Course Syllabus

OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

Jay L. Batongbacal
2nd Semester SY 2011-2012. MW 830-11am

The basic text is Tolentino, Arturo. Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines.
Any edition will do.

Unless otherwise indicated, numbers below refer to articles of the New Civil Code. Students are required
to read the all commentaries corresponding to the provisions indicated. Students are strongly advised to
read all cases in the original.

The schedule of assignments over the course the semester is laid out in the table at the end of these
instructions. Such assignments are to be followed strictly unless otherwise instructed by the professor.
More than ample allowance has been made for possible holidays, calamities, absences, or other
contingencies.

Where the syllabus points to an unfamiliar technical word, phrase, classification, or language, students
are expected to exercise due diligence and determine their meaning.

Electronic devices of any kind or any printed material are NOT permitted to be used during class hours.
Electronic devices shall be turned OFF, and printed materials (codals and cases) shall be kept HIDDEN.
They may be taken out only upon instruction. Only handwritten notes are permitted. During recitation,
students may glance at notes, but shall NOT read them. Every violation of this rule merits one failing mark
for recitation.

Students shall have ready at all times, at least 2 sheets of yellow intermediate pad paper for quizzes.
Each quiz is equivalent to one recitation.

Although attendance is not checked, if a student called for recitation turns out to be absent, s/he
shall be given one failing mark for recitation.

The final grade shall have only two components: recitations/quizzes and the final exam.
 PART 1: OBLIGATIONS

In General
o Nature
Definition 1156
Sources 1157-61, 2142, 2176-7, 2180, RPC 218-9, RoC Rule 111

CASES
o Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil 607 (1942)
o Mendoza v. Arrieta, 91 SCRA 113 (1979)
o PSBA v. CA, 205 SCRA 729 (1992)
o Amadora v. CA, 160 SCRA 315 (1988)

Transmissibility - 1178

o Possible Classifications
By enforceability
Civil, natural 1423-9
o CASES
Villaroel v. Estrada, 71 Phil 140 (1940)
Fisher v. Robb, 69 Phil 101 (1939)

By number of parties: sole I unilateral, joint I bilateral (separate, solidary),

collective
By nature of parties' undertaking: unilateral, reciprocal
By presence of conditions: unconditional/pure, conditional (period, prestation,
event, penal clause)
By variability of obligation: definitive, alternative
By divisibility of obligation: divisible, indivisible
By relationship: principal, accessory
By nature of action to enforce: real, personal
By object of the prestation: simple, multiple, conjunctive, distributive, alternative,
facultative
By nature of object: generic, specific

o Breach
Concept/Distinction
Standard of care/diligence 1163, 1173
o CASES
De Guia v. Manila Electric Co, 40 Phil 706 (1920)
US v. Barias, 23 Phil 434 (1912)
Sarmiento v. Sps. Cabrido, 401 SCRA 122 (2003)
Crisostomo v. CA, 409 SCRA 528 (2003)

Types of Breach
o Substantial
o Casual
CASES
Song Fo v. Hawaiian Philippines, 47 Phil 821
(1925)
Velarde v. CA, 361 SCRA 56 (2001)

Modes
Fraud (dolo): 1171
o CASES
 Woodhouse v. Halili, 93 Phil 526 (1953)
Geraldez v. CA, 230 SCRA 329 (1994)
Negligence (culpa): 1171-73, 2201.2
o CASES
Gutierrez v. Gutierrez, 56 Phil 177 (1932)
Vasquez v. Borja, 74 Phil 560 (1944)
Delay (mora)
o In unilateral obligations
Mora solvendi: 1169
CASES
o Cetus Development Corp. v. CA, 176
SCRA 72 (1989)
o Santos Ventura Hocorna Foundation v.
Santos, GR 153004, 04 Nov 2004
o Vasquez v. Ayala Corp., GR 149734, 19
Nov 2004
o Abella v. Francisco, 55 Phil 447 (1931)
Mora accipiendi
CASES
o Vda. de Villaruel v. Manila Motor Co.,
104 Phil 926 (1958)
o Tengco v. CA, GR 49852, 19 Oct 1989
Compensatio morae
CASES
o Central Bank v. CA, 139 SCRA 46
(1985)
o In reciprocal obligations: 1159, 1192
Contravention of tenor of obligation
o CASES
Chavez v. Gonzales, 32 SCRA 547 (1970)
Telefast v. Castro, 158 SCRA 445 (1988)
Arrieta v. NARIC, 10 SCRA 79 (1964)
Magat v. Medialdea, GR L-37120, 20 Apr 1983

o Remedies for Breach

Available actions
Performance: 1165
o Obligation to Give
Specific performance
To deliver
o Specific/determinate thing: 1244, 1170,
1165.1, 1176
o generic thing: 1246
To preserve: 1163
To deliver all its accessions: 1166, 1164
o interest: 1176
Exception: Usury: 1175 , 1413
PD 858
PD 1685
Central Bank Circular 416
Monetary Board Circular 905
CASES
Eastern Shipping Lines v. CA,
234 SCRA 781 (1994)
 Cristina Garments v. CA, 304
SCRA 356 (1999)
Keng Hua Products v. CA, 286
SCRA 257 (1998)
Security Bank v. RTC Makati,
263 SCRA 453 (1996)
Almeda v. CA, 256 SCRA 292
(1996)
First Metro Investment v. Estate
of Del Sol, 420 Phil 902 (2001)
To deliver all its accessories: 1166
Substituted performance: 1165.3
o Obligation to Do: 1167
CASES
Chavez v. Gonzales, 32 SCRA 547 (1970)
Tanguling v. CA, 266 SCRA 78 (1997)
o Obligation Not to Do: 1168
Damages: 1170
o Unilateral obligations: 1171
o Reciprocal obligations: 1192
Rescission: 1191-92
o CASES
Song Fo v. Hawaiian Philippines, 47 Phil 821 (1925)
Boysaw v. Interphil Promotions, 148 SCRA 365 (1987)
U.P. v. de los Angeles, 35 SCRA 365 (1970)
De Erquiaga v. CA, 178 SCRA 1 (1989)
Angeles v. Calasanz, 135 SCRA 323 (1985)
Ong v. CA, 310 SCRA 1 (1999)
Visayan Sawmill v. CA, 219 SCRA 3 78 (1993)
Deiparine v. CA, 221 SCRA 503 (1993)
Iringan v. CA, 366 SCRA41 (2001)
Vda. de Mistica v. Sps. Naguiat, 418 SCRA 73 (2003)
o See also: 1786, 1788, 1484-86, RA 6552
Subsidiary Remedies
o Accion Subrogatoria: 1177, 772
o Accion Pauliana: 1177, 1381
CASES
Khe Hong Seng v. CA, 355 SCRA 701 (2001)
Siguan v. Lim, 318 SCRA 725 ( 1999)
o Others: 1652, 1729,1608,1893
Extinguishment of Liability: 1174
o CASES
Juan Nakpil & Sons v. CA, 144 SCRA 597 (1986)
Republic v. Luzon Stevedoring, 21 SCRA 279 (1967)
Dioquino v. Laureano, 33 SCRA 65 (1970)
Yobido v. CA, 281 SCRA 1 (1997)
Austria v. CA, 39 SCRA 527 (1971)
NPC v. CA, GRL-47379, 161 SCRA334 (1988)
Bacolod-Murcia Milling v. CA, 182 SCRA 24 (1990)
Philcomsat v. Globe Telecom, 429 SCRA 153 (2004)
o Exceptions: 1174, cf. 1165, 552, 1942, 1979, 2001 , 2147
o
Effect of loss/deterioration/improvement of thing subject of obligation: 1189,
1194, 566-71
o Extinguishment of Obligations
Payment or performance, 1231.1
Definition, 1232
How made
o Ways, 1233, 1248-1250
o No substitution, 1244, 1246
o Costs/ expenses, 1247
CASES
Arrieta v. NARIC, 10 SCRA 79 (1964)
Kalalo v. Luz, 34 SCRA 377 (1940)
St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance v.
Macondray, 70 SCRA 122 (1976)
Papa v. A.V. Valencia, 284 SCRA 643 (1998)
PAL v. CA, 181 SCRA557 (1990)
o By whom
Debtor
3rd person, 1236-39, 1427
o To whom
Creditor, 1240-41
3rd person, 1241-42
o Where made, 1251
o Application, 1252-54
CASES
Reparations Commission v. Universal Deep Sea
Fishing, 83 SCRA 764 (1978)
Paculdo v. Regalado, 345 SCRA 134 (2000)
o Invalid payment, 1243
o Other forms of payment
Cession, 1255
Dation in payment, 1245
CASES
o DBP v. CA, GR 118342, 05 Jan 1998
o Filinvest Credit Corp. v. Philippine
Acetylene, 111 SCRA 421 (1982)
Tender of payment and consignation
Requisites, 1256-57
How made, 1258
Effect of withdrawal, 1260-61
Effect of valid consignation, 1259-60
CASES
De Guzman v. CA, 137 SCRA 730 (1985)
TLG International Continental Enterprising Inc.
v. Flores, 47 SCRA 437 (1972)
McLaughlin v CA, 144 SCRA 693 (1986)
Soco v. Militante, 123 SCRA 160 (1983)
Sotto v. Mijares, 28 SCRA 17 (1969)
Meat Packing Corp. v. Sandiganbayan, 359
SCRA 409 (2001)
Pabugais v. Sahijwani, 423 SCRA 596 (2004)

Loss of thing due/Impossibility of performance, 1231.2

Loss of thing due (obligation to give)
o Obligation to deliver a determinate thing, 1262, 1268-69
o Obligation to deliver a generic thing, 1263
o Partial loss, 1264
 o Presumptions, 1265, 1165
Impossibility of performance (obligation to do), 1266-67
CASES
o Occena v. CA, 73 SCRA 637 (1976)
o Naga Telephone Co. v. CA, 230 SCRA 351 (1994)
o PNCC v. CA, 272 SCRA 183 (1997)

Condonation or remission of the debt, 1231.3

Characteristics, 1270
o CASE: Yam v. CA, GR 104726, 11 Feb 1999
Creditor's renunciation of action, 1271-72, 1274
Effect, 1273

Confusion or merger of rights of the creditor (1231.4)

Requisites, 1275
o Effects on guarantors, 1276
o Effects on obligation, 1277

Compensation (1231.5)
Concept. 1278, 1286, 1289-90
Requisites, 1279, 1287-88, 1282-84
o CASES
Gan Tion v. CA, 28 SCRA 235 (1969)
Silahis Marketing v. lAC, 180 SCRA 29 (1989)
BPI v. Reyes, 255 SCRA 571 (1996)
PNB v. Sapphire Shipping, 259 SCRA 174 (1996)
Mirasol v. CA, 351 SCRA 44 (2001)
Kinds, 1281
3rd persons' interests
o Guarantor (of the debt), 1280
o Assignee (of the credit), 1285

Novation (1231.6)
Concept, 1291-92
o Changing their object or principal conditions (objective novation),
1292
CASES
Miller v. CA, 38 SCRA 642 (1971)
Dormitorio v. Fernandez, 72 SCRA 388 (1976)
Magdalena Estate v. Rodriguez, 18 SCRA 967
(1966)
Reyes v. Secretary of Justice, 264 SCRA 3 5 (
1996)
Conchingyan v. RB Surety and Insurance, 151
SCRA 339 (1987)
Broadway Centrum Condominium Corp v.
Tropical Hut, GR 79642, 05 Jul 1993
California Bus Lines v. State Investment, GR 14
79 50, 11 Dec 2003
o Substituting the person of the debtor (subjective novation), 1293-
95
CASES
Garcia v. Llamas, 417 SCRA 292 (2003)
Quinto v. People, GR 126715, 14 Apr 1999
 o Subrogating a 3rd person in rights of the creditor (subrogation),
1303
Legal, 1300, 1303
CASE: Astro Electronics Corp v. Philippine
Export and Foreign Loan Guarantee Corp., GR
136729,23 Sep 2003
Conventional, 1300-01
CASE: Licaros v. Gatmaitan, GR 142838, 09
Aug 2001
Effects, 1296-99, 1304

Others (1231, p. 2)
Annulment
Rescission
Fulfillment of a resolutory condition
Prescription

o Kinds of Obligations under NCC

Pure obligations , 1179

Conditional obligations, 1181-92

Definition, 1181, 1193
o CASES
Gaite v. Fonacier, 2 SCRA 830 (1961)
Gonzales v. Heirs of Thomas, 314 SCRA 585 (1999)
When effective/demandable, 1181-82, 1185-86
Effects when condition fulfilled, 1187
Types of conditions
o As to effect
Suspensive (condition precedent), 1188-89
CASES
o Gonzales v. Heirs of Thomas, 314
SCRA585 (1999)
o Coronel v. CA, 253 SCRA 15 (1996)
Resolutory (condition subsequent), 1189-90
CASES
o Parks v. Province of Tarlac, 49 Phil 142
(1927)
o Central Philippines University v. CA, 246
SCRA 511 (1995)
o Quijada v. CA, 299 SCRA 695 (1998)
o As to cause/origin
Potestative, 1180, 1182, 1197
CASE: Lim v. CA, 191 SCRA 156 (1990)
Casual
CASE: Naga Telephone v. CA, 230 SCRA 351
(1990)
Mixed
CASES
o Osmena v. Rama, 14 Phil 99 (1909)
o Hermosa v. Longora, 93 Phil 971 (1953)
o Taylor v. Uy Tieng Piao, 43 Phil 873
(1922)
 o Smith Bell v. Sotelo Matti, 44 Phil 875
(1922)
o Rustan Pulp and Paper v. IAC, 214
SCRA 665 (1992)
o Romero v. CA, 250 SCRA 223 (1995)
o As to possibility
Impossible conditions, 1183
CASE: Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila v.
CA, 198 SCRA 300 (1991)
o As to mode
Positive, 1184
Negative, 1185
When obligation ineffective
o When condition is not fulfilled, 1184
o When condition is void ab initio, 1182-83
o Rescission of reciprocal obligations, 1191-92, 1189
Events pending happening of condition
o Protective action, 1188
o Loss, deterioration, improvement of the thing, 1190, 1189
o Prevention of fulfillment of the condition by obligor, 1189
CASES
Taylor v. Uy Tieng Piao, 43 Phil 873 (1922)
Herrera v. Leviste, GR 55744, 28 Feb 1985

Obligations with a Period (1193-98)

In General
o Definition, 1193, 1197
o For whose benefit, 1196, 1198
CASES
Lachica v. Araneta, 47 OG No. 11, 5699, 04 Aug
1949
Ponce de Leon v. Syjuco, 90 Phil 311 (1951)
Buce v. CA, 332 SCRA 151 (2000)
o Kinds of period
Effect: suspensive, resolutory
Expression: express, implied
Definiteness: definite, indefinite
Source: voluntary, legal, judicial
Types
o With a suspensive period (ex die), 1193
o With a resolutory period (in diem), 1193
When courts may fix the duration, 1197
o CASES
Araneta v. Philippine Sugar Estate Development Co., 20
SCRA 330 (1967)
Central Philippine University v. CA, 246 SCRA 511
(1998)
Incidents before arrival of period
o Loss, deterioration, or improvement of thing, 1194, 1189
o Payment in advance, 1195, 1197

Alternative Obligations (1199-1206)

Kinds
o Simple alternative, 1199
o Facultative, 1206
 Right to choose
o In general, 1200-01, 1205
o Loss of right to choose, 1200, 1202-03
Loss/Impossibility
o Liability for loss of thing/impossibility of performance, 1205
o Creditor's right to indemnity for damages, 1204

Joint and Solidary Obligations (1207-22)

Joint obligations
o General rule, 1207
o Presumption, 1208
o In case indivisible, 1209
Solidary obligations
o When solidary, 1207
o Kinds
Source
Legal, 1915, 1945,2194,RPC 119
Conventional
Real
Parties: active, passive, mixed
Uniformity
Uniform
Varied, 1211
CASES
Ynchausti v. Yulo, 34 Phil 978 (1916)
Lafarge Cement Phil. v. Continental Cement,
443 SCRA 522 (2004)
o Solidary creditors' options
Can be done, 1212, 1216
Cannot be done, 1212-13
o Solidary debtors' options
Pay any one of the solidary creditors, 1214
Avail of defenses, 1222
CASES
o Ynchausti v. Yulo, 34 Phil 978 (1916)
o Alipio v. CA, 341 SCRA 441 (2000)
o Extinguishment of solidary obligation (1215)
o Change in obligation, 1215, 1219
o Payment, 1217-20
o Loss/impossibility, 1221
CASES
Jauclan v. Querol, 38 Phil 718 (1918)
RFC v. CA, O.G. No. 6, 2457
Quisumbing v. CA, 189 SCRA 325 (1990)
Inciong v. CA, 257 SCRA 578 (1996)

Divisible/Indivisible Obligations (1223 -1225)

Object not material, 1223
How determined, 1225
Right to damages, 1224
Partial invalidation, 1183

Obligations with a Penal Clause (1226-30)

Kinds of penal clause
o Effect: subsidiary, complementary
 o Source: conventional, legal
o Purpose: punitive, reparatory
Purpose of penal clause
o Ancillary obligation, 1227
o Substitute for damages, 1226, 1228
CASES
Makati Development Corp v. Empire Insurance
Co., 20 SCRA 557 (1967)
Tan v. CA, 367 SCRA 571 (2001)
Country Bankers Insurance v. CA, GR 85161,
09 Sept 1991
When penalty enforceable, 1226-27
Reduction of penalty by the judge, 1229
Nullification of penalty, 1230

PART II: CONTRACTS

Concept

o Definition, 1305
CASE
GSIS v. CA, 228 SCRA 183 (1993)

o Kinds
By name
Nominate
lnnominate, 1307
o CASE
Dizon v. Gaborro, 83 SCRA 688 (1978)
By perfection
Consensual, 1315
Real, 1316
By subject matter: things, services
By relationship to other contracts: preparatory, principal, accessory
By nature of the vinculum produced: unilateral, bilateral, reciprocal
By cause: onerous, gratuitous

o Essential Requisites, 1318

Consent of contracting parties
Consent
o Definition, 1319
Offer, 1321, 1323-26
Acceptance, 1320, 1322
CASES
Rosenstock v. Burke, 46 Phil 217 (1924)
Malbarosa v. CA, 402 SCRA 168 (2003)
Sanchez v. Rigos, 45 SCRA 368 (1972)
Adelfa Properties v. CA, 240 SCRA 565 (1995)
Jardine Davies v. CA, GR 389 Phil 204 (2000)
State of contracting parties
Who cannot give consent, 1327-29
o Vitiated consent, 1328, 1330,
State of drunkenness, 13 28
During a hypnotic spell, 1328
Mistake, 1330-34
CASES
 o Asiain v. Jalandoni, 45 Phil296 (1923)
o Theis v. CA, GR 126013, 12 Feb 1997
o Heirs of William Sevilla, et al v. Sevilla,
402 SCRA 503 (2003)
o Dumasug v. Modelo, 34 Phil252 (1916)
o Hemedes v. CA, 316 SCRA 34 7 (1999)
o Katipunan v. Katipunan, 375 SCRA 200
(2002)
Violence, 1330, 1335-36
CASE
o Martinez v. HSBC, 15 Phil 252 (1910)
Intimidation, 1330, 1335-36
Undue influence, 1330, 1337
Fraud, 1330, 1344
Active fraud, 1338, 1340-43
o CASES
Songco v. Sellner, 3 7 SCRA
254 (1917)
Azurraga v. Gay, 52 Phil 599
(1928)
Laureta Trinidad v. IAC, 204
SCRA 524 (1991)
Mercado & Mercado v. Espiritu,
37 Phil 215 (1917)
Braganza v. Villa Abrille, 105
SCRA 456 (1959)
Passive fraud, 1332, 1339
o CASES
Tuason v. Marquez, 45 Phil 381
(1923)
Rural Bank of Sta. Maria v. CA,
314 SCRA 255 (1999)
Object certain, 1347-49
CASES
o Bias v. Santos, 1 SCRA 899 (1961)
o Tanedo v. CA, 252 SCRA 80 (1996)
Cause of the obligation, 1350-55
CASES
o Liguez v. CA, 102 Phil 577 (1957)
o Carantes v. CA, 76 SCRA 524 (1977)
o Sps. Buenaventura et al v. CA, 416 SCRA 263 (2003)

o In General

Contracting parties, 1308, 1312, 1317

CASE
o Gutierrez Hermanos v. Orense, 28 Phil571 (1914)
Perfection, 1315-16
Privity of contracts, 1309-14
CASES
o Florentino v. Encarnacion, 79 SCRA 192 ( 1977)
o Coquia v. Fieldmen's Insurance Co., 26 SCRA 178 (1968)
o Constantino v. Espiritu, 39 SCRA 206 (1971 )
o Integrated Packaging Corp. v. CA, 333 SCRA 171 (2000)
 o Daywalt v. La Corporacion de los Padres Agustinos Recoletos, 39
Phil 587(1919)
o So Ping Bun v. CA, 314 SCRA 751 (1999)
o Manila Railroad Co. v. La Compania Transatlantica, 83 Phil875
(1918)
o DKC Holdings Corp. v. CA, 329 SCRA 666 (2000)

o Form & Substance

Form of contract, 1356-58

CASE
o Hernaez v. De los Angeles, 27 SCRA 127 6 ( 1969)

Stipulations
Freedom of contract, 1306,1490-91,1782,1799,2088, 2130, Family Code 87
o CASES
Gabriel v. Monte de Piedad, 71 Phil 497 (1941)
Pakistan International Airlines v. Ople, 190 SCRA 90 (1990)
Cui v. Arellano, 2 SCRA 205 (1961)
Arroyo v. Berwin, 36 Phil 386 (1917)
Filipinas Compania de Seguros v. Mandanas, 17 SCRA 391
(1966)
Bustamante v. Rosel, 319 SCRA 413 (1999)
Interpretation
o Plain meaning, 1370
o Evident intention, 1370-71
o Stipulations with different possible meanings, 1375
o Interpretation of terms, 1372-73, 1376-77
o Settlement of doubts, 1374, 1378
o Application of the Rules of Court, 13 79
o CASES
Borromeo v. CA, 47 SCRA 65 (1972)
Kasilag v. Rodriguez, 69 Phil 217 (1939)
Simulation of contracts, 1345-46
o CASES
Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, 28 SCRA 229 (1914)
Suntay v. CA, 251 SCRA 430 (1995)
Blanco v. Quasha, 318 SCRA373 (1999)

Reformation
Requisites, 1359, 1365, 1368
o CASES
Garcia v. Bisaya, 97 Phil 609 (1955)
Beutir v. Leande, 330 SCRA 591 (2000)
When not allowed, 1365, 1367
Concurrence of grounds, 13 61 -62
3rd party fault, 1364
Applicable law, 1350, 1369
o CASES
Atilano v. Atilano, 28 SCRA 2232 (1969)
Carrantes v. CA, 76 SCRA 524 (1977)
Sarming et al v. Dy et al, 383 SCRA 131 (2002)

Defective Contracts
o Rescissible Contracts
Nature, 1383-85
When rescissible, 13 80-82, 13 86-87
CASES
o Oria v. Mcmicking, 21 Phil 24 3 (1912)
o Siguan v. Lim et al, 318 SCRA 725 (1999)
o Suntay v. CA, 251 SCRA 430 (1995)
o Universal Food Corp. v. CA, 33 SCRA 1 (1970)
When available, 1385, 1388
Prescription, 1389

o Voidable Contracts
Nature, 1390
Parties, 1397, 1402
CASES
o Singsong v. Isabela Sawmill, 88 SCRA 623 (1979)
o Caldwallader & Co. v. Smith, Bell & Co., 7 Phil 461 (1907)
o Velarde v. CA, 361 SCRA 56 (2001)
Ratification, 1392-96
CASE
o Uy Soo Lim v. Tan Unchuan, 38 Phil 552 (1918)
Effect of loss of thing due, 1400-01
Effect of annulment, 1398-99
Prescription, 1391

o Unenforceable Contracts
Nature, 1317
When unenforceable, 1403, 1405
CASES
o Carbonnel v. Poncio, 103 Phil 655 (1958)
o PNB v. Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., 49 Phil 857 (1927)
o Limketkai Sons Milling Inc. v. CA, 261 SCRA 464 (1995)
o Swedish Match v. CA, 441 SCRA 1 (2004)
Who may bring action, 1408
Ratification, 1317, 1407
Form, 1406

o Void/Inexistent Contracts
Nature, 1409-10, 1420
When void/inexistent, 1345-46, 1490-91 , 1378, 1409, 1422, 1782, FC 87
Remedies, 1413-16
CASES
o Liguez v. CA, 102 Phil 577 (1957)
o Rellosa v. Gaw Cheen Hum, 93 Phil 827 (1953)
o PNB v. Lui She, 21 SCRA 52 (1967)
o Frenzel v. Catitu, 406 SCRA 55 (2003)
Who may bring action/defense, 1411-12, 1421 ,
CASES
o Ubarra v. Mapalad, AM MT J 91-622 ( 1993)
o Modina v. CA, 317 SCRA 606 (1999)
Contracts imbued with public interest, 1417-19