpkh lsu krl fohla fkdf" th fyd| fohls' th l<
hq;= fohls' tys wruqK h hq;af;a tu je/ ;;ajhdkql+,j
fidhd n,d .%y lr tajd we;s jQfha l=uk ;;ajhka hgf;ao @
tajd ta meje;s ;;ajhka hgf;a ta whqkau we;su idOdrKo@ tajd
je<elah yelsj ;snqfKa flfiao@ tajdhska ka w;aug we;s
udj;a fudkjdo@ wkd.;fha tjeks ;;ajhka u. yeh yelafla
flfiao@ hk f m%Yak wksjdhfhkau ienE ma,jjdhl= iskau
fidhd ne,sh hq;=uh' lsisu ienE ma,jjdfhla ljrodj;a je/
jika fkdlrhs' ta fjkqjg jD;ju t<smsgu ta je/ ms<s.kS'
tajd wOHkh lrhs' ta u.ska yels blaukska w;aug;a" tfiau
tajd wkd.;fha fkdlsug;a tjeks ;;ajhka we;s fkdug;a
j. n,d .kS' ienE ma,jjdfhla ;ud k ku je/
lsug fkdfm<fUhs' fuhska woyia lrkafka ma,jjdka w;ska
je/ fkdflfrkjdh hkak fkdf' k ku ys;d u;d ienE
ma,jjdfhl= w;ska jOkh jQ ma,jjdfhl= w;ska jer u
wmyiq njhs' kuq;a wvq hqKq ixj; ma,jjdka w;ska jvd
jOkh jQ ma,jjdkag jvd jer isug bv lv ;sf'
iEu isulau oa>gkd;aul f,i i,ld n,k g
wka; ne`j,ska hqla;j mj;S' iEu fohlau yeoEh hq;af;a
ta ft;sydisl ;;ajhka ;=<h' udlaiajd oa>gkh f,dalh
yeoEf;a Yaf,aIKh lsf;a ms<s.kakd l%uh thhs'
fuh je/ inkaOfhkao fmdh' je/oao wka kEu fohla
fukau yeh hq;af;a;a" Yaf,aIKh l< hq;af;a;a f;are
.; hq;af;a;a tajd is jQfha hehs i,lk ft;sydisl ;;ajhka
;=<h' ft;sydisl ;;ajhka u. yer wka; inkaO;djhka
lmd oud h Ih jia;=jla yeug .shfyd;a tys
nei.kakd ks.uk ufkdauQ, yd idjoHjk nj udlaia f,kska
ka;dj wmg wjOdrKfhka W.kajhs' wms wka iEu ish fohla
fukau je/ foio lah h;= wdl,amh ufkda uQ,sl yd idjoH
fkdh hq;=h' oa>gkd;aul h hq;=h' tk je/" tajd isfhehs
lshk ft;sydisl ;;ajhka ;=< tajd isjQ ld,fha meje;s wka;
inkaO;djhkaf.ka hq;=j" fldgila fkdj iuia;j f.k Wka
m,af,ka wdjdg .shdg fkdj .eUqrg" m;=,g lsòd nei" is;ska
17
ujdf.k w;ska wEòd.;a ;;ajhka hgf;a fkdj" h:d:jdj

kshu ;;ajhka hgf;a yeoEh hq;af;uq' th kshu l%uhhs' udlaia
f,kskajd l%uhhs' je/ fiula ta je/ wOHkh lsu;a
tajdfha ksis mdv wkd.; lghq;= i|yd fidhd ne,Su;a tla
lghq;a;ls' ta lghq;a; ksOkmx;s ma,jjd jHdmdrfha b
.uk m%.;sh wruqK lr.;a;la f' kuq;a tlaflda ienE jer
mfil ;sh tajd jixlr.ekSf f;kdfjka fyda wu;l
lr,Sf fyda u.yrjd,Sf fyda f;kdfjka ta ienE je/j,g
oa;Sl ;;ajhla wdrEV lr,Sf f;kdfjka fyda je/ fkdjk
foa je/ f,i .%y lsu;a fndre ujdmEu;a we;e i;H isoaka
lD;s lr tajdg je/Ndjhla wdrEV lsu;a w;sfYdala;sh;a"
ienE f,i wjxl f,i ma,jd jHdmdrfha b .uk i|yd
ksOk mx;s jHdhdufha m%.;sh i|yd lrkakla h fkdyel'
k ku wj,do wmydi ke.Su;a" p; >d;kh
lsu;a mp iy f.,a weonEu;a lsis f,ilskaj;a ma,jfha
i;=rka f,i i ;=rka f,iska l< yels" l< hq;= oE fkdf'
k ku ys;du;du l=uk fyda fya;=jla ksidfjka ma,jd
jHdmdrhlg tfrysj" tys oYkhg tfrysj m%;sm;a;shg"
jevms<sfj<g" l%shdud.hkg yd thg wem lem jk mqoa.,hkg
tfrysj ys;du;d idjoH f.d;k ,o lreKq yd isoaka mok
lrf.k wj,do" wmydi lsu u.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha mx;s
i;=rdg OfkaYajr mx;shg iQCIu wkaoka fiajh lsuhs' tjeks
mqoa.,fhla" Tyq ljfrl= fyda fjd ksOk mx;s i;=frls' Okm;s
mx;sfha ;=frls' ta" Okm;s mx;sfha T;a;=lrejl= fkdf k wo
wm uqyqK md isk ;;ajhkag" fndfyda rg iudk ;;ajhkag
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha fjk;a fkdfhl=;a ifydaorjre
O wjia:dj, uqyqKmd ;sfhkjd' wm fujeks ;;ajhlg
ydmqrd lshd m;a jQ wh fkdf' wfma cd;Hka;r mx;s fidhqrka f
Ifhka ,enQ w;alS wmg fuys uy;a fia M,ohS fjkjd'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK uE; ld, mfofha uqyqK
ka m%Yakj,g fndfyda rg iudk ;;ajhlg uqyqK ka fkdfhla
rgj, f yd iudk ;;ajhka we;sfj,d ;sfhkjd' ta ;eka ys
OfkaYajr md,lhska ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh kdY lr u i|yd
Wmfhda.S lr.;a iglmg Wml%u ;uhs ;jrg;a ixjOkh
18
fldg f rf OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh kska; f,i Wmfhda.S

lr.kq ,enQfha' fj WKav iy nhsfk;a;=j,ska lrk ,o uokh
u.ska ksOk mx;s jHdmdrhg m<uq myr u;a iu. we;s jQ w;a
;;ajh m%fhdackhg .kska ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh iy uq,skau iy
;SrKd;aul f,i uQf,da;amdGkh lsu i|yd OfkaYajr mx;sh
lghq;= lr ;sfnkjd' ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg tfrysj OfkaYajr
mx;sfha m%:u m%ydrh fufyh jQfha w wdhqO iy fj WKavj,ska
kuq B<`. m%ydrh fufyh jkq ,nkafka mqkre;a:dmkhg uqjdfjka
lrkq ,nk jevms<sfj< u.sks' mqkre;a:dmkh k wka lsisjla
fkdj ma,jjd ;reKhka ma,jjd;ajfhka f;dr lsuhs'
wdmiq OfkaYajr udj;g weo .ekSuhs' f i|yd OfkaYajrh
flfrys f ;reKhskaf.a Yajdihla we;s lr,sh fkdyels l,a ys
Tjqka ma,jh flfrys" ma,jjd jHdmdrh flfrys ma,jjdka
flfrys " ma,h oYkh iy l%shdud. flfrys l,lsrug fyda
ta iu. u;fNao we;s lr,Sug iy fNao we;s lrug OfkaYajr
mx;sh lghq;= lrf.k hkjd' ta u.ska muKhs OfkaYajr mx;shg
zzj;udk ;;ajhka hgf;a ck;d uqla;s fmruqK kdY lr,sh
yelaflaZZ f l<lsrf iy fNao lrf jHdmdrh Wfoid Tjqka
l< yels yeu fohlau lrkjd' m%fhdackhg .; yels iEu my;a
fmf<a whlau w;g .kakjd'
wks;a me;af;ka f lghq;= i|yd fhdojkq ,nkafka
Tjqkaf.a ie`.jqKq tacka;jreka" .e;a;ka" fdaySka yd Tjqka
iska ikakoaO .e jljdkqf uok ;;ajhg Tfrd;a;=
h fkdyelsj j,j f.dia jHdmdrh mdjdkakka iy i;=rd
je<ò.;a;jqka jeks j, fldgiah' tf,iu ma,jjdka hehs
;ud iskau lshd .kska ma,jjd jHdmdrhg uy;a y;=rel
lr we;s O .Khg wh;a wjia:djd l,a,s iy lKavdh iska
c''fm' kdYlr oud thska l= ;ukaf.a me;a;g lvd.ekSf
ldhh i|yd c''fmruqKg reoaOj tys kHdhg yd j.lsj
hq;a;kag reoaOj OfkaYajr mx;sh yd tys tacka;jreka iu.
yjq,a kskaod iy.; uqidjdo m;=rjka lvdlmam,ald jev
lghq;=j, fhfokjd' fojk f,dal uyd hqoaO iufha iuiudc
mCI kdhlhska isrndrhg f.k iuiudc mCIh kS;s frda
lr ;snQ wjia:df %;dkH wrdcHjd wdKavqj iu. fyd|
19
ys;ska is mSg flakuka l,a,sh f.k .sh l%shd ms<sfj;g iudk

ms<sfj;la ;uhs c''fmruqK OfkaYajrfha m%ydr ld weo je
ish ka f Bkshd ma,jjdka lrf.k hkqfha;a' OfkaYajrh
c''fm'g myr fokqfha thska l= lvd .ekSughs' f l=
lvd .ekSf jHdmdrhg OfkaYajrfha wkqn,h iy wdYsjdoh
,efnkjd' ukao" ma,jjdfhla ta flf msyjkakg ne k
wvq ;rka O l,a,sj,g fnod fukaj;a OfkaYajr mx;shg
Nd.Hhla iekis,a,la ,efnk ksihs'
fujeks l%shdud.hka wo fldf;la rg id:l
we;ao@ we;a; jYfhkau ma,jjdfhl= jYfhka ne l, ug
fyd`ka fmkS hk lreKla k OfkaYajrhskaf.a f l%shdud.h
lsish rlg id:l we;s njhs' thg fya;= fjdhehs is;sh
yel'
1' l=re OfkaYajr uokhg f.dre jHdmdrfha
is wjxlj jvd;a lem jqKq iy jOkh jqKq ifydaorhska
Yd, msila ure je<ò .ekSu;a" ta fya;=fjka OfkYajrfha f
l%shdud.hg tfrysj m%n, m%;sl%shdud.hla .ekSu wvd, u;a"
2' OfkaYajrh ish tacka;jreka .e;a;ka iy
miqj ksOk mx;s jHdmdrhg fdayS jQjka iy fkdfhla fya;= iy
fmdfrdka we;sj Tjqka iska kd .kq ,enQ j,hska m%fhdackhg
f.k isrf.j,aj, iy isr l|jqre ;=< Yd, m%udKfha idjoH
woyia m;=rejoa tajdg ms<s;=re h fkdyels jk f,i wm
iyuq,skau fjkafldg ;nd ;su;a ta fya;=fjka f;drf;daxhla
ke;sj i;=rdf.a me;af;ka muKla kskaod wmydi iy f.,ao
lD;s ls iy w;sfYdala;Ska muKlau ,eu;a
3' mCI wNHka;rfha u;fNao ms<sn| ienE ;;ajh
fndfyda fokd fkdk isu;a
4' igkla mrdch u ;=<ska yd wl uokhlg
f.dre u ;=<ska mCI idudl;ajh ;=< we;s jQ wdl+,
jHdl+,;ajh;a WodiSk;ajh;a fya;=fldgf.k tlame;a;lska
ryia fmd,Sish;a" fmd,sish;a mCIh ;=<g x.d isk i;=re
tacka;jrekq;a fdaySka jQ wh;a k.k wj,doj, h:d ;;ajh
f;are .ekSug wfmdfydi;au;a tajd f;are.;a wh mjd
20
WodiSk;ajh fya;= fldgf.k tajdg tfrysj i;Hh bm;a

lrka Ydia;%dkQl+,j m%;sm%ydrhg bm;au je<lS hdu;a iy
;j;a tjeks fya;+kah'
fuf;k OfkaYajr l%shdud.hla we;' kuq;a thg
tfrysj ksOk mx;sfha me;af;ka m%;sl%shdud.hla fkdue;'
fockl ;;ajh thhs' m%n, frdaOhlska f;drj mdf.
hs j<ka kakd fia il, O OfkaYajr .e;a;ka iskau iEu
wdldrhlu wjia:djdka iskau lrf.k hkq ,nk m%;sma,h
l%shdud.hla muKs we;af;a' kuq;a udlaia f,kskajdfhl=
jYfhkau uu fuys ij wiqnjd fkdue;af;' iEfyk
msila h:d:h f;aref.k isk nj oks'
wj,do" kskaod" wmydi" lreKq lD;s ls iy fndre
f.,a weonE lre lr;;a th lrkakjqkaf.a oCI;djh"
wjxl;ajh" l=i,;djh" ksje/Ndjh Yla;su;aNdjh yd
oHd;aulNdjh fkdue;s nj m%oYkh lrhs' wj,do wmydi
iy f.,a ksiqkaf.a Yla;sh fkdj n,;djh;a" i;Hh fkdj
fndrej;a" ksje/Ndjh fkdj idjoHNdjh;a ieugu m%oYkh
lrhs' tajd ksiqkaf.a foaYmd,k nxfldf<d;aNdjfha mrd.;f
iy mrdcfha ixfla;fhdah' tneka udlaia f,kskajdyq
tajd lssisf,il;a ish w wdhqO f,i md fkdlr;s' ta
udlaia f,kskajdka foaYmd,kslj nxfldf,d;a fkdjk ksihs'
foaYmd,kslj crdK nxfldf,d;a hk OfkaYajrhska
muKlau fjd lrkq ,ef' wj,do yd fndre wmydi foaYmd,k
nxfldf,d;aNdjfha m%;sM,hla ksidu tajdg ms<s;=re wkjYH hehs
ms<s.ekSula ;sf' ta tfia jqj;a ta ms<sn|j h:d ;;ajhka meye,s
lsug iqfjka fyda uu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK wo uqyqK md we;s ;ckj,g
iudk ;;ajhkg uqyqK mE fldhqksia mCI w;S;fha ;snqKd'
fojk f,dal uyd hqo iufha cuka b;d,shdkq *eisiajdofhka
;on, f,i myr lE mlaIhlaa ;uhs hqf.daiaf,dhdkq
fldhqksia mCIh' *eisiajdka hqf.daiaf,dhdj wdl%uKh
lrk g trg ;snqKq fldhqksia mCIh kef.kysr hqfrdamSh
rgj, ;snqKq fldhqksia mCI w;r Yd,;u tlla' tfyhska
fldhqksia mCIfha wdrNfha mgkau hqf.daiaf,dhdf *eisia
21
md,khg tfrysj igka jeKd' f fya;=fjkau hqf.daiaf,dhdkq

fldhqksia mCIfha kdhl;ajfhka iudcjd wdKavqjla msysgqjk
g" wem lem jqK Yla;su;a Nla;su;a fldhqksiajdka w;s
Yd, ixLHdjla ; m;Hd. fldg ;snqKd' Tjqka igfka h
f.dia is ksid;a fldhqksia mCIhg igka ;=<ska *eisia frda
wr., ;=<ska tla frdla jqKq we;e iq OfkaYajr yd OfkaYajr
fldgiaj,g yd iEu ish wjia:djdkag mCIfha j.lS bis,Sug
wjia:dj ,eu ksid;a hqf.daiaf,dhdj lkka ixfYdaOkjdoh
lrd f.khdug bv m%ia:dj ,enqKd' hqf.daiaf,dhdkq fldhqksia
mCIh uqyqK mE f wka;%dj wo wfma jHdmdrh yuqf;a ke;ehs
lsisfjl=gj;a iEySulg m;ah fkdyel' wfma jHdmdrh ;=<;a
f ;;ajhka hgf;a fgda,d" lfv,a,d" rkafld,d" ,dia,d
jekakka ysug bvlv ;sf' f .ek;a ksOk mx;s ma,jjdka
wka yeu m%Yakhla .ek fukau mfriai h hq;=h' OfkaYajr
mx;sfha mx;s wjYH;djhka iqrlska ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a
mqoa.,slj ug;a wj,do wmydi kskaod muqKqjk ck;dj tu.ska
fkdu. yk ma,jjd jHdmdrhg lsj fkdyels ;r uy;a ydks
muqKqjk f mqoa.,fhda ljryqo@ Tjqyq tlaflda(
1' uq, mgka ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ;=<g x.df.k
isk i;=re tacka;,dh'
2' n,dfmdfrd;a;= yd ,dN wfmaCIdjka we;sj jHdmdrh
;=<g x.d we;s miqj tajd |jefgkq l" bgq fkdjkq l
jHdmdrhg fdayS jQjkah'
3' l=re OfkaYajr uokhg uqyqK h fkdyelsj mx;s
i;=rd bfha ish,a, mdjd ;u fdays;ajfha;a" hiq nj;a
k le; l%shd ms<sfj; ksid;a wdmiq ck;d uqla;s fmruqK foi
ne,sh fkdyels yd ish fdayS;ajh jix.d .ekSug mCIhg wj,do
k.kakjqkah'
4' ;u je/ iy ifodiaNdjh jix lr.ekSf wruqfKka
hq;=j mCIhg fpdaokd lrkakjqkah'
5' m%Yakj, h:d:h f;are fkd.;a ksid fyda f;are
.ekSug wjia:djla fkd,;a ksid fyda wjxlj je/ ud.hg
msis whh'
22
6' fm!oa.,sl ne` iy fkdfhl=;a fYaI

inkaO;djhka fya;=fldgf.k fdaySka iu. we;s fm!oa.,sl
;%;ajh fya;= fldgf.k fdaySkaf.a me;a; .;a;jqkah'
7'jHdmdrhg lrk ,o je/ fya;= fldgf.k ;jrg;a
jHdmdrfha ish fkdyels" tneka fjk;a l,a,s yd lKavdh
iu. tluq;= ta lKavdh iy l,a,sj,ska l=,shg .;a wj,do
oud .ikakjqkah'
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha ft;sydisl w;alS
fydka yodrd n,k g fmkS hkqfha l%u lsysmhlskau ksOk
mx;s jHdmdrh ;=< fdaySka yd mdjdfokakka ysjk njhs'
1' iQrdlk mx;Ska iska Wjukdfjkau ys;du;du ksOk
mx;s jHdmdrh ;=<g x.jk ,o fdaySkah'
2' l,la ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh fjkqfjka fiajh l< miqj
fkdfhl=;a fya;+ka Wv ksOk mx;s jHdmdrhg fdayS jkakka'
3' ;uka lrkafka fdaySlula nj fkdk fdaySl
lrkakjqka wd f ish .Khlu fdaySka yd mdjdfokakka .ek
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrhg mq,a w;alSula ;sfnkjd'
fujekakka w;S;fha" j;udkfha fukau wkd.;fhao iskq we;s'
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;=<g ish T;a;=lrejka x.jd
tu.ska tu jHdmdr kdY lr OfkaYajr mx;s wruqKq iqrCIs;
lr.ekSu i|yd ksOk mx;s jHdmdrfha Wmf;a mgkau OfkaYajr
mx;sh l%shd lr ;sfnkjd' ta ms<sn|j Tjqka ,nmq w;alS b;d
Yd,hs' ta Yd, w;alS iNdrh Wmfhda.S lrf.khs wo
OfkaYajr mx;sh l%shd lrkafka' f lghq;a; i|yd iEu ish
OfkaYajr md,l mx;shlau w;s fYaI Wkkajla olajkjd'
we;e mCIj, tjeks fdaySka blaukska t<sor jQ w;r we;e
mCIj, fndfyda m%udo t<sjqKd' ;j;a ;ekays t<sor fkdu
ishd' we;e ;ekays Tjqka iq kdYhka lr we;s w;r ;j;a
;ekays uy kiame;a;s lsug Tjqka fmdfydi;a jqKd' f,kskaf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnd,afIla mCIfha Wiia kdhlhska fukau
udfjdaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a k fldhqksia mCIfha Wiia
;ekayso wfkl=;a fldhqksia mCIj,;a fujeks mqoa.,hka isg
fy<sor jQ nj ryila fkdf' cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh
23
f,dal Okm;s l%uh wnjd f,dal ksOk mx;s ma,jfha ch

flfy,s kxjk ;=reu f wka;rdj iy ;ckh mj;skq we;'
Okm;s l%uh ;sfnk ;dlal,a" OfkaYajr iQrdlEu
;sfnk ;dlal,a" OfkaYajr md,k mx;Ska isk ;dla l,a Tjqka
Tjqkaf.a T;a;=lrejka ksOk mx;s jHdmdr ;=<g x.jd tu.ska
Tjqkaf.a le; wruqK bgqlr .ekSug W;aidyhka orkq we;' l<
yels iEu iglmg Wml%uhlau fhdokq we;' OfkaYajr iudchl
f.dvk.k ksOk mx;s jHdmdrh o;a ;siafol ueo j /flkakd
fiah' b;d wmyiqfjka OfkaYajr mx;sfha fujeks w;jrhkaf.ka
/lS ish hq;af;a OfkaYajr mx;sh ish T;a;=lrejka x.ug
ork m%h;akfha Yd,;ajh fya;=fldgf.k thska Yd, m%udKhla
je/ hoa;a b;d iq m%udKhla fyda id:l lr.ekSug yelshdj
,e ;sf' tfia jkqfha f lghq;a; i|yd OfkaYajr md,l mx;Syq
;uka wNsuqj we;s ;uka ika;lj we;s iEu ish yelshdjla
n,f.hla" WmlrKhla iy Wmdh Wml%uhlau Wmfhda.S
lr.kakd nekq;a ;uka l,la uq,af,a w;ayod n,d m%.=K
lr.kakd ,o T;a;=lrejka x.f l%shdoduh wx. imQK
Ydia;%hla njg fmr<f.k isu;a tneka b;d iQCIu f,i th
lsu;a ksidh'
OfkaYajr T;a;=lrejka x.u Tjqyq tys ne?relu
yd jeo.;alu fya;=fldgf.ku wdjdg .shdg Wka m,af,ka
fkdlr;s' tjekakka fy<sor fkdfjk fia j.n,d .kakd
whqka th lrhs' Tjqyq ;u tacka;jrekag ;u ienE wruqK
jixlr.ekSf wjYH;djh iy l%u fydka myod fo;s' wjidk
;SrKd;aul fudfyd;l yer fudjqyq fy<sor fkdug j.n,d
.ks;s' OfkaYajr iudchla ;=< w;ska f.dvkef.k iy jOkh
jk ma,jjd jHdmdrhla ;=<g tu jHdmdrh fldf;la rg ielh"
iqmCIdld;ajh yd mY%u we;s lrf.k ish;a th ck;djg
jD; lr we;s mCIhla fyhska we;e fYaI ;;ajhka hgf;a
fndfyda wmyiqfjka kuq;a OfkaYajr mx;shg ;u T;a;=lrejka
x.ug yelshdjla ,ndfoa' zzck;djg fodr yka fdaySka
x.d .ekSu j<lajkq ZZhkak fldhqksia mCIj, l%shdud.h
;sh;a fdaySkao tld fokakd wmyiqfjka kuq;a x.d.kakd nj
ienEh' fdayshd ;ud fdayshl= ksidu ;udf.a fdays;ajh fy<sor
24
fkdjk fia b;d miaiug j. n,d .kS' fujka ;;ajhka hgf;a

we;e g fdaySka fy<sor u l,a fkdhjd is jqj;a fndfyda
fdaySka fy<sor ug l,a hkq we;' ta ld,h ;=< f fdaySka
iska ;j;a j, mqoa.,hska kd .kq ,nk yd yjq,a lr.kq ,nk
w;r jHdmdrhg buy;a ydkso muqKqjkq we;' fdayshl= Tyqf.a
ienE ;;= jikalr .ekSug Yd, lem ulskao jev lsug
mqjk' ke;fyd;a tfia lrk nj fmkaugo mqjk' tfiau
Tjqyq ksOk mx;s jHdhduh .ek Yd, WfoHda.hla Wkkajla
yd wjYH;djhla fmkaugo mqjk' ish fdayS nj t<sor ug
bv fkdfokakg mfriai u fya;=fldgf.k fujeks ;;ajhka
hgf;a fdaySka fy<sor lr.ekSu Yd, .egjls' f .egjg
udlaiaf.a mgka f,kska yryd f olajdu iEu ma,jjdfhlau
uqyqK md ;sf'
fnd,afIla mCIh ;=<g x.d.;a fujeks tla i;=re
tacka;jrhl= ms<sn|j f,kska zzjdudxYsl fldhqksiajdoh <ore
j,smamqjls'ZZ fmdf;a zzcuksfha jdudxYsl fldhqksiajdoh"
kdhlfhda" mCIh" mx;sh yd nyq ck;dj k miajeks mfofhys
fufia i|yka lrhs' zz'''' wfkla w;g wfma ;;ajh fufia h' kshu
jYfhka kdhlhka tk m%Odk ldh uKav,h .=ma;Ndjhlska
jika lr ;sf wjYH;djh u;= l<djQ ks;Hdkql+, yd kS;s frda
lghq;= w;r CIKfhka tyd fuyd udref ;;ajh iska b;d
wka;%dodhl ;;ajhla yslrk ,oafoah' krlu ;;ajhla u;=jqfha
1912 ue,sfkdials kue;s T;a;=ldrhd fnd,afIla uOHu ldrl
iNdjg we;=<;a jQ wjia:dfh' Tyq b;d lu mCIhg Nla;su;a
ifydaorhka fndfyda .Kklg nrm;< jev we;sj oreKq isr
o`vqj ,efnk ;ekg jev ie,iqfh' fndfyda fofkl= fj;
urKh <xlf<ah' Tyq Bg jefhka ydks lsug bv fkd,oafoa
kS;Hkql+, iy kS;s frda lghq;= w;r iqiq fmf<a inehdjla
wm iska we;s lr ;snQ fyhsks' mCIfha uOHu ldrl iNslhl=
jYfhkq;a vQudf ksfhda;fhl= jYfhkq;a wmf.a Yajdih kd
.ekSu i|yd wfma km;d kS;Hdkql+, mqj;am;a f.dvke.Su Wfoid
wdOdr ug ue,sfkdialsg ish' id rdcdKavqj hgf;a jqjo tu
mqj;am;a u.ska fukafIlajdkaf.a wjia:djdoS;ajhg reoaOj
igka lsugo tla wdldr jqjukdjlska hq;=j fnd,afIlajdofha
25
uQ,Ou m%pdrh lsugo yelshdj ;snqKs' ue,sfkdials tla w;lska

fyd|u fnd,afIlajdka fndfyda .Kkla nkaOkd.drhg yd kS
j<j,a ;=<g ;,a l< w;r wksla w;ska kS;Hkql+, mqj;am;a u.ska
oyia .Kka ;reK fnd,afIlajdkag foaYmd,k wOHdmkh ug
Tyqg wdOdr ug ish' m%;s.d jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ma,jld
lghq;= wdldrfhka bf.kSf ldhhg uqyqK isk cuka
jf.au %;dkH" weulka" m%xY iy b;d,s ifydaorjreka f
lreK flfrys ;ka is;a fhduq lrkq uek'ZZ
zzhqKq;u rgj,a we;=f<a fndfyda rgj, fldhqksia
mCI ;=<g Okm;s mx;sh iska T;a;=ldrfhda ksielju we;=
lrkq ,efn;s' bhg;a Tjqka iska tfia lrf.k hkq we;' f
Wjr uev,k tla l%uhla k oCI f,i kS;Hkql+, yd kS;s
frda lghq;= inkaO lsuhs'ZZ f ue,sfkdials kue;s Okm;s
T;a;=ldrhd cuksfha hqo isrlrejl= jYfhka isg fnd,afIla
md,k ld,fha reishdjg wdmiq meKs g reishdkq llrefjda
Tyqg reoaOj jydu kvq Nd.hla mj;ajd Tyqj fj;nd urd
oukq ,eh' f ms<sn|j f,kska fufia lshhs' zzwm l< jro
.ek fukafIlfhda wmg ;ka myr kakd' wm l< jro k
T;a;=lrejl= uOHuldrl iNdf ;nd.ekSuhs'ZZ fnd,afIla
mCI ;=<g x.jk ,o tlu OfkaYajr T;a;=lrejd fudyq
muKla fkdf' tfukau cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha mCI
;=<g OfkaYajr mx;sh iska x.jk ,o tlu ue,sfkdials
fudyq muKla fkdh' cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;=<g
OfkaYajr mx;sh ish le; mx;s wruqK bgqlr .ekSf wNsm%dfhka
x.jk ,o ue,sfkdials,d ishoyia .Kkla ka g tla tla
wjia:dj, tlaflda fy<sor we;' ke;ak ;uka iskau l<
t<s nei we;' cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;=< fukau wfma
rf me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrho f ;;ajhg f.dre jQ nj
i;Hhls' fojk uyd f,dal hqoaOfhka wk;=rej iuiudc mCIh
folg le hdf iuiudc kdhlhska w;r W.% u;fNaohlg
;=vqka fujeks tla m%Yakhla h' tk iuiudc kdhlhl= jQ
fvdla o iQid fmd,sia T;a;=ldrfhl= hhs ms,sma .=KjOk m%uqL
lKavdhu ;ka Yajdi lsuhs' ,xld fldhqksia mCIho 1960
.Kkaj, tys WfoHda.su;a idudlhl= jQ ksu,a lreKd;s,l
26
fmd,sia T;a;=lrejl= hehs iel fldg mCIfhka fkrmd ouk ,'

wo fudyq tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha n, lKqjls' tf,iu fcda
wdhdj fyj;a ld,aleiauka | .eko fldhqksia mCIh miqj
iel my< lf<ah'
l,la ma,jjd jHdmdrfha kshe,S isg miqj ma,jd
jHdmdrhg fdayS i;=rka w;rg m,d.sh Wka ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r
fldhqksia jHdmdrh ,nd we;s w;alS iNdrh w;s Yd,h'
cuka iudc m%cd;ka;%jd mCIfha kdhlhl= jQ ld,a fl!ialsf.a
mgka cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;=< f jk f;la fy<sor
we;s tjka ksiqka .Kk fndfydah' k fldhqksia mCIfha
l,ska Wm iNdm;sjo udfjdaf.ka miqj m;ajkakd yehgo k
iuQydKavqf ckdm;s jYfhkao is ,shq Id ma,jfha
jljdkqf Yd, kdhl;ajhla orka thg iyNd.S jQ mqoa.,hls'
kuq;a 1960 w. Nd.fha Tyq fdayshl= jYfhka yxjvq .id ish
ks,;,j,ska fkrmdykq ,eh' k fldhqksia mCIfha tjlg
is m%Odk f,al fvxIshdmsx o ma,j jljdkqf uOHu kfha
r;= yuqod fufyhjka ma,jh fjkqfjka Yd, jevfldgila
bgql< mqoa.,hkaf.ka flfkls' Tyqo 1968 OfkaYajr l%shdud.h
.;a fdayshl= yehg yxjvq .id fkrmd ykq ,eh' k r;=
yuqodf m%Odk wKfok ks,Od uKav,fha kdhlhdo fdayshl=
yehg i,ld mCIfha foaYmd,k uKav,fhka iy yuqodf Tyq
rE ;k;=frka fkrmd oukq ,eh' mSlska k.rdm;s jQ yd
k fldhqksia mCIfha tjlg foaYmd,k idudlfhl=j is
fmkafpka fdayshl= yd foaY T;a;=lrejl= f,i i,ld isr Ndrhg
.kq ,eh' ixialD;sl ma,jfhka miq k fldhqksia mCIfha
^9 jeks& uy if,kfhka miq udfjdaf.ka miqj m;ajkakd yd
k fldhqksia mCIfha Wm iNdm;s yehg;a m;alrkq ,enQ
wdrCIl weue;s ,sx mshd ma,j iufha udfjda iu. >
md.ukgo fm!oa.,slju iyNd.s fjka ma,jh fjkqfjka Yd,
ldhNdrhla bgq l< mqoa.,hls' tfiau ixialD;sl ma,jh
Ndr uOHu lrl iNd fldgqfha f,al fpka f*d;d l,ska
udfjdaf.a fm!oa.,sl f,al jrhd h' k .=jka yuqodf m%Odk
wK fok ks,Od yQ we;= k fldhqksia mCIfha foaYmd,k
uKav,fha k ;%sO yuqodj,;a Wiia ks,Odka .Kkdjla u
27
fudjqyq ma,j iufha bfhka jev lghq;= l< wh fj;s' wo

fdaySka jYfhka i,ld k fldhqksia mCIfhka fkrmd yer
;sf' foaYmd,k uKav,fha idudlhskaf.a wOhlg;a jefhka
tfia fkrmkq ,en we;' fidah fldhqksia mCIh ;=< lDfI
jekakjqKq;a fpdfldiaf,dfjlshdkq fldhqksia mCIh ;=< vq
fIla jekak jqKq;a yxf.ahdkq fldhqksia mCIh ;=< bf
kd.S jekakjqkq;a weulka fldhqksia mCIh ;=< fn.%vka
jekakjqKq;a f jeks ksiqka ms<sn| WodyrK iaj,amhla muKS'
1961 lshqndkq wdl%uKfha CIA tl uqjdjla jYfhka md
lf<a lshqndf isg hdj,g mek wd leiaf;%daf.a rcfha uq,a i;s
lsysmh ;=< w.ue;s jYfhka lghq;= l< fcdfia ud iu. lshqndj
uqod.ekSug igkal< foaYfm%ahl= jQ frda wdckagia kue;a;df.a
mq;%hd jQ yjdkdf kS;sf uKav,fha ysgmq iNdm;sjr fcdfia
frda lefoakd h' fujekakka w;S;fha iy j;udkfha ishd
fukau wkd.;fhao mx;s iudch mj;sk ;dlal,a iskq we;'
uu 1964 ,xldjg tk g ,xldf ienE ma,jjd
jHdmdrhla ;snqfKa keye' uq uy;a jdudxYsl jHdmdrhu
ixfYdaOkjd m%;sixialrKjd uvf.dfydref t,hs
isfha' fldhqksia mCIfhka le .sh lKavdhula fm%au,d,a
l=udrisf.a iy Ykauq.odikaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a ^k ms,&
lKavdhu;a ma,jh .ek l;d lrka ishd' kuq;a ma,jjd
jd.aud,d lgmdvka weonEu yereKq g ta mCIh ;=< ma,jjd
kHdhlaj;a" ma,jd oYkhlaj;a" ma,jjd jevms<sfj<laj;a"
ma,jjd m%;sm;a;s ud,djlaj;a" ma,jjd l%shdud.hlaj;a"
ma,jjd ixOdkhlaj;a" ma,jjd j .=Khlaj;a ;snqfKa
keye'
Tjqka ma,jh .ek l;d l< fyhska Tjqka ienE
ma,jjdka hehs /j Tjqkg iyfhda.h kakd' kuq;a Nd;dj
;=<ska Tjqka f;are.;a miq ienE ma,jjd jHdmdrhla
f.dvke.Sf wjYH;djh f;aref.k ta wkqj
lghq;= lrkakg isjqKd' f rf iudcjd ma,jh
ch.%yKh lrkakg k ienE ksOk mx;s ma,jjd
mCIhla f.dvke.sh hq;=j ;snqKd' ma,jjd mCIhla
f.dvke.sh hq;af;a ma,jjdkaf.ka kuq;a ma,jjdka ke;s ;ekl
28
ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvk.kafka fldfyduo@ uq uy;a jdudxYsl

jHdmdrhu ixfYdaOkjd uvf.dfydref je isk wjia:djl"
jD;a;Sh i;s foaYmd,kh;a" md,sfka;= m%;sixialrKjdoh;a"
llre mx;sh m%uqL uquy;a ck;dju f,i fj,df.k we;s
wjia:djl il,O foaYSh foaYmd,lhska ma,h oYkhg"
l%shdud.hg tfrysj w wfudard we;s wjia:djl hg;a;
b;sydifhau %;dkH wrdcHjdoh iska b;du;a id:l f,i
OfkaYajr md,sfka;= foaYmd,kh ck;dj w;r ls|d niaijd
we;s rgl ,xldf tjlg ue;sjrK wgjdrhla mj;ajd ;sKs'
wdishdlrfha %;dkH hg;a; w;=frka ue;sjrKfhka md,l
foaYmd,k mCIh - mx;sh fkdf - ka g udrelr we;s
rgl oCIsKdxYh muKla fkdj jdudxYho md,sfka;= ;Hdj
ck;dj w;r ;yjqre lrka isk rgl fYaIfhkau ma,jld
foaYmd,k mCIhla f.dv ke.Su iq mgq fkdf' f,fyis myiq
ir, yd blaukska l< yels lghq;a;la fkdf'
th b;du;au ne?reu yd miaikau w;.eish hq;=
jeo.;au iy ixlSK;u lghq;a;ls' zznyqck;dj iska kHdhla
.%yKh lr.;a g th jHuh n,f.hla njg m;af'ZZ lsh,d
udlaia lsh,d ;shkjd' wfma rf tjlg ma,jjd mCIhla"
ma,jjd n,f.hla fkd;snqKdg mS; mx;s" ksOk mx;s
nyqck iuQyhla ishd' ma,jjdka iska l< hq;= lghq;a; jQfha
f ksOk mx;s nyqck iuQyhdg udlaiajd kHdh .%yKh lrjd"
Tjqka ma,jjd jHuh n,f.hla njg m;alr ta ma,h
jHuh n,f.h wjHdc udlaia f,kskajd jevms<sfj,la ;=<
ixOdkh lr ta ma,h ixOdkfha kdhl;ajh hgf;a u.
fmkau hgf;a mq,a nyqck iuQyhd ma,jh lrd fufyhjd
OfkaYajr wd{dodhl;ajh yd wdm;H iqkanqka lr ksOk mx;s
wd{dodhl;ajhla ia:dms; lr iQrdlEfuka f;dr iudcjd iudc
l%uhla yryd W;a;;r fldhqksia iudch fj; md ;euhs'
udlaiajd kHdh ksOk mx;s nyqck iuQyhdg .%yKh lrjd Tjqka
ma,jjd n,f.hla njg fmr<Su lrkafka ke;sj ma,jjd
mCIhla f.dvke.sh fkdyel' ma,jjdka f.dvk.kafka ke;sj
ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvke.sh fkdyelsh' ma,jjd ke;s
;ek ma,jjd mCIhla ;sh fkdyelsh' ma,jjd mCIhla
29
f.dvke.Sug k ma,jjdka ish hq;=uh' ma,jdka ysl<

hq;=uh'
ma,jjdka ys lsug k m%;sixialrKh chf.k
we;s iudch m%;sixialrKjd oYkhg iy isoaOdka;j,g
tfrysj wkjr; wr.,hla wm%;sy; ffOhhlska hq;=j ksOk
mx;s ma,jjd oYkh yd l%shdud.h f.dvkexu i|yd
l< hq;=h' fuh ;ud u;jd wr.,h hkqfjka ykajkafka'
ck;dj ;=< OfkaYajr u;jdohg tfrysj ma,jjd u;jdoh
k.disgqjkafka ke;sj ma,jjdka f.dvke.sh fkdyelsh' tneka
wms m%:ufhkau lf<a OfkaYajr u;jdohg tfrysj ck;dj w;r
ma,h u;jdoh f.dvke.Su i|yd lghq;= lsuhs' f lghq;a;
i|yd hqKq jQ" jOkh jQ" miudma; jQ udlaia f,kskajd
iuQyhla tla /ia lr.ekSug isfha ke;' ma,jjd ldvjre
isfha ke;' udlaia f,kskajd mCIhla f.dvke.Sf l%shdj,sfha
;SrKd;aul idOlhla ;ud oCI" ldhY+r" nqoau;a" m;HdYS,s"
wjxl lemjqKq jOkh jQ udlaia f,kskajd ldvjreka isu'
wmg ksOk mx;s ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvke.Sf wruqK we;sj
ma,jjdka f.dvke.Sf wruqK we;sj ck;dj w;r u;jd
wr.,hla lsug wjYH m%udKhla oCI iy jevqKq udlaia
f,kskajd ldvjre isfha keye' l=vd fyda ixOdk ugula
f.dvk.d .ekSug wjYH ma,jjdka lsysm fofkl=j;a isfha
keye' k msf,ka fidhd .; yels lsysm fokd udlaia f,kskajd
kqu w;ska b;du;a my;a ugul foaYmd,kslj <m"
m%;sixialrK crdK jQ me/Ks ixOdk l%uj,g weneys jQ
me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha mrdNj .; uehk wx. ,laIK
Wreu lr.;a .%yKh lr.;a wh jqKd' wfma igka jHdmdr mgka
.ekqfKa tys wdrNhg mqfrda.d jqfKa jOkh .sh udlaia
f,kskajd iuQyhla fkdf' tla mqoa.,hl=g uquy;a OfkaYajr
jHdmdrfhau m%n, l%shdld;ajhlg tfrysj me/Ks jdudxYsl
jHdmdrfha lD;s oYkhg tfrysj b;du;a wmyiq ;;ajhka
hgf;ahs" ma,jjd oYkh ck;dj w;r ch.%yKh lsug
isjqfKa' Bg tfrysj meKs ndOl yd frdaO;d wkka;h' uq,a
ld,fha u;jd wr.,h ck;dj w;r lsu" me/Ks jdudxYsl
jHdmdrfhka fidhd.kq ,enQ l=rej,a jQ lsysmfofkl= iy kjlhska
30
lsysm fofkl= w;ka ldvjreka lsysm fofkl= jOkh lsu;a

i|yd b;du;a Ialr b;du;a wmyiq jev fldgil=hs lrkak
isjqfKa' iEu iudc wdh;khla fukau foaYmd,k mCIhlg;a
mKduhla ft;sydisl ldYkh;a ixjOkh;a ;sfnkjd' ck;d
uqla;s fmruqK ms<sn|j;a i;Hh thhs' kEu foaYmd,k mCIhla
ixjOkh jkqfha ta rf mj;sk iudc foaYmd,kuh ;;ajhka
mok lrf.k Bg wkqrEmS f,ih' ta ft;sydisl ;;ajhka ;=<h'
tneka tu mCIfhys wNHka;r ;;ajh;a th .uka .;a ud.h;a
fldkau uquy;a mCIh flfrys hfula .%y lrkjd k th
l< yelafla;a" l< hq;af;a;a tu mCIh meje;s iy ixjOkh
jqKq ft;sydisl ;;ajhka ;=<h'
1964 isg 1969 olajd wm iska lrk ,oafoa ;kslru
OfkaYajr u;jdohg tfrysj ma,h u;jdoh ch.%yKh lsu
i|yd ck;dj w;r lrk ,o' lfGdar jQ;a Ialr jQ;a wr.,hla
muKs' 1969 olajdu mCI ixOdkhla f.dvke.=f ke;' thg
fya;=j mCI ixOdkhl idudlhska ug ;r iqiq jQ;a hqKq
jQ;a ifydaorjreka iefyk msila ta jk g fkdisuhs' u;jd
wr.,fha m%;sM, jYfhka ma,jjd ifydaorjreka iefyk
msila f.dvk.d .ekSu;a iu.u wm ixOdkh f.dvke.Su mgka
.;a;d' u;jd wr.,h lsu i|yd wm m<uqfjkau keUqrejQfha
ck;dj iu ck;djf.a iudc m%Yak idlPd lrka tajd
oa>gkd;aul f,i Yaf,aIKh lrka .%y lrka tajd ys
jOkh we;s wdldrhka tajdfha Wm;g fya;+ka tajdfha wo
;sfnk ienE ;;ajh;a bhg jOkh jk wdldrh;a tajdg we;s
ienE ;d;al oHdkql+, iu;a idlPd lsu u.skqhs' fuf,i
ck;djf.a m%Yak iudc m%Yak udlaia f,kskajd oDIafldaKhlska
.%ylr bm;a lrf.k hdf l%shdj,sfha wm ,enQ w;alSj,
m%;sM,hla jYfhkqhs" mx;s 5 yg.ekqfKa' mx;s 5g;a ta wkqj
ft;sydisl ldYkhla mKduhla ixjOkhla ;sfnkjd' mx;s
my ;efuka lsisfjl= udlaia f,kskajdfhl= jkafka keye'
tu.ska flfrkafka ksiqka udlaia f,kskajd ka;khg yeru"
keUqreu muKs' th b;du;a id:l m%;sM, f.k ;sf'
mx;s mfyka flfrkafka ,xldf j;auka foaYmd,k
;;ajh udlaia f,kskajd oDIafldaKhl msysgd .%ylr tu.ska
31
ck;dj udlaia f,kskajd me;a;g weo .ekSu muKs' tu.ska

ksiqka iudch fj,S we;s m%Yak ;=<ska ta yryd tajdg ienE
oHd;aul i fidhd udlaia f,kskajdoh fj;g keUqre lrhs'
OfkaYajr ka;djg reoaOj ksOk mx;s ka;djg chflfy<s
kxjkq msKsi lrkq ,nk u;jd wr.,fha mqfrda.d jevfldgi
bgq lsug mx;s myg we;s yelshdj b;sydih iska fudkjg Tmamq
lr ;sf' ksiqka udlaia f,kskajdoh fj;g l%shd;aul whqka
iefyk m%udKhla keUqre lsu hdka;%sl f,i l< fkdyelsh'
Tjqka udlaia f,kskajdohg f.k wd hq;af;a;a f.k wd yelafla;a
Tjqkaf.au iudc m%Yak ;=<skauh' fufia udlaia f,kskajdofha
ka;dj me;a;g keUqre whg wms 1968 mgka wOHdmk l|jqre
ixOdkh lrka udlaia f,kskajd oYkh ms<sn|j;a ,dxlSh
ma,jfha .eg ms<sn|j iEfyk wjfndaOhla foka iy kj
oYkh yd l%shd ud.h Nd;df fhug wjldY ,nd fokao
tu.ska kHdhsl kqug wu;rj Nd;df fhdod th m%;HCI lr
.ekSug bv i,ikao u;jd wr.,h bhgu f.k wdfjuq'
ck;djg foaYmd,k wjfndaOh ,ndu w;ska" udlaia f,kskajd
ka;dj ck;dj w;r m;=rejd,Su w;ska" wms iuld,Sk cd;Hka;r
fldhqksia jHdmdrfha ma,jjdka w;r fmruqfKa isk nj
fkdryils'
ixOdkhla f.dvke.Sug ;r ma,jjdka msila
f.dvk.ka isk g ixOdkh lsf m%Yak mekke.=Kdu tu
m%Yakhka b;du ksje/j udlaia f,kskajd mokulska l%shdjg
ke.=Kd' wm by< isg my<g jHdmdrfha ixOdkh f.dvke.=f
keye" me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdr yd OfkaYajr foaYmd,k mCI
f,iska' ta fjkqjg wm lf<a my< isg by<g ixOdkhla
f.dvke.Suhs' f wkqj mCI YdLdj" .%dh fldh" m%dfoaYSh
fldh yryd ia;%sla fldh olajd ixOdk f.dvke.S
;snqKd'
1941 b;d,shdkq yd cuka meisiajdoh we,afkshdj"
fojk f,dal uyd hqoaOfha wdl%uKh lrk g tys fldhqksiajdka
O k.rj, yd .j, ;ks lKavdh .Kkdjla f,i ixOdkh
lr ;snqKd' wkaj fydacdf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a lKavdhu jQfha
f;da fIa k.rfhahs' my< ugj, fuu fldhqksia lKavdh
32
lsysmhu tlg tl;= lr if,khla mj;ajd inkaO

lsfukqhs we,afkshdkq fldhqksia mCIh f.dvke.=f'
fuh b;du;a id:l m%;sM, f.k ka yd ksje/ l%uhla nj
Tmamq ;sf' wm iska f.dvke.sh hq;= ixOdkh l=ulao hkak
;SrKh lsf wms kej;;a ksje/j lghq;= lr ;sfnkjd'
.,a,d yuqodjla f,i ixOdkh l< hq;=o@ ke;sk foaYmd,k
mCIhla jYfhka ixOdkh h hq;=o@ wo f m%Yakh cd;Hka;r
ma,jjd jHdmdrh ;=< W.% u;fNaohlg" W.% .ej,g ;=vq
;sfnkakla' f fofla wka; inkaO;djh f;are.;a wms
wm iska f.dvke.sh hq;af;a mCIhla nj;a th mx;s igfka
WP;u wjh jk ikakoaO wr.,h i|yd iQodk jk mCIhla
jYfhka ;SrKd;aul fudfyd;l ma,jfha fmruqKq n,weKsh
jYfhka ck;djg ud.f.damfoaYl;ajh iy kdhl;ajh fok
ck;dj bhg fufyhjk fmrgq fiakdxlh jYfhka ixOdkh
h hq;= nj;a mCIh ikakoaO wr.,fha w f.k igka jk
yuqodjlg fmrf<k nj;a f hq.fha igka fkdlrk ma,jjd
foaYmd,lhska ish fkdyels nj;a tfiau foaYmd,k wjfndaOfhka
f;dr ma,jjd Nghska ish fkdyels nj;a tneka igka f
yuqodj jkqfha uq uy;a mCIh nj;a f;aref.k ta wkqj kj
mkakhl ma,jld mCIhl=hs f.dvke.sh hq;af;a hk u;hg
t<UqKd'
fuh lf<a cd;Hka;r ma,jjd jHdmdrh fkdfhla
;ekays ,nd we;s w;alSj,g wkqrEmjhs' kuq;a t;r ishq
ixlSK hqKq ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvke.Sf lghq;a;;a tjeks
mCIhl ft;sydisl ixjOkh;a ir, tlla fkdf' th b;du;au
ixlSK l%shdoduhla h hq;=h' 1969 jk g wfma ixOdkh
fj;g wm iska O me/Ks jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mCIj,ska
kdkd lKavdh kd.kq ,en ishd' f lKavdh tlsfkl
;=< lsish rlg u;jdj;a" ixOdkd;aulj;a .=,s.eiS
fyj;a fYaI ne meje;=Kd' OfkaYajr l%uhla ;=< meje;Su;a
me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrfhka Nskakf tys .=Kdx. iuyrla
fYaI lr.ekSula ksid f iq OfkaYajr .=Kdx. ;j;a l,lg
mj;sk nj f;are.;a wms b;du;a hqKq" b;du;a ixlSK
f,kskajd fnd,afIla mCIhla wjHdc ma,jld nyqck
33
fldhqksia mCIhla f.dvke.Sf wruqK we;sj tys ixOdkd;aul

m%drNl mshjr jYfhka ck;d uqla;s fmruqK wrN l<d'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK hk ku ;efu ud woyia lf<a
mCIhla f,kska b,a,k m wjHdc ma,jld nyqck mCIhla
f.dvkexf lghq;af;ys tla wjhla f,ihs' tk ck;d
uqla;s fmruqK f.dvk.d tys ;=< l%shd;aul jk wh Nd;dj
;=<ska fmkajk udlaia f,kskajd ma,jjd j .=Kh wkqj Tjqka
,nd we;s mkakrh wkqj Tjqkaf.a jOkh wkqj Tjqka f;dardf.k
wfhdauh khla yd u;jd tald.%;djhla o hq;a ksu, udlaia
f,kskajd ka;kh;a" l%shdud.hkq;a Wmdh Wml%u;a" ixOdk
l%u;a wkq.ukh lrk fnd,afIla mCIh;a f.dvke.Suhs' ôl=Kq
hkdufha cd;sl uqla;s fmruqK f.dvk.d th ;=< l%shd;aul
f ,nk ,o mkakrh wkqj f;dard.;a ifydaorjrekaf.ka ienE
ma,jjd ldvjrekaf.ka idudlhkaf.ka ck;d ma,jld
mCIh f.dvk.k ,o nj fmfka'&
fldkau lshf;d;a ck;d uqla;s fmruqK wkd.;fha
f.dvkef.k fldhqksia mlaIh iòyd fldhqksia iodpdrfhka
iy j.=Kfhka hq;a ienE udlaia f,kskajdka ys lrk mlaI
mdi,la njg m;a lsuh" uf.a wNsm%dh jQfha' ienE fldhqksia
iodpdrhlska hq;a ksid 21 jk Y; jIfha ksid yehg
idudkHfhka .Kka .kq ,ef' fuf,i 21 jk Y;jIfha ksid
20 jk Y;jIh ;=< f.dv ke.f lghq;a; i|yd mdi,la f,i
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK f.dvke.Su uf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jqKd'
kuq;a wkHia:dkhkays fukau wmg;a ndysr fukau wNHka;r i;=re
Wjrej,g ksrka;rfhkau f.dre jkakg isjqKd' Oufialr
l,a,sfha fdayS l%shd ms<sfj;;a flakuka l,a,sfha md,kh hgf;a
meje;s zzwe;a;ZZ m;%fha mdjduq;a Ykauq.odika l,a,sfha fdayS
l%shd;a ma,jldrhska hhs lshd.;a we;e fjk;a l,a,sj, fdayS
mdjduq;a fya;= fldgf.k;a wfkla me;af;ka OfkaYajr rdcH
hka;%fha uokh fya;= fldg f.k;a 1969 w. Nd.fha wfma
ixOdk jevlghq;= iEfyk rg wvmK f.dia 1970 wfm%a,aj,
m<uq Oj, NsIKhg uqyqK mEug isjqKd' bkamiq .gu wmg
tfrysj fkdlvjdu Oj, NSIKh meje;=Kd' 1971 ud;=f th
w;sYhska W;aikak jk f;la" 1971 ud;= jk g ck;d uqla;s
34
fmruqK fndfyda ia:dkj, ia;%sla lgq olajd f.dvk.d ;snqK

w;r we;e ;ekays ;ju;a ia;%sla lgq ugu f.dvk.d
fkd;snqK fyhska ta ;ekaj, ldvjrekaf.a ixOdhl fld
u.ska lghq;= lrf.k .shd' f jljdkqj ;=< ia;%sla fld
taldnoaO fldg ixOdkh uOH.; lsu w;HjYH jqj;a mx;s
i;=rdf.a uokh fya;=fldgf.k ta i|yd mCI if,khla tl
;eklg le|u lsisfia;a W; jQfha keye' ^mx;shla ;sfhkfldg
w,a,kak hk ;;ajhla hgf;a mCI if,khla tl ;eklg
le|u Ialr h' tneka wfm%a,a wr.,hg iyNd.s jk g wms
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK f.dvk.d wjika ;snqfKa keye'&
uq, 1964 mgka u;jd wr.,h h;a l< wjia:df
mgka uu l=uk wmyiql ;snqK;a iduQyslj jev lsf yd
ixOdkd;aulj jev lsf wjYH;djh Wv l=vd lKavdhula ta
lghq;a; i|yd ixOdhl uKav,hla jYfhka f.dvke.=jd' tu
ixOdhl uKav,h u.skqhs" mCIh f.dvke.Su i|yd lghq;=
fufyhjqfKa' f ixOdhl uKav,h mj;ajdf.k hdu;a b;du;a
wmyiq jqKd' ukao ta i|yd jOkh jQ wh" W; wh ys`.uhs'
flfia fj;;a wm isk ;;ajh hgf;a iy is ksiqka iu.
bhg hd hq;=j ;snqKd' udlaia f,kskajdhd j;ah hq;af;a"
ls%hdl< hq;af;a ys;ska ujd.;a uk#l,ams; f,dalhl fkdj
h:d:jd mj;sk f,dalfhysh' tneka mej;=K ;;ajhka hgf;a
ug ls%hd;aul jkakg isjqKd' fuf,i m<uqfjkau f.dvk.k ,o
ixOdhl fldfhka j,hka yd b;du;a mrdNj.; jQjka
whska lr w;ska wh .kskao me/Ks ixOdhl fldh iqrejd
yer kj ixOdhl fld f.dvk.kao bhg f.k .shd'
^fuu ixOdhl fldfha uq, mgka fkdlvjdu isg we;af;a
uu;a" ik;a" lreKdr;ak& f ixOdhl fldhg ;uhs ka
foaYmd,k uKav,h hehs ykajkq ,nkafka' we;a; jYfhkau
wmg foaYmd,k uKav,hla ;snqfKa keye' uOHu ldrl iNdjla
;snqfK;a keye' ukao ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ta olajd by<g
ixOdkh fkd;snqK ksihs' kuq;a wjidk ld,fha if,khla
mj;ajk ;=re jeo.;a ;SrK .ekSug yd taldnoaO;djh mj;ajdf.k
hdu i|yd ia;s%la f,al iy Wm f,aljrekaf.kq;a ixOdhl
fldfhkq;a fjk;a fYaI wxYj, jevl< whf.kq;a iuka;
35
msila ;djld,slj le|jd th tla;rd wkaoul uOHu ldrl

iNdj fjkqjg ls%hd lrk fldhla yehg mj;ajdf.k wdjd'
fuh m<uqfjkau 1971 ckjd ueo /iajqKd' wka;su ld,fha ;snQ
ixOdhl fldh ud n,af,a isr f.or ish ik;a,d" lre,d
yd w;=,,d iska f;dard .kakd ,oaola' Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h m th
f;dard f.k we;af;a ud isrNdrhg .kakd wjia:df ^m<uqjr&
;snQ fldh iqrejd yefuka miqjhs' ud isr Ndrfha isg meKs
miq f .ek tl;ajhla ;snqfKa keye' tys ud iu. isfha
Whkaf.dv ifydaorhd muKhs'
mCIh ;du;a f.dvke.S ke;s wjia:df mCI ixOdk
w;r inkaO;djh mj;ajdf.k hdug;a mCIh bshg
f.khdf lghq;a; myiq lsu i|dy;a f,kska ryis.; ;;ajhka
;=< fujeks whqka jev l<d' f,kska f ms<sn|j zzjdudxYsl
fldhqksiajdoh <ore j,smamqjlsZZ fmdf;a 33 msgqf fufia
lshhs'''' zzwm mCIh ;=< kdhlhskaf.a wd{dodhl;ajhg reoaOj
ks;ru m%ydr t,a, jqKs' ug u;l yehg uq,skau tn myr
.ik ,oafoa 1895h' tl, ks, jYfhka mCIh ys fkd;snqKs'
tfy;a ta ld,fha lKavhj, kdhl;ajh ndr.ekSu i|yd Ydka;
mSgian.a kqjr uOHu lKavdhula f.dvk.k ,oafoah'''''ZZ
wms jevlf<a cd;Hka;r ma,jjd jHdmdrh ,nd we;s
ft;sydisl w;alSj,g wkqjhs'
mCI wNHka;rfha we;sjQ fNaohka''
01' Ou_fialr m%Yakh
Ou_fialr wmg yuqjk g Tyq ixfYdaOkjd mCIhl
idudlfhls' Tyqg tys ;ekla ke;slu .ek l,ls ishd' wms
ixfYdaOkjdkaf.a YsIH jHdmdrj, jev lrkakg mgka .;af;a
f .=frdf.a urKska l l,lg miqjhs' oHd,xldr irifha
jckfhka miq wialrkq ,enQ chfld wfma mx;sj,g wdjd' Tyq
u.skqhs Ou_fialr yuqjkafka' Tyq uq,a ojfiau ysi Wudf.k
iq`M OfkaYajr uu;ajfhka yd udkakfhka" kuq;a ysia T f.hla
we;sj wm fj; meK mCIh f.dvke.Sug reoaO nj;a ;sfnk
mCIhg k fkdhk nj;a mgka.kak tlla k i,ld n,k nj;a
wm iu. tl`.;ajhlg tkakg idlPd fkdlr Tyqf.a ;%hskag
m%ldYl igyka(
' 'whs'' Oufialr-j;udkfha wk.dl Oufialr
36
wm k msf,a T;a;=ldrhska hhs lshd wmg tl;= fkdjk f,i

lshd .shd' kuq;a wms .ek meye isg ^mx;sj,ska& chfld .gu
wm iu. jevlrkakg mgka.;a;d' oHd,xldrfha ixfYdaOkjd
YdLdjg wm mx;s ;shk g kej; Ou_fialr wdjd' miqj Tyq
ms<s.;a;d Tjqka le hk tl j<lajd .kakg;a"wm ;=<g x.d
ixfYdaOkjdkg T;a;= iemhSug;a Tyq wdj nj' wfma jHdmdrh
tod ixfYdaOkjdkg t<sor lf<a fudyqhs' miqj fudyq wfma
mx;s;a" m%;sm;a;s;a" jevlrk ffY,sh;a bf.kSug we;=<g x.=jd'
kuq;a th Wmka f.hsu fy<sor jqKd'
kla Tyqf.a i.hska lsysmfofkla mx;shla ;eug
le|jkjdhehs lshd ug l;d lr uu tys hk g Tyq tys
le|jd ;snqfKa Tyqg tk iji lf uqK.eiqK wfma iqis,a"
ksu,a uyrf.a" fm%aumd," ,aika hk whhs' wms tlsfkld y`kk
nj fkdo;a fudyq l< lmlu fy<sor jqKd' miqj msh;s,l
bfha fndre iajhx fpkhla lr mCIh ;=<g x.=jd' wfmka
jevlrk l%uh mx;s ish,a, bf.k wm <jdu l|jqre mj;ajdf.k
^ta w;r Tyqf.a ;% ixfYdaOkjd n id ixOdhl w.d
chfiak iu. lshd ;snqKd" wfmka ish,a, bf.k fjku tlla
idok nj'& Tyq jevl< m%foaYj, ksiqka lD;%Su f,i iq
OfkaYajr ugfuka Tyq jgd r|jd .ekSug Tyq jev l< nj
miqj Tmamq jqKd' tod mCIh .ek ljqre;a lsisjla lSf keye' f
;;ajh m%fhdackhg .;a fudyq ;ud jgd ksiqka f.dvk.d.;a;d'
uu Tyqf.a ksiqkag l|jqre l< wjia:dj, wjidkfha ud .sh
g Tyq lshd ;sfnkjd zzug wikSm ksid ud f.da,fhl= tjd'
mx;sh ;enqjd fyd|o@ ksyd fyd|g jev l<doehsZZ lshd' iq`M
OfkaYajr uu;ajh wkqj flreud f,i fmkS isug ish le;
jev l< fudyq miqj fydfrka l,a,s f.dvk.d .ekSug lghq;=
l< nj yeu ia;s%lalhlskau fy<sor jqKd' ta .ek weiqjdu
;j;a fkdlrk njg fmdfrdka f.da,hska <jd iQCIu f,i
fjk ia;s%lalj,g f.dia ;ukaf.a l,a,sh yokakg mgka .;a;d'
wjidkfha tka'ta'kkaois ,jd udj ryia fmd,sishg mdjd udj
fldgqlr ;nd ish l,a,s f.dvk.ka is fudyq tlu wiydh
ma,jjd kdhlhd nj;a" wm ma,jjdka fkdjk nj;a lshd
Tyqf.a f.da,hska ,jd m%pdrh lr yka ue;sjrKfha ;=ka yjq,
37
n,hg tk nj;a tg ma,jh l< fkdyels nj;a ta ksid 1970

wfm%a,aj, l;r ia;s%lalfha fmd,sisj,g myr isxyrdchg
^wvhg& miqnei igka mgka .kakd nj;a thg tl`.jk f,i;a
okajd ;hskao hejd'
fufia fokshdhg wd ;hd jQfha l=f keue;a;dhs' Tyq
je/ ;ekaj,g fldl= .eiSu ksid ;;ajh t<sor jqKd' miqj
wms Ou_fialrj idlPdjlg lef|jd' kuq;a Tyq wdf keye'
chfld,d wdjd' l=uka;%K ixfYdaOkjd msf,ka wd wh Tyq
lvdf.k ;snqKd' f jljdkqj jk g wmg Oufialr .ek
;kau iel my< ;snqKd' tk Tyqf.a mshd hQ'tka'mS' kdhlfhla"
.ldh iNdm;sjrfhla' Tyqu ms<s.;a;d Tyq;a uq, hQ'tka'mS'
ldrfhl= nj' Tyqf.a udud flfkl= jk .=Kr;ak ^riamqka&
kue;s ixfYdaOkjd .=rejrfhl= ksid Tyq ixfYdaOkjd ms,g
.sh nj' Tyq ma,jjdfhl= jQjd k fldhqksia mCIh folg
lefvk g Tyq k ms,g hd hq;=j ;snqKd' wfkla iri YsIH
YdLd k ms,g hoa fudyq reishka msf,au ishd' f ld,h
;=< ;ud oHd,xldr irifha oHdmSGh ixOdkh lsug
weulkaldrfhl= jQ uhsf,da jq,a*a wdf' wdishd;sl rgj, YsIH
jHdmdr w,a,d .ekSug hqyqiq jQ weuldkqjkag fyd| myiq
f.drla f,i Ou_fialr fmkSu mquhla fkdf' Ou_fialrf.a
mshd hQ'tka'mS' kdhlfhl= u Tyq;a merKs hQ'tka'mS'ldrfhl= u
ûdf,ajk {dKsiair ys Tyqf.a udud flfkl= fjkjdhehs Tyq ud
iu. yd chfld iu. lshd ;sf'& Tyq ma,jjdfhl= fkdu
ixfYdaOkjd fldhqksia mCIh ;=< ysh;a iri .shg
yeu hQ'tka'mS'ldrfhlau ixfYdaOkjd u mqreoaoh' lsisu udlaia
f,kskajd kqula Tyq ;=< fkd;su;a Tyq ;=< meijka ;snQ iq`M
OfkaYajr m%isoahg lEorlu;aa wd ish,a, wkqNj fldg Tyq
hexls prmqreI fiajhg ,s we;s nj iel lsu ksidh'
ixfYdaOkjd fudyqj mCIfha jevlghq;=j,g jeoao
fkdf.k we;af;a wm ;=< jQ f ielh wmu t<shg oukakg m%:u
f.dkdg biaika lr;a;h .shdfia Tyqu wmg Tyqf.a Tjg
i,k CIA f;dmamsh oukakg W;aidy l<d' Tyq hlsis hlska
1970 wms%fh,aj, fmd fldf,dmamula l<dk th m%fhdackhg
f.k wrdcH .e;s hQ'tka'ms'h uyd ue;sjrKh wfydaislr oud
38
wd{dodhl;ajhla f.dvk.kq we;' thg imQK iQodkula

;snqKd' f ;e; jH: lsug wm .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla jQfha
Tyq Tyqf.a ;% legfmdf,a iqu;smd, NsCIqj ,jd b,x.r;akg;a"
ta u.ska f' wdg;a wm wdKavqj fmr<kakg ;e;a orkjdhhs
kauhs' miqj Tyqf.a i.hska fofofkl= jk ynqre., chfialr
yd nKavdr.u frdiekav,a fmfrd iska udj mdjd fok ,'
f w;r;=r fld<U YajoHd,fha frdiekav,a fmfrd yg
y,dj;ska ,nd.;a msiaf;da,hla ud l;r.u iskjdhhs is;d
ud ueug ;a;r fjf<kafol= f,i frdiekav,a l;r.u ihsuka
îsmd,& ifydaorhdf.a f.org wer,d ;sfhkjd' g l,skao
jdiqfoaj kdkdhlaldr;a" fkakamd, yd lrkakdf.dv;a iu.ska
wm mCIfha isgf.ku wm mCIhg fydrd f.dia ryia idlPd lr
;sfhkjd' ^k.rj, ;sfhk ms<suj,g fndan .id ma,jh mgka
.kak hQ'tka'mS' iufha& fuh fy<sorjQfha Nd.Hlgfuka fuu
idlPdjg 'ta' .=Kfialr ifydaorhd;a hdu ksihs' uu n
isrf.or isk wjia:df ud f'wd' iska Tyqf.ka frd.kakg
ryfia weuldjg wer,d hhso isrf.or ;=< ke;ehso wj,do
ke.+ fudyq wfma jHdmdrh udj ksoyia l< miq jOkh jkg
th mdjdug lghq;= iuiudc mCIh iu. yjqf,a l<d'
Tyq legfmdf<a iqu;smd, u.ska weka'we' yd nkd
yuqf wmg tfrysj fmd ls%hd ud.hla ilia l<d' wr ft;sydisl
mpyE,a, fl,skau wefha nkd fidhsid <`.ghs' miqj thska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ m%;sM, fkd,o g wmj kdY lsug OfkaYajr
rdcH hdka;%Kh iu. l=uka;%Kh lr ie,eiaula ilia l<d'
jdiqfoaj kdkdhlaldr iu. yjqf,a Ou_fialr weulka ;dkdm;s
ldhd,hg myr kafka rdcH hdka;%Kh <jd wmj kdY
lr,Sughs' we;a; jYfhkau th tfiau ish' weulka ;dkdm;s
ldhd,hg myr u ys`Mjla' ;dkdm;s ldhd,hgj;a tys tla
ks,Odfhl=gj;a lsis ysyerhla fkdh' fmd,sia mCIl
uefuka isjQfha fmd,sish ma,jjdka iu. ;o ffjrhla
we;slr .ekSuhs' wfuldkq ;dkdm;s ldhd,hg myrkafka
th l,ska t<sorjQj;a wmg lsisjla l< fkdyels jkakghs' wm
th t<ssor l<d k wm CIA ldrfhda hehs lshkakghs' wfma
jHdmdrfha kdhlhd f'wdf.a mq;d hhs b,x.r;ak ,jd lsfhf
39
o Ou_fialrhs' f rf b;sydifha fkdjQ rE wkaoka .sksfldK

wdishdf wkalsis ;ekl ke;s wkaoka ke.S wd ma,jjd pKav
udre;h kdYlr u hexls pr mqreI fiajhg wjYHjQjla'
b;ska Tjqka ishfokdu tla Tjqkaf.a .e;a;d jQ Ou_fialr
m%fhdackhg .kska wmj kdYlr ug lghq;= l< nj ka
fydka f;are .; yelshs' Ou_fialr wo OfkaYajrh yd il,O
m%;s.d;ajh yuqf ish hq;=l fldgi iqjpj bgqlr OfkaYajrh
;=re,af,a ke<fjka is' CID tl mjd fuh ms<s.;a;d' fujeks
fdaysfhl= yd wmrdOldrfhl= wm w;r m%;sreoaO;djh" ;=re
m%;sreoaO;djlehs hfula lshhs k ta tlaflda Tyq ;;ajhka yd
is fkdokakd ksid h hq;=h' ke;ak Tyqg tu ;;ajhka yd
is ji`.d,Sf wjYH;djhla ;sh hq;=h'
02' ir;a m%Yakh
ir;a ifydaorh,d wmg yuqjk g isfha fmardfoKsfha
YajoHd,fha ksyd,a vhia lKavdhu ;=<hs' ksyd,a vhia ta jk g
wmg tfrysj lrk ,o idmrd fdayS ls%hd fya;=fldg f.k Tyqf.a
le; uqyqK fmardfoKsfha iudcjd YsIH ix.ufha idudlhka
bfha t<sor lr .kska ishd' ta 1968 w.Nd.fhah' wms
ir;a fisxy ifydaorhd yd iur;=x. ifydaorhd udjke,a,g
f.kajd kla rd;s%fha idlPd l<d' tg ir;aj;a" iur;=x.j;a
ud ljqhs k isfha keye' wms .ska .gu m%;sm;a;s ms<sn|
idlPd lsf m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tjqka wm iu. wfma kHdhg
miqj tl`. jqKd' kuq;a f ld,fhau l,Hdkkao,d;a ir;a
ifydaorhd iu. fjku idlPd lr we;s nj;a wmg wjfndaO
jqKd' k.kakg ,enqKd' fufia ll,la f. hdu;a iu.u
ienE ;;ajh wm f;aref.k we;ehs k.;a ir;a" iur;=x.
iy isjOk udj fmd,a.yfj, ir;a ifydaorh,df.a whsh,df.a
f.org le|jd ta ms<sn|j iajhx fpkhla lr wm iu.
fl,skau lghq;= lrf.k hdug tl`.;ajhlg mekqKd' miqj
fmd ohd ifydaorhd b;du;a wjxlju l,Hdkkao iu. ;snQ
inkaOl iy tys ienE ;;ajhkq;a th wfydais lsug Tjqkg
is jQ wkaou;a meye,s l<d' ta wkqj isoah fufiah'
wm ir;a ifydaorh,d uqK .efikakg mgka.;a
ld,iSudfu l,Hdkkao,d ir;a uqK .eiSug meK ;sfnkjd'
m%ldYl igyka(
' ir;a fisxy - 71 wr.,fha hf.dia ;sf'
40
kuq;a ir;a,d wmg m%:u l,Hdkkao,d iu. jevlghq;=

lrf.k hdu i|yd inkaOl Tjqkg ,nd ;sfnkjd' tfiau
th wfmka jix.d f.k ;sfnkjd' ta wkqjhs lE.,af,a ciaka
m%kdka ifydaorhdf.a whshd jk u,a m%kdka uyr.u .=re
wNHdi oHd,fha l,Hdkkaog inkaO lr we;af;a' .=reisxy
ifydaorhdo u,a u.ska fufia l<ska l,Hdkkaog inkaO
ishd' miqj ir;a ifydaorhdf.a fmj;sh jQ ,ska ,shkf.a
ifydaoh u.ska jevlsug l,Hdkkaog inkaOl l,Hdkkao
ta ifydaoh uqK .eiSug jdoajg wer ;sfnkjd' kuq;a ,ska
ifydaoh ms<snò ienE ;;ajh fkdo;a l,Hdkkao weh iu.
ir;a ifydaorhdg reoaOj l;d lr ;sfnkjd' tys wruqK
we;af;a ,ska ifydaoh ir;a ifydaorh,df.ka Tjqka fj; kd
.ekSuhs' ,sx ifydaoh fmardfoKsh irihg meK ir;ag
;;ajh fy<sor l<g l,Hdkkaog wjYHj ;snqfKa Tyq lghq;=
lf<a ir;a,d iu. iyfhda.fhka jev lsug fkdj ir;a,d
iu. jHdc ;%;ajhla fmkakq lr Tjqkaf.ka inkaOl
,ndf.k Tjqka iu. is ifydaorjreka l,Hdkkao,d fj; kd.
ekSu nj Tmamq jqKd' l,Hdkkaof.a iglmg l=uka;%Kld l%shd
ms<sfj; t<sorfuka wk;=rejhs" ir;a ifydaorh,d wm iu.
tl`.;ajhlg meK ienE f,i jevlsug neiafia' bka miqj
Tjqka wm iu. .gu jevlrf.k .shd' ir;a ifydaorhd iu.
is wh wm iu. tl`.fuka miqj;a Tjqka l,ska tlg isf
fya;=fjka ta ;=<ska f.dvke.S ;snQ ;%;ajh;a Tjqka lKavdhula
jYfhka wmg tl;=u;a Tjqka w;r ;snQ mqoa.,sl ne yd
inkaO;djhkq;a fya;=fldgf.k Tjqkaf.a fYaI .=,s.eiSf
iajNdjh;a tl, fmkS.shd' Ou_fialr,df.a ljd m%Yakh
wdg fmardfoKsfha isjOk m%uqL ifydaorjre ir;a,d ;=<skq;a
tjeks ;;ajhla we;sf.k hk njg lreKq bm;a l<d'
isjOk ifydaorhd bm;a l< lreKq ms<sn|j i,ld ne
we;e mCIhg wjxlju ys;j;al lajQ ifydaorjre tjeks
;;ajhla Wodu je<elaug lghq;= l< w;r l=udkdhl jeks
wh wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .ekSf wjia:djd le; ms<sfj;la
wkq.ukh lr ;sfnkjd'
41
ir;a ifydaorhdf.a ke.ksh jk iqis,d ifydaoh

iu. wm iu. inkaOjk g;a iur;=x. ifydaorhdf.a fm%au
inkaOhla ;snKd' tf,i fmd id ifydaorhd iqcd;d y|.u
ifydaoh iu. fm%au inkaOhla ;snqKd' ^mCIh fjdg reoaO
jQfha keye' mCIfha wkque;sh ,enqKd'& f {d;s inkaO;djh
mok lrf.k ta ifydaorjreka w;r .=,s.eiSula we;ehs
lreKq bm;a jqKd' l=udkdhl k ir;a ifydorhd;a" ,ska
ifydaoh;a iu. fmardfoksfha kj l,d.drfha ;%mg krUoa
krl hg yeisrefKa hehs hk fpdaokd bm;a lrka my;a
fmf<a jdis ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l< kuq l=udkdhl ljqhs
fy<sor ;sf' isjOk ifydaorhd bm;a l< m%Yakh
.ek i,ld n,d we;e ifydaorjreka îr;a" iur;=x." fmd
id hk ifydaorjreka fkdf'& lrk ,o iellghq;= yd je/
m%ldYk fya;=fldgf.k ;;ajh ne?re we;s nj f;are .;a
wms ljdohla f.dvfkdkef.k fia lghq;= lrk f,i Wmfoia
.gu ir;a ifydaorhd;a iu. bhg jevlghq;= lrf.k
.shd' bkamiq ir;a ifydaorhd b;du;a oCI f,i jev l<d' Tyq
iu. fyda iur;=x. fmd id jeks ifydaorjreka iu. fyda wmg
u;fNao we;sjqfKa keye' ir;a ifydaorhd Tjqka rE j.lSj,ska
lsis fklj;a mCIh iska fkrmd oud ;snqfKa keye' wjidk
ld,fha ir;a ifydaorhd lE.,af,a ia;s%la f,al jYfhkq;a
fmd id ifydaorhd Wm ia;%sla f,al jYfhkq;a jevlghq;=
lrka ishd' uq, jHdmdrhg ir;a ifydaorjre ms<sn| iel
lsug isjQfha Tjqka l,Hdkkao,d iu. ryis.;j inkaOl
mj;ajdf.k hdu jHdmdrhg t<sor u ksidh' miqj tjeks
;;ajhla we;s fkdh' Ou_fialr,d fuka Tjqka mlaI fdaySka
fkdjQy' Yd, f,i jHdmdrhg lem jevl< wh jQy'
03' w;=, ik;a m%Yakh
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ;=< w;=,,d yd ik;a,d iu.
we;sjQ u;fNaohg yd tys jOkhg .= b;sydihla ;sfnkjd' tys
ienE moku k me/Ks kuq;a jOkh fkdjQ woCI yd foaYmd,k
wjfndaOfhka ySk wh;a kuq;a miqj jHdmdrhg inkaO jQ tfy;a
oCI blaukska jOkh jQ yd foaYmd,k wjfndaOfhka je wh;a
w;r ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ;=< m%;sreoaO;djhla f.dvkef.ka
m%ldYl igyka(
ik;a fndrleh - .=rejrfhls' 65 m<uq idlPdjg iyNd.s Wkd'
71 wr.,fha hf.dia ;sf'
42
;snqKd' fukak f m%;sreoaO;djfha me/Ks wh jvd jOkh

jQ yd ;yjqre jQ kjlhskaf.a b.uk ms<s.ekSu m%;sfCIm l<
fyhska th uqyql=rd .sfhah' fuys jHdmdrh ;=<g x.df.k is
fdaySka iy fkdfhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fya;=fjka jHdmdrh ;=<g
x.d ta n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka hkq olsoa jHdmdrhg fdayS i;=re
mi .;a wh;a f m%;sreoaO;djhka id:l f,i mx;s i;=rdf.a
m%;sma,h M, m%fhdackh i|yd fhdojd .kq ,eK'
ik;a,d" lrE,d jHdmdrfha wdrNl idudlhska nj
we;a;h' ik;a 1970 wfm%a,a udifha mgka mQKld,Skhl= jYfhka
jevl< nj we;a;h' lreKdr;ak 1970 fkdjen udifha mgka
mQKld,Sk idudlfhla nj we;a;h' f,dl= w;=, 1965 w.
jHdmdrhg inkaO jQ nj;a 1968 isg mQKld,Skfhl= jYfhka
jev l< nj we;a;h' kuq;a fudjqka jev lf<a ;u yelshdjka
wkqjhs' foaYmd,k jYfhka" kHdhd;aul jYfhka fudjqkaf.a
jOkh iSudiys; h' fudjqkag jvd miqj jHdmdrhg inkaO jQ
iuyr wh foaYmd,k wjfndaOh w;skq;a kHdhd;aul ugu w;skq;a
ma,jjd yelshdj w;skq;a fudjqka wNsNjkh lrka bhg hkq
we;eg fmfkkakg h' jHdmdrh l,ska l=vd lKavdhula f,i
meKs wjia:df Tjqka i;=j ;snQ n,h miqj |je hkq Tjqkg
fmkS hkakg h' wfkla me;af;ka Ou_fialr,d jeks fdaySka
jHdmdrh ;=<g x.d .ekSu ;=<ska we;sjQ ;;ajh ;=<ska fudjqkag
;u ;;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSug h ls%hdud. .ekSf yelshdjlao
jHdmdrh ;< Wod h' 1970 ud isrNdrhg m;ajk g jHdmdrh
uq`Mukskau ixOdkh lr fkd;sKs' 1964 - 1965 isg wms 1969 - 1970
olajd lrf.k hk ,oafoa meye,sju u;jd wr.,hla muKs'
ma,jhla lsug ma,jjd mCIhla wksjdhfhkau ;sh hq;=h'
ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvke.Sug k ma,jjdka iuqyhla ish
hq;=h' kuq;a tl, ma,jjdka iuQyhla f rg ;=< fkdishy'
ma,jjdka ysjkqfha mS; mx;s ckldhla ma,jjd oYkhla
.%yKh lr.ekSfuka muKlehs udlaia wjOdrKh lr ;sf'
me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrh m%;sixialrKjd f fya;=fjka
tu.ska mS; nyqck;dj fj;g ma,jjd oYkh;a .%yKh
lrula fkdh' fukak f fya;=fjka ienE ma,jjdka jQ wmg
wjHdc udlaia f,kskajdka jYfhka yd mqrd lsug ;snQ l;jH
m%ldYl igyka(
' w;=, ksu,is chisxy - 71 wr.,fhka miq rcfha idCIslrejl= h'
43 miqj fmd fmruqKq wdKavqf ksfhdacH weu;sjrfhl= h'
k ma,jjd u;jdoh f rg ;=< ch.%yKh lrug ma,jjd

oYkh f rf ck;djg .%yKh lrug m%;sma,jjd
OfkaYajr u;jdohg reoaOj ma,jjd u;jdoh k.disgqug
u;jd wr.,hla lsuhs'
tf,i wms m<uqfjka k ms, ;=< u;jd wr.,hla
h;a lf<uq' th k ms, me/Ks m%;sixialrKjd
fldhqksia mCIfhka ysfoS ;uka fj; Wreu lrf.k
meKs m%;sixialrKjd isoaOdka;hkag;a" im%odhkag;a"
l%shdud.hkag;a" jevms<sfj<g;a" ixOdk l%uj,g;a tfrysj
jQjla h' th k ms, ;=< udlaia f,kska frda m%;sm;a;s iy
l%shdudhkag;a ixOdk l%uj,g;a tfrysjQ mCI wNHka;r
wr.,hla h' fuu mCI wNHka;r wr.,fha ;u mrdch gq
me/Ks m%;sixialrKjd fdayS kdhl;ajh fkdfhla iglmg
Wml%uj,ska wmj ka g mCIfhka fkrmd yk ,' ka
wk;=rej wms rf fkdhla ;ekaj, u;jd wr.,h mq,a f,i
lrf.k .sfhuq' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhkqhs uQ,sl idlPdjla iy
miqj mx;s 5la ysjQfha' mx;s 5 u.ska wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha
ck;djf.a tfkod m%Yak udlaiajd oYkhl msysgd ck;djg
.%ylr uhs" tu.ska ck;dj udlaiajd oYkh foig weo
.ekSuhs' mx;s my wm iska ykajkq ,enQfha zz j;udk foaYmd,k
;;ajh iy ksOk mx;s ma,jjdka i;= lghq;a; hkqfjksZZ
tu.ska ck;djg mj;sk" ck;djg f;are .; fkdyels jQ"
ck;djg i|d.; fkdyelsjQ fjk iudc m%Yak oa>gkd;aul
f,i .%ylr tajdfha fya;= tajd ys we;s ie j;udk ;;ajh
olajd ys we;s ie tajdfha wkd.; .uka udj; yd tajdg we;s
ienE i bm;a lrk ,'
fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ck;dj ;=< udlaiajd
oYkh flfrys Yajdihla we;s lrk ,' ta wkqjhs"
u;jd wr.,h ;jrg;a bhg f.khka ck;djg udlaia
f,kskajd wjfndaOhlaa ,ndfokq jia foaYmd,k l|jqre mj;ajkq
,enqfha' fuu foaYmd,k l|jqrej, udlaia f,kskajd oYkh
ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,ndu ;=<ska udlaia f,kskajd
oYkh .%yKh lr.;a ma,jjdka oyia .Kkla yslr,Sug
lghq;= lr we;' fujeks wOHdmk l|jqre iy mx;s meje;au
44
w;ska wms me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrh wNsnjd fndfyda bhg

f.dia isk nj lsisfjl=g;a m%;sfCIam l< fkdyel' wm iska
rg mqrd uyd mudKfhka ma,jjd u;jd wr.,hla lr we;s
nj ljrodjlj;a wfma mx;s i;=rkag mjd lsisfia;au jikal<
fkdyelalla we;' fuf,iska u;jd wr.,hla bhg lrf.k
hdf m%;sM,hla jYfhka rgmqrd ma,jjdka ysu;a iu. th
;j;j;a uyd mudKfhka m<,a lsf wjYH;djh;a yelshdj;a
we;s h' wfkla w;g th fmrg jvd ixOdkd;aulj lrf.k
hdf wjYH;djho Wodh' f wkqj rgmqrd u;jd wr.,h
;jrg;a lrf.khdug ldvjreka ^mQKld,Skhska& ;kk ,'
ta iu.u u;jd wr.,h tf;la h;alr fkd;snQ m%foaYj, th
h;a lsu i|yd tf,i ifydaorjreka jefhka is m%foaYj,ska
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha ft;sydisl w;alSj,g
wkqj hka ldvjreka hjk ,'
tl, ma,jjd mCIhla f.dvke.sh hq;af;a flfiao@
f.dvke.sh yelafla flfiao@ hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re fif
cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha w;alSuq;a wfma rf
me/Ks jdudxYsl jHdmdrh wmg Wreu lrf.k hk wNdjdpl
w;aoelSu f,i yeoErE wm ;SrKh lf<a fuys ma,jjd
jHdmdrhla f.dvke.sh hq;af;a by< isg my<g fkdj my< isg
by<g njhs' 1970 wfm%a,a jk g wm mCI YdLd" .%dh fld"
m%dfoaYSh fld" m%dfoaYSh ia;s%la fld hk f,iska jHdmdrh
f.dvke.Sug lghq;= mgkaf.k ;snqKd muKs' tu ls%hdud.h
lsisfia;a wjika fkd;sKs' jHdmdrh uq,u u;jd wr.,h
lrf.k hka ish fkdfhla m%foaYj, jevl< hq;= w;r
inkaO;djhla mj;ajd.ekSug;a hlsis ixOdk ugula
mj;ajd .ekSug;a inkaO;d fldhla fyj;a ixOdhl
fldhla meje;sK'
th 1965 uehs udifha isgu meje;s jHdmdrfha jevlghq;=
fkdlsu;a jHdmdrh .ek Wkkajla fkdlau;a jHdmdrh yuqf
ish hq;=l bgqlsug fkdyelsu;a hk fya;=fjka O wh O
ld,j, fuhska whskajQ w;r kjl WfoHdaa.S ls%hdYS,S iy oCI
jOkh jQ wh thg we;=`M lrk ,' th uOHu ldrl iNdjla
fyda foaYmd,k uKav,hla fkdh' fuu ixOdhl fldh ud
45
m<uqjr isrNdrhg .kakd g 21 fofkl= olajd m<,a lr ;sKs'

tksidu th tl, y`kajkq ,enQfha 21 hkqfjks' tu.ska m%foaY
w;r wka; inkaO;djla mj;ajdf.k hdu;a jHdmdrh my<
isg by<g ixOdkh lsu fufyh u;a lsug W;aidy .eksK'
uq, mgka fkdlvjdu f fldfha uu;a" lrE;a" ik;=;a muKla
isg we;s kuq;a ud m<uqjrg w;awvx.=jg .;a;dg miq m<uq jk
NSIK iufha jHdmdrfha kdhl;ajh ik;a w;g .ekSfuka
miq ik;a yd lrE Tjqka iu. iyfhda.fhka jevlsug f,dl=
w;=,;a fhdodf.k ;sK' fudjqka ;sfokd iska f ld,h ;=< zz21
uKav,hzz iqrejd yer ;sK' thg fya;=j jYfhka lajQfha
21 uKav,fha is we;e ifydaorjre NSIKhg Tfrd;a;= fkdka
nj;a we;euqka is;eka mjd fidhd.; fkdyels jQ nj;a h'
wfkla w;g ta NSIK iufha miqng fkd fl,ska is
whhehs" '' is,ajd" l=udkdhl" isis,apka" ,CIauka udjf.a"
iqkkao" wkqr" Okmd, jeks wh yekajQjd' lsisfjl= tl,
/ljrKh fkdfok wjia:djl '' is,ajdf.a f.or;a f,dl=
w;=,,df.a f.or;a muKlau Tjqkag fld<ka /ljrK ia:dk
jQ nj;a wkqr;a iqkkao;a l=udkdhl;a NSIKhg nfha mekf.dia
is ia:dkj, jev l< nj;a isis,apka ta wudre kj, mjd
,Ss*a, m;s%ld fudag r:j,ska rgmqrd f.k.sh nj;a kqjrt<shg
m<uq kvq kfhau ksNS;ju isis,apka yd ,CIauka udjf.a
.sh nj;a Okmd, Yd, m;Hd.hla l< nj;a tl, NSIK iuh
;=< jHdmdrfha jev lghq;= lrf.k hdug b;sj isfha Tjqka
lsysmfokd muKla nj;a Tjqka i|yka l<d' ta ld,h ;=< ;uhs
ud isrNdrh ;=< ish 21 fldh iqrejd yer w;a ixOdhl
fldhla f wh we;=`M fldgf.k yodf.k ;sfnkafka' uq, mgka
uu thg tl`.jqfKa keye' ud isrNdrfha isg ksoyia wd g
fudjqka iska we;slrf.k ;snQ taldldrhg tfrysj tla me;a;lska
igka lsf yelshdjla ug ;snqfKa keye' wfkla me;af;ka uu
meje;s ;;ajh;a yye f;are .;af;a keye' f u;fohka
mgka .;af;a ysf isg ud ksoyia wd uq,a kj, isguhs' 1970
cQ,s 14 jk od foHdaoh YajoHd,fha m<uq foaYkh i|yd"
ksoyia lsfuka k 4lg miq ud fld<U meKs g foaYkfhka
miq rd;%sh ug fld<U kej;Sug ik;a" f,dl=f.a" w;=, iy lrE
m%ldYl igyka(
iqkkao foaYms%h 46
iska ms<sfh, lr ;snqfKa '' is,ajdf.a f.orhs' kuq;a uu thg

tod tl`.jqfKa keye' ta ryia fmd,sisfha ''is,ajdf.a;a" fmd
w;=,f.a;a mska;+rhla ug fmkakQ g uu Tjqka ykkafka ke;ehs
lshd ;su ksidh' ka ryia fmd,sisfhka ud .ek fi,af,ka is
fyhska fld<U meKs uq,a kfhau tfia w`kkafka ke;ehs lshQ
mqoa.,hdf.a f.orgu hdu kqiqiq nj;a ud lS kuq;a fld<U ''
f.a f.org jvd wdrCIl ia:dkhla ke;ehs ;l lrka '';a
f,dl= w;=,;a ik;=;a lrE;a ;ka ud iu. yemamqKd' ug tys hd
hq;=uhs n, l<d'
isrNdrfha isg ud wd g ik;a" lrE" f,dl= w;=, we;=`M
msi ug f,i wdorh lrk nj fmkajka frdiekav,a
udj ueug l;r.u f.dia ;sf lreK i|yka lrka uf.a
i;=rkaf.ka udj f,i miai l< hq;= hhs lshka jrla ud
;kshu isg yiqjQjd hhso kej;;a tfia yiqug bvh fkdyels
hehs o lshd ud wdrCId lsug Wkkajla olajk nj fmkajka
uu uf.a wdrCIdj .ek fkd;lkafkah hhs lshka zzfr
ifydaorhdg fudllay lf<d;a jHdmdrhg jkafka l=ulahszz
lshka ta wkqj udj Tjqkaf.a Bkshd wdrCIl mshjrj,aj,g
m;a lrkq ,enqjd' ud ksoyia l< kfha nKavdrfj,uhs
fhdackd lf<a ik;a" lrE" w;=, we;=`M ish fokd bmsgu
,CIauka udjf.a;a" isis,apka;a uf.a wdrCIlhska yehg'
tfia rf jefhkau jevlr we;s m%foaY yehg iy
Yajdiodhl m%foaYhla yehg wn,kaf.dv i|yka lrka uu
wn,kaf.dv kej;sh hq;= hehso fhdackd l<d' f fhdackdjg ud
;on, f,i reoaO jqKd' uu wfma f.or isgf.k jev lsug
leue;a; m<l<d' kuq;a wfma f.or lsisfia;a wdrCIs; fkdjk
nj;a jefhka jevlr ;snQ m%foaYhla fkdjk nj;a i|yka
lrka ug wn,kaf.dv kj;skakg tk f,i ug .ska .gu
n, l<d' 1967 mgkau .d ia;s%lalfha jevlr ;snqfKa ik;ah'
isis,apka;a" ,CIauka udjf.a;a wjfYaI wn,kaf.dv wh fukau
ik;a iu. <`.skau weiqre l< uq, mgkau ik;af.a ;=rkah'
fudjqka fofokd ik;af.a Wmfoia msg uf.a yeu lghq;a;lau
md,kh lsug hdf fya;=fjka jel,a fkdf.diau ug Tjqka
iu. m%;sfrdaO;d yod.ekSug ish' ud lE hq;af;a fldfykao@
47 'm%lla
dYl igyka(
g whsjka - rdjh l;=jrhdh
fkdlEhq;af;a fldfykao@ uu idlPdj,gh hdhq;af;a fldydgo

fkdhd hq;af;a fldydgo@ ud yuqug mefKk ifydaorjrekag
thg bv fokjdo@ keoao@ hk f ish,a, fudjqka w;a;fkdau;sl
f,i md,kh lrkakg mgka .;a;d'
wn,kaf.dv /iafuka miqk iqkkaof.a kx.s lukS;a"
im;S;a mQK_ld,Sk jevg weug isjqKd' ta jkg lukS;a
im;S;a jev lsu ;=<ska m%foaYfha fy<sor ;snqKd' wfkla
me;af;ka jev lsug Tjqkaf.a f.j,a iska f,i ndOd muqKqjd
;snqKq fyhska Tjqkag mQK_ld,slhka jYfhka jevlsug hdug
wjYH ne yd Bg ms<sfj<la iQodk lr fok f,i Tjqka ik;a
u.ska jHdmdrfhka b,a,d ;snqKd' miqj th ugo okajkq ,enqjd'
Woa.; we;s ;;ajh ;=< tlaflda Tjqka jHdmdrfha jevlghq;=
keje;ah hq;= nj;a ke;fyd;a jHdmdrfha jev ;jrg;a lsu
i|yd Tjqka mQK_ld,Skhka jYfhka fjk;a m%foaYj,g heh
hq;= nj;a Tjqka kajQjd' ia:dk ms<sfh< lrk f;la l kla
bjikak hehs ik;a Tjqkag lshd ;snqKd' kuq;a im;S,df.a f.or
iu. .egqu W.% im;S;a" lukS;a Tjqkaf.a f.orj,a iu.
;ry we,amsfha im;S,f.a kE f.orlg f.dia ;snqKd' tys
isg isis,apkaf.a kug im;S;a lukSs;a jHdmdrhg ,smshla tjd
;snqKd' Tjqka f.oka mekf.dia isk nj;a jHdmdrfha jev
lghq;= i|yd jydu fhdojd .kakd f,i;a okajd ta wn,kaf.dv
/iaug k follg fmrhs' Woa.; we;s ;;ajh f;are.;a uu
m%Yakhg ;djld,sl ms<shula jYfhka f ifydaohka fofokdg
kej;Sug iy jev lsug ik;a ia:dkhla ms<sfh< lrfok
f;la Tjqka wfma f.or k lsysmhlg keje;a jQjd' ik;a iy
iqkkao hk fofokdu fodvkaf wh' iqkkaof.a ;d;a;d tl .f
jeishka jYfhka ik;ag W.kajd ;sfnkjd' tneka iqkkaof.a
mshd ik;af.a .=rejrfhlao h' f ksid iqkkao,d;a ik;=;a w;r
uq, mgkau fm!oa.,sl mjq,a inkaO;djhla mej;sK' f fya;=
fldgf.k l,ska iqkkao mQK_ld,Sk jevg .sh wjia:df ik;a
iqkkaof.a mshd iu. iudodkhlg t<U ;snqKd' lukS mQK_ld,Sk
jevg hdf m%Yakh ik;ag fm!oa.,slju n,mEjd' iqkkaof.a
mshd;a uj;a ik;a iu. f m%Yakh l;dlr lukS;a" im;S;a
wdmiq f.kajdug ik;a fmdfrdka ;snqKd' Bg miq ik;a
48
'' is,ajdf.a f.or tku f,dl= w;=," ''" lrE" Okmd,"

l=udkdhl" isis,apka jeks wh iu. f ms<sn|j ug reoaOj
idlPd lr ;snQ nj k.kakg ,enqKd' miqj isis,apka;a
Tyqf.a wud;a l=udkdhl;a iska f ifydaohka fofokd wdmiq
Tjqkaf.a ksfjiaj,g Tjqkaf.a wlue;a; msgu le|jdf.k f.dia
;snqKd' g i;s lsysmhlg miq f ifydaohka fofokd kej;;a
mQK_ld,Sk jev i|yd n,a,g ksfjiaj,ska .shd'
udj isrNdrhg .;ag '',df.a f.or m<uqfjkau
wxckula n,d ;sfnkjd' ta wkqj '';a Tyqf.a |;a Ndrhlau
i|yd wkqrdOmqrhg f.dia ;sfnkjd' kuq;a ik;a" lrE" w;=,
jeks wh fuh uf.ka jika l<d' u,.=K ifydaorhdf.ka
fuh k.;a miq uu th jika lsu ms<sn|j;a tjeks oE lsu
ms<sn|j;a Tjqkag fpdaokd l<d'
m<uqjeks yhsmdla /,sfhka miqj f,dl= w;=, iska
/ia meje;aug reoaOj u;hla bm;a lrk ,' fuhg
tla m%Odk fya;=jla jYfhka lajQfha m%isoaO /iaj, l;d
lrk g fr ifydaorhdg i;=rka iska fj;nd h
yelsh hkakhs' msg m<d;aj, ifydaorjre mjd fuu u;h ;ka
oukjd hehs Tyq lSjd' ksoiqkla jYfhka l=reKE., fyar;a
ifydaorhd ta .ek wjOdrKfhka i|yka l< nj;a Tyq lSjd'
miq lf,l m%;sreoaO;d W;aikak u;a iu. we,amsfha
l=re.yye;emaf meje;ajQ /iafuka miq fmnrjd 27jkod
yhsmdla /,sh f;lau tlaj m%isoaO /ia meje;ajQfha keye'
ud isrNdrfha ish ixOdk jev lghq;= ik;a iska
Tyqf.a w;g f.k ;sK' ud isrNdrfhka ksoyia l< miq;a th
tfiau ;sK' ta ud iska m%pdrl lghq;= fufyhug mgka .;a
neks' kuq;a l l,lg miq ik;a ixOdk lghq;= meyer yk
njg .ska .gu fpdaokd .,d wdjd' ynkaf;dg ia;s%lalhg k
kshu fldg lsysm j;djla fkd.sh nj;a" W;=re ueo m<d;g yd
wmdrgo tfiau jQ nj;a fkdtla g k.kakg ,enqKd' f m%Yakh
Wv;a tla me;a;lsla u;fNao W.% jqKd' ik;af.a f wldhlaIu
jevms<sfj< fya;= fldgf.k ta jk g we;e ia;s%la fld ;=<
u;fNao we;s" tajd W.% we;e ia;%slalj, m%;sreoaO" ia;s%la
49
fld fol ne.ska mj;sk ;;ajhlao Wod ;snqKd' fujeks

;;ajhka wkqrdOmqrfha" fmdf<dkakref iy ynkaf;dg meje;S
we;' we;e ;ekays ik;a wNHka;r u;fNao i`f mCI.%dyS
we;ehso fpdaokd ,eKs' tf,i ik;af.a mdi,a YsIHfhl= jQ
wkqrdOmqrfha ia;s%la f,al chisxyf.a iy w;=,f.a f.da,fhl=
jQ rka;af.a me;a; .;af;a hehso fmdf<dkakref u;fNaoj,
.d ia;%slalfhka fmdf<dkakrejg yk ,o iqis,af.a me;a;
.;af;a hehso jd;d h'
''" lrE" Okmd, jekakka wr by; lS ixOdhl
uKv,fha ish;a mQKld,Sk fkdu .ek uq,skau ud iska
fpkh lrk ,' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka lreKdr;ak muKla
1970 fkdje' 10 k mgka mQKld,Sk jevg tk ,' Okmd,
mQKld,Sk jevg kdjd muKla fkdj wkqka,jd jev lru;a"
yeu fohlau wkqka msg ;eu;a fndre lhsjdre .eiSu;a muKlau
lrk mqoa.,fhla yehg fpkh flK' '' jev fkdlf<d;a
Tyqg iEu jevla .eku k.ekSug ;snQ Wjukdjka yeu
;eklgu yeu fohlgu wes,s .eiSu;a Tyqf.a f.or idlPd
i|yd ifydaorjreka le|ug tmd hehs ;yk lr ;sh;a th
.Kka fkdf.k yeu flfklau Tyqf.a f.org le|u;a" yeu
idlPdjlau Tyqf. f.or meje;aug W;aidy lsu;a" tu.ska
jHdmdrh .ek yeu fohlau k.ekSug lghq;= i,id .ekSu;a"
ryia fmd,Sisfha Tyqf.a mska;+rhla ;ssh mjd Tyqf.a f.org
fu;r fik.la hoa Tiaukaf.a f.org ojig fo;=ka j;djla
lvd mksk fmd,sish iy ryia fmd,sish fudyqf.a ksjig tl
j;djlaj;a lvd fkdmeKSu;a ^1971 ud;= w. olajdu fmd,sish
Tyqf.a ksjig .sfha ke;'&" Tyq f,alayjqisfha f .=frdldrfhl=
f,i t<sor ;sh;a f,alayjqish Tyq .ek lsisu mshjrla
fkd.ekSu;a Tyqf.a |;a orejkq;a jHdmdrfha j.lsjhq;=
kdhlhka tu f.org .sh g lajQ wdl,amhka Tyq l,ska 1965
ue;sjrKfha uyck tlai;a fmruqfKa isg hQ'weka'ms'hg f.dia
is nj jika lrf.k ;su;a jHdmdrhg fydfrka w;=, u.ska
udiam;d mqrd udi 10la re' 500 ne.ska jHdmdrfhka ,ndf.k
;su;a jHdmdrfha wruqof,ka yd Y%ufhka l=iais ldur folla
jeisls<shla yd kdk ldurhla idojd ;su;a Tyq l,ska jHdmdrhg
50
inkaO fkdjqfKA k le,sf*dakshdjg hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka

is nj jHdmdrfha we;e ifydaorjrekag mjid t<sor
;su;a jev lrkjd fjkqjg jHdmdrfha f;dr;=re imhd
.ekSug lghq;= lsu;a ishq f,i jHdmdrhg iy ug tfrysj
lvdlma,ald wj,do jHdmdrhla h;a lsu;a fya;=fldgf.k
fudyq .ek ;ka iel my< ;snqKd' ^'' ixOdhl uKav,fhka
fkrmSu ik;a,df.a w;=,,df.a" lrE,df.a frdaO;d ksid l<
fkdyels h' ukao@ ixOdhl uKav,fha je fokla ta me;a;g
isu;a Whkaf.dv;a uu;a f me;a;g iSu;a ksidh' tfy;a
fld<U id fld idlPdjlg uu f.dia Tyq ia;s%la f,al
OQrfhka fkrmSug fhdackd fldg th iu; lr .;af;ah' ta
fjkqjg Tiauka m;alsug l< fhdackdjo iu; h' ''o tu
idlPdjg iyNd.s h'& jHdmdrfha wruqo,a wh:d f,i w;=,
iska myrKh lr we;ehs 1970 w. jk g fkdtla idOl wkqj
Tmamq fjka ;snqKd'
uqo,a myrKh ms<sn|j lsish iEySulg m;ah yels
jd;djla bm;a lsug f,dl= w;=,gj;a" ik;agj;a nerej
.shd' ,CIauka udjf.a wdhdifhka jixlr f.k is Tyq ms<sn|
h:d:h ^p;h iy ls%hd mmdh .ek& wmsg fy<sor jQ
nj k .ekSfuka Tyq wm iu. WrK jqKd' uq,skau Tyq iu.
m%;sfrdaO;d f.dvke.=fka fudyqg jev lrk f,i kajQ ghs'
fudyq l=iS; lka jev fkdlr kslx isug mqrej isfhah' fudyq
fnd.dlka wial< g ;j;a u;fNao we;slr.;a;d' fuf,i
1970 w. jk g {d;s inkaO;djh mok fldg.;a w;=, '"
is,ajd" l=udkdhl l,a,shl=;a Ôkmd,;a thg inkaO jQKd'&
m%foaYjdoh mok fldg.;a wn,kaf.dv l,a,shl=;a ik;a"
,CIauka udjf.a" issis,apka" iqkkao" wkqr ^ljqre;a f l,a,s
fol w;f ishd& ys jqKd' ;ukaa wh:d wkaoka r|jdf.k is
n,h wysf ;ckhla ;uka lr we;s je/ fy<sorfh hk
hla olaIhska bhg hdf yelshdjka yuqf fmd wNs,dIfhka
f l,a,s folu tlg tl;= lrf.k .shd'
jHdmdrh ;=< tys ixjOkfha fYaI;ajhka yd thg
uqyqK ug isjQ fYaI;ajhka Wmfhda.S lrf.k jHdmdrh ;=<
51
whqla;s iy.; f,i yslrf.k isug yels jQ n,h ;jrg;a

/l.ekSfuka tajd ;yjqre lr.ekSf;a wruqKska hq;=j f,dl=
w;=," ''l=udkdhl l,a,sh;a tys miqmi is tys iyprhskq;a
ik;af.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a wn,kaf.dv l,a,sh;aa tys msgqmiska
is iyprhkq;a tlg tl;= tlu fdayS l,a,shla jYfhka
lghq;= lrf.k hk ,' fdaySka w;r fuu iu.sh fld;r
rg mej;=kdoh;a '' is,ajdf.a f.or 1971 fmnrjd ui uq,
';a Tyqf.a |;a iska y;r jk jrg mCIh .ek wxckula
ne g ik;a" isis,apka iy ,CIauka udjf.a;a thg iyNd.S
we;' fuys w;a kdhl;ajhla .ek;a w;a kdhl;ajhlska
ma,jh lsf yelshdj;a wxckfuka uid ;sf' f lKavdh
fofla tl;= ug ;j;a fmd lreKq .Kkdjla n,mEjd'
fof.d,a,kau mCI wruqo,a jxpd lr ;snqKd' jHdmdrfhka fndfyda
foa jixlrf.k ;snqKd' woCI;djh yd wvq ixjOkh;a Tjqka
w;r fmd .=Kdx.hla jqKd'
1971 ud;= 2 jeksod fyda 3 jeksod rd;S% f,dl= w;=,
fhkaf.dv" ov.uqf Tyqf.a ;% ;s,lr;akf.a wlaldf.a
ksjfia ;s,lr;ak iy ikS iu. udj ueug l=uka;%Khla
ilialr ;snQ nj;a th fjk;a i;=rkaf.a mska ;eug lghq;=
i,id ;snQ nj;a ;s,lr;akf.a u,a,S jk lvj; wurisxy
^fudyqo w;=,f.a fyd| ;=frls'& iska ov.uqj rcuy ydrfha
jHdmdrhg inkaO yskula iu. mjid tu.ska wmg k.kakg
,eKs' fuh ik;a,d k is nj muKla fkdj Tjqkao fuhg
tl;ajlska is njg idCIs ;sf'
1971 ud;= 06jeksod ug fydfrka ia;s%la f,aljre
wn,kaf.dvg le|jd mdjd ug lghq;= l< g ik;a,d" lrE,d
thg reoaO fkdjQjd muKla fkdj ik;a" ''f.a mKsjqvh f.k
th ud;r iqis,ag fkdokajd mekaia whshd yuqug l;r.u f.dia
;sKs' ud;= 06 jeksod Ou_fialr,d weulka ;dkdm;s ldhd,hg
myrka ojihs' tk wn,kaf.dvg id f,aljre ish fokdu
le|jd ;sKs' ^wn,kaf.dv ksfjia ish,a, fy<sor ;sKs'&
kuq;a l=ula h yelsj ;snqKo@ ta'tia'mS" flfkla hgf;a md,kh
jQ f,dl= fmd,sishla jQ wn,kaf.dv fmd,sishg Tjqka ish fokdu
fldgq lsug fkdyels f hehs ldg lsj yelso@
52
Tjqkaf.a fdaysl jxpdjka yd je/ jikalr.ekS

i|yd ish nxfldf,d;a Wml%u wid:l jQ g ik;a,d" w;=,,d
jHdmdrhg fydfrka ug fydfrka Tjqkag ys;j;a m%foaYj, myr
lrkakg uu ma,jjdfhl= fkdjk nj yxjvq .eiSug;a Tjqka
jHdmdrhla h;a l<d' w wdhqo Tjqka < ;su;a" ia;s%lal
lsysmhlu in|l Tjqka w; ;su;a" l,ska ik;af.a b,a,Su msg
mQKld,Skhska je hehs i|yka lrka yd Tjqka m%foaYfha ;ka
t<sor we;s nj lshka tjlg jev lr fkd;snQ m%foaYj,
.d ia;s%lalfhka fl,skau mQK ld,Skhka f,i hjd ;snQ
fndfydafofkla ia;s%la kdhlhska lr ;sf;a jdish m%fhdackhg
f.k ik;a-w;=, l,a,sh ;u jHdmdrh ryis.;j lrf.k .shd'
ik;=;a" w;=,;a wdhqOj,ska ikakoaOhhs Tjqkag
ia;s%lalh yd fjk;a ia;%slal .Kkdjlu n,h we;ehso w;=,
iska fhkaf.dv chiQh iu. mjid ;sf' ;jo Tyq ^5000&la
is we;ehso Tjqka myr u lrkq ,nkafka hhso mjid ug ;ka
lkg lr jpkfhka nek je we;' fudjqkaf.a l=uka;%K ish,a,
ud;= 6 jeksod jk g fydka fy<sor ;sKs' kuq;a fudjqkaf.a
jHdmdrhg l< yels ydksh h:d m f;are.;a wms bjis,sjka;j
iqiq ls%hdud. .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqKd' kuq;a i;s lsysmhla
we;=<; Tjqka iska wmj mdjdfok ,' ^f .ek iEfyk lreKq
fy<s we;s w;r ;j;a fih hq;=j we;& bkamiq Tjqyq Tjqkaf.a
fdayS ls%hdud. ls%hdjg k.d we;' ^we;a; jYfhkau wfm%a,a
wr.,h ms<sn| h:d:h ksis m ydrd wjqiaid.kakd f;la f
uE;la jk;=reu ik;af.a fdayS iajNdjh ud iska h:d m
f;aref.k fkd;sKs'& fudjqka iu. uf.a we;s jQ foaYmd,k
wr.,fha fudjqka flf;larg nxfldf,d;a ;sfnkafka o h;a
il,O OfkaYajr md,l mx;shla iskau ma,jjdkag tfrysj
b;sydih mqrd wj,do wmydi p; >d;k lr we;s m ug o
tfrysj tfia lsf jHdmdrhla h;a lrk ,' fuh '' f.a
|f.ka mgkaf.k w;=,,d yryd ik;a lKavdhu olajdu lrk
,'
jHdmdrh ;=< u;fNao b;du;au W.% ;;ajhlg m;aj
;sh tajd b;du;a uqjy;a ;sh udj w;awvx.=jg .kq
,efuka jdis ,enQ w;=, ik;a l,a,sh Tjqkaf.a ovnr
53
l%shdud.h f.khdug wjia:dj ,nd.;a;d' ud w;awvx.=jg .;a

nj okajk m;%sldj fnod fkdyk f,i;a zzr;= ,xldZZ mqj;am;
fkdl=Kk f,i;a f,dl= w;=, kqjr whg Wmfoia tu mqj;am;a
yd m;%sld .sks ;njd we;' tfiau ik;a" r:hla l=,shg f.k
wn,kaf.dv isg ;siaiuydrduhg f.dia tu m;%sld fkdfnok f,i
mekaia whshdg okajd ;sf' tf,iu isis,apka wn,kaf.dv
m;%sld fnjfyd;a .y,d mkakkjd hehs ifydaorjreka msilg
;ckh lr ;sf' fufia m;%sld fnu j<lajd fmd,sisj,g
myrug iqodk lrk f,i f,dl= w;=, lshd we;af;a" kqjr
ud;= ui ueo uhs' ^wkqr l=rel=,iQh f.a lgW;a;rfha;a
fuh i|ykaj we;'& ud;= 18 od wn,kaf.dv ;a miqj ' '
f.a f.or ;a ;j;a j;djla f,dl= w;=,f.a kekaodf.a f.or;a
ud;= 29 jeksod i;aj WoHdkfha;a ud;a Whkaf.dv;a yer
^tjlg ud isr ndrfhah' Whkaf.dv le|jd fkd;snqKs'& Tjqka
foaYmd,k uKav,hhehs ykajk ixOdkhl fldfha /ia
mj;ajd ;sf ' tys f,dl= w;=," lrE" yd ir;af.ka hq;a f,al
uKav,hla Tjqka f;dardf.k ;sf'
f idlPdj, l< l=uka;%Khl m%;sM,hla
jYfhka ;uhs wfm%a,a 5 jeksod ta w;sOdjkld l%shdj wjxl
ifydaorjre .Kkdjlf.a jkd ma,jjd ; ,s.kska
isjQfha' je,a,jdfha l,ska k myr u isjqfha ik;a,d iu.ska
wn,kaf.dv wrf.k ;snQ ;SrKhla wkqj' miqj kh fjkia
l< nj okajkakg wu;l fj,d' ^fudKrd., ia;%sla f,al
f,i we,amsfhka fm%auis .uf.a yer ;sfnkafka ik;a iska
wmg fydrdh' wm th k.;a g ud;= 6 jeksod idlPdf ta
ms<sn|j;a Tyqg fpdaokd l<d'& ud isrf.h ;=< ish myr kag
i;=rd iska udj urdoukq we;ehs Tjqka n,dfmdfrda;a;= ;sfnkjd'
kuq;a th is jQfha keye' wfm%a,a 02 jk od idlPdj Tjqkaf.a
jevms<sfj<g wks;a wh;a yjq,alr .ekSug lrmq l=uka;%Khla
muKhs' fuys ik;a fhdackd lr ;sfnkafka rdcH n,h we,ajdg
miq wfm%a,a 15 ngfmd< ish fokdu uqK.efikakghs' fuh
fufia jqKd k ngfmd<g .shd k wms ifydaorjrekag j;af
jr ,efo@ lsisu ixOdhl uKav,hl fkdis ,hshdg;a
Whkaf.dvg;a fld<U Ndr ;sfnkafka Tjqka ,s ughs' i;=rd
m%ldYl igyka(
' ,hk,a fndamf.a 54
myr fok g miq neish hq;=h hkq ms<s.;a udlaiajd isoaOdka;hls'

ud CRP tlg f.k wd g tys meKs Tiauka" isis,a pka yd
l=udkdhlf.kq;a hdmkhg meKs Tiaukaf.a wudf.kq;a miq
nisk f,i;a fy<sor we;s ifydaorjre ia;%slaj,ska udre lrk
f,i;a l=ms;ld l%shd fkdlrk f,i;a .ska .gu udiska b,a,d
ish;a jHdmdrh ;=<g x.d .;a i;=re tacka;jre iy jHdmdrh
;=< is fdaySka tl;= jHdmdrh kdY lsug i;=rdg Wo
;sf' ^f ms<sn| ish lreKq ka fy<s iy fy<sfjka we;'
WodyrKhla jYfhka wfm%a,a 2 kg fmr f,dl= w;=,,d iska
idlPd folla meje;ajq nj muKs fy<s ;snqfKa' kuq;a yria
m%Yak weiSf ud;= 18 isg ud;= 19 w;r idlPd 4la lr we;s
nj f,dl= w;=,f.ka bfu .s,syqKs' fjdg iyNd.s jQ isis,a pka
,CIauka udjf.a jeks wh f idlPd jikalr f.k is w;r
Bfha fmfod fy<sjk ;=re wm f .ek lsisjla k isfha ke;'&
tajd ish,a, ia;rd;aulj ,shd laug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj'
ck;d uqla;s fmruqK kdY lsug OfkaYajr md,l
mx;shg wksh l%uhlska Wo lsf;a" oioyia .Kka fY%aIaG
ma,jjd fidfydhqrka OfkaYajr uokhg ,sf;a fpdaokdj
uu jHdmdrh ;=< is fdaySkag iy i;=re tacka;jrekag tfrysj
t<smsgu fpdaokd k.kafk' ^f fdayS l%shdjg uq,a jQ ish,a,u
ik;a" lrE" w;=, we;= wh wo j;=ka w;r iska fkdfhla
wdldrfhka i;=re mi f.k l%shd lrk nj meye,sh'&
uy kvqf isk fdaySka ish fokdu rch;a iu.
b;du;a lsgq inkaOl mj;ajka ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg
tfrysj l=uka;%Khlg yjq,a is' f,dl= w;=," '" l=udkdhl
fukau f wh o ^ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg tfrys wh& bhka
l%ukdhl;a *S,slaia wd' vhia nKavdrkdhl;a ryia fmd,sish;a
iu. fkdfhla l%uj,ska inkaOl mj;ajka wvq o`vqqj"
iudj;a mjqf,a wfkl=;a wh ksoyia lr.ekSu wd wruqKq bgqlr
.ekSug;a ;u fdaySl i.jd .ekSug;a i;=re wjYH;djhka
bgq lrka ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a fm!oa.,slj ug;a tfrysj
wmydi lsf;a" foaYmd,k uv.eiSf;a" kS;suh jYfhka
isrlsf;a wruqfKka fndre idCIsu;a fndre idCIs fufyhu;a
lr f.k hhs' kvqf ienE iellrejka we;af;a lsysm fofkls'
55
fdaySka ishfokdu meKs,af,a me;a; f.k meKs,af,a Wmfoia

msg wmg tfrysj meKs,a, fufyhjka is' *S,slaia f .ek
l,a;shd lhsjdrejla .id ;s' th ta kj,u wmg wdrx h'
ûg;a ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a tfrysj uv.eiSSf wruqKska
bfha ;j;a Bkshd iellrejka lsysm fofkl=u idCIs l+vqjg
k.sk njg k ielhla ke;'
fdaySka ms<sn| m%Yakh uq uy;a cd;Hka;r fldhqksia
jHmdrh wo uqyqK mdk nrm;<u .egj,ska tlls' f
Ih ms<sn|j ksu, udlaia f,kskajd ma,jjdka nrm;<
wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;= wjia:dj meK ;sf' wms f Ih
b;d Wkkafjka yeoEh hq;= fjuq' mfhaIK l< hq;= fjuq' uq
uy;a cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrfha b;sydih .;a g tys
fkdfhla jljdkqj, fkdfhla ;eka ys fkdfhla wdldrfhka
kdkdm%ldr w,dNydks kdYhka l< fdaySka yuqfjhs' ka tl
fldgila fl,skau i;=re mx;s tacka;jre jYfhka fldhqksia
jHdmdrj,g x.jk ,oaojqkah' yeu rglu fujeks tacka;jreka
isg miq lf,l fy<sor ;sf' reishdf fnda,afIla mCIh
;=<g x.d.;a tys uOHu ldrl iNdjg;a x.d.;a tys m%pdrl
wxYfha m%uqLfhl=j is ue,sfkdials tjekakls' fnd,afIla
mCIh ;=< isfha ue,sfkdials,d tlaflfkl= muKla fkdf'
Tjqka Yd, .Kkla fkdfhla wjia:dj, fy<sor ;sf'
m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh wdrN jk g fnda,afIla mCIh
n,imkak fmfg%da.%E ^ka f,kska .%E -w.kqjr& kd.l
fldfha idudlhska 7 fokdf.ka ;sfofkla id fmd,sisfha
T;a;=ldrhska nj miqj Tmamq h' we,afkshdj cd;sl uqla;s igk
^*eisiajdohg tfrysj& we,afkshdkq fldhqksia mCIh iska
fufyhjkq ,enQ wjia:df %;dkH wrdcHjd tacka;jrfhl=
jQ fikam;s ,a uela,sxf.a ^Major Bill Maclin& l%shd l,dmh fuhg
lu ksoiqkls' wndia lems iy uqia;dmd kais hk %;dkH
T;a;=lrejka fofokd we,afkshdkq cd;sl uqla;s fmruqKg
x.jd tys T;a;= fiu;a th we;=<;ska |ug;a lghq;= lrf.k
hkq ,enqjd' ,a uela,sx m,ia;Skfha iy weiSkshdf;a ^ka
b;sfhdamshdj& hg;a; .,a,d hqoaOj, m<mqre tacka;jrfhl=
h' fudjqkaf.a wjYH;djh jqfKa we,afkshdkq cd;sl uqla;s
56
fmruqfKka fldhqksiajdka fkrmd yer jjk kQ, %;dkH

wrdcHjdofha w;g yiqlr .ekSuhs' f ms<sn|j lu ia;rhla
*e,a mlardf.a ^Fadil Packramy& zzl=uka;%Kj, wid:l;ajhZZ
^Failure of Plots& k fmdf;a i|yka f'
fuf,iu kafmka ifydaorhdg m%:u u,hdkq
fldhqksia mCIfha m%Odk f,aljrhd jYfhka is f,dhs- fgla
%;dkH wrdcHjdofha T;a;=lrejl= jQ nj fy<s we;' hkd
cd;slfhl= jQ f,dhs-fgla m%:ufhkau m%xY wrdcHjdka iska
bka kfha uqla;s wr.,hg tfrysj T;a;=lrefjl= jYfhka
m%fhdackhg .kska isg th fy<sor f f mqoa.,hd f.ke;a
isx.mamQref %;dkH wrdcHjdkayg ndrkakd' zzfudyq b;d
m%fhdackj;a mqoa.,fhla' fudyq ymfkla nj Tng fmfkaZZ
hk igykl=;a iu. %;dkH wrdcHjdyq wk;=rej fudyq
isx.mamQref fldhqksia jHdmdrhg x.jd ;sfnkjd' wk;=rej
oCI f,i yd lm f,i u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha kdhl;ajhgu
ke. ;sfnkjd' jir .Kkdjlau u,hdkq fldhqksia mlaIfha
kdhl;ajfha is f %;dkH T;a;=lrejdf.a l%shdl,dmh fya;=fjka
u,hdkq fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;on, kdYhlg f.dre jQ nj
meye,sh' f,dhs-fgla lsisod fldhqksiajdfhl= fkdh' Tyq
wrdcHjd T;a;=lrefjl= muKla jQfhah' f wryfia mqoa.,hd
k ;=kajk cd;Hka;rfhka tjk ,o mqoa.,fhl= f,i y`.jka
m%fhda.ld f,i yd l+g f,i lrf.k hk ,o fdayS ls%hd l,dmh
fy<sfjka mj;soa mCI wruqo,ao f.k ryiska mekhk ,'
fuf;la Tyq ms<sn| jD;dka;h .=ma;h' wryils' f .ek miqj
fy<sor lrka kafmka ifydaorhd f,dhs-fgla isoah ms<sn|
m%ldYkh ^MANIFESTO OF THE LOI-TEK INCIDENT& kka
m%ldYhla l<d' cd;Hka;r fldhqksia jHdmdrh cd;Hka;r cd;sl
uqla;s jHdmdrh;a kdY lr,su i|yd wrdcHjdyq OfkaYajr
mx;sh fyda ;u tack;a;jreka tu jHdmdr ;=<g x.jd tu.ska
T;a;= fidhd tu jHdmdr fkdu hjd tu jHdmdr foNskak lr
fmdck ms<sl=,g m;alr kdY lsug lghq;= fhdodf.k we;s
wdldrh .ek fndfyda oE fy<sor we;' Bg wu;rj i;=rka
;u mx;s tacka;jreka tu ma,jjd jHdmdrh ;=<g x.ug
wu;rj tu jHdmdr ;=<u iska j,hska yd wjia:djdka
57
msyS .sh mqoa.,hska fkdfhla l%uj,ska O fmdfrdka , uqo,a

ia;%Ska yd lduql ; yd fkdfhla foa m%odkh ls u.ska ;u
mig kd.kq ,enQ wjia:d tugh' fujeks mdjd fokakkaf.ka yd
fdaySkaf.ka f;dr ma,jjd jHdmdrhla fiu mjd wmyiqhs'
k fldhqksia mCIfha kdhlfhl=j is jdxl= ;d
f.dkaf.a ma,jjd yelshdj wvqfjka ;lafiare lsfuka jdu
wjia:djd h' Tyqf.a fdayS l%shdl,dmh .ek m%;sfrdaOh k
ish lD;shg 33 jk igyk ,shka ud fufia lshhs' zzjdxl=
;d k ma,jfhka m<d.sh fdaysfhla h' ma,jfhka ;udg
jdis ,eug l,amkd lrka is Tyq ;u ;reK ld,fha k
fldhqksia mCIhg ne`fKah' mCIh ;=< Tyq fndfyda je/
lf<ah' wjika jQfha nrm;< wmrdO lrkah' fyd|gu m%isoaO
foa jYfhka 1935 Tyq r;= yuqodj fipqwdka kald foaYiSudjg
miqneish hq;= hehs mrdchjd iqrejd yejd u;hla bm;a
lrka r;= yuqodj W;=re foig .uka lrkjdg reoaO h'
Tyq mCIhg;a uOHu ldrl iNdjg;a reoaOj t<smsgu fdayS
jev lghq;=j, fhfKah' ;udf.au fndre uOHu ldrl iNdjla
msysgqfh' mCIfha;a r;= yuqodf;a iu.sh wjq,a-mjq,a lf<ah'
tys isjqjeks fmruqKq yuqodj;a tys fndfyda jQ ldvjre;a uOHu
ldrl iNdf ksje/ kdhl;ajhlg wdmiq wjq;a wk;=rej l<
wr.,j, f.!rjKSh fldgila bgq l<y' flfia fyda fjd'
jdxl= ;d ;ud yslah fkdyels mqoa.,hl= nj iaMqg lf<ah'
1938 jika;fha fika Iq - ldkaIq - kskaishd foaYiSud m%dka;fhka
;kshu mek f.dia l= ka;d ryia fmd,Sishg nefKah' ûdfjda
fia;+kaf.a f;drd.;a ,sms msgq 115" 33 jk igyk& fuf,i fdayS
ys jQfha k fldhqksia mCIh ;=< muKla fkdf'
lshqndkq ma,jfha u;l igyka k lD;sfhys f
.=frd tla ;ekl neiagdf.a ryia tacka;jrhl= jQ thqfhda
leiafg%da ueu i|yd f.,a,d Nghl= f,i f.,a,d l|jqr ;=<
iska tla /hl leiafg%da <`.u kshka .;a fjfyi .ek
i|yka lrhs' lshqndkq f.,a,d Nghskag ;snqKq f,dl=u .egj
fdaySka yd mekhkakka nj i|yka lrk f .frd flfkla fudk
wkaoka fyda .,a,d lKavdhu w;yer .sfha k Tyq fdayshl=
f,i i,ld lKavdhf bij fjkia lrkakg isjQ nj lshhs'
58
mCIh ;=<ska ysjQ fdaySka yd fdaySkaf.a kdYld l%shd

ms<sn|j b;du;au fydò w;alS u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIh
wmg imhhs' wo ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg tfrysj j;udk
wdKavqj OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh lrf.k hkq ,efnk uokh
i|yd m%Odk jYfhkau fhdokq ,nkqfha u,hdkq fldhqksia
mCIhg;a" u,hdkq uqla;s igkg;a tfrysj %;dkH wrdcHjdka
1948 isg 1960 olajd;a bka wk;=rej fhdojkq ,en w;ayod n,k
,o l%shdud.hka yd Wmdh Wml%u neka wms lla ta .ek i,ld
n,uq'
u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha kdhl;ajfhka u,hdkq
uqla;s wr.,h h;a flreKq g th uokh lsu i|yd
bm;ajqKq %;dkH wrdcHjd kdhlfhl= jQ fckrd,a fyr,a
fgmf.a f m%ldYh i,ld n,kq j' zzms<s;=re /òS we;af;a jv
jvd Ng lKavdh jkdka;rhg we;=,a lsfuys fkdj ck;djf.a
yoj;a iy is;a ;=<h'ZZ fuhska woyia lrkqfha fldhqksiajdkg
reoaOj ma,jjdkag tfrysj ;SrKd;aul m%ydrhka h hq;af;a
hqouh jYfhka fkdj foaYmd,k jYfhka nj;a fldhqksiajdka
kdY lr h yelafla hqoaOuh m%;sm%ydrhkg jvd foaYmd,k
m%;sm%ydrhka u.ska njhs' Tjqka f i|yd u;a jevms<sfj<la
ilia l<d' tu jevms<sfjf<a tla wxYhla jQfha jvd;a Yla;su;a
yd Nla;su;a" lemjqKq fldhqksia kdhlhska >d;kh lrk w;r
j, msyqKq mqoa.,hska fdaySka njg m;a lr ta fdaySka u.ska
mCIhg;a fldhqksia oYkhg;a kskaod wj,do" wmydi k.ka
tu.ska fldhqksiajdoh;a fldhqksia mlaIh;a" fldhqksia
kdhlhskq;a kdY lr uhs' fuf,i fdaySka kd .ekSu i|yd
b;du;a ixlSK iy iQCIu jevms<sfj<la f.k .shd'
cmka hqojdka iy heka ldhs fIla l,a,sh k
fldhqksiajdka tod yekajQfha uxfld,a,lrejka ^Bandits&
f,isks' kuq;a kfha fldhqksiajdka id:l jQ ksid
u,hdf Tjqkag fldhqksia ;%ia;jdka hehs k ;enqjd' f
ku ;uhs ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a tfrysj ,dxlSh OfkaYajr
md,l mx;sh m%fhdackhg .kska iskqfha' wmj;a ;%ia;jdka
jYfhka ykajkqfha ta wkqjhs' u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIh
kdY lr u i|yd tla me;a;lska oCI ;yjqre Yla;su;a
59
yd Nla;su;a lemjqKq ma,jjd udlaia f,kskajdka urdf

ls%hdodufha urd ouk ,o kdhlhka jQfha u,d-fh ifydaorhd'
fudyq u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha .,a,d igka ms<sn|j
fYaI{hd f,i ie,fla' fcdfyda m%dka;fha fldhqksia kdhl
fyda-fmka;=ka ifydaorhd fhTkaialafjda ifydaorhd' Tyq u,hdkq
fldhqksia mCIfha ksfhdacH m%Odk f,al ifydaorhdh' Tkdmao
ce ifydaorhd" Tyq u,hdkq cd;sl uqla;s yuqodf oyjk uef,a
frfka;=f m%Odk wKfok ks,Odhd h' Tyqf.a ysi fjkqfjka
fvd, 75"000la fok nj mjid ;snqKs' lcdka ys mCI kdhlhd
lcdka isg ye;elau 15la we;=<; le<fha me,am;l Tyqf.a
| iu. urdoukq ,eh' Tyq ye`kajq wdrEV ku zz/jq,aldr
NSIKhhsZZ ^Bearded terror& mCI uOHu ldrl iNslhl= jQ jhi
29la jq u,lald fcdafyda m%foaYfha l%shdld jQ l=la ifydaorhd
urdouk ,' Tyq urd ouk ,oafoa Tyq i|yd kshu lr ;snQ fvd,
fo,CIh ,nd.ekSug fdaySka ;sfokl= fm<Uu u.sks'
u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha fmrdla m%dka; fldfha
idudldjla jQ ,S fjx.a ifydaoh b;du;a wudkqIsl yd widOdrK
fndre kvq Nd. .Kkdjla u.ska urK oKavkhg lem lrk
,' tla w;lska fuf,i Yla;su;a yd Nla;su;a fldhqksiajdka
>d;kh lrkq ,enQ w;r wfkla w;ska j,hska mrdNj .;jQjka
mdjdfokakka yd fdaySka m%fhdackhg f.k Wkag oyia .Kkska
oioyia .Kka uqo,ska ;E.s fjk;a fkdfhla ;dkak-udkak
mskud ta fdaySka Wmfhda.S lrf.k mCIfha lemjqKq kdhlhska
kdYlr ug;a mCIh j, lsu;a mCI idudlhska w,a,d
.ekSug;a Tjqka u.ska w;ska fdaySka yd mdjdfokakka yslr
.ekSug;a mCIhg;a mCI kdhl;ajhg;a kskaod wmydi yd wj,do
ke.Sug;a lghq;= l<d' fuf,i u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIh ;=<ska
%;dkH wrdcHjdka fidhd .;a fdaySka .Kkdjls' bka m<uq
jekshd ,Eia h' fudyq uq, mEka u,hdkq jD;a;Sh i;s
if,kfha jevn,k m%Odk f,aljrhd h' uqla;s igk h;a
lsfuka miqj Tyq uqla;s yuqodf y;rjk fcdfyda m%dfoaYSh
fldfha idudlfhl=o h' ôl=Kq fcdafyd fldhqksia mCIh
b;d n,j;a m%foaYhla h' fudyq 1950 cqks 27 jeksod mdydka.a
m%foaYfha fnkafgdka.a fmd,sia ia:dkhg ;ksfhka fydfrka f.dia
60
Ndr h' Ndrug m%:u fudyqf.a idjoH l%shdl,dmh fy<sor

f fya;=fjka ka-fmka ifydaorhdf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a mCI
uOHu ldrl iNdj Tyqf.a <`.u ;snQ msiaf;da,h iy w;a fndan
Tyqg wys lr o`vqj lrk ,' f fdayshd i;=rdg Ndr
mCIhg tfrys lrk ,o wmrdO yd fdaySl iqmgq fkdf'
fudyqf.a Ndru udi y;rla hk;=re OfkaYajr wdKavqj iska
ryila jYfhka ;nd.kakd ,' ta tf;la l,a Tyqf.a mdjdu
wkqj ksiqka we,a,Sughs' f fdayshd iska wrdcHjdka iu.
tl;= mCIhg tfrysj ,shk ,o wj,do iy wmydi ,sh,a,la
jQ ^My Accusation& kka oi oyia .Kka fldms uqKh lr rg
mqrd;a le<h mqrd;a wrdcHjd wdKavqj iska fnod yk ,'
fkdjen 8 jeksod wrdcHjdka iska f fdayshd ,jd
fldhqksia mCIhg;a tys kdhl;ajhg;a tfrysj m%isoaO mqj;am;a
idlPdjla mj;ajk ,'
tjlg;a mx;s i;=rd yuqf mCIh ms<sn| ;uka k
is ryia ish,a, tys kdhlhska" ixOdk l%u Wmdh Wml%u
yd mqoa.,hka .ek ish f;dr;=re imhd mCIhg tfrysj
mx;s i;=rdf.a mx;s wjYH;djhg wkqj le; kska; wj,do
wmydi ke.+ f fdayshd tu mqj;am;a idlPdf ÔfkaYajr
mx;sfha m%pdrl lghq;af;a& zziaf%% ghsiaZZ mqj;amf;a f,ia,s
fyd*audka Tyq ;jrg;a fldhqksiajdfhl= hs weiQ g
zzyeu ksfil=gu iudk;ajhla ;sh hq;= nj;a wdydr yd lsug
/lshdjla ;sh hq;= nj;a uu Yajdi lr'ZZ hhs ,s,ecd ke;sj
mjid ;sf' wrdcHjdkaf.a udkisl hqoaO l%u ^Psychological
Warfare& ms<sn| fYaI{fhl= jQ iS iS gq iska f fdayshdj
fldhqksia oYkhg;a u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIhg;a kafmka
ifydaorhd we;= u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha kdhlhkag;a
tfrysj ;on, f,i Wmfhda.s lr.kakd ,' ksOk mx;slfhl=
jQ llrefjl= jQ ,Eia fdaysfhl= i;=rdf.a me;a; f.k
mCIhg tfrysj wkka; wm%udK ysiqKq wmrdO lsug m%:u
Tyqg reoaOj mCIh ;=< mCI wruqo,a jxpd lsf fpdaokdjo
h' f fdayshdf.a kska; l%shdj,sfhka mx;s i;=rd Wmu
m%fhdack .ekSf m%;sM,hla jYfhka u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIh
Yd, miqneiSulg f.dre jkakg h'
61
%;dkH wrdcHjdka ,Eia f.ka ,;a w;alS

bhg f.khdf m%;sM,hla jYfhka ;j;a fujeks fdaySka
.Kkdjla yslr.; yels h' u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIhg
tfrysj %;dkH wrdcHjdka lajd,d,d kqjr msys udkisl
hqoaO l%u fomd;fka;=j ,Eia fdayshd fidhd .ekSfuka
miqj ish jev lghq;= l%uj;a iy f.j;a lrk ,' fuf,i
u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIhg tfrysj wdrN lrk ,o udkisl
hqoaO l%uh k mCIh we;=<;ska | oud foNskak lr j,
lr mCI idudlhska l,lsrjd Tjqkaf.ka we;euqkag m.dj
.eyeKqka imhd IKj,g fmd,Ujd Tjqkag Ndrjk f,i hg;ajk
f,i lghq;= lr Tjqkaf.ka Wmu m%fhdackf.k mqkre;a:dmkh
lsu;a fdaySka ,jd mCIhg;a kdhl;ajhg;a m%;sm;a;s yd
l%shdud.hkag;a tfrysj kskaod wmydi wj,do ke.Su;a Nla;su;a
fldhqksiajdka >d;kh lsu;ah'
f jevms<sfj< hgf;a m<uqfjkau u,hdkq jkdka;rj,
isk fldhqksiajdka- uqla;s Nghska w,a,d .ekSu i|yd u;a
jevms<sfj<la wjYH h' f i|yd tlai;aj ixOdkd;aulj
khlska yd ifydaor;ajhlska yd lemulska is fldhqksiajdka
kdhl;ajh flfrys l,lsru;a u;fNao we;slru;a tu.ska
mCIh ;=< udkisl ugu my; fy<d ;u wruqKq yd m%;sm;a;s
wu;l lrjd mCI wNHka;rh wjq,a-hjq,a cd,djla njg m;a
lsu tys wruqKhs' f wkqj lemjqK mCI kdhlhskag reoaOj
uy mudKfha wmydi wj,do k.k ,' tfia k.k ,o wmydi
k(
01' .S mam;a mCI idudlhska fkdld fkd yels by<
ugf m;Hd. lroa by< fmf<a mCI kdhlhska ;=kaf,u
lka lduiqL,a,sLdkqfhda.Sj iqfLdamfNda.S ;hla .; lrkq
,nk njhs'
02' Nla;su;a yd Yla;su;a fldhqksia kdhlhskaf.a
p; >d;khhs'
03' mCIh we;=<; kHdhsl u; fNao jemsuhs'
u,hdkq fldhqksia jHdmdrfha kdhlhl= jQ fgdika
mjid we;s m udkisl hqoaO lsf jHdmdrfha id:l;ajfha
62
uQ,sl moku mj;skqfha ler,slrejka hg;alr f meye,s

yd oCI wdKavqf m%;sm;a;shla u;h' tjeks m%;sm;a;shlg uQ,sl
wruqKq ^3& ;=kla ;sf'
1' ler,slrejka Ndrug Wkka lru'
2' mCI idudlhska iy Tjqkaf.a lemjqK
kdhlhka w;r u;fNao jOkh lr,Su'
3' ler,slrejka flfrys yd ck;dj flfrys
wdKavqj ms<sn|j ;yjqre iy l%shd;aul n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla yd
.re;ajhla we;s lr,Suhs'
f jevms<sfj< l%shdjg ke.=f fufiahs' m<uqfjkau
,Eia fdayshdf.a kskaod iy.; wj,do u,hdkq .=jka,sfhka
km;du NdId 12lska m%pdrh lr yk ,' ,CI .Kka m;%sld
le<h mqrd .=jka u.ska m;=rejk ,' Yo ldYk hka;%
ilr.;a .=jka hdkd my<ska mshdir lrka m.; lrk ,o
m%ldYk m%pdrh lrk ,' hg;a jQ fdaySka ;reKshka iu. mska;+r
f.k tu mska;+r uqKh lr tf,i iem myiq ; .; lsug
Ndrjk f,i lshd fdaySkaf.a wdhdpkh iu. fnod yk ,'
B<`.g .eyeKqka ms<sn| m%Yak we;s fldg j,hka Ndrlrug
Yd, jHdmdrhla h;a lrk ,' f jHdmdrh h;a fldg l
l,lskau fdayS lKavdh wKfokafkl= .Ekq yqgmghla Wv
Ndrlrjd .ekSug yels h' miqj ,Eia fdayshd iska ,shk
,j Ndr jQ fmrdla ys miajeks uqla;s frfka;=f l,ska
igkal< kal=ka fdayshdf.a w;aikska hq;=j mka,CIhla uqKh
lr fnodyk ,o m;%sldjl jQ jdlH LKavhla fufiah'
zzifydaorjreks" uf.a wKfok ks,Odhd uf.a fmj;sh
fidrd .ekSfuka miqj uu Ndr jqfk' ks,Odhdg fyd| lEu
u ;snqKd muKla fkdj Tyqg wjYH yeu fglu fmj;shkao
ishdh' Tng fmj;shla iso@ by< ks,Odkag Tjqkaf.a l=,a
wd,h l< yelsh' kuq;a Tng fmj;shla fidhd .ekSug Wjukd jQ
g by< ks,Odka w;yer ouk f;la Tng n,disug isf'ZZ
f kskaod iy.; m%ldYh fya;= fldgf.k we;e
j,hska iy fdaySka Ndru .ek fkdlsjukdh' fmdaf.daks ,hdka.a
m%foaYfha mCI YdLd f,aljrhl= jQ ysgmq mdi,a .=rejrfhl=
63
jQ fyda fhdaka.a Tyqf.a | ne,Sug hdf wjYH;djh Wv

Ndr h' fldhqksiajdohg tfrysj udkisl hqoaO l%u ms<sn|
fYaI{hl= jQ yd u,hdkq hg;a; wdKavqf wdrCIl f,al
zZ/kaj,g fyda fl,a,kag iuyr ler,sldr kdhlhskaf.a we;s
lEorlu udkisl hqO l%u fYaI{hkaf.a yd ls%hdldrlhskaf.a"
l%shdlrjkakkaf.a Yd, jdishg bjy,a fZZ hehs mjid ;sf' Tyq
Nla;su;a fldhqksiajdkag wmydi lsf f;kdfjka b;du;a
le; kskaod iy.; l;d m%p,s; lrk ,' fufia m%pdrh l<
tla wj,dohla k .eyeKqkaf.a uqla;shg we;s taldhk ud.h
Tjqkaf.a l,si m nqre,a lsuhhs u,hdkq uqla;s yuqodf
tla fldhqksia foaYmd,k flduidiajrhl= mjid we;s njhs'
fujeks ms<sl=,aiy.; .ckak uyd mudKfhka jmqrk ,'
fufia kskaod wmydi muqKqjka mCIh ;=< Yd,
u;fNao we;s lrjka j,hska hg;alrjd .kq ,enQ g ta hg;a jQ
whf.ka fdaySka jYfhka Wmu m%fhdack .kakd ,' f hg;a
jQjka i|yd mqkre;a:dmk l|jqre mgka.kakd ,' m<uqfjkau
fcdafyda m%foaYfhah' idufha iy ksi,;djh welvh kka
mqkre;a:dmk l|jqrla ;dhsmsgfrkafldaia msfha msysfgjqjd' fuys
600la muK ma,jjdyq mqkre;a:dmkh lrkq ,enqjd' .%sishd
uelafl%kaiqkays ,enQ w;alS Wmfhda.S lrf.k miqj fujeks
mqkre;a:dmk l|jqre is Nd.hla u,hdj mqrd msysfgjqKd'
f mqkre;a:dmk l|jqre u.ska ksiqka fldhqksiajdofhka
|jegug yels yeufohlau lrkq ,enqjd' le<hg fy<k ,o
uq fldhqksia frda m;%sld .Kk flda mkia folyudrla
jkjd' fldhqksia jHdmdrh kdY lsug Wmfhda.S lr.;af;a
mCIh ;=<ska ysjq fdaySkauhs' fldhqksia mCIfha mKsjqv yqjudre
wxYfha m%Odkshd jQ ,s fjka.a ifydaorhd w,a,d.; yels jQfha
mKsjqv yqjudre wxYfha whg w,a,ia Tjqka .Kkdjlau fdaySka
lrf.k vn,a tacka;jreka lrf.khs' fldhqksia mCIfha
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhlhl= jQo foaYmd,k flduidiajrhl=j is"
i;=rka w;rg mek .sh fdayS ,Eia wo u,hdkq ryia fmd,sisfha
kdhlhl= jYfhka jev lrhs'
fldhqksia mCIfha;a u,hdkq uqla;s yuqodf;a
m%pdrl lghq;=j, kdhlhl= jYfhka is Tiajdka uhskd
64
< m%Odk fdayshd h' tjlg wjqre 20 la jQ fudyq uq,ska

ma,jfha wjidkfha ch.%yKh n,dfmdfrd;a;= wjia:df fuka
WfoHdaa.fhka jev l<d' miqj wrdcHjdofha oreKq udkisl
hqoaO Wml%u yuqf weoje wka; fdayshl= jQ fudyq u,hdkq ryia
fmd,sisfha ks,Odhdg Ndr h' 1954 foien w. fuf,i
i;=rdg Ndr fuka miqj f fdayshd u,hdkq fldhqksia
mCIh;a tys kdhl;ajh;a uqukskau mdjd kakd' i;=rdf.ka
,enqK iqjmyiqlj,g;a i;=rdf.ka ,enqKq iudj yd ohdjg;a
i;=rdf.ka ,enqKq uqo,aj,g;a jy,a jQ f fdayshd ;ud k
is yeu fldhqksiajdfhl=u mdjdkakd muKla fkdj yeu
flfkl=gu mqoa.,slj lef<ag ,shq ,shka Ndrug lghq;=
ie,iqjd' Tiajdka uhskd i;=re mi f.k fdayshl= jk g u,hdkq
fldhqksia mCIfha fcydka m%dka;fha kdhlfhl=jhs isfha' Tyq
tu m%dka; fldfha ;j;a kdhlfhl= jQ fyda f,hqka.ag mKsjqv
hjd Tyqj;a i;=rdg hg;alrkq ,enqjd' fuf,i fdaysfhl= jQ fyda
f,hqka.a iska o mKsjqv hjd fisfigdhia fj;g ;j;j;a
fldhqksiajdka f.kajd Ndr lrk ,' f i|yd Tiajdka uhskdg
fvd, 80"000 l ;Hd.hl=;a fyda f,hqka.ag Bg lla wvquqo,a
;Hd.hl=;a ,enqKd' miqj Tyq wrdcHjd wdKavqf wjYH;djh
m rg mqrd fldhqksia frda /,s mj;ajka fldhqksia
mCIhg;a tys kdhl;ajhg;a m%;sm;a;sj,g;a ;ono f,i wmydi
lrka nek jeKd' fdaysfhl= i;=rd w;g mekf.dia mCIh
mdjdka Tiajdka uhskd i;=rdf.ka ,enqKq ; odkh iy uqo,a
iNdrh fya;=fldgf.k uy;a Okjf;la ;dhs,ka;hg f.dia
tys Yd, jHdmdrhla fjk;a kulska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,enqjd'
<`.g w;s Nhdkl fdayshd jQfha l,la lemjqKq oCI;u
fldhqksiajdfhl= jYfhka is fyda fmka;= ifydaorhdf.a
urKfhka miq fcdafyda m%dka;fha m%Odk wKfok ks,Odhd njg
m;a u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIfha n,j;a m%foaYh jQ fcdafyda
m%dka;Sh fldfha kdhlhd jQ 1958 olajdu i;=rdg tfrysj
igk fufyhjq 42 fyd-ka.a h' fudyq i;=rd w;rg mekf.dia
fdaysfhl=jQjdg miq u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIhg lrk ,o ydksh
iqmgq fkdf' 1958 wfm%a,a 5 jeksod iji 4g miqj fldfmkafgka.d
.f wyu kajiS k jhi 20l fldia;dm,a flfkl=g f
65
fdayShd f.dia Ndr h' Tyqf.a ;h frd.ekSf wfhka fuh

lrk ,' tf;la fuf;la NdrjQ by<;u fldhqksia kdhlhd
f,i fudyq ie,fla' f fdayshdf.a Ndru udi 4la .;jk ;=re
ryila jYfhka ;nd .;a;d' wrdcH .e;s wdKavqj th ryila
jYfhka ;ndf.k f fdayshd kej;;a le<hg hejd' fudyq
fdaysfhl= we;s nj;a i;=rdg nh we;s nj;a i;=rdg ish,a,
mdjd we;s nj;a i;=rdf.a Wjukdj msg kej; meK we;s nj;a
fkdo;a lemjqKq m%n, fldhqksiajdka fj;g f.dia lef<a tla
tla ;ekays msys fldhqksia YdLd leòjd ka ksoyi ,e we;s
neka w;a Wml%uhla jYfhka ma,Ek fjkia lr we;s neka
ikakoaO frdaO;djh lau w;aysgqjk nj mjid le<fhka
t<shg hdhq;= nj kajQjd' i;Hh fkdo;a fldhqksiajdka ;u
kdhlhd Yajdi lr i;=re W.=,g wiq jqKd'
fuf,i m%foaYfhka m%foaYh lKavdhfuka lKavdhu
kdY l<d' wjidkfha fyda ka.a fdayshd iska b;du;a
Yla;su;a yd Nla;su;a fldhqksia tall wKfokakka 28 fofkla
o fldhqksia ma,jjdka ia;%S mqreI 132la o w,a,d kakd'
th uq hqoaOfhau isjQ Yd,;u hg;a uhs' wf.daia;= udih
wjika jk g r;= n,h je ;snqK fcdafyda m%dka;h uqukskau
Oj, n,hg hgjqKd' fyda ka.a fdayShdg Okm;s rdcHfha
fvd, ydr,CIhla ;E.s ,enqKd' f idmrd fdayS l%shdj,g
jka jYfhka tjlg wrdcH.e;s wdKavqf w.ue;s ;=kal=
w,a ryuka mejeiqjd' zzTyq ka wmg;a jvd Okj;ahZZ lsh,d'
fyda ka.a fdyshdg fu;r uqo,la u .ek l;d lrka Tyq
jerg;a lSjd" zzwms m%;sM, ,nd.; hq;=hs' wmg m%;sm;a;sj,
;ka we,S ish fkdyelshs' wjidkh , .ekSu uqo,g mqjkak
wms m%fhdackhg .; hq;=hs' m%;sm;a;s jYfhka k i;a;lskau fyda
ka.aj t,a,sh hq;=hsZZ hkqfjka' wo f fdayshd mCIhg Yd,
jHikhla lr Okm;s rcfha uqo,a m;Hd. yd iudj hgf;a
fjk;a kulska Yd, j fldmekshl Okm;s iajdhd jYfhka
j;a fjhs'
ud fuys b;du;a ieflka lreKq bm;a lf<a u,hdkq
fldhqksia jHdmdrh ;=< ys jQ fdaySka lsysm fofkla .ek'
wo tu Wml%uhu Wmfhda.s lr.kska ,xldf ck;d uqla;s
66
fmruqK kdY lsug mx;s i;=rd lghq;= lrf.k hk fyhskqhs'

fojeks f,dal uyd hqoaOfhka wk;=rej uq uy;a .sksfldK.
wdishdju mqrd mekke.s ma,jjd jvh /,af,ys lemS fmfkk
m%uqLia:dkhla .;a ;ekla ;uhs u,hdj' u,hdkq fldhqksia
mCIfha kdhl;ajfhka flreKq u,hdkq uqla;s igk uokh
lsug %;dkH wrdcHjdkag;a foaYSh m%;s.d;ajhg;a Yd,
f,i lror jkakg is jqKd' fukak f Ialr l%shdodufha
Wmfhda.S lr.;a Odldr jQ;a ms<sl=,a iy.; jQ;a Wml%u ud,dj
;uhs ;jrg;a je hqKq lr wfma rf ma,jjd jHdmdrh
- ck;d uqla;s fmruqK - kdY lsu i|yd ,dxlSh m%;s.d
md,l mCIh wo Wmfhda.S lr.kska iskqfha'
%;dkH wrdcHjdyq u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIhg
tfrysj m%ydrh hqouh jYfhka fukau foaYmd,k yd wdOHd;al
jYfhkao lrf.k .shd' udkqIsl hqo Wml%u Wmfhda.S lr.;a;d'
f wkqj mCIh we;=<;ska òu;a w,a,ia fdaySka kd.ekSu;a
wj,do ke.Su;a lem jqKq wh >d;kh;a fiiaikag Ndrug
ie,eiau;a NdrjqK wh mqkre;a:dmkh lsu;a fdaySka ,jd tla
me;a;lska mCIhg tfrysj tys kdhl;ajhg tfrysj wj,do
wmydi jHdmdrhla h;a lsu;a fdaySka Wmfhda.S lrf.k
mCIfha wks;a wh w,a,jd .ekSu;a fdaySkg iudj yd Yd, uqo,a
;Hd. lsu;a jeks udkqIsl hqoaO Wml%u;a ye`kSm;a ksl=;a
lsu;a uqvqlal= ixydrh jeks Wml%u;a ish,a, u,hdf fukau
wo ,xldf;a ta mu Wmfhda.S lr.kakjd' fj WKavj,ska l<
fkdyels kdYh Tjqka uqo,a n,fhka l<d' u,hdf fldhqksia
frda m%ydrh Ndrj is fckrd,a fcr,a fgma, 1945 fojk
f,dal uyd hqoaOfhka wk;=rej cuksfha %;dkH l,dmfha hqoaO
wdKavqldrhd h' hqoaOfhka jeye .sh fyn;a jqKq kdY
jqKq id.skafkka fmKq cuksh fldhqksia ma,jhlska
.,jd .ekSf l;jHh Tyq yuqf ;sK' Tyqf.a oYkh f
ms<sn|j fufiah' zzwudref jegqKq ksiqkag f,dl= weula ug
Tng isfjhs'ZZ Tyq cuka ck;djg hexls fvd, fmdfrdka
jqKd' tf,iskau u,hdkq fldhqksia mCIh ;=< is fdaySkag
uqo,a miq fmdfrdka jqKd' fldhqksia l%uh kdY lsu
wrNhd uqo,a fdaySka kd.ekSf l%uh flf;larg Wmfhda.S
67
lr.;a;do hkq %;dkHh llre wdKavqf hg;a; f,al

fia .%Sf*ala u,hdf ixpdrhg meKs g fukag leia wi,
fifukagka j;=hdfha j;=yshd fufia lshd ;sf' zzurkqq ,enQ iEu
uxfld,a,lrejl= i|ydu fvd, oY,CIhla ho fuka tu
jHdmdrfha l=uk fyda jrola ;sh hq;=h' ug fvd, oY,CIhla
fokak" uu Tng iagd,ska f.ke;a fokakZZ fuhska yef`.kqfha
ksiqkag uqo,a m.dj jYfhka i;=re mig kdf.k fdaySka njg
m;a lrf.k tu.ska jHdmdrh kdY lr,Sug we;s wruqKhs'
u,hdkq uqla;s igfka Wodr f,i ms 6"698la
jQ fldhqksia ma,jjdkaf.a;a 2"810 la jQ ;=jd, ,enQ
fldhqksiajdkaf.a;a 1"286la w,a,d.kq ,en isr.; jQjkaf.a;a
jHdmdrh ksIaM, lsug mCIh ;=<skau yslr.;a fyda - ka.a"
,Eia " fyda f,hqka.a " Tiauka uhskd jeks fdaySka mx;s i;=rd
iska Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,enqjd' f ;;ajhkauhs" f l%shdud.
hkauhs" f Wmdh Wml%uhkauhs wmg tfrysj;a mx;s i;=rd iska
Wmfhda.S lr.;af;a'
u,hdj ms<sn| OfkaYajr md,l mx;sh fyda i,lkqfha
f,dalfha m<uq jeks jrgfldhqksia .,a,d Nghskag tfrysj
id:lj wr., lr fldhqksia .,a,d Nghska mrdchg
m;al< ia:dkh jYfhkqhs' fukak f ksid trg;a" furg;a
w;r we;s we;e iudk;ajhka ksid;a" wi,ajeis rglau;a"
fof.d,a,f.kau %;dkH wrdcHjdoh iu. we;s inò;djh
ksid;a" u,hdkq w;alS fuys jvd;a ixjOkh lr Wmfhda.s
lr.ekSug mx;s i;=rdg wjia:dj ,e ;sf' f wkqj u,hdfjka
Tjqka miq.sh ld,fha Yd, jYfhka Wmfoia ,ndf.k we;'
,xldf ryia fmd,sisfha ks,Odka ^mels fldard<& u,hdjg
hjd mqyqKqj ,nd we;' u,hdkq m%;sma,jjdka ,enQ w;alS
bf.k f.k we;' u,hdf fldhqksia .,a,kag tfrysj
udkisl hqoaO l%u l%shdjg ke.Su Ndrj iS iS gQ yshd fukau
fuys;a bhka l%ukdhl tu wxYh fufyhjk nj fmkS hhs'
tys ryia fmd,sisfha fYaI wxYh l%shd;aul jq whqkau fuys;a
ryia fmd,sisfha fYaI wxY l%shd;aul jk nj fmfka' tys
fukau fuys;a fldhqksiajdka ;%ia;jdka f,i yxjvq .eisKs'
tys fukau fuys lemjqKq Nla;su;a fldhqksiajdka >d;kh
68
flKs'
tys fukau fuys lemjqKq mCI kdhlhkag kskaod
wmydi k.;s' p; >d;kh lr;s' fndre wj,do k.;s'
tys fukau fuys;a mCIfha m%;sm;a;s wruqKq l%shdud. yd
Wmdh Wml%u lD;s fldg uqidjdo foaYkd lr;s' tys fukau
fuys o le<hg .=jkska m;%sld fnodyeu u.ska hg;ajk f,i
b,ajd' tys fukau fuys;a mqkqre;a:dmk l|jqre msysfgjd'
tys fukau fuyso j,hska iy fdaySka w,a,d .;a;d' Wkag ;
odkh uqo,a miq fjk;a ;dkak udkak myiql yd fkdfhl=;a
fmdfrdka u.ska Wka ,jd mCIhg;a" mCI kdhlhkag;a wmyi
lrug;a tu.ska ck;dj /jug;a mCIh kdY lsug;a
lghq;= lrf.k hkjd' tys fukau fuys;a ye`kSm;a ksl=;a
lsu yd me,am;a lvdo u jeks ls%hd lrf.k hkjd' tys
fukau fuys;a vn,a tacka;jreka mCIh kdY lsug" mCIhg
tfrysj m%fhdackhg .kakjd' f ish ;;ajhka fufia ;sh;a
f,dl= w;=,,d" '' is,aj,d" l=udkdhl,d" msh;s,l,d" fmd
w;=,,d" iqkkao,d" l=,r;ak nKav,d jeks lS fkdlS jD; yd
wdjD; ffjjdrKH fjiauqyqKq me<ò.;a fdaySka mCIhg tfrysj
mx;s i;=rd iu. t<smsg fyda ryiska ;=re fldf;l=;a idmrd
wmrdOhka l<;a" u,hdf l<dhehs OfkaYajr mx;sh Wo wkk
foh Tjqkag f rfgys bgqlr .;a njg Wo wekSug lsisodl
bv fkd,efnkq we;ehs uu ;rfhau Yajdi lr' wfma ta Wodr
Yajdih me;=u bgqlsug uq Yla;sh fhdod uq yelshdju fhdod"
uq oCI;djhkau fhdod Wmu ma,h j .=Kfhka wjxl
iy wemlem jqKq jOkh jqKq m%Yak f;are .;a ifydaorjre
ls%hdlrkq we;ehs uu Wolau n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj' T i;=rd
wmg wkqlmd rys;j foaYmd,k myr fohs' wm w;r is fdaySka
yjq,a lrf.k" h.=,a,ka yd iejqKq wjia:djdka kdf.k wm
kdY lr f wIaGdkfhka wmg kska; f,i yd wpdrj;a
f,i myr msg myrfohs' wfma ifydaorjre WodiSk lrug;a"
l<lsrug;a" we;=<;ska mCIh |ug;a" idudl;ajh
yd kdhl;ajh w;r ula we;slsug;a wjxl ksiqka yd
;=rka tlsfkld w;r flgug;a jHdmdrh len,sj,g lvd
n, lr ug;a jHdmdrh hlr yeug;a i;=rdf.a iejqKq
69'm%lmsdYl igyka(
his l=,r;ak
tacka;jreka w;g jHdmdrfha len,s lvd .ekSug;a ck;dj

w;r jHdmdrhg ys ;ek wys lsug;a iEu ish kska; ig-
lmglulau Wml%uhlau m%fhdackhg .kska lghq;= lrhs'
i;=rdf.a f ;sriak yd wpdrj;a foaYmd,k m%ydrh
yuqf wm weo jefguqo@ ke;sk ke.S isuqo@ i;=rdf.a Iag
udkisl hqoaO Wml%u yuqf wms mrdch fjuqo@ ke;sk ch.%yKh
m;d m%;sm%ydrh fouqo@ i;=rdf.a udkisl hqoaO Wml%uj,g tfrysj
;SrKd;aul wIaGdk iy.; uq fjr fhdod wm ke.S ish hq;=
hehso ke.S ish yels hehso wms ;rfhau lshkafkuq' T ta yer
wka u.la wmg ke;' mqkre;a:dmk l|jqrej,;a" msg;;a" ck;dj
w;r;a" mka;s i;=rdf.a f udkisl hqoaOl%u wj,do wmydi iy
ish fdayS ls%hd t<sor lrka tajdg ;SrKd;aulj m%;sm%ydr
foka thg tfrysj u;jduh wr.,hla uyd mudKfhka
h;a lsf wjYH;djh wo Wod ;sf' lg jpkfhkq;a ,sms
f,aLk u.skq;a f m%;sm%ydrh uyd mudKfhka l< hq;=j we;'
tu.ska muKs" ck;djg i;Hh t<sor lr,sh yelafla' wmg
tfrysj l=re Okm;s md,l mx;sh lrf.k hk f kskaodiy.;
udkisl hqoaOfha ma,j im<s fmdrjd.;a iEu ish wjia:djd
lKavdhulau md,l l,a,sh yd tla w;aje,a ne|f.k is'
miq.sh ld,fha yd uE;l ryia fmd,sish yd bhka l%ukdhl
yryd meKs whf.ka .Kkdjlau i;=rd bfha oKska je
fl<skau i;=re mCIh .;a w;r ;j;a msila i;=rd bfha
oKska je i;=re mCIh ryiska f.k ;jrg;a ie fjia
j,df.k iska i;=rdg fiajh lsug;a mCIhg fdaySl
lsug;a j,slkjd' msila vn,a tacka;jreka jYfhka ie
iskjd' f ish fokdu tflla kEru fiajh lrkqfha mx;s
i;=rdghs' OfkaYajr l%uhghs' f i|yd Wka O l%u muKla
Wmfhda.Slr .kakjd' f ish fdaySka yd Wkaf.a ls%hd l,dmhka
ck;dj w;r wm iska fy<sl< hq;=j ;sfnkjd' ryia fmd,Sisfha
mshka,d fndahs,d fldalshka ish wh wmg tfrysj wj,do
ke.Su krl fohla hhs uu lsisfia;au fkdis;' mquh Wka
ma,jh .ek kej;;a l;d lsuhs' ka Wkaf.a zzudlaiajdohZZ
k y;rjk ;gqfjka W.;a zzy;rfjks ;gqf udlaiajdohhs'
y;rjk ;gqfjka W.;a udlaiajdoh wkqjhs" f fdaySka wmg
70
wj,do k.kqfha;a mNj lrkqfha;a' ta .ek m%:ufhkau fydka

f;are f.k ck;djg;a fydka f;are lr hhq;=j ;sf'
wmg tfrysj mka;s i;=rd iu. tl;= mx;s i;=rd
fjkqfjka wj,do k.kafkda ljryqo@ tlaflda fkdfhl=;a
mqoa.,sl n,dfmdfrd;a;= ,dNdfmaCIdfjka mCIh ;=<g meK
n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka lr.;a whhs' ke;fyd;a mCIhg uy;a
fdaySl lr we;s mCI wruqo,a jxpdlr we;s mCIfha kdufhka
whq;= m%fhdack f.k we;s whhs' tfia ke;fyd;a ;u ;
.,jd .ekSug ;u lsgqjrhska yd {d;sjrhska frd .ekSug
îsrf.hska ksoyia lrjd yk fmdfrdkaj msg& OfkaYajr rdcH
hdka;%Kh bfha mCIh uqukskau mdjd kakjqKqhs' tfia;a
ke;ak i;=re lKavdh w;rg m,d.sh whhs' fudjqka tflla
kEru wo OfkaYajr rdcH hka;%fha mx;s i;=rdf.a iqjp lSlre
Y%djlhska we;' wo Wkaf.a tlu wruqK tlu wNsm%dh ksOk
mx;s jHdhduh kdY lr,Suhs' ck;d uqla;s fmruqK mdjdka
tys lemjqKq ifydaorjreka oyia .Kkska mka;s i;=rdg ,slrka
f fdaySka frd;a; wo OfkaYajr rdcH hdka;%Kfha O wdh;k
iu. fkdfhl=;a in|l mj;ajka ,dxlSh ma,jhg tfrysj
Yd, l=uka;%Khl fh iskjd' f uyd l=uka;%Kfha O
mshjrhka jYfhkah" fdaySka iska ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg;a tys
kdhl;ajhg;a fm!oa.,slj ug;a tfrysj wkka; wm%udK fndre
f.,a kskaod wmydi wj,do yd wjudk lrkqfha;a f,dl= w;=,,d
jeks fdaySka fndre idCIs fokqfha;a' fmd w;=,,d iqkkao,d
msh;s,l,d mshis,d'''' yd ;j;a tjeks fdaySka fndre idCIs
fufyhjkqfha;a t<sfha isk ifydaorjreka iy l|jqre ;=<
jevlrk ifydaorjreka mdjdfokqfha;a mCIh ;< is fdaySka
iy tacka;jreka ish fokdu;a il,O wjia:djdka ish
fokdu;a OfkaYajr rdcH hdka;%Kh;a hk ish fokdu;a wo
ck;d uqla;s fmruqKg tfrysj uyd l=uka;%Khla i|yd tlg
tlai;a ishs' fdaySkaf.a;a i;=rkaf.a;a f tlai;a fmruqKg
l=uka;%K lsug tajd id:l lr.ekSug;a bvfouqo@ ck;d
uqla;s fmruqK kdY lsug bv fouqo@ fkdtfia k mka;s
i;=rd yuqf" Wkaf.a hre m%ydrh yuqf wNS;j ke.S isg
ksOk mx;sl jHdhduh iqrlsuqo@ ck;d uqla;s fmruqK kej;
71
f.dvk.uqo@ ck;d uqla;s fmruqK;a ma,jjd jHdmdrh;a

iuQ, >d;kh lsf l=re f;kdfjka foaYSh wrdcHjdkaf.a
wdOdr wkqn,h yd Wmfoia iys;j ,dxlSh OfkaYajr md,l mx;s
iska islrk ,o m%;sma,jfha ck;d uqla;s fmruqK ;=<g
x.df.k is i;=re tacka;,d ish fokdu;a fokdu;a mCIh
;=< ys is fdaySkq;a OfkaYajr m%;sma,jhg fl<skau yd jl%j
kqj;aj yd fkdkqj;aj Wo lr ;sf' f fdaySka iska i;=re
tacka;jreka iska oi oyia .Kkla ma,jjdka rjgd ;sf'
jxpd lr ;sf'
i;=rd w wfudardf.k Yd, ysiqKq ksia >d;khlg
iQodk m%fldamld l%shd lrk g jHdmdrh ;=< is fdaySka yd
i;=re tacka;jreka wjxl ifydaorjreka rjgd jHdmdrfha ;SrKhla
hhs fr ifydaorhdf.a kqumsg flfrkafka hehs ûd hdmkfha
nkaOkd.drfha isg myrug hhs okajd tjQ nj iyuq,skau idjoH
Tmamql< fkdyels wj,dohla fdaySka iska k.ka is& uyd
fndref.,a weond oi oyia .Kka jkd ma,jjdka jxpksl
f,i i;=rdf.a urelgg olaljd ;sf' we;e wjxl ifydaorjre
wjidk fudfydf;a fyda fuh f;are f.k we;' tfy;a oyia
.Kka jHdmdrhg Nla;su;a jQ ma,jhg lemjQ wjxl wjHdc
ma,jjd ifydaor ifydaohka fdaySka iska ;uka rjgkq ,enQ
nj ;uka mdjd fokq ,en we;s nj fkdk OfkaYajr m%;sma,jfha
urelgg f.dre jqKd' OfkaYajr m%;sma,jfha urelka hka;
f ; /l.;a ma,jjd i.hsks OfkaYajr m%;sma,jh
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