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hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm
e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny
Jibachha's Textbook of

Veterinary Epidemiology & Public Health

8f= hLa5 ;fx

aL=eL=P:;L= PG8 P=Pr=, Pd\=eL=P:;L= -l6=o'=_
Nofa 6]lg -Pg\8L8LaLu'h/ft, ef/t_

8f= k|efs/ s'df/ ;fx

aL=eL=P:;L= PG8 P=Pr= -lk=o'=_
Pd\=eL=P:;L= -d]l8l;g_ -P=Pkm=o'=_

hLa5 e]6l] /g/L xl:k6n l/;r{ PG8 6]l g ;]G6/ -k|f=_ ln=
e/tk'/$, n+s"k"n, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg, g]kfn
Od]nM vhrtc@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726

www.vhrtc.com.np

www.facebook.com/vhrtc

hLa5 klAnl;\u
-e]6]l/g/L klAn;/ tyf l8l:6Ao'6;{_
e/tk'/$, n+s"k"n, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg, g]kfn
Od]nM jibachha@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726
Copyright material

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 1

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

k|yd ;+:s/0f M @)&$ d+l;/ ! ut] .

tb\cg';f/ !& gf]e]Da/ @)!&
k|sfzsM
hLa5 klAnl;\u
-e]6]l/g/L klAn;/ tyf l8l:6Ao'6;{_
e/tk'/$, n+s"k"n, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg, g]kfn
Od]nM jibachha@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726

;jf{lwsf/ @)&$, hLa5 klAnl;\u

o; k':tssf slk/fO6 k"0f{tof n]vsdf ;'/lIft 5 . t;y{ k':tssf s'g}

klg efusf s'g} klg efiffdf k"/f jf cf+lzs, On]S6f]lgs, kmf]6f]skL jf s'g}
ljlwf/f ;jf{lwsf/Lsf] k"j{:jLs[ltlagf k|sfzg ug{ k"0f{ lgif]w 5 .
ISBN:

d"No = **%

sDKo'6/ n]cfp6 tyf d'b|0fM

A quality printing house

Quality Press
e/tk'/, lrtjg
kmf]gM )%^%@^&)!
E-mail: qualitypress14@gmail.com

Copyright material

2 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

e"ldsf

e"ldsf
k|:t't k':ts hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08
klAns x]Ny df Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf cjwf/0ff, /f]usf
:j?k, /f]usf k|sf]k b/, /f]usf cWoogljlw, /f]u ;j]{If0f, /f]u l/kf]l6{
k|0ffnL, tYof ;ng, hf]lvd Pj+ ;f]sf Joj:yfkg, /f]usf sf/0f Pj+
h'gf]l6s /f]ux?af/] ;lrq?kdf lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .
of] k':ts k|fljlws lzIffnodf kz' :jf:Yotkm{ cWoog/t
ljBfyL{x?sf] kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t g]kfndf klxnf]k6s k|sflzt k':ts
ePsf]n] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{sf] ;fy} kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfdf sfo{/t
k|fljlw1x?n] ;d]t lgs} pkof]uL hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] ljZjf; lnPsf
5f}F . xfn;Dd k|sflzt xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ k':tsx? kz' :jf:Yotkm{sf 5fq5fqf,
k|fljlw1, s[ifsx?nfO{ ;d]t lgs} pkof]uL /x]sf] ljfg kz' lrlsT;s,
kz'kfng lj1x?af6 ;'Gg kfpFbf lgs} v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . xfd|f k|sflzt
k':tsx?af/] ;+zf]wgfTds ;'emfj, cfzfk"0f{ cfnf]rgf k7fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'
x'g ;DalGwt ljfg, ljz]if1 tyf kf7sx?df xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .

ljlgto

8f= k|efs/ s'df/ ;fx 8f= hLa5 ;fx

aL=eL=P:;L= PG8 P=Pr= -lk=o'_ aL=eL=P:;L= PG8 P=Pr=,
Pd\=eL=P:;L= -d]l8l;g_ -P=Pkm=o'=_ Pd\=eL=P:;L= -l6=o'=_
Nofa 6]lg -Pg\8L8LaLu'h/ft, ef/t_

@)&$ d+l;/ ! ut]

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 3

;f+s]lts zAb

;f+s]lts zAb
(Abbreviation)

BSE = Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

CCP's = Critical control points
CDC = Centers for disease control and prevention
CIP = Cleaning in place
FMD = Foot and mouth disease
GIS = Geographic information system
HACCP = Hazard analysis and critical control point
HDPE = High-density polyethylene
HPAI = Highly pathogenic avian influenza
HSE = Health and safety executive
ILI = Influenza like illness
LLPDE = Linear low density polyethylene
OIE = World organization for animal health
PDS = Participatory disease surveillance
SAT = Serum aggulutination test
WHO = World health organization

4 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

ljifo ;"rL

ljifo ;"rL
(Index)

e"ldsf #
;f+s]lts zAb $
ljifo ;"rL %

v08 ! !!
!= Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo !!
cjwf/0ff (Basic concepts of epidemiology
and public health)
!=! Olk8]ldof]nf]hLl;t ;DalGwt zAbfjnL !#
(Terminologies used in epidemiology)
!=@ Olk8]ldof]nf]hLsf] k|of]u Pj+ dxj #!
(Uses and importance of epidemiology)
!=# Olk8]ldof]nf]hLsn lqsf]0f #!
(Epidemiological triad)
!=$ /f]usf cfO;ju{ l;4fGt #%
(Iceberg principle of disease)

v08 @ /f]usf :j?ksf j0f{g #(

(Describe pattern of disease)

v08 # %@
!= lk|Eofn]G; tyf OG;L8]G; b/ lgsfNg] ljlw %@
(Calculation of prevalence and incidence
rate)

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 5

ljifo ;"rL

@= lj/fdL b/ (Morbidity rate) tyf d[To'b/ %#

(Mortality rate) lgsfNg] tl/sf
#= OG;L8]G; l/:s (Incidence risk) tyf %$
cfqmd0f b/ (Attack rate)
$= s]z of6fln6L b/ (Case fatality rate) / %%
Olk8]lds se{ (Epidemic curve)

v08 $ %&
!= Olk8]ldof]nf]lhsn cWoog %&
(Epidemiological studies)
@= /f]u k|sf]k cGj]if0f (Outbreak investigation) %(

v08 % ^*
!= ;j]{If0f, lgu/fgL tyf ;le{n]G;sf] kl/efiff ^*
(Definition of survey, monitoring and
surveillance)
!=! ;le{n]G;sf k|sf/ (Types of surveillance) ^(
@= ;xeflutfd'ns l8lhh ;le{nG] ; &@
(Participatory disease surveillance)
@=! ;xeflutfd'ns l8lhh ;le{n]G;sf] k|of]u Pj+ dxj &#
(Use and importance of participatory disease
surveillance; PDS)
@=@ ;xeflutfd'ns l8lhh ;le{n]G; ug]{ tl/sf &$

v08 ^ &%
!= g]kfndf /f]u l/kf]l6{ k|0ffnL &%
(Disease reporting system in Nepal)

6 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

ljifo ;"rL

!=! ljZj kz' :jf:Yo ;+3 (OIE) eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < &^
v08 & *#
!= tYof ;ng (Data collection) sf kl/efiff *#
@= tYof ;ngsf cfjZostf *#
(Need of data collection)
#= tYof ;ng ljlw *$
(Methods of data collection)
$= tYofsf ;|ft ] x? (Data sources) *%
%= tYofsf juL{s/0f (Classification of data) *%
%=! k|fOd/L tyf ;]s]G8L tYofdf leGgtf *^

v08 * **
!= hf]lvd pbfx/0f ;lxt ljZn]if0f ljlw **
(Perform risk analysis using simple example)
!=! hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ljZn]if0fsf] cfjZostf *(
(Importance of risk management)
!=@ hf]lvd lgwf{/0fsf % cfwf/x? ()
(Five steps of risk assessment)

v08 ( (#
!= /f]u nfUgsf sf/0f (Causation of disease) (#

v08 !) (&
!= h'gf]l;;sf] kl/efiff (Definition of Zoonosis) (&
!=! h'gf]l6s /f]usf juL{s/0f (&
(Classification of zoonoses)

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 7

ljifo ;"rL

@= h'gf]l6s /f]u nfUg d2t ug]{ tYox? !)@

(Factor influencing the zoonotic problem)
#= dxjk"0f{ h'gf]l6s /f]ux? !)@
(Some important zoonotic diseases)

v08 !! !)&
!= kfgLaf6 pTkGg h'gf]l6s /f]ux? !)&
(Waterborne zoonotic diseases)

v08 !@ !!#
!= b'waf6 pTkGg h'gf]l6s /f]ux? !!#
(Milk borne zoonoses)

v08 !# !!%
!= df;'af6 pTkGg h'gf]l6s /f]ux? !!%
(Meat borne zoonoses)

v08 !$ dxjk"0f{ h'gf]l6s /f]u tyf ;f]sf] lgoGq0f !@)

(Important zoonotic disease and their control)
!= /]ljh (Rabies) !@)
@= a'|;]nf]l;; (Brucellosis/Bang's disease) !@^
#= Ifo/f]u (Tuberculosis/Pthisis) !#)
$= j8{n' (Highly pathogenic avian influenza) !#$
%= :jfOg n' (Swine flu) !#&
^= lkmQ]h'sf -l;:6L;sf]{l;;_ !#*

8 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

ljifo ;"rL

v08 !% !$!
!= df;' k/LIf0f s] xf] < !$!
(What is meat inspection?)
!=! df;' k/LIf0f ug{sf p2]Zo (Why to do meat !$!
inspection?)
!=@ kz' jw cufj}sf lgu/fgL (Pre-slaughter care) !$@
!=# kz' jw cufj}sf k/LIf0f (Antemortem inspection) !$$
!=$ jw kZrft ul/g] k/LIf0f (Postmortem inspection) !$%

v08 !^ !$*
!= jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf (Environmental hygiene) !$*
!=! gfnLsf kfgL tyf v]tsf kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ljlw !$*
(Disposal of sewages and farm wastes)

v08 !& !%)

!= gd'gf ;ng ljlw (Sample collection !%)
method)
!=! b'wsf gd'gf lng] tl/sf !%)
(Methods for collection of milk sample)
!=@ df;'sf gd'gf lng] ljlw !%@
(Method of collection of meat sample)
!=# gd"gf ;ng ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? !%^

v08 !* !%(
!= l;g' Joj:yfkg (Carcass disposal) !%(

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 9

ljifo ;"rL

v08 !( !^!
!= Ps :jf:Yo cjwf/0ff (One Health Concept) !^!

j0ff{g'qmlds ;"rL (Alphabetical index) !^$!&%

;Gbe{ u|Gyx? (References)

10 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff

v08 !

!= Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff

(Basic concepts of epidemiology and public health)

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL -dxfdf/L lj1fg_ sf] kl/efiff

(Definition of epidemiology)

ljZj :jf:Yo ;7g (WHO) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ :jf:Yo

;DalGwt c;/ -/f]u ;d]t_ sf] ljt/0f (distribution), lgZro ;fwg
(determinants) tyf /f]u lgoGq0f (control of disease) sfo{sf] lglDt
Pj+ cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf cWoog ug{ k|of]u ul/g] zf:qnfO{
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL (epidemiology) elgG5 .
According to WHO, Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
(including disease), and the application of this study to the control of
diseases and other health problems.
d]l/od j]j:6/ l8S;g/L (Merriam-Webster dictionary) sf] cg';f/
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] d]l8sn lj1fgsf] Tof] zfvf h;n] hg;+Vofdf
36gf (incidence), ljt/0f (distribution) tyf /f]u lgoGq0f Pj+ cGo
hg:jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf af/]df cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpF5 .
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, Epidemiology
is; 1.: a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence,
distribution and control of disease in a population. 2.: the sum of the
factors controlling the presence or absence of a disease or pathogen.
e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] kz' ;+Vofdf /f]usf l:yltaf/]
cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpFb5 . kz' ;+Vof eGgfn] ;Lldt If]q leqsf
;Dk"0f{ kz'sf ljz]if hft ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;Dk"0f{

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 11

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
efn] kz'x? h'g lglZrt pd]/, ;d"xdf /flvG5 .
Veterinary epidemiology is the study of disease in animal
populations. A population may include all animals of a particular
species in the area studied, or subcategories within that species (e.g.
all male stock within a certain age group)
d]l8sn dfOqmf]jfof]nf]hL (Medical microbiology) sf] cg';f/
Olk8]ldof]nf]hL eGgfn] :jf:Yo Pj+ /f]usf lglZrt ;fwg (determinants),
36gf (occurrence) / ljt/0f (distribution) sf] af/]df lglZrt ul/Psf
;+Vof leqdf cWoog u/fpg] zf:qnfO{ hgfpF5 .
According to Medical microbiology, Epidemiology is the
study of the determinants, occurrence and distribution of health and
disease in a defined population.

hg:jf:Yosf] kl/efiff
(Definition of public health)

ljZj :jf:Yo ;7g (WHO) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hg:jf:Yo Ps

k|sf/sf] lj1fg Pj+ snf xf] h;sf dfWodaf6 /f]u lgoGq0f (preventing
disease), cfo' j[l4 (prolonging life) jf b'j{ntf (infirmity) x6fpg] sfo{
;fdflhs, ;7g, ;/sf/L tyf lghL k|of;af6 ;fdflhs Pj+ JolQmut
rfxgf adf]lhd k|oTg sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
According to WHO, Public health refers to "the science and
art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations,
public and private, communities and individuals.
l;=l8=l;= (CDC) sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ hg:jf:Yo (public health)
Ps k|sf/sf] lj1fg xf] h;n] kfl/jfl/s Pj+ ;fdflhs :jf:YonfO{ :j:Yo
hLjgz}nL (healthy lifestyle), /f]u cg';Gwfg, b'3{6gf arfj6 Pj+ ;+qmfds
/f]usf] klxrfg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

12 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
According to CDC, Public health is the science of protecting
and improving the health of families and communities through
promotion of healthy lifestyles, research for disease and injury
prevention and detection and control of infectious diseases.

zAbfy{M
8An'=Pr=cf]= (WHO) M ljZj :jf:Yo ;7g (World Health Organization)
l;=l8=l;= (CDC) M ;]G6/ km/ l8lhh sG6f]n P08 lk|e]G;g
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

!=! Olk8]ldof]nf]hLl;t ;DalGwt zAbfjnL

(Terminologies used in epidemiology)
!= 8fO/]S6 6fG;ld;g (Direct transmission) M
/f]u ;+qmldt kz'af6 l;w} /f]u ;g{ hfg], Tof] uef{j:yfsf dfWod
(transplacental), vsf/, lk;fa jf ;Dks{df cfP/, 6f]sfO, k|hgg
OTofbLaf6 x'g ;S5 .
/f]u ;g]{ (Disease transmission)

xf]/Lh]G6n /f]u ;g]{

(Horizontal transmission)
(Vertical transmission)
el6{sn /f]u ;g]{

aRrf aRrf
(Offspring) (Offspring)

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 13

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
xf]/Lh]G6n /f]u ;g]{ eGgfn] l;wf ;Dks{,
(horizontal)
Zjf;k|Zjf; OTofbLsf] dfWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]unfO{ hgfpFb5 .
el6{sn 6fG;ld;g (Vertical transmission) M
dfpaf6 aRrfdf ;g]{ /f]unfO{ el6{sn 6fG;ld;g elgG5 . Tof]
uef{j:yfdf, z'qmf0f' jf ;fn (placenta) sf] dfWodaf6 x'g
;S5 .
@= Po/ jf]g{ (Airborne) M
xfjf (air) sf dfWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]unfO{ Po/jf]g{ l8lhh elgG5 .

xfjfsf dfWodaf6 /f]u ;g]{ tl/sf

#= e]lxsn 6fG;ld;g (Vehicle transmission) M

;+qmldt j:t'x? kfgL, cfxf/, jfof]nf]lhsn k|f]8S6; -EoflS;g,
KnfHdf_, ;lh{sn cf}hf/, 8]lGr ug, :6f]ds 6\o"a OTofbLsf
dfWodaf6 ;g]{ /f]unfO{ hgfpF5 .

14 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff
Ifo/f]usf ls6f0f'
Ifo/f]uaf6 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
k|lt/f]w
gePsf] JolQm ;+qmldt JolQm
(Person not
(Infected patient)
immune to TB) sf/s tTj
(Causative agent)

;+qmldt x'g
;Sg] JolQm
(Susceptible host)
kmf]S;f]sf] (Reservoir)
Ifo/f]u
(Pulmonary
tuberculosis)

k|j]zf/ k|j]zf/
(Portal of (Portal of
entry) exit)

kmf]S;f] kmf]S;f]
(Lungs) (Lungs)

dflg;df Ifo/f]u ;g]{ dfWod (Mode of transmission)

$= e]S6/ 6fG;ld;g (Vector transmission) M

lsgf{, plkofF, h'd|f, nfdv'] OTofbLsf dfWodaf6 kz'df ;g]{ /f]unfO{
e]S6/ 6fG;ld;g elgG5 .

hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny 15

Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf hg:jf:Yosf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff

plkofFsf c08f
lglZrt xf]:6 (Flea eggs)
(Definitive host)

plkofFsf hLjgrqm
(Life cycle of dog flea)
plkofFsf nfef{
(Flea larva)

Jo;s k/hLlj
(Flea adult)
k/hLlj -plkofF_ sf Ko'kf
(Flea pupa)
plkofFf/f /f]u ;g]{ dfWod (Vector transmission)

%= /]l;:6]G; (Resistance) M
;Dk"0f{ z/L/ /f]u lj?4 cyf{t\ ;+qmd0f lj?4 ;Ifd x'g hfg]
cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
^= OGx]/]G6 /]l;:6]G; (Inherent resistance) M
Xo'd/n jf ;]n'n/ ODo'gsf] dfWodaf6 /f]u lj?4 jf ;+qmd0f lj?4
n8\g] Ifdtf /fVb5 .

16 hLa5 6]S:6a's ckm e]6]l/g/L Olk8]ldof]nf]hL P08 klAns x]Ny