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Hodder Headline,338 EustonRoad, Londor.

is to usepapersrhat are narural,

Stqtethe timesot whichyou do them
::Ld..e^rll,ledline's lolicy
renewabteand recyclable productsand made-fromwmd grown C6 leis seo?Who doesthisbelongto? 115
to*r,... The logging ano mnuhcturins processes
ll^r:l?lTbl:
are expected to conform to the environ_"nt"t
."goh;ion. of ii.
Tolkoboutyourpersonolpossessions
country of origin.
(clothes,books,records, etc.)
Impressionnumber to 9 g 7 6 5 4 3 z r
Year
Describe other people
zors zor4 zo4 zorr zoao
Express likesond dislikes

Contents III
 C6ncqitheqmhqimsirec bhionnogot? 135 Persuode
What pastimedo Youhave? Giveodvice
Tqlkqboutleisureoctivities Referto thingswhichore likely,possibleor proboble
1 0 Ar mhoith leot cupdn toe? Wouldyou likea cup of tea? 150 21 Bhiodhm6rdn le d6onomhogom I usedto havea lot to do 317
Offerqnd occepthospitolitY Totolk obouteventsthot hoppenedregulorlyin the post
11 C6orda chosnoionns6 seo?What doesthis cost? 16q Takingit further 327
Thebosiclonguoge for shopping, including howto Keyto the exercises 329
expresspricesond to mqkecomporisons Appendices 345
12 C6ordo rinne tt? WhatdidYoudo? 178 GIossaryof gramm atical terms 361
Tolkobout Postevents I rish-Englishvocabulary 36tl
TolkoboutyourworkexPerience English-Irishvocabulary 375
13 Ni fhocc m6 thfi le tomoll I haven'tseenyou for awhile 190 Grammarindex 385
Commentfurtheron Postevents
Formirregulorverbsin the posttense
14 T6 m6 og foghloim Goeilgele dh6 bhlioincnuos
I havebeenlearninglrish for the pasttwo years 203
Tolkoboutyourprogress in leorningIrish
Copewhenyou orestuckfor o word,or whenpeople Me'etthe outhor
tolk too quicklY
15 Rugodh i gCorcoighm6I wosbornin Cork 216
Describe postevents, including people's life histories
16 Leonort leothmhileKeepgoinghalf a mile 233
Ask qnd understond directions DiormuidO 56
IndicoteProximitY ond distqnce
qn
17 Tiro oifig thuos stoighre Hisoffice is upstairs 251 I am a lecturerin Irish at University College,Dublin. I haveworked
Tqlkoboutoppointmentsond trovelqrrqngements as a secondaryteacherand languagelaboratory instructor and was
Enquire oboutlocotionwithino building for many yearsa researcherat the LinguisticsInstitute of Ireland in
18 Buoiffidhm6lect og o hochtI'llmeetyouateight 256 Dublin. I havepublishedon variousaspectsof Irish grammarand
Tolkoboutfutureevents phonetics.
Mokeplonsond oPPointments
Express intentions
19 Cecpoimgo bhfuil on boncd0nto I thinkthe bankis closed 286
Reportwhot Youhoveheord
Express oPinions
Express probobilitY
20 C6orda dhonf6?What wouldYoudo? 302
Mokerequests
OfferhosPitolitY

IV Meettheouthor V
 **,
h1.9% of the totol populotion(ogedthreeyeorsond
sqa minute?
4ffi*
qs competentIrishspeokers.
over)regordthemselves
erstondIrishhistoryondcultureyou
Of these32.5% cloimto speokIrishon o doily bqsis.

of Irish is now restrictedto q hqndfulof

Monolinguqlism

elderlywithin moreisolotedregionsqnd omongthose

hugelysignificontin Irishnotionqlidentityond isthe key
of Irishunderschoologe.In NorthernIrelqnd
speokers
of
chqrqcteristics
to the mostimportqntdistinguishing
10.4%hqve'someknowledge
of Irish'.Combined,
this
Irishculture.
meonsthot ot leostone in threepeopleon the islqndof
Irishis the
Accordingto the IrishConstitution,
Irelondcon understondIrishto someextent.
notionolqnd first officiqllonguogeof the Republicof
is tokingplocein the
Currentlyo renoissqnce
Irelond.It is on officiqllonguogeof the EuropeonUnio
Irishlonguoge.Recentyeorshqveseeno significont
ond olsoqn officiqllyrecognized
minoritylonguoge
increosein printedmedioin Irish- books,newspqpers,
in NorthernIrelond.The longuogeis usuollyreferred
mogozines
- ond in non-printmediq.Irishis now eosily
to qs 'Goeilge'in Irishond os 'Irish'in English.
There
occessible
throughvoriousrodiostotions,the television
orethreemoindiolectsin modernIrish,whichroughly qnd on the internet.It is becoming
chonnelTG4
coincidewith the provincesof Munster,Connqchtqnd
increosingly
eosyto leqrnto speokIrish!
Ulster.
Mdire Mhic Ruoiriond
of Irish ronge
Estimqtesof nqtivespeokers

from 40,000to 80,000people.WhileIrishis the

moinspokenlonguogeof only3 % of the populotion,

 ta

the main spoken language of the vast majority of the population

north of the Alps to have an extensive
t and medievalliterature.It is, therefore,studied
at many maior universitiesthroughout Europe and somein
North America and Australia. Ireland also has the world's largest
collection of folklore and proverbs' the vast malority of which is
in the Irish language.
The earliestidentifiedform of Irish is known as Primitive lrish.
This is primarily known through fragmentsinscribedin the ogham
alphabet,which have beenfound throughout Ireland and the
*.rt .o"tt of Great Britain. Thesefragmentsare mainly personal
namesinscribedon stone.PrimitiveIrish evolvedinto Old lrish
during the 5th century.This is the earliestform of Irish for which
there are extensivewritten sources.Old Irish first appearedin
its written form as glossesand marginaliain Latin manuscripts
written in the great monasteriesof Ireland such as Clonard,
Durrow, Clonmacnoise and Glendalough.By the roth centuryOld
Irish had evolved into Middle Irish, which was spokenthroughout
Ireland,Scotland and the Isle of Man. Middle Irish displaysa slight
influencefrom Norse, which is undoubtedly due to Viking attacks
and subsequent settlement in these areas. From the rzth century
onwards Middle Irish beganto evolve inro modern Irish in lreland,
into ScottishGaelicin Scotland,and into the Manx languagein
the Isle of Man. Modern Irish emergedfrom the literary language
known as Early Modern Irish in Irelandand as ClassicalGaelic
in Scotland.Early Modern lrish, alsoknown as Classicallrish,
linguisticallyrepresentsa transition betweenMiddle and Modern
Irish.
The rTth centurysawgreatpoliticaland religiousupheavalin
Ireland and the resultingbreakdownof the native Gaelicsystem
and culture.Despitethis upheavalthe Irish languageremained
of Ireland until the rgth century. During the nineteenth century,
the Great Famine (r8+S-+g) wiped out a disproportionately high
number of lrish language speakers,who were the poorest and most
vulnerable in society. It is estimated that one million people died
during the famine and that another million emigrated as a result;
the majority of these were Irish speakers,and this contributed
greatly to the rapid decline of the language.The use of Irish was
also prohibited in the primary education system until r87r, which
further contributed to its decline.
Initial efforts to preserveand protect the Irish languagewere made
by Irish Protestantssuch as'lfilliam Neilson and Robert McAdam
in Belfast at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The major
movement, however, was initiated in 1893 with the founding of
The Gaelic Leagwe (Conradh na Gaeilge)which coincided with the
national cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth
century. This growing interest in the Irish language coincided with
other landmark events in Irish cultural history such as the founding
of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in r884.
The Goeltocht
The parts of Ireland where Irish is still spoken as a native language
are collectively known as 'the Gaeltacht'. It is in these areas
that the Irish language continues to be the usual language of
communication of the general population. The Gaeltacht regions
are on the west coast of County Donegal, in County Galway, in
particular Connemara, the Aran Islands, Carraroe and Spiddal, and
the Dingle Peninsulain County Kerry. There are smallg Gdracftt
areasin CountyMayo, County Waterford,County"!&iathandss$F-e*-
countYcor k' *;
,- - ,- -areas
Almost all of theseGaeltacht - - - - Lhave
- ,.,M t
Irish Xfffrtguage
summer 4
colleges which are attended by thousands of le*q1ners,teenage.s irt

*,** :l
X
-
vIII,* ; .J- "J ,*".-" * *."';
*.***%
 . Thesestudentslive with local lrish-speaking
classesand other cultural events.One
rt#ffitaspectsof thesecoursesis that Irish must
iut&b.Thesesummercollegeshave undoubtedly
inspiredand many Irish people,whosefirst languageis
ish, tg uency in Irish and to appreciate the importance
the language in a predominantly English-speaking
country.
Diqlects
There are three main dialects in modern Irish, which roughly coincide
with the provinces of Munster, Connacht and Ulster. The Munster
dialect is spoken primarily in the Gaeltacht areas of County Kerry,
Ring in County'$(aterford and Muskerry and Cape Clear Island in
County Cork.
A strong Connacht dialect can be heard in Connemara and the Aran
Islands. The dialect spoken in northern Mayo in Erris and Achill is
fundamentally a Connacht dialect but has some similarities to Ulster
Irish. The Connemara dialect is also spoken in the Gaeltacht area
of R6th Cairn in County Meath. This is becausethe Gaeltacht here
was established in the r93os by a group of mostly Connemara Irish
speakerswho moved there as a result of a land reform campaign.
The Ulster dialect is spoken in County Donegal, in Teelin and
Glencolmcille in south Donegal, in Fintown and its surrounding
area in central Donegal and in the Rosses,Gweedore, Clochaneely
and Downings in northwest Donegal. Ulster Irish is also spoken
by many people in Northern Ireland who have acquired Irish as
a second language but who use it as their main spoken language.
This is due, in the most part, to attendanceat the Irish language
summer collegesin Donegal and the use of Ulster Irish in Irish-
medium education in Northern Ireland.
*;",
x
m educqtion
Irish-mediu
The growth of Irish-medium education in recent years, particularly
in Northern Ireland, has made a very significant and positive
impact on the number of Irish speakersand so has helped ensure
the continuity of the language. This movement has led to an
unprecedented growth in the Irish language in the north through
a whole range of community initiatives, in primary, secondary and
rcrtiary education, legislation, media and other areas.
Irishlonguogein the medio
As in Irish-medium education there has been significant growth in
the use of Irish in the media in all of its forms in recent years. This
was an essential development, not only for those speakers of Irish
who already exist, but for those who are learning the language.
Irish language speakers now have their own television station TG4
ftSS6l which has almost Soo,ooo people tuning in each day. TG4
has a wide range of programmes which cater for all agesand tastes.
BBCz Northern Ireland also produces a limited number of Irish
languageprogrammes.
Irish public broadcaster RTE broadcastssome Irish language and
bilingual television programmes. One of the more significant is
RTE Nuacht (news). RTE News Now is also particularly useful
as it is a z4-hour live news service available on the RTE website
which features national and international news. It usesa mix of
Irish language,Englishlanguageand Irish signlanguagg*W6{ rs
' - -'
TV newsbulletinsand politicalprogrammes. ;,,
_-.$*
F
Introduction
The aim of this book is to teachyou to understandbasic,everyday
Irish. It is suitableboth for the completebeginnerand for Irish
peoplewho havelearnedsomeIrish at school,but who havehad
little opportunity of speakingit.
This is a functionalcourse,basedon the kinds of situationsin
which Irish is used,eachof which is dealtwith in a separateunit.
In Unit r, for example,you learn somesimplegreetings,and how
to give and understandpersonalinformation suchasname,address
and telephonenumber.In Unit z, you will learn to saywhat you
do for a living, and, in Unit ,, to talk about your family. Until you
reachUnit rz the emphasiswill be on very immediateand daily
situations:so Unit 4 dealswith socializing,Unit 6 the weather,and
Unit ro shopping.From Unit rz on you moveto lessimmediate
things,suchastalking about past and future eventsin more detail,
and making suggestions.
The first half of the book includesmuch of what you would expect
to find in a phrasebook,and enoughIrish for you to get by in
simplesituations.Do not be put off at this stageby hearingor
seeingsomethingwhich you cannotunderstand.An Irish proverb
saysBionn gachtosi lag (Euerybeginningis weak).
The secondhalf of the book will prepareyou to be more
adventurous,and at this stageyou can make more useof the
Appendicesat the back of the book.
Rememberthat a languageconsistsof two things:words and
ways of combiningwords, You cannottalk about thingsunless
you know the words for them. In this book we giveyou basic
vocabularyin eachunit, but from an early stageyou will find it
helpful to havea short dictionaryin which you can locatethe
words which you want to use.Someinternationalpublishersof
XII
dictionarieshaverecentlyproducedpocket dictionariesof Irish,
and any of thesewill be of greatassistance in the early stagesof
learningthe language.If you are in a position to obtain or order it,
we suggestthe bilingual An Focl6ir Scoile(ISBN t8579t-rzt-ol
(which means'The schooldictionary'),or the shorterAn Focl6ir
P6ca(ISBN r-8579t-o47-8) (whichmeans'Tbe pocketdictionary'),
publishedby An Grim, the publicationsbranchof the Department
of Educationin Dublin. Thesegive recommendedpronunciations
for all words. Somemajor publishers,particularlyOxford and
Collins,haverecentlyproducedbilingualpocket dictionarieswhich
are very usefuland contain lots of modernterminology.As for
combiningwords, we havelimited this courseto the simplestand
most straightforwardways of sayingthings.Learhersmay want to
move on to more advancedcoursesoncethey hayesatisfactorily
completedthis. !7e hopeyou will find that learningIrish from this
book js an interestingand rewardingexperience.
Howto usethis book
Each unit has: one or more dialogues; a vocabulary for each
dialogue; questions about the dialogues; some cultural information
in the early units; usually also a section dealing with important
areas of vocabulary, such as numbers, names of days and months,
etc.; a grammar section; exercisesand a 'Test yourself' section, in
which you should get the most before progressing to the next unit.
First study the dialogues with which each unit begins. If you have
the recording, which we strongly recommend, Iisten and look at the
book at the same time. Remember that the context is an important
guide to the meaning, and as these dialogues are meant to be as
realistic as possible you will be able to guessa certain amount o{
what is going on. Phrase-by-phrasetranslations are given beneath
the dialogues, but these get shorter as the course progresses.At
first you will be dependent on them, but you should find that
many things which you already know reappear and you will have
lessneed of translation. Satisfy yourself that you know what each
Introduction XIII
r
sentencemeans,and how it meanswhat it means.The grammar
sectionswill givethe necessary explanations.Most important of
all, read eachdialogueout loud until you feel familiar with it.
You may be in a position to usesomeof thesephrasesbeforelong,
so the more naturally they fall from your lips the better.Most
dialoguesare followed by a coupleof simplequestionswhich will
help to confum that you havegraspedwhat is going on. Resist
any temptationto bypassthe practiceexercisesat the end of each
unit. They havebeenput togethercarefullyso that you will get the
maximum benefirfrom the courte.
Historyond bockground
Irish belongsto the Celtic family of languages,which hastwo
branches.The Gaelicbranchconsistsof Irish, ScottishGaelicand
Manx, which are rather similar to one another.Welsh,Breton and
Cornishmake up the other branchof the Celtic languages,but they
differ too much from the Gaelicgroup for mutual understanding.
Irish is calledGaeilge(r.e.Gaelicl by its speakers,but the English
word Gaelic,unqualified,normally refersonly to its sisterlanguage
in Scotland.Until the twelfth centurythe socialposition of Irish
was not seriouslychallenged,and eventhe Vikings who settledrn
Ireland about a thousandyearsago tendedto learnIrish. However,
the arrival of the Anglo-Normansin rt69 markedthe beginning
o{ a period of four centuriesduring which the country gradually
becamesubjectto the Englishcrown.
From the late seventeenth centuryIrish beganto giveway to English.
The disastrouspotato famineof r845-9 causedthe deathsof a
million peopleand the emigrationof a further million. Most of these
wereIrish speakers, and a nearfatal blow was sufferedby a language
which was alreadyin decline.By the time an independent Irish state
was established in r92z the processof anglicizationwasalmost
complete,and the languagewasconfinedto enclaveson the western
and southerncoasts.Irish speakers then numberedsometensof
thousandsin a populationof nearlythreemillion.
XIV
However, the new statesetout to rescuethe languagefrom extinction
and favourablepolicieshavemaintainedthe Irish-speaking districts.
Up to jo,ooo people use Irish as a daily language in theseareas,
collectivelyknown asthe Gaeltacht.In the rgzos Irish wasintroduced
in schoolsasa compulsorysubject,and all primaryand secondary
pupilsare still requiredto studythe language, althoughnot necessarily
required to show any deepknowledgeof it. As a result a substantial
number of peopleoutsidethe Gaeltacht(perhapsroo,ooo) havea good
knowledgeof Irish. Thesesupport a network of Irish-mediumschools
which are highly regardedand do much to sustainthe language.
Despitethe small number of fluent speakers,Irish hasan important
symbolicrole in the life of the nation. The Constitution, adoptedby
referendum in 1937,declaresIrishto be both the nationaland the
first official language.Various institutions and officersof the State
are known by IrishJanguagetitles in both official and daily usage.
The lower houseof parliament is calledDinlFiureann(lit. Assembly
of lrelandl or simplythe Driil, and the upper houseis calledSeanad
Ereann \Setwteof lreland), The term for a parliamentarydeputy is
TeachtaDdla lDelegateof tbe Ddil), wvlly abbreviatedto TD. The
prirne ministeris calledTaoiseach(an old word for chieftainor badcr)
and the deputyprime minister is calledT6naiste (which originally
meantszccessor).The police force is An Garda Siochina (lit. rlze
guard of the peacel,commonly known asthe Gardai or the Guards.
The governmentministry responsiblefor cultural mattershas a section
concernedwith promoting the languageboth in the Gaeltachtand
throughout the country. There is a partly electedand partly appointed
Gaeltachtauthority (Udaris na Gaeltachta),a stateagencyestablished
to promote the language- Bord na GaeilgelThe Irisb Language
Boardl - and.a radio servicefor Irish-speakingareas- Raidi6 na
Gaeltachta- which can be picked up throughout the country. Some
Irishlanguageprogrammes are broadcaston nationalradio and
television.An lrishJanguagetelevisionservicebeganbroadcasting
in 1996.After a recentnamechangeit is now known asTG4. There
are also departmentsof Irish in the main universitiesand collegesof
education.ln 1999, aspart of the British-lrish agreement,Forasna
Gaeilgewas establishedwith responsibilityfor the promotion of the
Irish languageon the island of Ireland.
Introdudion
r
Irish is, however,largelyabsentfrom suchimportant domainsas
commerce,transportand popular entertainment.It survivesas the
daily languageof a subcultureand asthe symboliclanguageof the
state,which seeksto ensure,through the educationalsystem,that
all citizenshaveat leastsomepassiveknowledgeof lrish.
The kindof Irish usedin this book
A new written standardform of the languagewas adoptedin the
late r94os under governmentdirectionand that is what you are
taught here.It is known asAn Caighde6nOifigifril lthe Official
Stand.ard.l.ltis largelya compromisebetweendialectsand
thereforenot at all archaic.Thereis no generallyacceptedspoken
standardform of the language,but a set of compromiseproposals
issuedby the LinguisticsInstituteof Ireland in 1986 hasgained
somecurrency,especiallyin dictionaries.It is adoptedhere.We
havethereforesoughtto teachyou the most standardizedform
of the languageand to avoid regionalbias.
The olphobet
Only r8 lettersof the alphabetare normally usedin writing kish.
Theseare a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o' p' r' s, t, u. The letter v is
usedin someloan-words(e.g.v6ta, from Englishzote),but j' q, w,
x and z are restrictedto somescientificterms,The consonantsr' I'
n are written doublein somewords; cornparefeat \man) and fearr
(betterl, ge^ (bright) with geall(promise)(uerb),gan kritbout)
with gann (scarce).Llorrg vowel is indicatedby a lengthmark
placed over it: solasmeanslight and s6lis meansconsolation.
Two featuresof Irish spellingwill immediatelystrike the learner.
One is the occurrenceof h after a wide rangeof consonants,so
that alongsidech, th and sh, which are familiar in English,you will
seebh, mh, dh, etc.Another suchfeatureis the largenumberof
vowel combinations,as rn feorl(meat),buioch (gratefull' feiceiil
xvI
(seeizg).Thesetwo featuresof written Irish are explainedin the
next section.
guide
Pronunciotion
<t CD1,TR 1, 1:00
The pronunciation of Irish is often not immediately obvious from the
spelling.Thereare two reasonsfor this. Irish hasmoresoundsthan
the Roman alphabetcan represent,so that letters of the alphabet
haveto be combinedin variouswaysto makeup the shonfall.In
addition,the spellingrules,althoughreformedin the r94os,are in
someways more faithful to the way Irish was pronounced several
centuriesago than to the present-daysound of the language.The
spelling of Irish is therefore a codewhich has to be learnedbefore
you can plonouncethe examplesin this book in sucha way asto be
understood.However,onceyou havelearnedthe rulesyou will find
that they are fairly regular. For instancethere is no equivalentof the
varying sound of English'ough' in bough, thougb, through, augb,
rough. -{ot are strongly recommendedto acquire the recording
which accompanies if you do not haveaccess
this book, especially
to an Irish speakerwho will assistyou.
The relation betweenspellingand soundis dealtwith hereas a
seriesof topics.
(A) LONGVOWELS
{, CD1,TR 1, 1:15
Theseare 'pure' vowel soundsas in Germanor Italian, and 6 and
6 do not end with y or w glidesas do the corespondingsoundsin
most kinds of English.
i pron. like eein meet;si lsbel soundslike EnglishsDe
6 pron. like FrenchI or Gerrnaneb rather than Englishay,
e.g.m6.(1,mel
lntroductlon XVII
 5 pron.like au in AmericanEnglish,e.g.16\ddy) as the alphabetprovidesus with only one letter l, the practicewas
6 pron. like Frenchau or Getmanob, and not like Englishob, adoptedof writing extra vowelsto indicatewhethera consonant
e.g.b6 (cowl is slenderor broad. A consonantis slenderif it is precededor
6 pron. like oo in pool, e.g. tir (you) followed by i or e (the 'slendervowels')and broad if it is preceded
or followed by a, o or u (the 'broad vowels').Seebelow:
(B) SHORTVOWELS
broadl+ i lrui(lyingl,Laoi (Lee) i + broad I diol (selling)
{, cD1, TR 1, 1:30 6 lae (of a day) 6 b6al (mouth)
6 16(day) 6 16l(hedgel
Irish has the following short vowels: 6 l6n (lunch) 6 6l (drinhing)
6 Li (Louth) (countyl (r cil lbacb)
i like Englishshort it sin (that) soundslike Englishsbiz slenderI + i line (line) i + slenderI sil \think)
e like English shorte in get, e.g.te lhot) 6 l6ine(sbirt) blil (of a
a dependingon the neighbouringconsonants,either as in English mouthl
tap or rnEnglish top, but with the lips unrounded,e'9. cas(tuml a le6 (mebing) 6 fiil (getting)
o no correspondingsoundin English;to pronouncebog (sofr)try 6 leon (lion) 6 6il lof d.rinkingl
usingthe vowel of EnglishDooA,but with the mouth more open 6 li6 (a sboutl rl sriil (eye)
u like the oo in book, e.g.tugann (grues)
Notice that l6n \luncb) and leon \lion) arc distinguished in sound
(C) SIENDERAND BROADCONSONANIS only by the kind of I they each begin with. You can now seethe
significance of such vowel combinations as ii, 6i, 6i, eo and ii.
.t CD1,TR.1, 1:42 \)fhen you seethe word Diil remember that it is one syllable D5il,
with a very weak i'glide', and not two syllables di-il. Likewise
EveryIrish consonanthastwo values,traditionally called'slender' lion (winel is fi"n and not fi-on. The aoi in Taoiseach lthe prime
and 'broad'. so thereare two ls (a slenderI and a broad l), two ts minister\ is an alternative to ui. but aoi sometimes occurs at the
(a slendert and a broad t), and so on. The slenderand broad sounds beginning of a word, e.g. the female name Aoife (pron. ife). In a
of the consonantscan easilybe found with l. Try sayingl, and hold few words oi stands for i after a broad consonant, e.g. croi (beart).
the soundaslong aspossible.Now sayit again,and try to put your In seo (rlls) and deoch (d.rinkJeo rs, exceptionally, short (pron.
tonguein the position {or eeat the sametime; this is slenderl. Now shu, dyuch).
try sayingit with your tonguein the Positionfor oo; this is broad l.
If you comefrom Englandyou shouldhaveboth thesekinds of I Now look at how three vowel letters are combined:
already,the slenderI tn leaf andthe broad I in /eel.The word little
beginswith slenderI and endswith broad l. However,if you are ceol Qnusicl(pron. kr6l)
Americanor Scottishall your ls may be broad and if you are Irish piosaceoil (a pieceof music) (pron. pisa kv6il)
'Welshthey may all be slender,and you shouldtry experimenting
or feoil (meat)(pron. ft6il)
as describedaboveto get the right sounds'The differencebetween ciiin (quietl (pron. kriin)
slenderI and broad I is usedin Irish to distinguishwords, Howevel, buioch (grateful)lpron. b'i'ch)

XVIII Introduction XIX

F
Thereis also a rule that a consonantin the middle of a word must
be flankedonly by slendervowels(i' e) or by broad vowels(a, o,
u). Feic (pron. fek) meansseeand the ending6il correspondsto
English-izg; howeverseeizgis feice5ilbecausefeiciil would break
a rule known as caol le caol agusleathanleleathan(slenderuith
slender and broad uith broadl; contrast fagatl lleauingl.
ui = i betweenbroad and slenderconsonants:
caid (paftl is like quid but with the lips spreadfor the 4z
mruridhre) soundshke m*id
drine lpersonlhas much lessof a t ' soundafter the d
oi = d soundbetweene and o, e.g.scoil
io = I beforebroad consonants,e.g,mion ltinyl

The sequences ia and ua standfor i and i respectivelyfollowed by I?hen eo or iri occur at the beginningof a word the e and i are
a weak a as in about: silentand they are pronouncedlike 6 and ri respectively:

bia (food) rua lretldish,of hair mostly) eolas(infonnation) (pron. 6las)

iad ltbem) fuar lcold) Inil (July)(pron. riil)
iasc(fisbl suas(rp)
At the beginningof a word io representsi beforea broad
When followed by a slenderconsonantthesebecomeiai and uai, consonant,for example,ionad (locationl (pron. inad); ionat (iz
and they are pronouncedie and fe respectively: youl (pron. inat). However,io is alsocommonlypronouncedu in
suchwords, giving unad and unat with the vowel of Englishpat.
rrail lrulel
uaitrlhour) Note that iontas (uonderl and iontach (uonderfull are exceptionally
fuair (gor) pronounced intus and intuch.
fuaim lsoundl
At the beginningof a word ui is pronouncedi, and oi is
The recommendedpronunciationof the sequence
ao is i: pronouncede, as in:

saor (free, cheap) pron. sir aisceltuaterl (pron. ishke)

uile (all) (pron. ile)
Beforea slenderconsonantan i is added: oifrg(office)(pron. efig)

ar saorrelon uacatioz)pron. er sire (D) INDIVIDUAL CONSONANIS

Let us look now at somecombinationswhich representshort {t CD1,TR 1,4:14

vowels:
d, t, l, n Vhen theseare broad the tip of the tongueis pressed
ei = s i11gg1,e.g, ceist(question)(proz. kesht) againstthe upper teeth,e.g.t6 (isl, dinta lclosed.J;
ea = a in hat, e.g.beanluoman) soundsrather like Englishban when slenderit is againstthe gum behindthe teeth.
ai = betweena in lrat and,o in hot, e.g.baile (totun)(pron. bolle) In someareas,slendert and d soundlike Englishch
and i respectively:thus,te (y'ror)pron. che and deoch
\drinkl pron, jnch.

xx Introduction XXI
 s Slenders is like Englishsb (exceptin is (isl); Se6n(lohn)
(pron. Shawn).Muiris (Maurice)soundslike mwirish.
Sheilais spelledSfle.
r Pronouncedclearlyin all positionsin the word, e.g.r6s
(a race),s6rt (kind (ofl), r6idh \readyl, b6that (a road).
The slenderr is like a combinationof r with the sound
of s in leisure,e.g.M6ire (Maryl, cuir (pat). R at the
beginningof a word is alwaysbroad, irrespectiveof
spelling,e.g.rince\dance).
ph Pron./, e.g.mo ph6ca (tny pochet)is mo f6ca.
th Pron. h lnot as Englishrb); thug (gaue)is hoog; rnlthair
(motber) soundslike mrihir.
ch When broad, as in GermanBac} - loch 0aAe)is
pronouncedas in Scotland;when slender,as in German
lclz,or the soundat the beginningof huge inBnglish,
e.g.oiche(nightl, pron. iche.
bh, mh Pronouncey when broad. So for instance.at the
beginningof a word mo bhus(my bus),mo mhac(my
soz), are mo vus, mo vok; -amh at the end of a word is
nr.,,e.g.caitheamh(spending,to spend),d6anamhldoing,
to do), seasamh\standing,to stand), talamh(land),
sn6mhlsuimming, to swim),linth (hand) arekahtv.
ddnuv,shasuv,taluv,sn6vand l6v.ln rhemiddleof a
word broad bh,/mhare also pronouncedz after a long
vowel, e.g. irbharlsubject),t bhacht (importanceJ,limha
(pL hands),f6mhar (autumn),ri.omhajrelcomputerl arc
6var, t6vacht,l6va, f6var, rirrvire. There is a tendency
to weakenthis ? soundto a z, especiallyin the northern
half of the country. The sequence shorr vowel + bVmh
in the middle of a word givesan oru soundas it Dound.
e.g.leabharlbook), ramhar(fal),samhradh(summer)
are lyowr, towr, sowra.
SlenderbUmh are z in all positions,so bhi (z,as)is vi.
sibh{pl. yoa) is shiv,GaillimhlGalway)is galiv,cuimhin
(in is cuimhin liom I remember)is k.ivin, geimhreadh
(uinter) is gewe.
XXII
At the beginningof a word it is pronouncedrather like
the Frenchz when broad, e.g.mo ghfna lmy dress),sa
ghahdin (in the gardenl. The sequencea + broad gh in
the middle of a word givesan eyesound,e.g.aghaidh
(face\ is rather like eye andlaghad \smallness),laghdir
lreducing,to reduce)are like loy'd, loyd6; o + broad gh
in the middle of a word givesan orl sound,e.g.foghlaim
llearning,to learn), rogha (choice),roghni (cboosing,to
chooselarelike fowluim, row, rownrl. Broad gh doesnot
occur at the end of a word.
Slendergh is pronouncedy, so mo ghearsailny pullouerl
is mo yansi,do gheata(yourgateJis do yata.In the
middle of a word slendergh combineswith preceding
short vowelsto give an eyesound,e.g.staighre(stails)is
like sty-re, saighead(arrow) is like English srgbwith zd
added.
At the beginningof a word it is pronouncedthe same
asgh when broad,e.g.dhi dhoras(two d.oors)lpron.
gh6ghoras).When slenderit is likewisepronouncedy,
e.g.dodheochlyour drinkl is do yuch.All dhs in the
middle of a word are treatedasthough slender,even
when thereis no i beforethem, so meidbrc ch lmerry),
veidhhn (uiolin) are like myrvuch,rylin; Tadhg (a man's
name),fadhb lprobletnl are pronouncedtoyg, foyb and
d \titnberl is like eye-mud;radhtc (sight,uicu) is
^dhm
pronouncedlike Englishrye with zrA added.
Pronounceda in nouns, e.g.seoladh(address),p6sadh
lmarryingl arepronouncedsh6la,p6sa.However,most
instances of -adhin verbsarepronounced(u)ch,e.g.
bhiodh (usedto bel,bheadh (would be), nchadh (u,ould
go), thladh (usedn go) are pronouncedvich, vech,
rachuch,h6ch(all with the cDof GermanBach).The
exceptionis past passive-adh for which the pronunciation
zy is recommended,e.g. p6sadh(uas maniedl, seoladh
(NUas transmittedl,;ryreadhlwas done),l6adh(uas read)
arepronouncedp6suv,sh6luv,rinyuv and l6uv.An
important regional featurewhich you will encounteris the
northernoronunciationof -adhasI in all cases.
Introduction XXIII
 -igh, -idh Recallthat slendergh and dh are both pronouncedy
at the beginningof a word. This pronunciationis also
usedat the end of words of one syllable,e.g.t6igh (go)
is ty, shuigh(sar)is hiy, r6idh lreadyl is r6y, beidh
(uill be) is bey.Likewise,the words arnigh (outsidel
and istigh (inside),which wereoriginally phrasesand
are stressedon the secondsyllable,are amwiy and
ishtiy. In other words of more than one svllablethis iv
becomesi, so leathanaigh(plural of leathanach lpageil
is lahanui,ceannaigh(bzy) is kyanui, cheannaigh
(boughtl rs chyanti, nchaidh (u.,ill go) is rachui. Note,
however,thar in verbalformsof morerhanonesvjlable
(suchascheannaigh (boughtJ\-aighbecomes simplea
beforea pronoun which is the subjectof the verb, e.g.
cheannaighsi (sEebought)ts chyanashi.
You will comeacrossthe southernpronunciationof
-igh. -idh as rg insteadof r.
In the middle of a word gh and dh neverhavethe valueof a
consonant,and this is often true of bh, mh also. Combiningshort
vowelswirh a followinggh, dh, bh, rnh providesa way of i,riting
the soundseye and ow inbish,
(E) WORD STRESS
{t CD1,TR 1, 7:(4
You are recommendedto stressthe first syllableof the word,
e.g.leathanachlpage),mfiinteoh (teacherl,caiin (girl), nlAiste
(college).A fiewborrowed nouns are exceptional,e.g. tobac
Itobacco),which is stressedon the secondsyllable.However.
adverbsof rwo or threesyllables which beginwith a {andsome
with i) are stressedon the secondsyllable,e.g.amachlout(rtards)1,
isteachlinftaards)J,anuas(from aboue),amirach (tomorrow\.
inniu lloday)(pron.inyu).The initiala in thesei, p.onoun..J l;k.
the first vowel in EnslLshanother.
xxlv
In Munster the stressmay fall on a syllableother than the first if
thereis a long vowel in it:
c\ry6n(4 cuq\ mriinteoir la teacber)
ra Gardai(thePolicel
You will noticethat this systemis fairly widely usedby Peoplewho
havelearnedthe language.
G) SHORTVOWELSBEFORELL,NN, RR,M, NG' RD
IN WORDSOF ONE SYLLABLE
{t CD1,TR 1, 8:00
You are recommendedto pronouncethesevowelsshort as written.
Erceprionsincludead (higb\,Garda(policeman)' barr (/op)'carr
(car),bord (table),which havelong vowelseverywhere.It is also
advisableto try to pronouncethe ll' nn somewhatlong, as in ball
(member\,clannlchildren) (of family).
However,in Munster and WestGalwayvowelswhich are written
short are pronouncedlong or sometimesas diphthongs(sounds
sr,chas eye,ow) beforethe consonantslistedin this section.The
following are someindications:
im (butter')(pron. eem)
flll (return\ (pron. {eelwith slenderl)
geall(promise)(verb)(pron. gtdl or gvowl)
mall (slo*) (pron. m6l or mowl)
motll (delay,sloumess)(pron. mwoyl or mweelwith slenderl)
poll (hole)(pron. powl)
poill (boles)(pron. poyl or pweelwith slenderl)
Howeverwhen a vowel follows the ll, nn, rr, m or ng this
Iengtheningdoesnot occur:
piosaime (a pieceof butter) (pron. pisa ime)
geallliint(promising)(pron. gvahiint)
Introduction XXV
 You are not recommendedto attemptthis more complicated a differentmutation calledeclipsis(urri in Irish),
h lourl causes
systemin the early stagesof learningthe language.
so ir r c6tai becomesAt gc6tailour coats)(pron. 6r g6t"i).This can
(G) UNWRITTEN VOWELS be understoodasthe valueof the basicconsonantc beingeclipsed
or overtakenby the valueof the consonantwhich is written before
it, i.e. g. Not all consonantsate mutated.Here is a table of the
o cDl, TR 1,8:35
changeswhich occur:
Between r and m a vowel a (as in aboutl is pronounced. Lenited form Eclipsedform
Basic consonant
tb ph (pron. f) bp (pron. b)
nbh th (pron. h) dt (pron.d)
I
c ch (pron. kh) gc (pron. g)
b bh (pron. v) mb (pron. m)
For example dh (pron. gh) nd (pron. n)
d
gh (pron. gh) ng (pron. ngi
gorm (bluel (pron. goram) fh silent bh{ (pron. v)
f
borb (rud.e)(pron. borab) mh (pron. v)
m
balbh (dumb) (pron. bolav) sh (pron.h)
S
garbh(rough) (pron. gorav)
bolg lstornachl(pron. bullag)
Notice that the following soundthe samewhen lenited:t and s
(pron. h), d and g (pron. gh), b and m (pron. v). F becomessilent
Betweenslenderconsonantsthe addedvowel is i: (but written fh). The v soundof eclipsedf is written bhf, i.e. bh
(=v) beforethe basicf.
ainrn(namel(pron. anim)
angead(moneyl(pron. arigvud)

Symbolsond obbreviotions
A guideto the initiolmutotions m = masculinegenderof noun adj. = adjective
f = femininegenderof noun pfon. = Pronounced
A featureof Irish and the other Celticlanguagesis that words are pl = plural noun
liable to changenot only rheir ending- e.g. cZta
eoat) givesc6tai srng.= singular
(coa*) - but also at the beginning_ e.g.mo ch6ta (my
ioatl. Such o = This indicatesmaterialincludedon the recording.
changes_ at the beginningof a word are known as initial mu:tations,
or simplymutations.Mutations are usuallycausedby a preceding
word. For example, no (my) causesa changecalledienitlon, so
mo + c6ta becomesmo ch6ta (my coat).Lenition meanssoftening
(in Irish s6imhiri,pron. shaveyou), referringto the replacement
of
hard and abrupt c by the more hissingo. corrtirruou,ch. In contrast,

xxvr IntroductionXXVII
7

Credits
Front cover:@ ry97 Tony Gableand C SquaredStudios/photodisc
Getty Images

Back cover and pack: @Jakub Semeniuk/iStockphoto.com.

@ Royalry-FredCorbis,O agencyby/iStockphoto.com, @ Andy
Is mise...
Cook/iStockphoto.com, @ ChristopherEwing/iStockphoto.com,
@ zebicho- Fotolia.com,@ GeoffreyHolmar/iStockphoto.com,
My nomeis ...
@Photodisc/_Getty Images,@JamesC. pruitt/iStockpioto.com,
@ MohamedSaber- Fotolia.com
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. lJse some simpte grcetings
Pack: @ Stockbyte/Getty Images
. lntroduce yourself
. Giveyour addressand telephone number
. Be polite

Diq dhuit Hello.

Conqstd t0? Howareyou?
Dio is Muiredhuit. Hello.
T6 m go moith. I'm well.
Cqdis oinm duit? Whatisyour name?
(Is) mise ... I am ...
Trim6 i mo ch6noii ... I livein ...
le do thoil please
Go roibh moith ogqt. Thonkyou.
Sl6n. 6oodbye.

Readthe dialogue,watchingout for the phraseslistedabove'

Thereis a completelist of vocabularyafter the dialogueto help
you understandit.

)O(VIII Unit1 Is mlse...

 T6 se fuor inniu. It is coldtoday.
Diologue T6,cinnte' It certainlyis.
oris agotn
Like most Irish people Se6n has studied Irish at school but he Agusdo sheolodh(m)? Andyour address?
wants to improve his knowledge of it. He has been in contact with uimhir(f) q tri numbertnree
a language school which teachesIrish and now turns up to apply 6ros6n(m) o d6 flat two
for a place. He calls in to the secretary's (an rrinai) office and she 5r6id(f) Mh6r MIin Street
notes som personal details for his application. d'uimhirteileof6in(m) your telephonenumber
Td bileog(f) qnsin. Thereis o leafletthere.
N
E Sedn Diodhuit,Is miseSeOn 6 Brioin. T6 on t-eolos(m) qr fqd onn. Allthe informotion is in it.
F
t' An r0noi Diois Muiredhuit.Toristeoch. ConostOt6?
o
(J
Se6n ld m6go morlh.
An r0nqi Surghsiosonsin.
Sedn Go rqibhmoithogot. Longuogenotes
An ronoi Id sefuorinniu.
5e6n T6,cinnte. 16REE N6S
An r6noi Codisoinmduitoris,le do thoil?
Se6n Seon6 Bnorn. You can greetsomebodycasuallyby askingConast6 tri? lHow are
An r0noi Agusdo sheolodh? yozi), or by commentingon the weather,e.g.T6 s6go bre6 (D ls
Se6n Tdm6 i mo I h6noiin uimhiro tri SroidMhor,drosdn
o do. fze). More formal greetingsare of religiousorigin, e.g.Dia dhuit
An rrinoi Agusd uimhirteileofoin? (God be ruith yoz), repliedto with Dia is Muie dhfit (God and
5e6n A nooi,n6id,o coig,o s,a,
o seocht, o hoon(905671). Mary be uith youl.
An r0noi Tdbileogonsin.Tdon t-eolosor fod onn.
Sedn Goroibhmoithogot.516n. 2 IRISH SURNAMES

Question Disrincrivelylrishsurnamesrendto beginwith O or Mac {O and

Fill in thesedetailson Se6n'senrolmentform below: Mc/Mac in the Englishversions).Thesewere originally names
which identifiedyou by your father or grandfather,but they later
AINM:. .. cameto be usedas family names(surnames). Don't worry for the
momentabout the way the secondnamechangesafter the prefix.
SEOLADH:
f O r u.:. .. . . Tomis Mac C6rthaigh(McCarthy) ht- Tornds,son of Cdrthach
Sein 6 Conaill {O Connell) lit. Sedn,grandsonof Conall

Tor isteqch. Comein. The way thesenamesare usedis still influencedby their original
Suighsiosonsin. Sitdownthere. meanings.For instance,thereare separatefemaleversions
Go roibh molth qgot. Thankyou. (daughterof...),which you will look at in Unit z. The English

Unit1 Is mise-..
forms of Irish surnamesderivefrom the maleversionsonly. Here b when citing the number of a house, flat, etc.:
are somecommonIrish surnames,in both languages: uimhir a seacht, Sr6id Ui nutnberseuen,O Connell
Chonaill Street
O Mathina O Mabony Mac Mathrina McMahon iras6n a ceathair dpartmentnumberfour
6 Docharaigh Doherty Mac Cfuthngh McCarthy seomra a hocht d6ag room number eighteen
O Cinniide Kennedy Mrc Ctaith McGrath
6 Riagiin Re(a)gan Mac Gearaih FitzGerald when calling out a number:
a seacht, ndid, a ceathair seuen,zero,four
You will notice that Mac in lrish sometimescorrespondsto Fitz- from
Frenchfils (soz),in Norman names.Can you now guessthe English when telling the time:
versionof the sumamein the dialogue?SinceIreland becamean t6 s6 a criig a chlog anois it is 5 o'clock now
independentstate(r9zz) therehas beenan increasingawarenessof the aganaoi achl og at 9 o'clock
country's heritageof personalnames,Many fust namesfrom earlier
literature havebeenrevived(especiallywomen'snameslike Cliona,
Gr6inne),and many familieshaverestoredthe O at the stan of their
srmame (e.g.KennedybecomingO Kennedy,SDeabecomingO Shea). Grommor
3 NA HUIMHREACHAO-20 (THE NUMBERSO-2O) 1 THE DEFINITE ARTICLEAN (THE)

o CD1,TR 2, 1:09 Nouns in Irish are divided into two classes,which are called
'masculine'and 'feminine'.This is a fairly random division,
0 n6id 11 oon d6og (pron.6nd,6ug) althoughthe word for man is indeedmasculineand the word for
'1 oon (pron.n) 12 d6 dh6a9(pron.d6 y6ug) woman feminine.Thegenderof a word is shown by the way it is
2d6 13 tri d6dg treatedafter an (thel.This is pronouncedwith a weak vowel as in
3 tri 14 eothoird6og English anotber.
4 ceothoir(pron.kyohir) 'l 5 ctig d6og
5 criig 16 s6 d6og Masculinenounswhich beginwith a consonantare unaffected
6 s6 (pron.sh6) 17 secchtd6og by an; thosewhich beginwith a vowel havea t- addedto the
7 seocht (pron.shocht) 18 ocht d6og beginningof the word:
8 ocht 19 ndoi dog
9 nooi (pron.nui) 20 fiche feor man on feor me man
10 deich(pron.deh) bord table on Doro the table
It is sometimesnecessary othoir father on t-othoir
to placea beforer-ro:
eolos information on t-eolos the infomation
o When counting: 6rosdn apottment on t-6rosAn the opattment
a haon, a d6, a tri ... one, two, tbree...

Notice that this a puts an h beforeaon, and also beforethe

other numberwhich beginswith a vowel: a hocht.

Unit 1 ls mise...
 Femininenounswhich beginwith a consonantare lenited T6 Miire anseo. Mdire is here,
(seePronunciationguide): Conast6 s6amuigh? How is it (the ueather) outside?
T6 s6fuar inniu. It is cold today.
beon woman on bheon the woman
mOthoir mother on mhAthoir the mother Ti usedon its own rneansthereis in sentences
Iike these:
bileog leaflet on bhileog the leaflet
: oifig office on oifig the office T6 peannansin. Tbereis a Penthere.
I uimhir number on uimhir the numbel here.
Tbereis an ad.d.ress
T6 seoladhanseo.

An s precedingl, n, r or a vowel at the beginningof a feminine 3 IS (1T',5)

noun becomests (pron. t) after an (rDe).
This correspondsto someusesof the Englishverb to be. Remember
sr6id.street at tstrlid the street that ta is usedto sayubere somethingis or uhat stateit is in.
Theseare temporaryqualities.Permanentqualitiesare referredto
It is usefulto learnnounswith an beforethem. by usingis, meaningroughly lr's (this is not quite a verb and will be
calledby its traditional nameof 'copula' here).
There is no word correspondingto Englisha (the indefinite
article): You useIs mise(lit. It's tnel to introduceyourselfby nameor
occupation:
T6 cathaoiransin. Thereis a cbair tbere.
T6 bileog ansin. There is a leaflet there. 'Who you?
C6 tusa? are
Is miseP6draig. I am Patrick. (lit. lt's me, Patrickl
2 THE VERB 'TO BE' Is misean rfnai. I am the secretary. llit. lt's me, the secretary\

The presenttenseform of the verb to &ein Irish consistsof ti It is also possibleto drop is:
followed by a pronoun li.e. he, she,or l/) referringto a personor
thing: Mise Deirdre. I atn Deirdre. (lit. Me Deird.reJ

tdm6 Iam tA muid we are A specialform of m6 (mise)is usedfor llme here.

tA t0 you are td sibh you arc
td s6 he/it is tA siod theyare
td si sheis
pronounsare placedbeforethe word they refer to:
possessive
The verb ti is usedto describelocation or state(of a personor
thing). The weatheris alwaysreferredto by Ta se ... It is ... o his
a her
Conast6 tri inniu? Hou are yott today?
T6 m6 go maith. I am well.

tt Unit1 Is mlse... 7
If the following word beginswith a vowel mo and do becomem' a sheoladhhis address (pron. a hy6la)
and d': a seoladhher address (pron. a sh6la)

m'ainm my n4me If the following word beginswith a v owel a (herl puts an h in

d'uimhir your number front of it:

A following consonantis lenitedaftet mo lmyl, do (your), a (bis) a alnm his name

(but not after a (Der)).This is shown by writing an h after the a hainm her name
consonanti
In speecha (bls)is often lost beforea word beginningwith a vowel.
p6co pocket Thesesoundmuch the same:
mo ph6co my pocket(pron.mo f6co)
c(lrr car T6 ainm anseo. Thereis a namebere.
mo chorr my car T6 a ainm anseo. His natne is here.
m6thdir mother
do mh6thoir yourmother(Von.do wdhir) Insight
seolqdh aooress A very important point about thesemarkersof possession
is
o sheolqdh his address(pron.o hy6lo) unlike Englishzy, etc. Emphasis
that theyarc neuerstressed,
is suppliedby addinga specialending:
But note:
mo chorr my cor
a methair ber mother mo chorrsq. MY car (andnot yours)
a seoladh her add.ress m'oinm my name
TAm'oinmseonsin, MY nameis there.
Words which beginwith I, n, r, h are not affected:
The form -so is usedif the last vowel of the precedingword is
feabhor book mo fedbhor my book o, o, or u; -seis usedif that vowel is i or e.
nuocht6n newspaper mo nuochtdn my newspIper
rothor bicycle do rothor your bicycle S C6NAi (RESIDENCE)
hqto hat o hoto hishat
You may sayin Irish that you liue someuhereby sayingthat
The expressionused,for pleaseis le do thoil (pron. le do hul), which you arc in your liuing in it. This requiresthe prepositioni (iz)
htelally rneanswith your will; notice that do + toil gives do thoil. and the possessives givenabove.Placingi (lz) beforea lhislher)
givesina.
His or ber are distinguishedby the way in which they affect
following words. A lberl doesnot lenite: Td m6 i mo ch6naii Luimneach. I liue in Limerick. (lit. I am in my
liuing in Limerickl
a mhithair bis mother (pron. a w6hir) T6 Se6nina ch6nai i Londain. lohn liuesin London. \lit.lohn is
a mdthair ber mother (pron. a mihir) in his liuing in Londonl

[Jnit1 Is mise.,.
 T6 M6ire ina c6nai i Meiriced. Mary liuesin America.(lit. Mary
is in her liuing in America) Practice

5 CONAS?(HOW?) 1 Make up a dialoguesimilar to the one at the beginningof

Unit r usingthis information:
ri you? Ainm Peadar6 Nill F6r 765489
Conast6 do mh6thair your mother? (pron. do wihir) Seoladh9 Sr6idMh6r
How is/are d'athair your father? (pron. dahir)
do shlaghddn your cold? (pron. do hloyd6n) 2 Write about yourself:
an aimsir the uteather! (pron. an amshir) Is mise...
M'uimhir teileaf6in...
7 AGUS(AND) Mo sheoladh...

This has a short form is, which you haye met in the formal Reorderthis jumbled dialogue:
greeting Dia is Muire dhrit (God and.Mary to you) {or Dia agus . Dia is Muire dhuit.
Muire ... Be carefulnot to confusethis with the copulais which, . Tri m6 go maith.
though usually at the beginning of a sentence,sometimesisn't, for - Conastd tri?
example: - Dia dhuit.
o Go raibh maith agat.
Cad is ainm duit? What'syour tame? (lit, Vhat is natneto you?) - Tar isteach.

8 WORD ORDER Put thesewords in the right order:

o Muire/ is/ dhuit/ Dia
Unlike in English,the verb comesbe{oreits subjectin Irish. b maith/ go/ agatl raibh
Comparethe order of elementsin theseIrish and English C is/ duit/ ainm/ cad? |
snrences: d misd Peadar/is
e maithl til gol mE
Td Se6nanseo. lohn is here. f m6/ i/ ch6nai/LuimneacVt6l mo/ i
T6 s6anseo. He is here.
Add in the missing forrns of ti:
A word qualifyinganotherword comesafter it: o Conast6 tf?
- go maith.
uimhir teileaf6in telephonenumber (lit. number of telephone) b Conast6 sibh?
f6n p6ca mobile pbone (lit. pocketphone) - go maith.
Sr6id Mh6r Main S*eet (lit. street big) c Conast6 an aimsir?
- fuar inniu.
d Conast6 do mh6thair?
go maith.
i mo ch6nai i Luimneach.

IO Unit1 Is mire... II
 6 Put seomo lthb is tnyl beforethe following words. Someof
thesewords will needan h after their first consonantto show
lenition. Checkthe list in the Pronunciationguideif necessary.
mithair (mother\
carr lcar)
6ras6n(flat)
Seomo (Tbis is my) seoladhladdress)
rothar (bicycle\
ancail bncle\
uimhir teileaf6in(telephonenumber)
hata (hat)

If you havethe recording,listento the sentencesand check

your pronunciation or look at the Pronunciation guide.

o CD1,TR 2, 1147

7 Practisesayingthesetelephonenumbers.(You can checkthem

on the recordingif you haveit.) Can you figure out the towns?
(Seethe map opposite.)Their Englishforms are listedin the
wrons order.
o 02r-542.37 Corcaigh o CD1,TR 2, 3:18
b o9r-6342t Gaillimh
G osoz-69j8 BaileAtha Luain 8 Listen and checkyour pronunciationof thesesurnames.
d o6a-zTr4S Luimneach (Look at the Pronunciationguideif necessary.)
e 06S-,-7645 Cill Airne 6 Mathrina Mac Math(na
f ot -76 5489 BaileAtha Cliath O Loingsigh Mac C6rthaigh
g o48-7u4562 Doire 6 Cinn6ide Mac Craith
(Athlone, Cork, Dublin, Galuay, Derry, Killarney, Limerick) 6 Dochartaigh 6 Murchf

Listen and repeat/takedown theseplacesand telephone

numbersfrom the recordingif you haveit; the answersare at
the back of the book. Testyourself:Comprehension
L6igh an comhri agusfreagair na ceistenna (Read the conuersdtion
and ansuer the auestions\,

U n ft1 Ism l se .., tj

 Is m0inteoirm6
ffi comhorso neighbour
ffi
&
nuo new I om o teocher
Questions
o Wheredoesthe conversationtake Dlace? In thisunityouwillleornhowto
b What is the number of lllna'sllat? . State your nationality and occupation
. Check somebody else's nationality or occupation
. Say where you work

Is... m6. I am (a) ...

An ... tu? Areyou (d ...?
Is eo. Yes.
Ni heo. No.
Cod os duit? Whereareyou from?
As... From..,

Here are two interviews with learners of lrish in a summer college.

Interview1

c,
F
o
(J

r4 Unit 2 Is miintoir m6 r5
 Aine Is mtinteoirm6.
R[noi Tuigim.Goroibhmoithogot.
Aine Tdfailteromhqt.
:
i ::i:Tl
Nil.Tdno rongonnosuimi(il,ogustd no miinteoirigo deos.
60 roibhmoith oqqt.

Agusc6 tuso? And who oreyou?

Codis oinm (m) duit? Whatisyourname? An Meirice6ndchttl? Areyou American?
le do thoil please is eo. Yes.(lit.tt's thot)
Aine Ni Chonoillis oinm dom.
Cod qs duit?
My nameisAnn O'Connell.
Whereareyou from?
An bhfuilon Ghoeilgedeqcoir? Is Irishdifficult?
tn yout vtew
3
9
dor leot
As T16Li. FromTralee. Nil. It isn't.
f
Ach td m i mo ch6noi i But I livein Corknow. rqngonnq(m) c/asses c
gCorcoighqnois. suimi&il intetestin9
I gcothoir(f) Chorcqi?. In CorkCity? no m0inteoiri the teachers
is eo. Yes(lit.Ihat's lt) go deos ntce
Agusdo shli bheotho(f)? Andyour occupotion?(ltt.woy
of tife) Questions
Is m0inteoirm6. I am a teacher. o Cad asdo Bob?
Tuigim. I understond. b Conast6 na ranganna?
Go roibhmoith ogot. Thonks.
T6 f6ilte romhot. Youore welcome.

Questions Longuogenotes
a Cad asd'Aine(= do + Aine)?
b An mriinteoiri? ,I WOMEN'SSURNAMES

Thereare distinct prefixesfor women'ssurnames.Thesefemale

prefixesvary in form accordingto whethera woman is married or
Interview2 single.All causelenition. Here are the maleforms and unmarried
femaleforms of two ryoical surnames;
Students attending a language class in Dublin meet their new
teacher. She introduces herself and asks the students who they are SednO Conaill AineNi Chonaill
and where they come from. P6draigMac Mathina M6ire Nic Mhath(na

{ i coittin Is miseCoitlinNl Cheolloigh

... ogus... c6tuso? The marriedformsare basedon the maleforms;if SednO Conaill's
o
o i soo BobMocMothOno isoinmdom. wife is namedM6ire shewill be known formally asMiire BeanUi
E
i coittin An Meiriceanqch ti? Chonaill (lit. wife of O Connell),or M6ire Ui Chonaillfor short'
F i gob Is eo.Is os Bostondom. PddraigMac Mathrina'swife, Sile,would be calledSileBeanMhic
o i coitlin An bhfuilon Ghoeilge deocoir,
dor leot? Mhathfna or SileMhic Mhathrina.BeanUi Chonaillon its own
IJ meansMrs O ConnellandBeanMhic Mhathrinameans

r6 unlt 2 Is miinteolrmd 17
 Mrs McMahon.ln traditionalIrish-speaking societywomentend to Albain Satland Llbtnach Sconish
be known informally by their maiden names(due to a strong sense Meirice6 Ameica Meiriceinach American
of family affiliation).
b with the anicle (causinglenition). Theseare treated like any
Here are somecommonIrish surnamesin their threewidely used other femininenoun:
forms:
An Fhrainc France FrancachFrench
(| CD1,TR3, 1:32 An GhearmdinGermany Gearminach German
An Spdinn SPaiz Spiinneach Spanish
Man's surname Woman's surname Anlodiil Italy lodilach ltalian
Maiden name Married name An Rriis Rrrssrd Rfiseach Rnssiaz
6 Conaill(O Connell) Ni Chonaill Ui Chonaill
(i chontil)
6 Murchri(Murphyl Ni Mhurchri Ui Mhurchri
(i uurach ) Grommor
6 D6nailllO Donnelll Ni Dh6naill Ui Dh6naill
(i gh6nuill 1 STAT'N6 YOURNATIONALITY AND OCCUPATION
(Kelly)
O Ceallaigh Ni Cheallaigh Ui Cheallaigh
(i byalul Thesedetails remain permanent for most people and therefore they
6 s6lo sbeal Ni sh ui shc(i h6) must be introducedwith is.
Mac Mathdna (McMahon) Nic Mhathina Mhic Mhathrina
luih uahfinal nationality pronorm name
occupation
Note that exceptionallyNic and Mhic do not causelenition when F,ireannach m I am lrish.
the following namebeginswith C or G: mriinteoir m6 I am a tedcber.
feirmeoir (6) Sein. Sednis a farmer,
Mac Cirthaigh MacCartby Nic Cdnhaigh Mhic C{rthaigh dochtriir (0 M6ire. Mary is a doctor.
Mac Gearailt FiAgedd Nic Gearailt Mhic Gearailt Gardai (iad) Tom6s agusP6l. Tom and Paul are
Policernefl,
2 NAMESOF COUNIRIES AND NATIONALITIES
Insight
<l CD1,TR 3, 2:23 Notice that a pronoun may be usedevenwhen a person's
nameis given- Is feirmeolr6 Se6n(Sednhe is o farmer).The
Countries fall into two groups. Nationalities always end with -ach. pronounsmeaninghe, she,they are 6, i, iod. When combined
with a verb they becomes, si, slod, as you saw in Unit r - t6
o without the anicle: s6 (he is), td si (sheis), t6 siod lthey orel.

ftire Ireland Eireannach

Irish
Sasana England Sasanach
Englishllit. Saxonl

I8 Unlt 2 13molntrolr nG r9
 2 ASKINGSOMEEODY'SNATIONALITY OR OCCUPATION 4 PLURALFORMSOF NOUNS

Replaceis with an to form a question.A specialpronou\ e tbatl Thereare variousways of putting a noun in the plural, and for the
il, is usedin reply to suchquestions.(Is ea is pronouncedish a.) most part you just haveto learnthe correctplural form when you
learn the singular, Someof the rnost common are shown here. The
An f,ireannachtri? Are you Irishl plural of an (rle) is na, and it puts an h beforea noun which begins
Is ea. Yes.(lit, It's thatl with a vowel:

or o Add -i

Ni hea.Is Meiricednachm6. No. (lit. Nol tDa4 I'm an America an miirrlteoir tbe teacher na miinteoiri the teacherc
an olfrgthe office m hoifigi the offices
An dochniir i M6ire? Is Mary a doaor? an siopathesbop na siopeitbe shops
Is ea. Yes. an Garda the policeman ra Gardai the policemen, the police

or b Add -anna/-eanna

Ni hea.Ni dochtriir i. No. Sbe'snot a doctor, an rang tbe class nt tanganna the classes
an iit the phce na h{iteanna the ohces
3 AS (FROM)
c Add -a to -6gl-eog
The basicmeaningof this is olr o/. It is also usedto indicateone's
placeof origin: an spin6g the spoon na spl6rr6gathe spoots
an bhil eogthe leaflet na bileoga tbe leaflets
Cad as duit? Whereare you from?
As Corcaigh. From Cork. d Add -acha/-eacha

ot an cineil the hind, sort of na cineilacha,the kinds, uarieties

an chathaor the chait na cathaoire cha the chairs
Is as Corcaigh dom. I am from Cork.
e Make the final consonantslender(.9.-an becomes-6in)
Other examples- with the word duine (persoz):
an t-ar^santhefldt na hiras in tbe flats
Duine as Corcaigh. A person from Cork. an leabharthe book na leabhafuthe boohs
Ti duine as Meirice6 i mo rang. There is a person from America arLcl l tbeprogromme na cliir the progratnmes
bt mv class.

Unh 2 15milnt olr mC ZT

 f Change-ach to -aigh i gCorcaigh (pron, gorhril in Cork
i dTr6 Li (pron. dr6li\ in Tralee
fireannach an lrish person Eir eannaighI r ish peopIe T6 m6 i mo ch6nai i mB6alFeirste(pron. m6l fershte)iz
leathanachpage leathanigh pages Belfast
U livel i nDoire (pron. n'etel in Derry
Someof the most frequentlyusednounshaveirregularplurals. i gcontae na Mi (pron. gontaena mi) iz
County Meath
an fear the man na frr the men i dteachm6r (pron. dyach)in a big bouse
an bhean the uoman na mni the women
an duine the person na daoine the people If the following word beginswith a vowel, i becomesin:
an teech the house na tithe tbe houses Ti s6 ina ch6nai (He liuesl tr fuasin in a flat.
ftirieUrelandlbecomesEirinn after prepositions,e.g.:
Although cliir is recommendedas the plural form of clir T6 si ina c6nai (SDeliues\ in6irinn in lreland.
(programmel an alternative form, cliracha, is widely used.
7 ASKINGSOMEBODY'SNAME AND GIVING YOUROWN
S THE VERB 'TO BE' IN QUESilONS
Cad is ainm duit? What's your tame? llit. What is name
Replaceti with an bhfuil (pron. un wil). There are no words for to Yota?l
yesand zo in Irish, and the reply echoesthe verb instead(without C6n t-ainm at6 ort? What's your name? llit. Whdt name ts
its pronoun). on you!)
Tomis. Thomas.
An bhfuil s6deacair? ls it diffrcub!
Ta. It is.
Nil. It isn't.
An bhfuilSiobh6nistigh? Is Joan in? TomSs is ainm dom. Thomas is ttry name. llit. Thomas k name
Ta. Yes.(lit. Is) to mel
Nfl. T6 si amuigh. No, (lit. Is zor) She'sout.
An bhfuil t( i do ch6nai I Luimneach. Do you liue in Limerick! The forrnsdom (to mel, duirt(to you\ combinepreposition(ro) and
Ta. Yes. pronoun (rze)in one word. They are often lenitedafter a word
Nfl. T6 m i mo ch6nai I bPort L6irge. No. I liue in Waterford. which endswith a vowel, e.g.Dia dhuit DeJlo.Suchforms are
cornmonin Irish and you will meetthem again.
6 THE PREPOSITIONI (IN)
You may also ask:
This is pronouncedlike the a in a&oat.It causeseclipsis(see
Pronunication guide) of a following consonant: C6 tusa? Who are you?
Mise Se6n. I am Sed.n.
Is miseAine. I an Anne.

Tusa and miseare special'emphatic'forms of tri and m6.

Unlt 2 ls molntcol. m6
-)
 Mhic Mhathtua Answer thesequestionsin the affirmative, both by using the
Mac Crirthaigh f 9- echo form of answer and with a full statement.
o An Meirice6nachtri? Is -. - Meirice6nachm6.
Combinethe woman'snameon the left with the surnames b An f,ireannacht6?
on the right below, replacing 6 and Mac with Ni and Nic C An Francach6 Pierre?

respectively.Don't forget to includelenition: d An Rriiseachi Raisa?

0na 6 Briain (o Brien)
6 Conchdir (O Connor) Make up introductionslike this example:
O Mtille (o Malley) S6amas6 Maille is ainm dom.
O crada(o Grady) Ti m i mo ch6nai i dTr5 Li.
O Conaill (O Connell) Is Gardam6.
6 Murchri (Murphy) o Bob O Mara./Boston /si6inir.
Mac D6naill (McDonnell) b Colette Fortin/?6ras/mf inteoir.
Mac M5nais (McManus) C Jiirgen Heimffrankfurt/siopad6ir (shopkeeper).
d Ian CampbelUGlaschriy'amhr6nai (singer).
Match the people and nationalities. Then state each e Nancy Giles/I.lua Eabhrac (NY)/rrinai.
person'scorrectnationality along the linesof Is Eireannach
6 Sein (Sednis his#), (Rememberto usethe pronouns6, i, Placenames:match the Irish and Englishversionsof these
correspondingto their names): placenamesusingthe map overleaf.
o Se6n Gearminach o B6alFeirste i Waterford
b Ludwig Sp6inneach b Tri Li ii Galway
c Maria Rdiseach c Doire iii Killamey
d Yuri Eireannach d Pon L6irge lv Belfast
e M6ire Francach e Cill Airne v Derry
f Michelle f,ireannach f Gaillimh vi Tralee

4 o Completethe column on the right: The prepositioni + eclipsis.(NB ag obeir u.,orhing.l

Country Nationality o Saythat you live in the placesa-f in Exercise7.
Sasana For example:T6 m6 i mo ch6nai i mB6alFeirste.
fjre b Completethesesentences with i + place.
Alba T6 m6 ag obair i (banc).
Meirice6 (gar6iste).
(sioPa).
b Complete the column on the left: (oifig).
(Eire).
An Sp6inn Spiinneach
Francach
Gearminach
Iod6lach

z6 Unlt 2 Ii mllntoii rn
 Testyourself:Comprehension
.l CDl, TR3, 3:15

Firstreadthesebriefintroductions:

Dia dhuit. Tomis O D6naill is ainm dom. Is Garda m6. T6 m6

i mo ch6nai i nGaillimh.

Dia dhuit. Is miseSfleNi Chonaill. Is dochniir m6. T6 m6 i mo

ch6nai i Sligeach.

Dia dhuit, Liam Mac Crinhaighis ainm dom, Is feirmeoirm6.

Ti m6 i mo ch6nai i gCorcaigh,

Dia dhuit. Is miseM6ire Nic Gearailt.Is mfinteoir m6. T6 m6

i mo ch6nai i mBaileAtha Luain.

Lion isteachna bearnai lfill in the gapsl: Now match thesefour people's names,occupations and addresses:
s An bhfuil S6amasanseo?
-Tr-igCorcaigh. Nanes Occupations Places
b An bhtuil tf i do ch6nai i _ Tri Li? Tomis O D6naill mfinteoir Corcaigh
_ Ti m6 i _ ch6nai i bPon Liirge. M6ire Nic Gearailt Garda Sligeach
c _ _ tf i do ch6nai_ 6ras6n? Sile Ni Chonaill feirmeoir Luimneach
Nil. Ti m6 i mo ch6nai i _ teach. Liam Mac C:irthaigh dochtriir Baile Atha Luain
d An Meiric6anach 6 Bill?
Is _ Bostond6. Now make up short interviews with each of them on the model
e An l6acht6iri Miire? of the following:
Is dliod6iri.
An r6nai Cad is ainm duit? Wbat is yotr name?
10 Complete the interview: Tomis Tomds 6 D6naill i s ainn My naml k Tom,is 6
- Cad is ainm _ ? dom. D6naill.
. Se6nO Laoire is ainm
Annnnai C5 bhfuil tri i do ch6nai? Where do you liue?
- Aguscad as duit? Tomis Td m i mo ch6nai i I liue in Galuta*
o Corcaigh.
- nGaillimh.
- An bhfuilt( - _ ch6naii gCorcaigh?
. Ti.

z8 Unlt 2 ts milntrol m6 29
 Conost6 cirsoi? Howote things?(cltsoiaffoi6, motters)
f6s still
Td mo theoch (m) fin ogom. I havemy own house.
p6sto morried
Cod fotso? WhotaboutyouT
fe c0pfo bfioin (f) onuos for o coupleof yeorspost
comhghoirdeos congrotulotions
An bhfuil t0 p6sto? T6 ... ogoinn
feonbh (m) 69
Wehove
a baby(tit.young chitd)
Areyoumorried? Questions
Answeris fior (truel or ni fior (falsel:
o Td Ciarin f6s ina ch6naiin lrasdn.
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Talkabout your family b Td s6p6sta.
. Ask about someoneelse's
family

An bhfuil tri p6stq?

An bhfuil clonnogot?
duine (1), beirt (2), tritr (3)
se blionod'oois
Diologue2
Ateyou married?
Doyou havechildren?
SdamasMac Cdrthaigh wants to rent a corrage in the Gaeltacht for
countin9people
a few weeks. He has been directed to Bean Ui Sh6. They chat about
sixyearsof oge
his family over a cup of tea.

Beon Ui Sh6An bhfuilclonnmh6rogot,o Sh6omols?

e
o
S6omos TObeirt mhocogusinionogoinn.
Diologue1 ct
Beon Ui ShECenqoislod? q

Ssmds T6C6ltocht mblionod'oois.lA p6ls6 blionqd'oois c

Ciarin and D6nall meetfor the first time in a few years.They talk F
ogust6 dhd bhltoinog Nuolo. j
abouttheir personalcircumstances. o
BeonUi Sh6 Tdbelrtocu or scoilmor sln? u
{ Somos T6.
4 Cldr6n Diodhuit,o Dhonoill. Conosta corsoi? Beon Ui Sh6
F
D6noll Go moith.An bhfuilt0 f6s i do ch6noiin drosdn? lqJroJ.T:qqgg.qrlff.
o Ciordn Nil.TOmo theochf6in ogomonois.
D6noll An bhfuiltri p6stoonois?
clonn(f) mh6r o largefamily
Ciqr6n Nil.Codfritso?
beirt mhoc(m) ogusinion (f) two sonsond a daughter
D6noll T6,lecoploblioinonuqs.
C6noois iod? Whatage are they?
Clcr6n 6, comhghoirdeos. An bhfuilclonnoqot? ocht mbliono(f) eightyears
.Pf,:glr.
..Tgl:glP.l:.s. rs.
gligir,
gpsil:..

3o
Unlt 3 An bhtuiltt D6sto?
 s6 bliqno stxyears 2 THE FAMILYAND CLOSERELATIVES
dh6 bhlioin two yeors
Td beirt ocu or scoil (f). Twoof them are at school. seanthair(m) - seanmhdhair(f)
mor sin thereforc,so (grandfatherl (grandmother)
t6... ogoinne. Wehave
athair (m) - mdthair (f) uncail (m) aintin (f)
Questions (fatherl , (motherl (unclel launtl
Alswer is fior or ni ffor to thesequestions:
o Ti mac agusbeirt inion ag S6amas.
b Td P6l agusCdit ar scoil. mac (m) inion (f) col ceathar (m)
(daugbterl (cousin)
c Nil clann ag BeanUi Sh6. lsonl

tl
garmhac(m) garinion (f) nia (m) neacht (f)
(grandsonl lgranddaughterl (nepheul (niece)
Lqnguogenotes

1 FAMILY,CHILDRENAND HOUSEHOLD Na tuismitheoiri(the porents)

an fear (m) the man an bhean(fl the utoman
Traditional Irish society thought of the family as the 'extended an fear c6ile the husband an bhean ch6ilethe uife
family' of threegenerations(grandparents, parentsand children)
rather than the conjugal family of two generations (parents and An chlann(the children)
children).The following termswere,and still are, used: an leanbh lm],the child
an piiste (ml the child
teaghlach (m) hom tea& (housel;meanshousehold,extmdcd fnnily an buachaill lm) tbe boy an carlin (ml the girl
lion ti (m) llit. complementof Dozse),sameas above an dearthiir (m) the brother an deirfirir (fl the sisnr
muintir (f) usedh muintir an ti (the occupantsof the housel,
and in mo mhuintir (my parcnts - lit. my folks) 3 NUMBERSABOVE20
clann (f) refersto a couple'schildren,so mo chlamris my
children, and doesnot correspond to my famiy {, cDl, TR 4, 1:08

There is no exact equivalentof the word clann in English,but it is the Numbersin betweentensfollow the oatternof the twenties.
origin of the English word,clan, a tibal or kin-group claiming descen
from a presumedancestor;so Clann Chfufiargh (the Maccartby 20-100
c/az), would be descendedftom C6rthach (died ao ro45). The word fiche nuenty caogafifty ocht6eighty
for children in generalis leanai (alsop6isti or gasriLir).
The old word txiocha thirty seascaslxfy n6cha ninety
tuisrritheoir (m), plwal -i (parent(s)lhas beenrevived and is used daichead,forty seacht6seuenty c6ada hundred
in official jargon. Likewise social changehas increasinglyled to the
teaghlachbeingequatedwith the conjugalfamily.

J- Unlt 3 An bhtuiltri p&td? ))

 21-29
fichea haontwenty-one
6chea d6 twenty-wo
frchea ti naenty-three
fichea ceathartuenty-foar
frchea ci,igtwenty-fiue
100+
dh6 chlad tpo hundred
tri chlad threehundred
fiche a,sEutenty-six
fiche a seachtfiuenty-seuetz
fiche a hocht tuenty-eight
frchea na.oitutenbt-nine
WITH A6 (AT)
2 EXPRESSINGPOSSESSIO'V
Thereis no verb to baueinllish.Instead you usea phrasewhich
combinest5,(there is) with ag (ar) (pron. eg):
Ti carr ag M6ire. Mary has a car. (lit. Tbereis a
car at Maryl
Ti clann ag Sile. Sheilahas children.
Ti teachag Sedni gConamara. John hasa hoasein Connemara.
3 THE PERSONALFORMSOF A6

Ag cannot be followed by a pronoun (m6,ni, etc.).Instead

Grommor thereare special'personal'forms of ag which incorporateboth
prepositionand pronoun:
1 ADDRESSINGA PERSONBY NAME
(I9om at me
You put a, which requires lenition, before the name: 09ot at you
qige at him
lvliire A Mhdire (pron. a v6re) qici at hel
P6draig A Ph6draig(pron. a f6drig) ogoinn ot us
Sfle A Shile(pron. a hfle) ogoibh at you
Siobhin A Shiobhin (pron. a hovin) ocu at them

Not all consonantsare affected by lenition: The ai in aige and aici is pronounced as e instead of a. Here are
someexamples:
Liam A Liam
Niamh A Niamh T6 dearthiir agusdeirfirir agam, I hauea brother and sister
T6 rothar nua aige. He hasa neu bicych.
Most malenamesendingwith a broad consonant(oneprecededb Ti teach deasacu. Tbey have a nice bouse.
a, o or u) changethat to slender(addingi beforeit): An bhfuil carr aici? Doesshehauea car?
An bhfuil n6im6adagat? Do you hauea minute?
D6nall A Dh6naill (pron. a gh6nuil)
Tomds A Thom6is (pron. a hom6sh) Most Irish prepositionshavepersonalforms suchas these- you
S6amas A Sh6amais(pron. a h6muish) havealreadymet dom lto mel and drit lto you). They are often
Peadar A Pheadair (pron. a faduir)

Unh3 Anbhtulltt Dtu? ,J

34
 reinforcedfor conrast or emphasis(by addinge after nn, sa after A feminine noun lenites a following adiective which beginswith a
broad consonantsand seafter slenderconsonants): consonantother than l, n, r:

T6 Toyota ag m'athair ach ti My fatber has a Toyota but I clann rnh6r a bigfamily(i.e.children)
Fordagamsa, hauea Ford. oifig bheag a smalloffice
An bhfuilcar agaibhse? Do you hauea car? sriid lhada d longstrcet
T6 feirmagainne. We hauea farm.
A few adjectivesof one syllableprecedethe noun. Sean(old) is an
To knout is expressedby an idiom which literally means/o baue example,and it causeslenition:
knoutledgel
seanfhear old man
Ti a fhios agarn.(pron. t6s) I hnou.,.lht. I baye its knowledge) seanbhean old utoman
Nfl a fhios agam.(pron. nfleas) I don't hnout,
Ti a fhios againn sin. We knou that. N + d cancelsout lenition:
or
Ti a fhios sin againn. seanduine old person(often, in fact,old manl
seandaoine old people(both rnenand women)
However, the ordinary word, for hnouledge, infortnation is eolas(ml.
6 LE (WITH) REFERRINGTO TIME
4 FEIN(SELF,OWN)
When usedwith periods of time this preposition meansfor the pdst:
This meanssef when following a pronoun (it is usually
pronouncedhdn): T6 m6 anseole seachtain. I hauebeen(Et. I aml herc a ueek.
T6 muid anseole tamall. We hauebeenberefor sometime.
Nfl md p6sta, I am not manied, Ti leanbhaici le m(. Shehas had a child this past montb.
Nfl m6 fdrn p6sta, I myself am not manied. Td s6marbh le fada. He bas beendead a long time.
(hda -- longl
After a noun it meansou.rni
It is often reinforced with antas (lit, from aboue but meaning
mo theach nry hoase birberto in this context):
mo theach f6 in my oum botse
Ti Liam p6stale bliain anuas. Liam has beenmarried,for a
OF NOUNANDAD]ECTIVE
5 ORDER year. (lit. uith a year dounl

normallyfollowthenounin Irish:
Adjectives 7 COUNTING YEARS

leanbh69 a youtg child The word for year isbliain. After the number dh6 (azo), which
rothar nua a nerubicycle causeslenition, it becomesbhliain (pron. vlien). A specialcounting
teachm6r a big house form bliana is usedwith the numbersfrom 3 to ro. Following

t6 Unlt3 AnbhfulltOp65tq? 37
 7 to ro, an m is putbefore year to gpvembliana (pron. nliana), Note that the vowel of de, like that of do (ro, /or), is dropped
You add d6rg lteen)to get the numbersr r to 19, but aon (oze)is beforea word which beginswith a vowel.
addedin r r and causeslenition:
are os cionn (orer) and faoi bhun
Two usefulexpressions
bliain a year, one ye*r aon bhliain d6ag eleum years (beloul;
dh6 bhliain tuo years dh6 bhliain d6ag tutelueyears
tri bliana three years tri bliana d6ag thirteen ye4rs Do lucht f6achanaos cionn r8 For audiencesouezr8 (noticein
ceithre bliana four years ceithrebliana d6ag fourteefl yearc bliain. cinemas)
criig bliana fiue years leanaifaoi bhun deichmbliana childrenunder the ageof ten
s6bliana six years d'aois
seachtmbliana seuenyears
ocht mbliana eightyears 9 COUNTINGPEOPLE
naoi mbliana nine yearc
deich mbliana ten years Thereare specialforms of the numbersfor this purpose,mostly
endingin -r. It is sufficientfor the momentto know the forms from
8 AOI, (A6E) r to ,, and to be ableto recognizethe others.In countingpeoplein
a group, or in counting their nameson a list, you say:
You ask a person'sageas follows - c6ncombinesc6?(uhatlwbo?l
and,an (the\': duine (one) person seisear six people
bein tu)o people seachtar seum people
C6n aois ni? What agearc yot? tri6r threepeople ochtar eight people
6? What age is be? ceathrar four people naonfr ni?repeople
6 Se6n? Wbat ageis Jobn? criigear fiue people deichnirir ten people
i Miire? What age is Mary?
iad? What ageare tbeyl Here is how you count sonsand daughters.Notice that emhiin
(oze)follows the word when it is used(it isn't alwaysnecessary):
The answerin yearsis followed by d'aois lof agel- de lofl +
aoislagelz mac amhiin iust one son inion amhiin just one daughter
beirt mhac two so?rs bein inion two daughterc
T6 m6 6chebliain d'aois. I 4m twenty (yearsof age). trifr mac three sons tririr inion three dargbters
Td m'athair caogabliain d'aois. My fatber is ffty.
Tri mo dheiririr triocha a ciig My sisteris tbirty-fue. Insight
bliain d'aois. Notice that beirt (two) causeslenition.
or
... criig bliana is triocha d'aois,

18 Unlt 3 An bhtullt! p66to? 39

 10 THE WORD C|.r'.NN(CHILDRENOF FAMTLY)

Tri clann mh6r acu. They hauea large family.

After beirt, tririr and other numbers referring to people clann takes
the form clainne(rememberthat beirt causeslenition):

Td beirt chlainne againn. We have two children.

T6 tririr clainne ag mo dheirfifr. My sisterhas thee childrm.

The word clann is also usedwhen referringto sonsor daughters

collectively,as follows:

a mhac hk son a chlann mac his sons

ahinion her daugbter a clann inion her dzughters b Freagair na ceisteannaseo (Answer thesequestrons).Use
is fror or ni fror:
Mac is lenited after clann. which is a feminine noun. i Ti D6nall agusAine p6stale triocha a criig bliain.
ii Ti bein chlainneacu.
iii Nil Eoghanp6sta.
lv Nil clann ag Muireann agusP6l.
Proctice v Is seanmhithairi Aine.
vi Is uncail 6 Eoghan.
1 Lion isteachna beatnai lfill in the gapslt
o Sean Dia dhuit, a -! 3 An bhfrril tri ...? An bhfuil ... agat?
Miire Dia is Muire dhuit, a -l What would you sayif you wantedto know if someone:
b Tom6s Conast6 tri, a -? c has a minute to spare? c is married?
Sile Go brei, conastd tri f6in, a -? b hasa car? d hasany children?
Tornis Tri m6 go maith.
An bhfuil t0 p6sto? n6im6odqgot? TdlNil
2 o L6igh an t6acsaguslion isteach na hainmneacha(read the corrogot? clqnnogqt?
text and supply the namesof i-uiii):
4 Lion isteachna beamai:
{ cD1,Tn 4,220
5e6mos ConostA t0, o _?
Is D6nall an t-athair, agusis i Aine an mh6thair.Td siad Se6n lA m6 go moith.Agustrl fein?
p6stale uiocha a criig bliain. T6 beirt mhac acu, Eoghanagus Sedmos TAme go bre6.C6bhfuilt0 | do _ onois?
Micheril.Nil siad p6sta.T6 inion amhiin acu, Muireann.Tf si Serin TAm imo ch6noii_Corcoiqh.
p6stale P6l. Td bein chlainneacu, Sin6adagusBrian. Se6mos An bhfuilt0 o6sto?

40 Unlt 3 An bhtulltu p&td? 4r

 Se6n _. Tdbeirt(moc)ogus omhainogoinn. mac M6ire
-
Se6mos TdsCsin go hiontoch(pron.hintuch). deirfifr Stle
Se6n Agust0 f6in?Codf0tso? deanhiir Tomis
Se6mqs T6m f6s i mo ch6noii - PortL6irge. teach Liam
Se6n An bhfuiltrl p6sto? clann Gea16id
SeAmos le blioinonuos.
,.r cD1 , TR 4, 4O0

! so hioot".h grear(pron.hintuch)
Then, if you havethe recording,listento checkyour
pronunciation, or if not check the Pronunciation guide.
Example:mriinteoir Phddraig(Pddraig'steacherl

Testyourself
1 Supplythe missingforms of ag.
o An bhfuil car ag M6ire?
Td, cinnte.T6 'Mini' -.
b An bhfuil Sanp6sta?
Nil, ach t6 cailin -. (callin = girlfriend herel
Counting c An bhfuil clann ag P6l agusMdir6ad?
o Aois (age) T6. T6 beirt mhac agusinion amhiin -.
Complete the following on the panern of Ti Sein deich d An bhfuil teachagat.
mblianad'aois usingthe picturabove: Td 6ras6n
I T6Se6n--d'aois.
| l TiNeasa--d'aois, Reorderthe words in theseiumbledsentences:
|| l T6 Barra
-- d'aois. o beirt agam Ti mhac
lv T6Antaine--d'aois. b bhfuil An p6statf
v T5 Miire - - d'aois. c agamclainneTi cfigear
d clann An agat bhfuil
b How many childrendo M6ire and Antaine have? e gn6thachbhfuil An tn (gn6thach= bnsy)
T6 - clainneacu:- mhac agusinion.

6 Link the words in the left column with thosein the right
column to indicatekinship or ownershipas in the example.

mulntlr Pridraig
rnron 11lDnun

4z Unlt 3 An t'hftrll t0 p66tq? 4t


Seo...
Thisis ...
ln thisunityouwillleornhowto
. lntrcduce other people
. Offer and accePt a drink
. Explain to others where you live and work
Aon sc6ql (m)?
S e o -..
6
Td 6thos orm buolodh leqt.
0 An mbeidh deoch ogot?
Beidh ... ogom, 90 roibh moith
q ogot.
Ni bheidh, 90 roibh mqith ogot.
T6 m6 og oboir/og l6omh, etc.
Diolo g u e ' l
P6draighastakenhis cousinM6ire to the localpub (teach
t6bhairne,also teach6sta).They speakbriefly to S6amas,who
is on his way home.
44
Any news?o fomiliorgreeting
Thisis ...
I 0m pleasedto meetyou.
Willyou hovea drink?
I'll have...
No thonks.
I am working/reoding,
etc.
rn
P6druig Diodhuit,q Sheomois.Aonsceql? 4
F
56omos Diobholsc6ol.Conost6 ogot?
Ptidraig 6o bre6.Seocol ceothordom,M6ireNi Mhuiri. o
A Mhdire,seoSComos 0 Donoill,deorthoirEibhlin.
M6ire Cenchooio bhfuilt0,o Shomois?
560mos TdAthosorm buolodhleot,o Mhdire.
P6drqig TdMdireog fonochtlinnfqoi lothoir
M6ire T6mCog lorgpoist.
56omos Niloonphostogotfooilathoir?
M6ire Tdm og oboirmor flinoi pdirtoimseortho.
Pddroig An mbeidhdeochogot,o Sheomois?
S6dmos Ni bheidh,go roibhmoithogot.TOmCog dulobhqile.
Beidhme og cointlibhoris.
P6drdig Sldn.Ceordo bheidhogot,o Mhdire?
M6ire Beidhgloinebeoroch qgom,le do thoil.
Aon sc6ol(m)? Any news?(lil. story)
Diobhql(m) sc6ol. Thedevila thing.(meaningnothing
at all)
Conost6 ogot? Howare things?(lit.Howdo you
have?)
Seocol ceothor(m) dom ... Thisis o cousinof mine...
deorthdir(m) Eibhlin Eileen's brother
C6nchooio bhfuilt0? Howdo you do?\lil. Whatst7tearc
you in?)
og fonochtlinn fooi l6thoir stayingwith us ot present
Td dthos orm. I am pleased.
buolqdhleot to meet (with)you
Td m6 d9 lorg poist(m). I om lookingfor ajob.
Nil qon phostogot? Youdon't hoveonyjob?
Td m og oboir mor ... I am workingos ... part-time
p6irtoimseqrthd
Td m6 og dul obhqile. I am goinghome.
Beidhme og coint libh oris. I'll be talkingto you (both)again.
C6ordo bheidh ogot? What willyou have?
Beidhgloine(f) beoroch I'll hoveo glassof beer.
qgom.
Unit 4Seo. . . 45
 Questions Questions
Answer is fior ltrue) or ni fior lfalse): Answerwith is Iior \true) or ni lior (falsel:
o Is col ceathari Miire do Phidraig. o Tl Donnchaag obair le Miire. lle = withl
b Tri Mriire ag obair in oifig. b Beidhdeochmheiscriil lalcoholic)ag Donncha.
c Beidhgloinebeorachag S6amas.

Longuogenotes
Diologue2
l KINSHIP
P6draigand Mdire havegot their drinks. They seesomebody
approachingthem. Thereis no simpleword for cousinin Irish. Insteadkinship is
reckonedas follows. A first cousinis relatedto you through a
or
rn i Mriire CCota og teqchti lelth? parentwho is a brotheror sisterof oneof your parents.That
<i involvesfour people- you, your first cousin,and one parentfrom
o i eearoig Donnchode Br0nisoinmdo.lA sCog oboirliom.
ni i Donncho Conostd ogoibh? eachside.So usinga specialword col ldegreeof kircbip) you call
4
F i eaoroig seo Mdire,q Dhonncho- is colceothordom i. your first cousincol ceathar(m) (4), that is somebodyrelatedto
i you by a four-personchain of kinship.A secondcousinis col seisir
o i Donncho CCnchooio bhfuiltri, o Mh6ire?
tJ Mdire TdmA90 moith. (m) (5), because therearesix peopleinvolved.
P6droig An bhfuiloon sc6ologqt?
Donncho BeidhCotholog p6sodhgo luoth. 2 SOCIALLIFE
: P6droig Tdo fhiosogom.BhisCqn roidi66iti0il.Beidhdeoch
ogot? Publichousesare important socialcentresin Ireland.The Irish
Donnchd Beidhgloineoraisteogom,sinuile. word for pub is teach(m) t6bhairne\lit. tauernhouse)or teach
P6dmi9 Seodhuit. 6sta,but the Englishword plb is often usedin Irish as well - one
Donncho SlAinte. maysaysaphub (m) (in thepub).Thecustomof reciprocalbuying
of drinks, known asstandingone'sround, is well entrenched
despitegenerationsof condemnationby clergymenand health
Ce qt6 og teocht i leith? Whois (that) comingthiswoy? boards.The traditional drinks of the country are beerand whiskey
is oinm d6 is hisnome(lit.is nameto him) (sospeltin English,in contrastto Scotchrzllsfty). The namesof
og oboir liom workingwith me somecommondrinksare:
a
6 og p6sodh go luoth gettingmoniedsoon
9 T6 o fhios ogom. I know. beoir(f) beer uisce(m) beatha zDisftey
or on roidi6(m) diti0il on the localradio leann(m) dubh slor.rt fion (m) wine
t
C' gloineo16iste(m) o glossof orcnge(juice) p6rtar (m) porter, stout branda(m) brandy
sin uile thot'soll
Seodhuit. Hercyou are.(lil. thisto you\
sl6inte(f)l Cheers!(lit. Health)

46 Unit4 Seo... 47
 The dark beercalledstont was first brewedin Ireland by Arthur Seocara dorn. This is a friend of mine,
Guinnessin the eighteenthcenrury.It hastwo Irish names,leann Is cara dom 6. He is a friend of mine,
dabh (black beerl -leann is an old word for beer - and,lmore Is col ceathrachadom iad. They are co*sins of mine.
often) p6nar, from an older English name,porter beer.Uisee Ni deirfiir dom i. She isn't a sister of mine.
beatha meanswater of life, and is basedon Latin aqua uitae. The
Englishword zbr'sk(e)ywas borrowedfrom uisce(beatha)in the 3 ,WILL BE': THE FUTURETENSEOF TA
fifteenthcentury,in eitherIreland or Scotland,or both, Its English
form reflectsthe earlierpronunciationof uisceas ls&e. The form is beidh. This may be pronouncedbe beforepronouns
and bay otherwise.

Ni bheidh (pron. ve) m6 anseo. I won't be here.

Grqmmor Beidh (pron. bay) Miire anseo. Mary uill be here.

1 USING SEO(THIS) TO INDICATEPEOPLEOR THINGS 4 'TO BE DOING, SAYING': THE PROGRESSM

FORMOF THE VERB
You can introducea person,or presenta thing, by usingseo(rhs).
Notice that no verb is used: Actionswhich are in progressor under way are referredto by the
progressiveform of the verb, which has an exactequivalentin
SeoTom6s. This is Tonuis llit. This, Thomasl English. It consistsof tri (is) + doer of action + ag + the form of the
Seomo dheirfirir. This is my sister. verb calledthe verbalnoun:
Seodo dheoch. Here is your drink,
Seopeann. Here is a pen. Ti - m6 - ag scriobh. I am uiting.
T6 - Niamh - ag canadh. Niamh is singing.
In Munster and Connachta pronoun is placedbeforenamesand T6 - Maria - ag foghlaim- Gaeilge. Maria is leaming lrish.
other definitenouns(thosemarkedby the, my, etc.l.It is not
necessary for you to apply this rule. Theseare the verbal nouns of scriobhaan Qtritesl, cmrnn
(sngs) and foghlaimionn (leamsl respectively.The g of ag is only
Sing. 6 Seo6 Tom6s. This is Tomis. pronouncedbefore a vowel in this construction, so one saysa'
Seo6 do dheoch. Here is your drink. scriobh, a' foghlaim, with a weak a as in earlier English a-goizg, etc.
i Seoi Aine. This is Aine.
Pl. iad Seoiad Tomis asusLiam. This is Tomdsand Liam. Someordinary nouns (onesnot closelyrelatedto verbs)are also
usedin this construction.Note especiallythe following:
2 HOW TO SAYA FRIEND,ETC.'OF MINE'
T6 m6 ag obair anseo. I am working here.
This becomesa friend to me inbish, usingdom (to rre), which you Ti duine 6igin ag caint. Somebodyis speaking.
havemet earlier.

48 Unlt4 S.o... 49
 t6 with an bhfuil?givesa question:
Replacing coith (spend) + omh og coitheomh(spending)
fag (leave) + riil og fr96i1(/eaving)
An bhfuilni agfoghlaimGaeilge? T6AIil. feic(see) + 6ll og feicedil(seeing)
An bhfuilni agobairi nDoire? TilNil. foch(lookl + int og f6ochoint(/ooking)
leon(follow) + lint og leoniint (fol/owing)
Herearesomemoreexamples, includingpastprogressive
with fon (stay) + ocht og fonocht (stoytng)
with beidh(rzillbe):
bhi (utaslandfutureprogressive 6ist(/isten) + ocht 09 Cisteocht(listening)
tosoigh(begin) +ri og toso(beginning)
An bhfuil tri ag irneacht? Are you leauingl boiligh(col/ect) +0 og boiliri(collecting)
T6 muid ag dul abhaile. We are going bome.
An mbeidh ni ag tiom6int abhaile? Will you be diuing home? In somecasesno endingis used:
Bhi muid ag ithe b6ile. We utereeating a meal.
Beidhsiad ag teachtamirach. They'll be coming tornorrou.,. : 6l (drtnk) og 6l (drinking)
og foghloim(leorning)
One funher point to note is that sincethe verbalnoun is essentially
a noun it requiresthe genitivecaseof a noun dependingon it (if the Someverbalnounsare inegular in form:
noun hasone):
: tigh(9o) og dul (go,ng)
Ti m6 ag ullmhf dinnir. I am preparing dinner. 09 tedcht (coming)
Ti miseag lorg poist freisin. I am seekinga job ako.
Bhi m6 ag ithe mo l6in. I uas eating my lunch. As mentioned,someordinary nounsserveas verbalnounswithout
havingany specialendingaddedto then, e,g. obak lwork,
However,ifthe noun is accompaniedby an adiective,it is left in workingl. Compare:
the basicform.
Ti m ag obair. I am working.
Ti siad ag ioc airgeadmaith. They are paying good monsy. Ti an obair ag tos6. The uork is beginning.

5 THE FORMATIONOF THE VERBALNOUN LE(WITH)

6 THEPREPOSITION

There are various distinctive endings. Notice how e or a is insened This is requiredwith cenain verbs(given in the form of the verbal
before some of them to agreewith a precedingslender or broad noun):
consonant.
ag caintle talking to llit. utithl
ith (eot) +e 09 ithe (eating) ag bualadhle meetirrg(ttith')
og tiomaint(driving) ag fanachtle staying u)ithlutaiting for
tiomain(drive) + t
ag 6isteachtle listening to
don(do,moke) + omh

Unlt4 S.o... 5I
5o
 Theseare its personalforms (noticeagainhow the prepositionle 'OF', E,G,A CUP 'OF' TEA
9 EXPRESSIA'G
combineswith the personalpronoun):
The o/relation betweentwo words is conveyedin Irish by putting
liom with me llnn withus one immediatelyafter the other and, usually,changingthe shape
leot with you tibh withyou of the second(the grammaticalterm is 'putting it in the genitive
leis with him leo withthem case').Thereis no word correspondingto o/in Irish. Here are
ti with her someexamples:

Here are someexamples:
Beidhrn6 ag caint leat aris.
Beidhtri ag bualadhl6i.
Ti si ag fanachtleo.
T6 Se6nag obair liom.
I'll be nlking to you again.
You'll be meetingber.
Sheis staying uith them.
SEanuorks utith me (or Sednis
uorhirg uitb me, i.e. right noul.
gloine (g/ass)+ tion Aainel g)oie fiorc (a glassof winel
m6r6n (a lot) + ltimel m6r6n ama (a lot of timel
^m
Thereare variousways of forming the genitivecase,and the most
important of thesewill be describedin the next section.If a word
doesnot havea genitivecase(e.g.nounswhich end with a vowel),
word order aloneis suff,cientto show the ofrelation:

7 MAR(AS) c'spln (cupl + tae lteal angin tae a cup of tea

This can be usedto refer to pan-time or temporary employment, as Ownershipand kinship are expressedby usingthis pattern (so
distinct from one'snormal profession.It causeslenition: inlrish John'shousewill becomesomethinglikehorse of Johnl.
Personalnamesare lenitedif they beginwith a consonant:
T6 m6 ag obair mar mh(inteoir I am uorking as a teacher
faoi l6thair. at bresent. teachAine Anne'shouse(lit, houseof Anne, Aine
unchanged)
8 MOREABOUT CE?(WHO?) teachMh6ire Mary's house(Mdire marked by lenition only)
teachSh6ain John's house(SEanlenitedand in genitivecase)
You havealreadymet this in C6 tusa?lVho are you?l.It is a rule
of the written languagethat it be separatedfrom a following verb 10 FORMINGTHE GENITIVE CASE
by an a (and t6 becomesati), but this a is not pronouncedand one
saysC6 'bhi, C6 'ti: Thereare variousways of putting a noun in the genitivecase,
accordingto whetherit is masculineor feminine.
C a bhi ag caint leat? Wbo uas talking to you?
Le a Dru leatt Wbo was utith you? o A broad consonantat the end of a masculinenoun becomes
C6 a bheidhann? Who will be therc? slender(shownby writing an i beforeit)
C6 ati amuigh? Who is outside?
eolasinformation pointe eolais a point of information
p6ttar stoat pionta p6rtair a pint of stotrt
SEanJohn muintir Sheiin,/ohrr'spdrents

5L Unit4 So... 51
 b Add a to a noun
which you met in the previous unit, but with future beidh instead
Iion lnl wine of t6, Compare:
buidlal fiona a bottle of uine

c Add e to a femininenoun Ti deoch agam cheana. I hauea dink already.

An mbeidh deoch agat? Will you hauea dinhl
seachtainueek Beidh. Yes,
deireadh seachtaine ueekend
(lit. end of the uteekl Ni bheidh. No.

d Replace(e)achwith (a)ighin masculinenouns Note also, using cad?or c6atd?Qahattlt

leathanachpage Cadlc ard a bheidh agat? Whatuill you haue?

bun an leathanaighthe bottom
Beidhpionta agam. I'll hauea pint.
of tbe page
',,;
"'' :'".'':'"'" " "'"
e Replace(e)achwith (a)i in femimnenouns rnsr9nr
Drink measures
bdisteachrain m6ran biisti a lot of rain
Drink is sold by the following measures:
f Make the 6nal consonantof a femininenoun broad and
add ach buideol(m) a bottle
gloine (f) o glass
an bheoir tbe beer feothghfoinc (0 a hatf-gtass(= a small measureof spints)
pionta beoracha p int of beer
plontd (m) o Pint
Most words which end in a vowel do not havea genitivcase: feothphionto{m) a holf-pint
.......'.'...1.........

gloine branda 12 LEATH-(HALF)

a ghssof brandy
glolne ursce a ghss of utater
cupin caife This causeslenition and is ioined to the word it modifies:
a cap of coffee
leathghloine uisce beatha a half-ghsi of whiskey gloine a g/ass leathghloine a half- glass
(SeeUnit rZ section9 for anothergenitiveformation.) 16a day leatbli a half-day

11 OFFERINo AND ACCEPTINGA DRINK 13 AON(ANY)

The numeralaon (oze)is usedin the senseof

A common way of offering a drink is to ask the equivalent azr,:
of Wil/
you hauea drinkl This involvesthe possessive phraset6 ... &dsl Aon sc6al? Atry news?
^C
Arr bhfuil aon sc6alagat? Do you haueany neuts?

54
Unlt4 S.o...
 Another way of saying any is to put ar bith (at alll after a word: 3 Sa teach tibhaime. Lion isteachna bearnai.
o Eoin An mbeidhdeoch-, a Pheadair?
An bhfuil sc6alar bith agaibh? Do you (pl.) haueany neuts? -, go raibh maith agat.
Diarmaid An mbeidhdeoch-?
It is usualto useeither aon or ar bith when sayingthat you haven't Sfle Beidhpionta beorach .le do thoil.
got something.Notice that aon causeslenition: Sean Agus - gloine beorach-, a
Dhiarmaid.
Nil aon charr agam. I don't hauea car. llit. I hauen't Ciar6n An - pionta agat,a Ph6draig?
got any car) PLdraig T6 mo charr liom. Beidh- beorach
Nil aon phost aige. He doesn'thauea iob, (Iit, He agam.
doesn'thaueany iobl P6l - mbeidhdeocheile agat,a Eilis?
Nil post ar bith aici. Shedoesn't bauea job. Eilis Ni -, go raibh maith agat.
Eoghan An mbeidh- agat,a Bhreanddin?
Breandin - bheidh,go raibh maith agat.Ti m6
ag imeachtanois,
Proctice
4 Cri bhfuil siad?(wherearc theyll
Sort out eachof the iumbledutterancesto make a short Checkthat you know the meaningof theseexpressions (you
dialogue: can guessmost of them and check them in the Irish-English
o Introduction: mo/Nuala./seo/cholceathar/a Pheig vocabulary). Then match one of them with each sentence.
b Greeting: tri./conas/aNuala./ti
c Response:a Pheig/orm/bualadhleat/trilithas sodiosc6; sochorr;
or sooire; sobhoile:
Lion isteachna bearnai;(c) and (d) involvethe optional use soteochtdbhqirne: qg on oerfort
of6ori. in Oifigon Phoist:
o Sein Dia dhuit, a -!
M5ire Dia is - dhuit, a _! Td siad ag caint agusag 61.
b Liam -tlini,--? Td s6ag cur lpuning, sendingllitreachsa phost.
Sile Go bre6,conas- - f6in, a Liam? C T6 s6ag scriobhcirta poist.
Lianr Ti m6 go maith. d T6 siad ag f6achaintar an teilifis.
c D6nall A , seo(6) mo chol ceatharPidraig. e Ti si ag dul go Meirice6.
Tom6s Td ithas orm bualadhleat,_ _, J Ti siad ag damhsa.
Pidraig Dia dhuit, a -. g 96 s6ag tiomdint.
d Aine A , seo(i) mo chol ceatharSiobh6n.
Siobhrin Conast6 t6, a -? 5 Lion isteachna beamai.The missingwords are givenbelow
Seosamh T6 6thasorm bualadhleat,_ _. eachtext on this pageand the following.

56 Unft4 So... 57
 Sedn is working late and sends a note to Miire, his wife:
TestYourself
A Ltfui,ire,a.rhi4
Tdui aa an ntta seo L6igh an comhri seoagusfreagairna ceisteanna(Readtbis
a'oo 1,1" *a- eaal"*^; conuersationLnd Lnswerthe questions).
^*
a4 ^aodh a tetr*t a thba anocht.
e'U * ' tz DiaruzidLur A visitor to the Gaeltachthascalledat a hotel looking {or a friend.
b"ilh^i odL- ao p,ira'saniazh. He is addressed by the receptionist(f6ilteoir).(Somenew words are
Ti ad aa an dta t'eob given below.)
l,4At6"l.-
q
rafu. Diodhult.
Diois Muiredhuit. ul
TOcorodom og fonochtonseo,is d6i9hliom.Somos 4
F
6 Ceolloighis oinmd6. t'
Fdilteoir Nilseistighonois. o
U
6 The genitivecase. Michedl An mbeidhs6ot oistrdthn6no?
Wherenecessary changethe word in bracketsto indicate F6ilteoir Beidh,cinnte.Beidhseonseoog o sAo chlog.
kinship, possession,
or quantity: Miche6l Beidhme og qisog o s6.Michedl0 Conqillisoinm
o bean (S6amas) e mac (Ciarin) dom.
b carr (D6nall) J gloine (uisce)
c teach (M6ire) 9 6ras6n(Aine)
d cupin (tae) istigh ln
dr ois back c,
7 Insert the appropriate form of le: ogos6ochlog at sixo'clock
o
- Beidh Aine ag teacht am6rach. Questions
. An mbeidh tf ag bualadh _ ? 1 o Cad is ainm do charaMhichil?
- Beidh. b An bhfuil s6istigh?
b
Ti P6l ag teachtanocht.
An mbeidhs6ag fanacht-
Beidh.
C
Beidh Peadarag caint ar an raidio amdrach.
An mbeidhtf as 6isteacht )
Ni bheidh.Beidhm6 ag obair.

t nit 4 Seo... JY
58
 56on Goroibhmoithogot.
Bednon ti Conostd tri?TAs6fuor trdthn6no.
560n T6,cinnte,qchtOsCtirim.
Bean on ta Seodo sheomro.
560n An-mhoith.Teochbred6 seo.
Beonon ti Is eo.Tdssheomroleopoonn.Ib ocrosort, is d6cho.
5an Td,cinnte.
Bedn on ti TAon toe reidhsochistin.
Seodo sheomro 56on Beidhme onn l6ithreoch.C6bhfuilon seomro
folctho?
Thisisyourroom Beonon ti Sin, og bunon hollo.

In thisunityouwillleornhowto T6 s6 fuor tr6thn6no (m). It is cold thisevening.

. Welcomesomebodyto a house ci nnte indeed
. Talkabout the different rcoms and theb location och but

Tdr isteoch. Comein.

ti ri m
Seo do sheomrq (m).
dry
Thisisyourrcom.
g
a

x
ta T6 f6ilte romhot. Youore welcome. og bun (m) on hqllo (m) at the endof the hall I
a t
Go roibh moith dgdt. Thonkyou. T6 ocros (m) ort, is d6cho. Youare hungty,probobly. ct
! T6 s6 fuor/tirim. It is cold/dry. 16idh reody
U , Td,cinnte. It is,indeed. cistin (f) kitchen
e seo do sheomro, Thisisyout rcom. Beidh mA onn l6ithreqch. I'll be thereimmediately.
T6 on toe r6idh. Thetea is reody.
Questi ons
Answer is fior or ni fior to the following statements:
o T6sefuoromuigh.
Diologue'l b Tdocrosor She6n.
c Tdseochtseomroleqposoteoch.
Sednis going to attend a summer languagecoursein the
Gaeltacht.Here he arrives at the housewhere he will be staying.
The landlady (Bean an ti) comesto the door.
Diologue2
|o
c Son Diodhuit,ontusoBeonUi Bhrioin?
F Miche6l calls on his aunt, Sile.It is early evening.
t' Beonon ti Is m6.
o son Is miseS6onMocMothono.
Beonon ti DioisMuiredhuit,q Shedin.
Toristeoch.
Tdf6ilt Sile ConostA t0, o Mhichil?Toristeoch.
romnot, Michedl Conostd t0 fCin,o Shile?
(Contd)

6o Unit 5 Seo do sheomro 6r


I Sile TdmEgo hon.mhoith.
on hollo(m) the hall
Miche6l T66thosorm faoi sin.T6tomoll6 bhi m6 onseo.T6br6n
d on stoighre(m) the stairs
az orm.
F on t-url6r(m) thefloor
Sile An bhfuilocrosort? two-storcyhouse
teochdhd u116r
o Mlche6l Nil.Tdmo dhinn6oriteogom.
I on fhuinneog(f) the window
Sile Beidhcupdntoeogot morsin.
on doros(m) the door
Miche6l BeidhsCsingo deos.Tds6on-fhuortr6thn6no.
on tine (f) the fne
Sile Brioscoin6 piosociste?
Miche6l Piosociste. 2 L6 ISTiN (ACCOMMODATION)

teoch (f) c6ndithe dwellinghouse o

ti f6in yourself guesthouse
T6 dthos (m) orm. I am delighted.
teoch l6istin t
teoch sooire holidayhome
fooi sin aboutthat 6st6n (m) hotel 3
o tomoll (m) a while,sometime br! (m) hoste/ ct
6 Srnce
t Td br6norm (m). I am sony.
]E'
ite eoten
briosco(i)(m) biscuit(s) Grommor
pioso(m) ciste a pieceof cake
1 USING SIN (THAT) TO INDICATE PEOPLE OR THINoS
Questions
o Conostd ointinMhichil? You saw in Unit 4 that seo is used to presentor indicate
b An mbeidhdinn60r09 Michedl. things which are nearby. Sin is used for those which are more
C Codo bhidhoige? distant:

Sin Liam thall. Tbat is Liam ouer tbere.

Sco do sheomra. This is your room,
Lqnguogenotes Sin an seomrafolctha. That is the bathroom.
Seodo leabasa. This is yow bed Aeababed + sa)
1 AN TEACH(THE HOUSE) Sin leaba Sh6amais. That is Siamas'sbed.
Seoan chistin. Tbis is tbe kitchen.
Na seomrai(the rooms) Sin an seomra suite. That is the sitting room.
o
on chistin(f) the kitchen
9
I
on seomro(m) suite the sittingroom Remember that in somevarietiesof Irish6 or i will be added
seomroleopo(m) oeotoom after seo(rbis) and sin (tbatl, e.g.Seo6 do sheomra(seomrais
3 on seomrofolctho the bathroom
C' masculine), Sini do leaba(leabais feminine).It is sufficientto
on leithreos(m) the toilet recognize thispracticeif you comeacrossit.

6z t nat5 Seodo sheomro 63

 2 ANOTHERUSEOF SEOAND STN barr (toPl + b6that (roadJ barr an bh6thair (thel top of the
ro4d
The Irish equivalensof thk room, that room, etc,consistof anl bun lbonoml + b6thar (roadl bun an bh6thair (thel end of the
na ,be + noun + seo/sin. The noun is emphasizedin such phrases, fo^d
never seo/sin:
An (tre) doesnot lenitet or d; l, n, r are neverlenited:
an seomra tbe foorrt an seouua seo this room
an seolnra srn that room bean(uomanl + teachlhouse\ beanan ti the woman of the
na seomrai seo tbeserooms house
na seomrai sin tbose rooms l5r (middlel + 16(dayl l5r anlae the middle of the day

Seoand sin can also follow a pronoun: If a rnasculinenoun beginswith s that becomests (pron. t) in this
constructionafter an:
C6 h6 seo? Who is this? C6ard 6 seo? Wbat is this?
C6 h6 sin? Who is tbat? C6ard6 sin? Wbat is tbat? 16rlmiddle) + seomra(roozr) an tseomrathe middle of the
C6 hiad seo? Vho are these? C6ardiad seo? Wbat are tbese? 16r roorn
C6 hiad sin? Who are those? C6ardiad sin? What are tbose?
Notice that an (rbe)is only usedoncein suchphrases,although
Remernberthat 6, i, iad becomes6, si, siad when following a verb both words are felt to be definite(the top, the roadl. As many
as subject: words do not have a genitive casethe of the relaion can be
conveyedsimply by word order, plus lenition if the secondword
Ti s6seogo deas. This is nice. beginswith a consonantother than t, d:
Bhi s6sin go maith. That u.,asgood.
bun an halla tbe end (lit. bonoml of the hall
Seoand sin are sometimsusedon their own: barr an staighre the top of tbe stairs
16ran ghairdin the centre of tbe garden
T6 Sthasorm faoi seo. I am delighted tbout this.
Ti br6n orm faoi sin. I arn son't about that. 4 PREPOSITIONSWITH THE ARTICLE

3 HOW TO EXPRESS'OF THE' The prepositionsag latl and i (inl are very important in saying
wherethingsare:
In the previousunit you met phrasesin which the second
word is in the genitive case(another example is f6gra b6thair ag bun an halla at the end of tbe hall
road sign(lit. signof roadll.If the secondnoun is masculine, ag barr an staighre at the top of the stairs
and precededby an (rbe), a funher changeis needed:lenition i do sheomra in your room
is added after an:

64 Untt 5 seo do shom.! 65

 The sequence preposition+ an causesmutation of a following
Before vowels and fh (whichis silent)followedby a vowel,san
noun, providedthat it doesnot beginwith t or d. In the Official
is used:
Standard the recommendedmutation here is eclipsis:
san oifig in the office
ag an bhfuinneog at the uindou
sanoiche at night
ag an mbanc at the bank sanfharraige in thesea
ag an gcoliiste at tbe college
Contrastsa Fhrfic, in France.
However, you will encounter (and you may prefer) the Ulster
practiceof usinglenition instead:
S LOCATION
ag an fhuinneog at the urindou) Here are two important words:
ag an bhanc at tbe bank
ag an choldiste at the college thios below thios an staighredounstairs
thuas aboue thuas an staighre 4pstairs
Vords beginningwith t, d are not affected:
The phrasemeaningnext to is in aicele (lit. in proximity uithl.
ag an teach at the house This combineswith an (/re) to give in aiceleis an, which causes
ag an doras at the door eclipsis(like ag aa in the previousunit):

Vhen_combinedwith an (thel the prepositioni (lz) takesa quite in aiceleis an gcistin next to tbe kitchen
irregular shape,sa (in tbel, which causeslenition: in aiceleis an bhfuinneog next to the uindow
in aiceleisan mbanc next to tbe banh
sachistin in the kitchet
sa phiirc in the feldlpa& But againthereis no eclipsisof t or d:
sa ch6fra in the cupboard
saghairdin in the garden in aice leis an teach next to the house
in aice leis an doras next to the daor
In addition to words beginningwith l, n, r (neverlenited)those
beg.inningwith t, d, s are not affectedby sa: 6 THE PREPOSITIONAR (ON)

sa leithreas in the toilet Most statesof mind and physicalsensationsmust be exDressed as

sa teach in tbe house nounsfollowed by the prepositionar (oz) (pron. er), so that Selr r's
sa dorchadas in the dark (adi. dor&a -- darkl tired must be turned around as T6 tuirse ar Shein (lit. tirednessk
sa seomrafolctha in the bathroom (lit. room of
utashingl

66
Unft 5 Seodoiheomm 6Z
 ofl Sednl.Note that ar (oz) causeslenition, so Sein becomesShe6n 7 AN. (VERY)
(pron. hy6n).The forms of ar (oz) are:
This causeslenition:
: olm on me oroinn on us
: ort on you orolbh onyou maith good an-rtaith uerygood
: qll on ntm orthu on them Iuar cokl an-fJlluar
uerl cold
i u i r t hl on nel
However, there is no lenition if the adiective beginswith t'
The ai in air is pronouncede insteadof a. d, or s:

Using theseyou can saythat you feel cold, hungry,etc: al-te uery hot an-slstauerysatisfred
an-dorchauery dark
fuacht I feel cold.
ocras I am hungry. 8 ANN (THERE)
tart I am thirsty,
Ti tuirse orm I feel tired. This literally meansiz rl, but often correspondsto English tlere:
eagla I am afraid.
br6n I am sorry. Bhi m6 ann inn6. I was there yesterday,
6thas I am happyldelighted. Ti bancagussiopaiann. Therc's a bank and sboPsthere.

Insight It is also used(with t6) to describethe contntsor sizeof a

T6 br6n orm lI om sorryl canbe usedto apologize or property:
sympathizeover something. This construction is also used
for physical ailments: Ti s6sheomraann. It Eassir roonrs (a house).
llit. there are six rooms
T6 sloghd6norm. I havea cold. in itl
Td tlnneoscinn orm. I havea headoche. T6 tri irasin ann. Therc are three flats in it
T6 tlnneos flocdlle orm. I have toothache. (a building).
Ti c6adacra ann. It is a hundred acresin size
However certain physical and mental statesare expressed (a farm). (lit. tbereare a
usingadjectives: hundred aaes in itl

T6 0na go moltharis. lna is well again. 9 CA BHFUIL?(WHEREIS?)

T6 s6tinn. He is sick.
Bhi m6 buortho. I woswor ed. CAt (wbere?l,llkethe questionmarker an?,requiresthe dependent
TA m6cinnte. I am sure. form of t6, i.e. bhfuil. Here are someexamples:

Ci bhfuil an chistin? 'Whereis the kitchen?

68 Unlt 5 Seodo sheomm 69

 C6 bhfuil an leithreas? Whereis the toilet?
C6 bhfuil tf ag dul? rYhereare you going? Proctice
Ct bhfuil is often pronouncedci'il. <oCD1,TR 6, 1:54

10 THE PERFECTTENSE 1 Point theseout to a visitor:

o Nearby b Morc distant
This correspondsto EnglishI hauedone,I haueeaten,etc.As mo charr (m) mo theach(m)
thereis no verb to haueinkish the phraseti ... agarnis used an gairdin (m) an scoil (f)
instead,with the verbaladjective(an adjectiveformed from a an siopa(m) mo mhithair (f)
verb, like eaten,closed).The perfectis not alwaysusedin Irish
where it would be requiredin English,but hereare somecommon 2 Seomraiagustroscin lrooms and furniturel
examples: Completethe word puzzleusingthe Irish words for the
following horizontally.You will find the word for an
T6 an dinn6arite agam. I baueeatendinner. important room in one of the verticalcolumns.
T6 cfpla pionta 6lta agam. I haue drunk a couple o sining room f table
of piflts. b room g bed
Td sd d6anta aige. He has done it. c window h hall
T6 rni caite agam anseo. I haue spenta month bere. d kitchen i door
Ti an f6ar bainte agam. I hauemown tbe grass. e chair

11 THE FORMATIONOF THE VERBALAD]ECTIVE

Thereare somedistinctiveendings.Notice how their form depends

on whetherthe previousconsonantis broad or slender(e,g.ta after
broad and te after slender):

d6anldo, ffiakel + t^ d1anta(done, made)

6l (drinkl + ta 6lta (drunk)
bain (mow, haruest)+ te baintelmoutnl
ith (eat)+ te ite leaten)(th + t givest)
caith (spend)+ te caite\spentl
f6g lleauel+ tha figtha Ueft)
lig (ier)+ the ligthe (/et)
tosaigh(begrz)+ the tosaithe (begun)
balligh (collectl + the bailithe lcollectedl

7o Unit 5 Seo do sheomd 7r

 3 Ci bhtuil s6?(whereis he?) 'Whatare they sayingor thinking?Match the picturesand
expressrons:

oo
o
5l

a Td tan orm. d Td ocrasorm.

b Td br6n orm. e T6 fuacht orm.

EE c Td tuirse orm. f T6 slaghd5norm.

What would you sayin thesesituations?

o You ask somebodyif he or sheis tired.
b You ask somebodyif he or sheis hungry.
c i an leithreas c You enquireif somebody(a third party) is afraid.
d You ask severalpeopleif they are hungry.

72 Unit 5 Seodo sheomo 71

 ANNOUNCEMENT3
Testyourself:Comprehension
1
.Anois,teachbeagi dTir Chonaill, in aicele Min an Chladaigh.
<r, TR 5, 2:25 Dh6 sheomraleap^ ata ann. Cistin bheagagusseomrasuite. Nfl s6
ach caogaslat 6n u6. Gacheolas6 Hifdai Ph6draig6 Baoill ag
Eist leis na fograi seo6 Raidi6 na Gaeltachtan6l6igh iad. Listen o7r-z9t6o.'
to, or read, theseannouncementsfrom the Irish-languageradio
station, in which holiday homesare offered for rent. Seehow much beog smoll
you can understandbeforelooking at the vocabulary. in oice le beside
slot yard (measurement)
ANNOUNCEMENT1
How many bedroomsare therein the houseeachperson
'Ti teachdeasi ligeanar cios don samhradhi gCarna.Tri below is advenising?
sheomraleapaati ann, cistin mh6r, seomrasuitedeas.Td s6mile i S6amasO N6ill
6n bhfarraige.Glaoighar Sh6amasO N6ill ag (o9rl 765489; ii Brid BeanUi Dh6naill
iii Hiidai Phridraig6 Baoill
teoch 6 ligeon ot cios a housebeing let (for rent) Which houseis nearestto the beach?
deos nice
mmhmdh summel
m6r bi9
mile o mile Comprehension
2
6n bhforrcige ftom the sea
glooigh or phone Here is an extract from a brochure outlining the possibilities for
accommodationin An Spid6al,Conamara,which is a Gaeltacht
2
ANNOUNCEMENT areaon the west coast(County Galway):

'T6 f6gra eile anseoagam.Teachm6r 6 ligeanar cios ag Brid Bean Comp6ilogusCorobhdln

Ui Dh6naill sa Spid6al.Ceithresheomraleapaati sateachseo. PdircSooireon SpidCil,
B6thorno hAbhonn,An Spid6ol
Cistin mh6r, seomrasuite,seomrafolctha thuas an staighreagus Co.no Goillimhe.091-83372.
T69compon6 corobhAn leotl
leithreas thios an staighre. Nfl s6 ach leathmhile 6n tri. Gach eolas Br0nno
6 BheanUi Dh6naill agogt-83r42.' Br0on Spideil.
An Spld6ol.
091-83555

T6 ... ogom I have 6stdin

f6grd eile anothetonnouncement 6st6nno Pdirce,
An Spideol.
Co.no Goillimhe.09l-83159
nil s6 och it is only Tithe Sooire(Seqlloithe& rl)
ledthmhile half a mile CoitlinUiChonghoile,
DotreonFhioidh,Coslo.091-72437,091-74100.
t16 beach 2 theochor cios
gocheolos6 ... all informationfrom .. . rcond)

74 Unlt5 Sodolhcomm 75
 M6irinUi Thuoirisg.
Loch6nBeog,Indreobhdn.
091-93218. Seolloi tithe sooire holidaYhomes
or cios. tithe f6istin housesofferingbed and breakfast
TitheSooireon Spidil,
An CnocogusAn Spid6ol.
01-593138 brrl(nnq) hostel(s)
TitheSooireno Pdirce.
6stdnno Pdirce.
An Soideol091-83159 seoffoi cholet
gor do closeto
Tithe L6istin teoch Geonntui thatchedcottage
(Leobo ogus Bricfeostq 6 20 - leothphmghos do ph6ist0
BoirbreUi Churroidhin,'Ard-Aoibhinn",Cnocdn6los,An Spid6ol. Answer is ffor or ni ffor:
091-83179.5 sheomro(le hdiseonno priobhdideqchq) o Thereis no campsite.
M6irodUi Neochtoin, 'Teormonn", Boileon tsogoirt.An 5pid6ol. b Thereis a hotel.
091-83214. 4 sheomro C Thereis a reductionfor childrenin B&85.
AineUi Mhdirtin,"Breifne",SidheAn,An SDidCol.091-83143.
6 sheomrq
MOirinUi ChCldigh,"Cois-Mqro".SoileCh0no.An Spid6ol. 091-83247.
5 sheomro
MdireUi Nochtoin. "Coisno Coille",Seqnobh6lnin.An 5Did6ol.
091-83352. 4 sheomro
PeigUi Chonchubhoir. "Rodhorc on Ch16ll',
Coilleoch.
An SpidCol.
091-83257.4 sheomro
MaireNi Chonghoile.'An ColodhGeorr",An Cnoc.Indreobhdn.
091-93124.Teochcmnn tui, 3 sheomrole hdiseonno.
SileUi Mhooldin,"DoirekyleHouse",DoireChoill. Coslo.
091-72412.
4 sheomro(1 le hdiseonno)
NoncyUi Neochtdin, "Clochno Scith",Coilleoch.
An SpidCol
091-83364. Teochceonntui.
"CoisCool6ire",
SollyUi Fhlothorto, Boileon tsl'aibhe.
An spid6ol.
091-831 76.6 sheomro
MOireUi Iomain.Roso'Mhil.Boileno hAbhonn. 9l-72158.
4 sheomro.60r do no boidgo hAroinn

R6toi speisioltotoistil ogusbio do Ghrtpai/ Eogroiochtci

Gacheolos:
Forusno Goeilge01-6398400
n6
6 do GhrtpoAiti0il

(From:C6staChonomaraTeo/Foras
na Gaeilge)

76 Unlt 5 Sco do th.omm 77

 Ni roibh bdisteoch(f) Wehoven'thod rain.(lit. we didn't
ogoinn' haverain)
le tomoll for sometime
dochor(m) horm

o
Diologue2 .}
T6 s6go bredinniu o
o
ri
Is olcon oimsiri.
It isfinetodoy . ls olc.Tds mor seole seochtqin.
4
F
- Bhion-9h6lo onnorir. o
. Beidhfeobhos
Beidh feobhosoir
oiron
on tseochtoin
tseochtoin !seochugoinn,
cloisim. TJ
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Talkabout the weatheL a frequent topic of conversation
in lrcland given the variable nature of the climate otc DAO
oimsir (f) weathel
mqr seo Iikethis
Td s6 go bre6/9odono inniu. It's fine/terribletoday. le seochtoin (f) for the post week 9
Is bred/olcon qimsir i. It's fine/terribleweather. bhi on-ghdlo (m) onn. Thab nh< nttiro d
^nla
!a
T6 s6 fe bheith fuot. It is expectedto be cold. Beidh feobhos (m) oir .-. It willbe better... ,
ct
on tseochtoin (f) seo chugoinn next week(lit. thisweektowardsus)
Ag caint faoin ai\$i (talking about the weather).Here are some cloisim I heol
brief exchangesabout the weather.Note what the weatheris Iike
in eachconversation.

Diologue3 o
trl
o
Diologue1 - Tdsego donotrdthn6no. o
. lb, och ni roibhse90 holcor moidin. ri
c,
4 - Tas690 bre6inniu. - Tdsie bheithfliuchorison tseqchtoinseochugoinn. F
i- . T6,buiochosle Dio.TdgAogoinnleis.
i o
o - Ni roibhbdisteochogoinnletomoll. I
. Ni hoondochor sin.

go dono/9oholc D OO
Buiochos(m) le Dio. Thanksbe to God. T6 s6 le bheithfliuch.(f) it is (.prcdicted)
to be wet. a
t6 96 (m) ogoinnle we need(lit. we haveneedofl qn tseochtoinseochugoinn nextweek(|ft.thisweektowordsusl

78 Unlt 6 T6s6go bredinnlu 79

 12 EANAIR
rll Diologue4
o
o at CD'I,TR7,2:20
- Nochbre6on ld 6.
c
F r Is bred.Is fodo6 bhis6chomhte oquschomhtirim. na hAimsire6 Raidi6na Gaeltachta.
j 'SeoR6amhfhaisn6is T6
- Ni roibhbAisteoch onn le coicis.beoonoch. ar fud na tire faoi ldthairachbeidhs6ag glanadhsan
o biiisteach
iarn6in.T6 an teochtfaoi l6thairthan ar chiig ch6imCelsius.Beidh
corrchithsaniartharanocht,agusbeidhan teochtthart ar thri ch6im
Cclsius.Beidhs6ag 6iri fuar sanoinhear,agusbeidhsiocin iiteanna.'
Noch bre6 on 166? isn't it a fine day?
a
is fodo 6... It's a longtime since,.. (lit.it'slongsince\ 6 from
H chomhte so not or fud no tire (f) throughoutthe country
U chomhtirim so dry fooi ldthoir ot present
3 le coicis(f) for a foftnight thort or obout a
beognoch almost c6im(f) degree 9
og glonodh clearing (lit.cleoni ng\
corrchith(m) occosionol shower f
g
iorn6in(f) afternoon
c Diologue5 og 6iri becoming
6it (f) place
c - TdsCfuorqmuighinniu.
F
. T6,90deimhln,ochtA sCbre6te istighonseo. Trueor folse?
o - TdsCmeirbhonseo.ceortoo leor. q Beidh bdisteachar fud na tire san iarn6in.
..........i....-.
b Beidhs6tirim san iarthar anocht.

12 LOIL
a
J omuigh/istigh outside/inside
I
I
tA s6 bre6 te it is niceond warm(lit. it is fine wam) .t CD1,TR 7, 2:S8
meirbh warm,close,humid
e ceort go leor o tight (lit. right enough) 'BeidhR6amhfhaisn6is na hAimsireagainnar dtris.T6 ceo in
diteannaar fud na tire ar maidinach beidhan ghrianag teacht
amachar ball.Beidhan teochttimpeall6chec6imCelsius.Beidh
REAMHFHAISNEISNA HAIMSIRE sscamallach satuaisceart niosd6anai,agusbeidhceathanna in
(THE WEATHERFORECAST)

Hereare two weatherforecastsfrom Raidi6 na Gaeltachta(the radio or dtos a

first
servicefor Irish-speakingareas).Studythe Languagenotesbefore
readingthem, and then try to figureout as much as you can.
timpeoll
qr boll
around
later
H
I

teocht (f) rcmperature 3

8o Unit 5 Td sgo bredInnlu 8r
 nios d6onoi later Notice that words ending with a vowel typically do not change:
tr6imhse (f) spellof time,pe od
ld sneachta a snouy day (ht. a day of snowl
True or folse?
o Td ceo ann ar maidin. (TEMPERATURE)
2 TEOCHT
b Beidhan aimsir go brei satuaisceannios d6anai.
T6 s6 te. It is hot.
T6 s6 fuor. It is cold.

Longuoge
notes or

1 CINEALACHAAIMSIRE(TYPESOF WEATHER) T6 teos qnn, Thercis heat.

TAfuocht onn. Thereis cold.
Pluml Adjective
bdisteoch(f) rain T6 s6timpeall s6ch6im Celsius. lt is six degreesCelsius,
cith (m) shower ceqthonno ceqthochshowery Td s6beagnachdeichgc6im It is alnost ten degreesCelsius.
ceo (m) fog ceochfoggy Celsius.
ceobhr6n(m) drizzle ceobhrAnochdrizzly
bfidfln (m) drizzle 3 POINT| AN CHOMPAIS(THE POINTSOF THE COMPASS)
gooth (f) wind ggLofglwindy
96lo (m) gale g6lci Look at the compasstto sayin the norlr, etc. usesa before
stoirm (f) storm stoirmeccho stoirmiiil stormy consonantsand san beforevowels,
grion (f) sun grianmhorsunny
scomoll(m) c/oud scomoill scomollachc/oudy satuaisean(m) in the north sanoirthear (ml in the east
sioc(m) frost sa deisceartlml in the south saniarthar lml in tbe west
snedchto(m) snolv
an tualsceart
Someof thesewords eitherlack an adiectiveor their corresponding
adjectiveis rarely used.Insteadthe genitivecasemay be used(the
variousways in which it is formed hereare reviewedat the end of
the grammarsection):

16(m) gr6ine a sunny day \lit, a day of sun; an ghian the sunl an
tr6imhsi gr6ine sunny spells t-iarthar
16b6isti a rainy day (lit, a day of rain)
li seaca a frosty day (lit. a day of frostl
oiche (f) stoirme d storrnynight (lit. a night of storm)
ld gaoithe a uindy day (lit. a day of utindl an deisceart

8z UnltS Tds6go bredinniu 83

 4 LAETHANTA (THE DAYSOF THE WEEK)
NA SEACHTAINE 6 NA MiONNA (THE MONTHSOF THE YEAR)

<l CD1,TR 7, 3:34 Ean6r January Idil l"ly

Feabhra February Lrinasa August
The basicnamesare givenon the left here.When referringto a M6rta March Man F6mhair September
particular one you must useD6 beforeit (notice,however,that Dd Aibre6n April DeireadhF6mhair October
Bealtaine May Samhain Nouember
is alreadyincorporatedin the word D6ardaoin): Nollaig December
Meitheamh lune
Luan a Monday D6 Luain on Monday The words for Septemberand Octobermeanzrid-autumn andend
Mdirt a Tuesday D6 Mrin on Tuesdty of autunn respectively. The word for Decemberis the sameas that
C6adaoin a Wednesday D6 C6adaoin on Wed.nesday for Christmas. These names are usuallyprecededby mi (monthl,
D6ardaoin aTbursday D6ardaoin on Thursday so that one speaks of MiEanLi tbe month of lanudry, etc.Mi
Aoine a Friday D6 hAoine on Friday requiresthe genitivecase,so the following changesare required.
Satharn a Saturday D6 Sathairn on Saturday
Domhnach a Sunday D6 Domhnaigh on Sunday '(| CD1,TR 7, 4:06

The distinctioninvolving D6 can be seenhere: Mi an Mhdna the month of March

Mi Aibre6in the month of Aptil
Beidhl6n againnLuan 6igin. We'll baueluncb someMonday. Mi na Bealtaine the morth of May
Mi an Mheithimh the month of lune
Beidhl6n againnD6 Luain. We'll bauelunch on Mond.ay.
MiI'iil the montb of luly
Mi Mhdan F6mhair the montb of September
(THE sEAsO'VS)
S NA SEASOIR Mi DheireadhF6mhair the montb of October
Mi na Samhna the month of Nouember
The namesof the seasonsare givenhere,along with their genitive Mi na Nollag the month of December
forms (all are masculine,so f6mhar lautumnl and geinhreadh
(tinterl arelenitedafter an lof thel, and samhradhhas a t
prefixedto it):
Grommor
an t-earrach the spring tis an earraigh
the beginningof
sPrtnS 1 THEPRESENT,
PASTAND FUTURE
OFTA$S)
an samhradh the summer 16ran tsamhraidh the middle of
summer Hereis a tableshowingthevariousformsof ti. You havealready
an f6mhar the autumn tris an fh6mhair the beginning of metmostof them,exceptfor pasttenseraibh(pron.rev):
autamn
an geimhreadh the winter lir an gheimhridh tbe middle of Negotivestotement Question
u.rtntef nil mCI om not on bhfuilm?
am /?
ni roibhme I woJnot on roibhm6?wasI/
; beidhme/ wil/ be ni bheidhm6I won'tbe on mbeidhm?wil/I be?

84 Unlt 5 Td ia 9o brcd Inniu 85

 Insight deos nice
The forms bhfuil and mibh are called'dependent'forms of 6ldinn beautiful
td, as their usedependson the presenceof ni or on. oinnis awful

2 AD'ECTIVES REFERRINGTO THE WEATHER T6 an aimsir go maith. The weatheris good.

go holc. bad.
The following adlectivesare usedwith ti (rt) to comment on the go dona. bad.
weather: TA at 16 go deas The day is nice.
go maith good go hilainn. beautiful.
go bre6 fin" go hainnis. awful.
go h6lainn beautiful
bog mild The greatmajority of adjectivesstandon their own without go,
Ti sElt is fuar cold ar maidin this moming for example:
fliuch u)et inniu nday
ceathach shouery trlthn6na this euening T6 an trithn6na fuar. Tbe eueningis cold.
tirim dry anocht tonight T6 an oichedorcha. The nisht is dark,
gaofar windy
scamallach cloudy 4 EXPRESSIONS
OF TIME

Bhi sElit uas) is usedfor past time and beidh s6 lit utill bel for Some nouns referring to periods of time are given on the left and
future time: the corresponding adverbs on the right.

Bhi s6fliuch inn6. It was uet yesterday. Adverb

Beidh s6fuar anocht. It uill be cold tonight. mqidin morning or moidin thismorning
tr6thn6nd evening tr6thn6no thisevening
3 U5IN6 60 WITH AD]ECTIVES oiche night onocht tonight
o16ir lastnight
You will havenoticedthat someadjectivesrequirego, y/hich is oicheomdroch tomorrownight
untranslatable,beforethem. Thereare only a few of these,but I'i day inniu toooy
they are quite frequent, and they tend to expressapproval or inn yesterday
disapprovalrather than just describingactual conditions.Go omdroch tomorrow
prefixesh to adjectiveswhich beginwith a vowel:

ln: 9ood Insight

bod Tr6thn6nois usedfor any time after 4 pm or so, anJ its
bad meaningoverlapswith that of Englishofternoon(it originally
meantnoontide,as shown by the n6na part).

86 Unlt 6 Tds6go bre6Innlu 87

 5 AD]ECTIVES NORMALLYFOLLOWTHE NOUN Na prefixesan h to vowels:

You saw in Unit 3 that adjectivesare lenitedafter femininenouns aimslr ueather R6amhfhaisn6is tbe *eather
(unlessof coursethey beginwith a vowel, or l, n, r). Here are some na hAimsire forecast
further exarnples,describingweatherconditions: oiche night lir na hoiche the middle of
the night
Masculine Feminine
16brei a fine day oiche bhrei a fine night 7 TA WITH ANN (THERE)
tr5thn6nafuar a cold euening maidin Ihuar a cold moming
sioctrom heauyfrost b6isteachthrom heauyrain Someweatherstatesare more usuallydescribedby nouns,To say:
there is/will be raiz, etc. you must useti (or future beidh)with
The word aimsir kaeatherlis feminine,so the variouskinds of rhe adverbof place annthere,You say (lit. ) is rain there for it is
weatherinclude: raining. You will hearthe following on the weatherforecast:

aimsir bhreS fine ueather b6isteachthrom heauy rain

bhog mild uteatber ceo mtst
fhuar cold weather Beidh tr6imhsigrine sunnyspells ann there
ghr6nna bonible ueather gaoth liidir strong u.tind
sioc frost
The expressionOiche mhaith \good night) is usedfor saying
farewellat night. (IMPROVEMENT,EXCELLENCE,
A FEABHAS ETC.)

6 MOREWAYSOF EXPRESSING'OF THE' o Feabhas= improuemeflt

The noun feabhasis normally used,in combinationwith
In the previousunit you met phrasessuchasbarr an bh6th^lr lthe prepositions,insteadof the correspondingverb (feabhsaionn
top of the roadl,If the secondnoun is femininean (tDe)becomes tmprouesl.
na. which doesnot causelenition: T6 feabhasar an aimsir. The weatherhas improued.
llit. Thereis an improuernent
an chistin the hitchen dorasna cistine
tbe door of the on the weather)
kitchefl Td feabhasort. You are better le.g,as regards
an mhaidin the morning nuachtna maidine the morning news health).
an tsraid the street barr na sr6ide the top of tbe Ti s6ag dul i bhfeabhas. It is improuing. \lit. It is going
sfteet into irnprouementl
an tseachtain the ueek tis na seachtaine the beginningof
the uteek or

T6 feabhasag teachtair. It is improuing.(lit. An

i?nprouerflent
is comingupon it)

88 Unit 5 T6 169o bie6 innlu 89

 b Ar fheabhas= excellent I negativequestionis formed with nach:
Ti an leabharseoar fheabhas.This book is excellent.
Nach bre6an aimsir i? Isn't it great tueather?
9 EMPHASIZIN6 AN ADJECTIVE Nach ait an rud 6? Isn't it a strange thing?
Nach maith an rud ? Isn't it iust as utell?
Commentssuchas it's a fine day, it's bad u,eatherare concerned
mainly with the quality expressedby the adjective.It would be 10 FORMINo AD]ECTIVESFROM NOUNS
possibleto translatethem into Irish as is 16brei 6, is aimsir olc i,
but the adjectiveis usuallybrought forward for extra emphasis(in Thereare numberof endingsfor this purpose:
addition an is insertedbeforethe noun); this requiresthe adjective a -mhar
to be precededby the copula is:
grian (sun) + nhar grianmhar sunny
Is bre6 an 166. lt's a fine day. gaorh (windl + mhar gaofar arizdy (notethe spelling
Is bre6 an oichei. lt's a fine nigbt. change)
Is dona an 166. It's a bad day. ciall (sease)r mhar ciallmhar sensible
Is maith an aimsir i. It's good u.,eather.
Is olc an aimsir i. It's terribleueather. b -ach

Notice how 6 or i is usedaccordingto the genderof the noun ( for scamall (cloudl + ach scamallach cloudy
masculine.i for feminine). ceobhr6n(drizzle)+ ach ceobhrdnach drizzly
cith (sbower)+ ach ceathach showery
This word order is also usedfor more generalcomments: compord (comfort) + ach compordach comfortable
tibhacht (irftportancel + ach t6bhachtach trnportant
Is m6r an trua 6. It's a geat Pity.
Is ait an rud . It's a straflgething. c -fil (-iriil after a slenderconsonant)
Is bocht an sc6al6. It's bad news.(lit. It's a poor story)
stoirm (storz) + iriil stoirmirlil storrny
The last of these may be used to sympathize on a bereavement. 16(day)+ {il laethriil daily
c6rl(fame)+ iiil c6iliiil famous
Adiectives are repeated in answers and in agreements:
11 MOREON THE USEOF THE GENITIVE
Is m6r. It is,
Is ait. It is. The genitivecaseis requiredafter ar fud (throughoutl,tinpeall
Is bocht. It is. (around,about\ and i rith (during):

The negativeni is sometimesusedin this way: an 6r lthe countryl ar fud na tire thloughout the country
an sp6ir(rDesAy) ar fud na sp6irea// ouerthe sky
Ni maith an rud 6. It isn't desirablelideal. llit. a good thing\ an ph6irc lthe field) timpealf na piirce arcund the feld
Ni maith. It isn't. an tseachtainltbe weekl i rith na seachtaineduring the week

9o Unit6 T6sego bredinniu 9I

 (BAD)
12 DROCH-

Thisis orefixedto nounsandcauses

lenition:

dr ochaimsir bad uteatber drochthalamh bad hnd

drochshamhradh a bad summer dtochbhia bad food

135rO15

Femininenounsbeginningwith s prefix a t after an (t e) (including

Cn?uhat? = c(. + an).
Beidh- sa tuaiscean.
seachtatn(uteek) an tseachtainseo this uteek Beidh- san iarthar.
an tseachtainseocaite last u.,eek Beidh- san oirthear.
an tseachtainseochugainn next uteek Beidh- sa deisceart.
(c6ntseachtain?) uthatlwhich uteek?
seanbhean an tseanbhean the old uoman Note
lold uomanl I an tuaisceart- sa gsarsceartltbe nortb - in tbe northl
seibhis (seraicel an tSeirbhisPhoibl( tbe Public Seruice if Use Beidh s6 lit uill bel with adiectives:beidh s6{liuch.
sti'il (eyel an tsfil dheas the right eye UseBeidh lthere utill be\ with nouns: beidh b6isteachsa ...
an tsfiil chl6 the left eye
3 Ldigh arr t6acsseo (read this textl

<t CDl, TR 7, 4:44

Proctice
A IAin.
Dta,&oh
1 Match thesepairs of opposites:
Ta nuil a@ L .rpb U e'ue
o maidin I inn6 rA aadt e..bt rytie Lt M
fuwrt. lM i|sir r.t b*t stto
b am6rach ll oiche d.s Dt MAft ryB D, Cre&di
cl5 iii n6thn6na thlst tinid g6 bht aas M thl
nqi/ g inbt'rilfryB ry

What can you sayabout the weather?Here is the weathermap tuh de'l tu air Da seahtnr.

for tomorrow.

qr cios rented

'Vhat
was the weatherlike in Killarnev on eachof the davs
mentionedin the Dostcard?

9z Unlt 6 Td !6 go brd Innlu 9t

 4 Match up theseexpressions with what the weatherwas like: c Bealtaine
o Bhi sioc ann ardir. i Bhi s6gaofar. d Samhain
b Bhi gaoth l6idir ann inn6. ii Bhi an aimsir go deas. e l6il
G Bhi biisteachann inn6. iii Bhi an aimsir fuar.
d Bhi tr6imhsigr6ineann ar iv Bhi s6fliuch. Positionof adjectiveand agreementwith noun
maidin. Put theseadjectiveswith eachof the nounsbelow and make
any necessary changesto the adjectives:
Deirdre is just back from a holiday in the sun. Cornpleteher adjectives:brei, fuar
conversationwith Niamh: nouns:li (m); oiche(f); trithn6na (m); maidin (f)

: Niomh An _ on oimsirgo deosso PhortoingAil? Emphasizingan adjective.

i Deirdre _, cinnte. Bhis6- 30o. Make statementsas in the example:
: Niomh Ni - bdisteochor bith onn,is d6cho? mar shanpla: 16bre6- Is bre6 an 156
I Deirdre Bhuel,bhi ceothqnnoonn c0plooicheoch bhi s o ld bog d tr6thn6nabre6
' aar|-r lA b oichebhre6 e aimsir mhaith
c maidin fhuar

qr bith any 10 Make adiectivesfrom thesenouns:

bhuel well o Regular forms b Irregularforms
goch every grlan - gaoth- _
scamall- cith - -
6 Postcardscan be very brief, like the one below.Try to write it sto[m -
out in full to includethe verbst6 and bhi.

Dia dhaoibh
Ai'isirgo hdlaihh. Bia Testyourself
: Comprehension
go naith. Oshingo
hiohtach - <, CDl, TR 7, 5:53
'lbsci "'aith.
Ag lanhsa ariir Ag dul
sios ag sndmh azois. R6arnhfhaisn6isna haimshe (the ueather forecast)
Sld"

Here are someweatherforecastswhich you might hear on the

radio. Match eachwith the appropriateweathermap overleaf.
NL mionna ltnonthsl
Put Mi beforeeachof theseas in the examples. o 'SeoR6amhfhaisn6is na hAimsire.Ti s6fuar tr6thn6nasa
mar shampla: Aibredn- Mi Aibre6in tuaisceartach t6 s6tirim. Beidhsiocann anocht.Beidhs6fuar
Meitheamh- Mi an Mheithimh f6s maidin amirach ach beidhtrEimhsigr6ineann. B6isteach
o Nollaig nios d6anaisa 16.'
b Medn F6mhair

94 Unlt 6 T6s69o bredinniu 95

 och but
nios donol latel

b 'SeoR6amhfhaisn6is na hAimsiredo ch6statheasna hEireann.

Ti ceo ann ar maidin. Beidhs6gaofarnios deanaiagusbeidh
tr6mhsigr6ineann. Beidhs6go bre6trdthn6naagusbeidh s6
te. Ceo aris anocht.'

C6nt-om 6?
IH' southern
again
Whottimeisit?
In thisunityouwillleqrnhowto
. Tolkabout the adivities whtchmakeup your dally routlne
. Stof.ethe time at whichyou do them

Cn post (m)/tsli (0 bheotho Whotisyout occupation?

ot6 ogot?
Cnt-om o 6idonn t6? Whottimedoyou getup?
o thosoionn? ... begin?
o chriochnoionn? ... ftnish?
Cod/C6ordo dh6ononnt0? Whotdo you do?

Diologue
1
Peopleof different occupations are asked by flna, a researcher,
about their dai.lyroutine.
o
c
F

o
tJ

96 Unh 7 CCi t{rn 6? 97

 Cenpost otd ogot? Whotdo you workot? (lit. whotjob Ono Cent-om o th6onnt0 obhoile?
do you have?) Siobhdn T6imobhoileog o hochto chlogsotrdthn6node ghndth
9 feqr poist postmon ... ochuolreonto
criochnoimoq o ceotholro chloqso
T6s6 sin ... Thotis ... trothn6no.
)g luoth go leor fairlyearly(lil. earlyenough)
Criochnoimog o d6 o chlog. I finishot twoo'clock.
C6ntsli bheothoot6 ogot? What'syour occupotion? (lit.
What woyof life do you hove?)
bonoltro (fl nurse
a
Diologue2 An dtosoionnti og oboir go Doyou beginwork(ing)early?
luoth? g
n
o
Unq CCnpostotd ogot? Donoim Ido
o D6noll ls feirmeoirm6- Tosoimog o hocht o chlog. I beginot eighto'clock. !
a
qt ono Cnt-omo 6irionnt0 or moidin? Ag o hocht o chlogso tr6thn6no. At eighto'clockin theevening.
c
F D6noll Eirimog leothi ndioidho sCn6 tomoillinroimhe. de ghndth usualry
!j
o onq CCord o dheononn t0 onsin? och udireonto but sometimes
u D6nall TCimomochoguscr0imno bo.
Uno Cnt-om o chriochnoionn t0? Questions
D6noll 6, bhuel,ni chriochnoimgo dti thortor o nooio chlog o C6n t-am a thosaionn siad agus c6n t-am a chriochnaionn
so trdthn6no. siad.?lwhat time do they start and what time do they fnish?):

Tosaionn Criochnaionn
Eirimog leoth i ndiqidho s6. I geL uP uL ttu' l pu>L tt^. fear poist
n6 tomoillin (m) roimhe or a littlewhilebeforc feirmeoir
C6ordo dh6onqnnt0 onsin? Whotdoyou do then? banaltra
0 t6im qmoch I go out
qguscr0im no bo (f) ond I milk the cows b Who worksthe longesthours?
t 0, bhuel Oh,well c !trhosehoursare sometimes
irregular?
o
ni chriochnoim90 dti ... thort I don't finishuntil . . arcundnine
or d nqoiochlog o'clock

An t-am (the time)

Diologue3 1 A5(IN6 AND TELLINGTHETIME

ao
4 Uno Centsli bheothootAogot? <,)CD1, TR 8, 2:00
F
Siobhdn Is bonoltrom6.
o 0no An dtosoionnt0 og oboirgo luqth? Cdn t-am 6? What time (is) it?
I
5iobhdn DConoim. Tosoimog o hochto chlogor moidin. T6 s a tri a chlog. It is threeo'cloch.

oR Unlt 7 C6nt.om 6? 99
 In telling the time the numbers from r to ro are precededby a
(seeUnii r). This prefxes an h to the two mrmberswhich begin
with a vowel:

T6 s6a haon a chlog. It is one o'clock (aon = r).

Nil s6a hocht a chlog f6s. It isn't eight o'clock yet (ocht = 8)
T6 s6beagnacha naoi. It is almost nine. leath i ndiaidh ceathni chun a a deich chun a
a tri ceathair ceithair
2 STATINGTHE TIME AT WHICH YOU DO SOMETHING

<f CD1,TR 8, 2:29 {| CD1,TR 8, 2:40

T6 s6 a cfig i ndiaidh a tri. It is fnte past three.

Put ag (ar) before the expressionof time:
Td s6ceathrri chun a deich. It is quarter b ten.
I go home at three o'clock' Td s6leathi ndiaidh a s6. It is balf past six.
T6im abhaile ag a tri a chlog.
Eirim ag a seachta chlog. I get up at seueflo'clock'
Insight
3 UNITS OF TIME The following expressionsare important:

an bour (ht- an bour of the clock\ Beidhm6 ann roimh a s6, I'll be thercbeforesix.
uair (f) an clrloig
T6 s6i ndioidh a s6. It's aftet six.
n6im6ad(m) a miffi4te
Beidhm6 ann idir a s6is a I'll be therebetweensixand seven.
soicind(m) second
seachta chlog.
Bhi m6 ann 6no s6go dti a I wos thereftom sixto seven
seachta chlog. o'clock.
An clog(theclock)
ln the last example6no = 6 + o.
The expressionsused to state the time precisely are shown here:

Diologue
4
'What
time is it now?
N
arl
o
c
a ri a chlog ceathni i 6che i
ndiaidh a tri ndiaidh a r(
o

Unk 7 Centdn6? IOI

roo
 beognoch almost Beidhm6 anseogo dti leathtar I uill be here until half past
d6onoch late 6isa ceathair. four.
Dan deiflrl (f) Hurry uP! (lit. Makehaste!)
T69 bog 6. Tokeit easy.(bog = soft) Thesecompoundprepositionsare usedin other contextsalso.
The elementsdiaidh and 6isare originally nounsand therefore
a following noun is put in the genitivecaseif it hasone.

Diologue5 i ndiaidh an l6in after luneb (l6n (ml luncb\

o tar 6isan dinn6ir after dinner ldinnar (m) dinnerl
ln IThat time are they meetingCathal? tar is na bdisti after the rain (biisteach lfl rainl
arl
o
c C6nt-om o bheidhmuidog buolodhle Cothol? You will meetother compoundprepositionssuchas i rith
F
Ag ceothri I ndioidho hochL during, at feadh d.uring, and ar fud throughout in other units.
o T6s6singo bre6.lA go bor omo ogolnn. They have the sameeffect on following nouns as the two
dealt with here.

To sayfue to, ten to, quarter to, etc. you use the preposition chun:
og buolodhle meeting with
go leorcmo (m) plenty of time Ti s6 a criig chun a tri. It is fue to three.
Beidhm6 anseogo dti ceathrf I'll be herc until qaarter to fiue.
chun a crlig.

Grommor 2 VERBSIN THE PRESENTTENSE

1 HOW TO SAY'PAST' AND 'TO' WITH The endingsof the verb in the presenttensecan be seencleadyin
REFERENCETO TIME the forms ofthe verb t6ann (goas),givenbelow. Apan from the
1 (first personsing:ulatland.we (first personplural) forms the
To s y frue past,ten past, quarterpast,etc. you useone or other endingis -ann, to which a pronoun (seeUnit r) is added.
of the so-called'compoundprepositions'i ndiaidh (you can
pronouncethis i nia) and tar 6is,which rneanafter. Both are widely
usedand it is as well to learn and practiseeachof them. tim = t6+im Igo
t6ann tr.i = t + ann tf you go
T6 s6a ciig i ndiaidh/taris a lt is fiue pastfour. tdanns6 = t6 + ann s6 be goes
ceathair. t6annsi = t + ann si shegoes
Bhi m6 ann ag ceathrf i ndiaidh/ I was thereat quarterpast tannmuid = t6 + ann muid ue go
tar 6is d6. two.
Beidhm ar ais ag leath i ndiaidh I'll be back at half past three,
a tri.

roz Unft 7 C6nt-om C? f Ot

 after a broad consonant,as may be seenby comparingthe forms
of imionn lgoesawayl and ceannaionn(bnys),givenbelow. Notice
t6imid = t6 + imid ue go also:
t6annsibh = t6 + ann sibh yoz go
t6ann siad = tC + allrasiad, they go i+im becomes im
i + imid imid
You now meetan ending-imid, rneaningze, which is the i+onn ionn
traditional literary form and is still usedin speechin Munster.
Type r Type z (i verbs)
When theseendingsare addedto a verb which endswith a fanann (stdls) rmionn (goesaway) ceannaionn (6nys)
consonantsomespellingadjustmentsare required.If the consonant I fanAim imim ceannAim
is precededby a/o/u, an a is placed before irn and itnid. If, you fananntf imionn td ceannAionnnl
however,the consonantis precededby i, an e is placedin front he fananns6 imionn s6 ceannAionn s6
of ann. This follows from the spellingrule of'slender uith slender sbe fanannsi imionn si ceannAionnsi
and broad with broad' (seelntoduction), and can be seenin the we fanAimid imimid ceannAimid
presenttenseforms of figann (leaues)and caireann(puts,sendsl. you fanannsibh imionn sibh ceanAionnsibh
The vowelsaddedhavebeencaoitalizedhere: they fanannsiad imionn siad ceannAionnsiad

figAim I leaue culrlm I put All verbsfollow eitherthe Type r or Type z panern:
figann tri you leaue cuirEannni yolt put
f6ganns6 he leaues cuirEanns6 he puts Type 1 d6ononnmokesl fononnstoys itheqnneots
figann si sbe leaues cuirEannsi sbeputs does
f6gAimid ute leaue cuirimid u.)eput cuireonnputs fdgonn/eaves l6qnnreods
f6gannsibh you leaue cuirEannsibh you put tugonngives togonncomes creideonn be/ieves
f6gannsiad they leaue cuirEannsiad tbey put ligeonn/ets t6onngoes tulgeonnunderstands
foigheonngets
The contrastfound in EnglishbetweenI urite (novels)and I azz
uriting lthis very minute)also occursin Irish. You havemet the
secondtype already,in Unit 4. Type2 Cirionngetsup
oibr'tonn
work
scriobhaim I urite td m6 ag scriobh I am writing imionn goesawoy
t6im I go t6 m6 ag dul I am going bqilionncollects
f6gaim I leaue t6 mE ag figiil I am leauing criochnoionn finishes
tosoionnstarts
3 THETWOYERECI.AssES

Irishverbsfall into two differentclasses

according
to whetherthey
havean i beforetheendingin thepresenttense.Thisi becomes ai

to4 Unlt7 C6nt om 6? IO{

 4 THE NEGATIVEMARKERNi AND THE QUESTION I tCim I go
MARKERAN : teimid we90
(pl.)lthey
lsiod goesyou/he/she/you
: t6onnt0/s6/silsibh
A negativestatementis madeby putting ni, which causeslenition,
beforethe verb, and a questionby putting an, which causes This distinctionof one-wordand two-word forms acquiresspecial
eclipsis,beforeit. (SeeUnit r3 for the past tenseforms of these.) importancein answeringquestions;the pronoun of the two-word
form is normally dropped;
Negative Question
Ni th6im. I don't go. Ar dt6im? Do I goi An dt6annti abhailego luath? Do you go home early?
Ni th6anntri. You don't go. An dt6annni? Doyou go! Tdim. I goll do.
Ni thdann sE. He doesn'tgo. An dt6anns6? Does he go? An dtdannt( a chodladhgo luath? Do you go to bed early?
Ni th6annsi. Shedoesn'tgo. An dt6ann sil Doesshego? T6im. I goll do.
Ni th6ann muid. We don't go. An dt6ann mujd? Do ue go? An dt6annsibh ag obair go luath? Do you go to work early?
Ni thimid. We don't go. An dt6imid? Do we go! Timid. \k go/We do.
Ni th6annsibh. You don't go. An dt6annsibh? Doyou go! An dt6anns6ag obair go luath? Does he go to utorh early?
Ni th6annsiad. Tbey don't go. An dt6annsiad? Do they go? T6ann. GoeslDoes,
An dt6annSe6nagusSilelibh? Do Sednand Silego with you!
Someexamplesof quesdonsand answersare givenhere.There are Tann. CoeslDoes.
no equivalentsof yesand zo in Irish; one echoesthe verb instead.
Alrnostany verb can be repliedto by usingthe appropriateform of However, the pronoun can be repeated in an emphatic answer, and
d6.rnarnldoesl (just as in Englishone saysI do or I don'tl. it is then given equal stresswith the verb:

An itheannt( c6is? Do you eat cheese? An dt6annsi ann? Doesshego tbere?

Ithim. Yes.(lit. I eatl T6ann si. Shedoes(indeed).
D6anaim. I do. An dt6annS6anagusSilelibh? Do S6anand Silego uith you!
An bhfananntri in 6stdnI gc6nai? Do you alwaysstay in a hotel? T6annsiad. Tbey do (indeed).
Ni fhanaim. I don't lstay).
Ni dh6anaim. I don't. 6 CEN...? (WHAT ...?)
An gceannaionntri p5ipar Do you buy a neutspaper?
nuachta ? This is a combinationof c6 (normally= utho?)andan lthe). The
Ni cheannaim. I don't (buyl. following word showsth normal effectsof an, accordingto (a) its
Ni dh6anaim. I don't, gender,and (b) the kind of soundit beginswith:

5 FORMSWITH PRONOUNSAND FORMS No effect: C6n post at6 agat? What is your job?
WITHOUT PRONOUNS Post(post, iobl is masculineand beginswith
a consonant.
You haveseenthat one-wordverbalforms are usedwhen the T beforea vowel: C6n t-am 6? What tirne is it?
subjectis l, rze,and two-word forms when other personsare An ltimel is masculineand beginswith
involved: a vowel.

ro6 Unft 7 C6nt{m 6? lO7

 Lenition: C6n fhuinneog? What uindou? Eirim luoth go leor. I get up fairlyearly.
Fuinneog is feminine and beginswith a T6im o chodlodhdonochgo leor. I go to sleepfairly lote.
lenitableconsonant, T6 m tuirseochgo leor. I am foirlytircd.
T befores: C6n tsli bheathaata agat? What is your
occupation? OF TIME
9 EXPRESSIONS
Sli (raay) is feminine and beginswith s.
o Theseindicate frequency:
7 PUTTINGA BEFOREVERB9 uaileanta sometimes
corrvair sofietimes
Questionswhich beginwith expressions suchas Cad?/C6ard? anois is aris nou and again
lVhat?1,C6? (Wloi) and C6n t-am? (What time?l requirethe verb 6 am go han from time to time
to be precededby a, which causeslenition; go minic often
de gjnith usually
Tosaionnni ... You begin .., b Theseindicatethe sequencein which things are done;
C6n t-am a thosaionntfl What time (uhich) you begin? ar dws at frst
Criochnaionntf ... You finkh ... ansin then
C6n t-am a chriochnaionn ni? What time (uthich) you fnish? nios dlanai later
D6anannni ... Yot do ... c Theserefer to periods of the day:
C6ard a dh6anannnl? Wbat (do) you do? ar maidin in the morning
C6 a bhi leat? Who uas uith you? sa trethn6na ifl the dfterrtoo?tleuenbrg
istoiche at nigbt
T6 is not lenited. and a + t6 are written at6: san oicheat nigbt

T6 post agat,an bhfuil? Yoa hauea job, do you? 10 NOUNS ENDING I'V -iN
C6n post at6 agat? What iob (is it uhich) yot haue?
The ending -in meats smltll, /ittle. It makesthe final consonant of a
A GO LEOR(ENOUGH,PLENTY) noun slender.

This gives the English word galore. It is usedin two ways in lrish: tamall a uthile tamaillin linle while
Before a noun to mean enough, sufficr'ezt.Nouns that have a capall horse capaillin pony
distinct genitive casetake that form after go leor: fear man fuin small man
bean uoman beainin small uoman
bio food
ofrgeod money It is is often addedto namesto give familiar forms:
go leor bfd enoughfood
go leor oirgid enoughmoney S6an 56ainin
Tomds Tom6isin
After an adiective to nean fairly:

ro 8 Untt7 C6ntom6? IO9

 Other words end in -in but are not derivedfrom any more basic 2 ProgrammesignPost
word, and do not suggestsmallersize:
4 CD1,TR 8,4:14
cailin girl
aintin at4nt The continuity announceris looking aheadto the main
programmesof the afternoonand evening.It is not necessary
Somefemalenamesend with -in: to understandeverything- just mark the missingprogramme
timeson the screenbelow:
M6irin Maureen o Na cl6ir lthe Programmes\:
Caitlin Catbleen

S6imlagus Pdidt
Nuachl
An Aimsir
Proctice Ci.sai
Dr6mana
1 C6n t-am 6 i bP6ras?Nuair at5 s6a criig a chlog i mBaileAtha Seachtaine
Cliath, cnt-am 6:

'Dia dhaoibh.F6ilteromhaibh isteachtr6thn6na.Seo

priomhchldrachaan lae. Beidhcl6r againndo ph6ist(ag ceathrf
tar 6isa tri - S6imiagusP6idi.BeidhNuacht againndaoibh ina
dhiaidh sin, agusan Aimsir ag ceathrdtar 6isa s6.Beidhan cl6r
polaitiochta'Crirsai" ag siril ag a criig tar 6isa seacht.Craolfar
Dr6ma na Seachtaine ag fichetar 6is a hocht.'

Fdilte romhoibh tr6thn6nd. (Youare) welcomethis afternoon

priomhchkirochoon loe the mainproEommesof the day
Beidhcl6r ogoinn We'llhovea programme
p6iste child
Beidhnuochtogoinndooibh. We'll havethe newsfor you.
or sitl on
croolfor will be broadcast

(+ r)
i bP5ras? Can you work out which programmets:
i Mosc6?(+ j) i for children? ii about current affairs? lii a play?

IIO UnltT C6nt-om6? III

 3 Match the lettersand numbersto makemeaninefulsentences Ni + lenition. Completethe answersin the negative.Some
o Fdgaim i ag leathuair tar 6is a seacht requirethe plural form of the verb.
b Tin ii ag a naoi a chlog Example:An dtosaionntri ag obair go luath ar maidin?
c Lrrrm iii an teach ag a hocht a chlog Ni thosaim.Do you start work early in the morning?No.
d Oibrim iv ag an deireadh seachtaine (lit. I don't start\
G Tosaim v chuig an siopa roimh dhinn6ar o An dt6anntri chuig an siopagachld?
I Ni oibrim vi 6na naoi go dti a cfig a chlog Ni -. T6im ann ag an deireadhseachtaine.
b An itheanntri bricfeastam6r gachmaidin?
(deireadhseachtair.e
= weehend\ Ni_.
c An bhfanannsibh istigh san oiche?
Gnithl6 Aine (Aine'susualdayl Ni -. T6imid amachminic go leor.
DescribeAine's day in her own words, e.g.Erflm ag a d An dtosaionnsibhag a naoigachmaidin?
Ni -. Tosaimid ag a hocht de ghnj,th.
e An gceannaionntf p6ipearnuachtagach16?
h_@
An mbailionn trl stampai?
Ni_.
I An gcreideanntri 6 sin?
Ni_.
h An dtuigeanntd an focal sin?
Ni r6-mhaith .

6 Obair anlae lthe day's workJ

<t CD1,TR 8, 5:00

L6igh 6 seoar dnis lread this frstl:

Peadaris ainmdom.Td m6 i mo ch6naiin drasdni mBaileAtha

Cliath. T6 m6 ag obair in oifig. f,irim ag leath i ndiaidh a seachtar
maidin. Oibrim 6na naoi go dti a cfig a chlog gach16.Ni th6im
amachag am l6in - ithim ceapairesanoifig ag ceathnichun a haon
agusl6im an piip6ar. Ni oibrim ag an deireadhseachtaine. T6im a
chodladhde ghn6th timpeall mdanoiche.

Try to completethesefrom memory:

o EirionnPeadarag _
b Tosaionn s6 ag obair ag _
c Oibrionn s66na - go dti

II2 Unit 7 C6nt-om 6? f f j

 d ltheann s6 ceapaire san oifig ag _ Questions
e T6ann s6 a chodladh de ghn6th timpeall o When doesthe next boat leave?
b Doesthe visitorhavetime for lunch?
ceoPorre sondwich
de gn6th usuolly

7 An ...? Lion isteachna bearnaithios \fll in tbe gapsbelow). 2

Comprehension
Ar dtus f6achar ais ar 5 (frst look back at Exercise5).
Rememberthe rulesof eclipsis:An dt- gc- nd- mb- bhf- This is a notice promoting an IrishJanguage radio station.
oA n tf tae? Olaim, cinnte.
bA n - tri p6ip6ar nuachta gach li? Ceannaim. Vhat were the dates and times of transmission when the advert
cAn tri do dhinn6ar sa tr6thn6na? D6anaim. appeared?
dA n - ti chuig an siopa gach 16?
ohn4th F-rrrrr--l
eA n - tri ag obair go luath ar maidin? Tos6im ag a
naoi a chlog.
I Raldl6 na
fAn _ tri ag an deireadh seachtaine? Ni oibrim. ls. "r
gAn _ tri danach san oifig? Fanaim,6 am
go ham.
I LI:IE

Testyourself:
Comprehension
1
Iro:rvr
I ag craoladh6 stiriideo
*
rn
Diodhuit. I Bhord na Gaeilge6 6.30
od : B6d6ir Diois Muiredhult.
4 :CuolrteoirC6nt-omo bheidhon badog f69dil? I Codti 10.30gachoiche6n 1
F
: B6d6rl Agod6ochlog. F5mhairgo
t'
o : Cuolrteolr An bhfuilbiqlonnonseo?
|' dti
19.u.?eir:ad.h
1 Samhain. I
i aaaoir Td,goiriddon s6ipol. I Comharchumann I
; Cucirteolr Moithgo leor.Beidhmor oisor boll.
I Raidi6AthaCliath I
Lr
cuoirteoir visitor - I- II- -I

!
:
b6d
biolonn
goiriddo
boot
restauront
closeto
(From: Saol, DeireadhF6mhair, r99r)

og croofodh broodcasting
g on s6ip6ol the chapel,church comhorchumqnn co-operotive a
or boll latel

IT4 Unit 7 C6nt-om 6? I I 5

 D6noll Is bredliomso freisin,mort6 solosbredonn.
(D6nallputson somemusic)
Aolfe C6leisno dioscoiogusno teipeonno go lCir?
D6noll Liomsoogusle mo dheirfirir on chuidis m6 diobh.Is
lCiseno cinnchlosoiceocho.ls le m'othoircuiddiobh
freisin- no cinnjozz.T6tuilleodhi seomroeile.
Aoife Eisteonn sibhle m6rdnceoil,morsin.
D6noll Eistimid.Is mocl6innceoili mo dheirfiir.
C6leis6 seo? Aoife 0, on eo?Ni roibho fhiosogomCsin.Cnuirliso
sheinneonn si?
Whodoesthisbelongto? D6noll Seinneonn
nd6igh.
si on veidhlingo moith,oguson pion6,or

In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Tcilk about your personal possessions(clothes, books' boin diot takeoff
mqr because
records, etc.)
. Describe other peoPle le with'
dioscq (m) disc
. Expresslikesand dislikes o
t6ip (f) tope
Whoowns...? le mo dheirfirlr (f) my sister's(lit. with my sistet) 9
C6leis...?
Thisis mine. on chuid (f) is m6 diobh the greaterpart of them
Is liomso 6 seo.
Is thisyours? cuid diobh someof them a
An leatsd 6 seo?
Yes. tuilleodh more
Is liom.
No. uirlis (f) (ceoil) (musical)instrument
Ni liom.
I like... go moith well
Is moith liom ...
I don't like... or nd6igh of course
Ni moith liom ..-
' heremeoningpossession
- seeGrqmmorsection

True or folse?
Diologue1
c Is maithle deirfirirDh6naillan ceolclasaiceach.
b Seinneann si an pian6.
AoifevisitsD6nall at his house.
or
c D6noll Diodhuit.o Aoife.Toristeoch.Boindiot do ch6to'
F
Aoife Go roibhmoith ogot.Is moith liom on seomroseo'TAsC
o qo hAloinn.
U

Unit8 CEleis6 seo? I17

u6
 og lorg lookingfor
bronntonos(m) present
do choro(m) dom for o friendof mine
qr oigne (f) in mind to
og smaoineomhor thinkingof o
uoine 9reen
o cuid (f) gruoige(f) herhoir )g
Gruoig(f) fhionn qt6 uirthi. 5hehasfair/blondhair.
gorm DlUe
oireonn.,. do suits
sileonn... de thinksof

Trueor folse?
o Caitheanncara Eibhlin uimhir a hocht.
b T6 gruaig liath ar a cara.

Diologue3
Diologue2 Coitriono Tdbuochoill nuoog Aine. *
M6ir6qd An bhfuil?Cncine6lduine?
a presentfor a friend' oi
Eibhlin is in a clothesshop, Iooking for Cqitriond Feorbre6ord.TAgruoigdhubhoir,ogusf6os69. c
Mdi16od An bhfuils6go deos? F
o do chorodom t'
o Eibhlin ii tnl og rorgbronnlonois Cqitriond Tas6ci0in,oguson-chriirteiseoch,
ocht6 s6 o
ql Freostoloi C6ordotd or oigneogot? toitneomhoch.
Eibhlin Bhime og smooineomh or bhl0s'
M6ir6od Cent-oinmotd oir?
F
Freostolqi Cen uimhir oguscCndoth?
morni Coitriono Nioll0 Ceolloighisoinmd6.
6 Eibhlin Uimhiro hocht,ogusrudor bithochuoine' M'iirCod Cntsli bheothootd oige?
IJ
moith lCiCodoiuoine Coitriono Is stdtsheirbhiseoch
- . T6sCog oboirso Roinn
Freqstdloi C6n doth otd or o cuid gruoigel Oideochois.
Eibhlin Gluoigfhionn otd uirthi'
Freostoldi Ceonngotm mor sin no lioth'
Eibhlin Oireonnrudoi gormo di' is d6igh liom buochqill(m) boy (here,boyfriend)
Freqstoloi Cordo shileonnt0 de seo? f6os69 (f) beard
Eibhlin
' El u l rrtrl ls moithliom6 sin. ci0in
0

c0irt6iseoch polite,courteous ,
toitneomhoch pleosant

Unit8 C6leis6 seo? ff9

 st6tsheirbhiseoch(m) civilseryont
a.'t roinn (f) department Longuogenotes
oideochos(m) education
1 BAILLEADAI1H(ITEM' OF CLOTHING)
Question
Cn cine6lduine 6 Niall? leine (f) shirt
bl0s(m) blouse
c6to (m)/cqs69(f) coaujacket (including spotts jacket)
culoith (f) (odolgh) suit(of clothes)
Diologue4 seoicod(m) jacket
geonsqi(m) pullover
lo
q! : BeonUi Chonoill Is moith liom do chuidctiostoll. tredbhsdr/briste(f) trousers
; BeonUi Mhothino Go rqibhmoith ogot.Toitnionngloinego sciorto (m) skirt
or_
c m6r liom ogusceonnolmpiosoonoisls otis, gtno (m) otess
och is le m'inion cuiddiobh. stoco(i) (m) stocking(s)
o Beon Ui Chonolll Conossin?
Beqn Ui Mhothrino Imr-ronn si m6r6nspoirt,go hdirltheleod6g. 2 DATHANNA(COLOURS)
Is bre616lleod6gogusbuonns[ duoiseonno
criostoil6 om qo hom. deorg red
bui yellow/oronge
uoine/9los 9teen
criostdl (m) crystal, glassware 9orm blue
do chuid crlostoil your glasswore corcro purple
gloine(f) glass dubh black
ceonnoim I buy bAn white
onols is oris now ond again lioth 9rey
Conossin? Howis that? donn brown
imrionn plays fionn foir (of hair)
go h6iritheleod6g especiollytennis
buonn wins Glas refersto grassand plants,uaineto manufacturedthings.
duais(f) prize
6 om (m) go hom from time to time Dorcha (dark) or 6adrom(light) may be placedbeforecolours:

Question dorcha donn dark broun

C6n sD6rta imrionn inion BheanUi Mhathrina? 6adromgorm ligbt blue

r20 Unft8 CEl.ts 6 so? I 2I

 'When
3 WORDSDESCRIBING
PEOPLE the personaI formsof le (utith) are usedyou have:

Appeoronce Personolity Is liom an leabharsin. That book is mine.

Is leat 6 seo,is d6cha. This is youts, presumably.
ad tall toitneomhoch p/easant Is leis an rothar. Tbe bike is his.
iseol short grinno unpleasant, rude Is l6i na leabhair. The books arc hers.
romho. fot croitil cheerful(ctoi = heort) Is linn an ph6irc seo. This feld is ours.
tonoi thin clnedltd kind Is libh iad seo,nachea? Theseare yours, dren't they?
l6idt strong moc6nto honest,rnild-mannered Is leo an fheirm sin. That fantr belongsto them.
log wea* c0irt6iseoch polite (ctlftais = coutesy)
foighneochpatient (folghne = patience) Thesepersonalforms are reinforcedto liomsa,linne,
Ieis_sean,
meobhmchinte//igent(meobholr = mind) I6ise,linne, libhse,leosanwhen they ar. U"lng-..plrrrir.J,
o;'
lrimltil intelligent contrastedwith one another.This is very oftel the case.
Is'ii
cliste dexterous, srnart optional beforethesereinforcedforms.
d6irire sincere
tuisceonochunderstanding, considercte (Is) liomsaan leabharseo, This book is mine.
diogmiseochdiligent Ni liomsa6. It isn't ,nine.
dllls loyal (Is) Iiomsa6 seoagusis leatsa6 sin. This is mirc and tbat is yours.
stuomo levelheoded (ls) leis-sean6. It b his.
Ni l6iseiad. They aren't hers.
Severalof the adjectivesdescribingpersonalityhaveopposites (Is) linne an talamh seo. Tbis land k ours.
indicated by mi- or neamh-r
Here is how you ask if somebodyowns something.
mi-mhaclnta dishonest neanhthuisceanachin considerate
mi-chfirt6iseach discourteous mi-fhoiglneach impatient An leatsaan c6ta seo? Is this coat yours?
Is liom. Go raibh maith agat. Yes.Thanhs.
Ni liom. Is le Mdire 6. No. It's Mary's,
An leatsana br6gadubha? Are the black shoesyours?
Grommor Ni liom, Is liomsana cinn bhui. No, Tbe tan onesare mine.

1 IS LIOM (I OWNIIT'S MINE) 2 CELErS

...?(wHosE
rs ...?)
The phraseis le (lit, is u/ithl is usedto indicateownership: You ca.nask.whosomethingbelongsto by putting
this phrase.
wnrch hteraffy meansutho with?,before it
Is le S6anan carr sin. That czr belongsto Sedn.
C6 leis an mila seo? Who doesthis bag belong to?
Le puts an h before a word beginning with a vowel: Is liomsa6. It's mine.
Ni liomsa6. It isn't mine.
Is le hAine an c6ta seo. This coat belongsto Aine.

tL2 UnltS C6lets6so? I27

 A more enthusiasticform of reply substitutesis brei le (ioyes)for is
Notice that c6lis is alsousedfor ra}o l''it} in the literal sense:
maith le (/iAes).Sucha reply takesa longerform:
C6 leis a raibh ti ag caint? Wbo utereyou talking to?
To a friend. of mine. An maith leat sp6rt?
Le cara dom'
To the Priest. Is brei liom 6. I loue it.
Leis an sagart.
This phraseis brei le (lozes)can also be usedas a statementin its
3 HOW TO SAY 'LIKES'
own right but neverin a questionor negativesentence,
preposition
An idiom basedon the adjectivemaith (good)and the
in the to
sense like'To say for instance' Is bre{ liom siril. I loue utalking,
i. (-irlr) it .o--only used ' zzsic
phrase which literally means Is bredliom peil. I loue football.
ih'rito lik", you usea
^uri" questrons Is brei liom ceol. I louemusic.
is good with Sheila.To form negativestatementsor
substituteni, an or nachfor is:
S TAITNIONNLE (PLEASES)
Is maith le Sileceol' Sheilalikes music.
Sheilatloesn'tlike music. This verb is often usedto mean/iAes.(Seealso GrammarsectionI
Ni maith le Sileceol.
DoesSheilalike music? above.)
An maith le Sileceol?
Nach maith le S e ceol? Doesn'tSheilalihe music!
Taimionn ceol le Mdire. Mdire like music(or music
Insiqht PleasesMdirel.
are formed by substitutingother Is maith li ceol. Shelikes music.
so-merelatedexpressions
Taimionn sp6n go m6r liom. I like sport a lot (go m6r greatlyl.
words for moith:
Is maith liom sp6n. I like sport.
I /oveit. (bre6= fine) Ni thaitnionn sp6rt liom. I don't like sport.
Is bre6 liom 6.
I hate it' (fuoth = hatred) An dtaitnionn peil leat? Do you like footballl
Is fuoth liom 6.
5 THE PLURALFORMSOF ADIECTIVES
TOAN MAITHLE .''?
4 REPLYING
the Thereare severalways of putting adjectivesin the plural form.
Rememberthat asthereis no yesor zo in lrish' a reply echoes
question,However' it drops the referenceto the person:
o The most commonis to add -a after a broad consonantor -e
after a slenderconsonant
An maith le Sileceol?
Is maith. Yes, llit, does like\
No. llit. doesr't likel b6n white 6qdoi b6no whiteclothes
Ni maith.
dubh black ... dubho black...
An maith leat sP6rt?
Yes,indeed. 9Orm blue ...gormo blue...
Is maith, cinnte.
No, (not) at all. door expenstve ,.. doolo expensive ...
Ni maith ar chor ar bith.
deos nice ... deoso nice...
(Contd)

UnltE C6lels6 so? I2S

TL4
 compordoch comfoftable ... compordochd comfoftable... 8 LENITION AFTERMASCULINENOUNSIN THE PLURAL
min smooth,fine ... mine smooth,fine...
tirim dry ... tirime dry . You havealreadylearnt that femininenounslenitea followins
bocht poor doolne bochto poorpeople adlective,exceptin the plural. Comparethese:
ciollmhor sensible ... ciolfmhoro sensible ...
ci0in quiet ... cioine quiet... an oifig mh6r the big office
na hoifigi m6ra the big offices
However,a or e sometimescausesthe lossof the previousvowel
(e.g.ir changesto re and ar to ra): The oppositeis true of somemasculinenouns,namelythosewhich
end in a slenderconsonantin the plural. Theseplurai nounslenite
: soibhir rich dooine soibhre adjectives,as shown on the right.
i taidir strcng ... ldidre
i bodhor deaf ... bodhro No lenition of adiective Lenition of adiective
i rcmhor fat ... romhrd
: folomh ernpfy tithe folmho an teach rn6r the big house an bid m6r the big boat
na tithe m6ra the big houses na bdid mh6ra tbe big boats
b -6il becomes-rila
Here are somemore examples:
feiscloil lozy dooine feisci0lo lazypeople
floithi0il generous dooine floithiilo genercuspeople an ceann gorm the blue one na cinn ghorma tle blue ones
fiisiriil useful,handy rudoi6fsi0fo usefulthings an fear m6r the big man na fr mh6ra the big men
an carr beagthe small car na cairr bheagatDesmall cars
c The greatmajority of adjectiveswhich end with a vowel do
not change 9 FORMING ADVERBSOF MANNER FROMAD]ECTIVES

stocdauoine green socks You saw in Unit 6 that some adjectivesrequire go before them
stocoi fodo longsocks when they are usedwith ti (is):
stocoi bui yellow socks
Ti s6seogo maith. Tbis is good.
7 IRREGULARPLURALFORMSOF AD]ECTIVES T5 an dinn6arseogo dona. This dinner is bad,
'tWhen
Someadiectivesshow additionalchangesin the plural: referringto verbsgo forms an adverbof manner,describing
how an action is done.It puts h beforea vowel:
: aloinn beautful picti0ir6llle beoutifulpictures
: uosol noble ddoine uoisle aristoqats Seinneannsi go maith. Sheplays uell.
i iseol low folloi isle low walls Canann... ,.. stngs...
i te hot clsti teo hot cakes Labhrann,,. ... speaks...
fine days
i.9::3....
.r::: lqethonto bre6tho 6lann s6go trom.
Ni chodlaimgo maith.
He drinks heauily,
I don't sleeputell.

rz 6 Unit 8 CGli.6 s.o? I27

 Codlaionnni go han-mhaith. You sleepuery utell. Notice that oae of is ceannde with referenceto things and duine de
T6 s6ag obair go dian. He is uorking hard. with referenceto people.De sometimescorrespondsto o/for torrl:

10 DE (OF) Bain diot do ch6ta. Take off your coat.

Bain de 6 sin. Tahe that (auay) from him.
This prepositioncauseslenition:
11 CUID (PART,PORTION)
an dan 16de Bhealtaine tbe second(day)of May
piosade dhrdma a Portion of a Play This is a femininenoun which is followed either by the genitive
iasachtde charr a loan of a car case:
l6n de dhaoine fuIl of PeoPle
cuid mhaith airgid a good amount of money
Rememberthough that the ofrelation betweentwo nounsmust
often be shown by putting the secondin the genitivecase: or by de (of), when the noun is precededby an/nalthel.

leabhar filiochta a book of poetry (filiocht = poetryl cuid den airgead some of the money
m6rdn airgid a lot of money (airge d = tnoneyJ (den=de+an)
cuid de na daoine some of the people
Here are the oersonal forms:
Note also cuid diobh (someof tbeml, which can alternatively be
i diom of me dinn of us anid aanlsome of them); anid again meanssome of us.
i di* ol you illbh of you
i de of himlit dlobh of them The expressionfor rzost o/is an chuid is m6 de (lit. the Oart tthich
is greatest ol)l

Here are some further examples: T6 an chuid is m6 de na daoine Most of tbe people are here.
anseo.
ceannde na tithe one of the houses Ti an chuid is m6 den obair Most of the work k done.
duine de mo chairde one of my friends lcara = friendl d6anta.
cuid den obair someof the u.,ork(den= de +
the, Mo chuid (my portioz of) is usedinstead of mo (myl before nouns
^n do you tbinh of it
Cad a cheapanntri de? What lor himl? which refer to an indefinite massor quantity of something:
T6 m6 tuirseachdiobh. I am tired of them.
An bhfuil ni cinnte de sin! Are you sure of tbat? ag cur mo chuid ama amf wasting my time (cuireann amri =
pqts astrdyl
The combinationden (ofrle) lenitesconsonants
otherthan d t and s: mo chuid airgid my mofley
a chuid leabhar his boohs
cuid den cheol some of the music a cuid gruaige het hair

r28 UnltE Cal.|3..o? I29

 The plural forms consistof 6r (ozr), bhw (yourl, a (tbeir) (all three Recallthat this is the usualposition for adiectives,and it is not
causingeclipsis),combinedwith cuid: confinedto the above:

ir gcuid ama otar time na leabhairseo thesebooks

bhur gcuid airgid yo4r money na leabhairsin tboseboohs
a gcuid leabhar their books na leabhaireile the other books
na leabhairmh6ra the big books
12 EXPRESSINGQUANTITY
Comparear fad, etc. (a//)with gach(each,euery)which is put
Words for quantitiesput singularnounsin the genitivecase; beforea singularnoun:

T6 go leor ama againn. We haueplenty of time. Ti gachdioscaanseo. Euerydisc is bere.

'We
Nil a l6n ama againn. don't hauea lot of time. Td gachceannde na leabhairann, Eueryone of the books is there.
Ti beagin airgid aige. He has a small bit of money.
Nil m6r6n airgid agam. I don't hauemuch money.

If a noun forms its plural by making the final consonantslender Proctice

(e.g.leabhar(m) book,leabhur books)or by adding-a (6ll (m)
apple, ill^, aryles) the basic form is usedwith plural meaning after 1 Find the word that doesn't6t in eachof theselists:
quantities: a dubh, gorm, daor, glas,dearg
b l6ine,geansaf,c6ta, rud, sciona
T6 roirurt leabharagam. I havesomebooks'
T6 a l6n leabharagam. I hauea lot of books. 2 Possession
Ti m6r6n leabharagam. I hauemany books,
Ti tuilleadhleabharagam. I hauemore boohs. Lion isteachna bearnai.
o A. C6 leisna dioscaigo l6ir?
This useof the apparentsingularform with plural meaningis Is _ Tom6s iad.
calledthe genitiveplural. It is dealt with funher in Unit r7' b A. An leatsaan chas6gseo?
- - Go raibh maith agat.
Otherwisethe regularplural form is used: c A. An leatsaan mdla b6n?
- - Ceanngorm ati agamsa.
T6 m6rdn miinteoiri ann. There 4/e ntany teacbersthere.
Td a lin rangannaagam. I hauea lot of classes, 3 Likes and dislikes
Usethe information in the grid to make conversationsas in the
Thereare threeways of sayingall, and they follow the noun. examplesbelow. (.z = like; r = dislike)

T6 na dioscaiar fad anseo. I

Ti na dioscaigo l6ir anseo. I All the discsare here.
Td na dioscaiuile anseo. t

r40 U n l t8 C 6 l cF!5 .o ? I? I
 Sp6rt Ceol st0l c an leabharfada
z (peil) d an bheanleisciiil
Proinnsiqs
Orlo r' (closoiceqch)
7 Using de

Daithi (leisci0il) Reordertheseiumbled sentences:

I o ch6ta diot bain do
cdit (bococh) b m6 de td tuirseach
c ni a shfleannde cad
o - An maith leat sPort? d anseocuid t6 de daoinena
ProinnsiasIs maith' cinnte.
- C6n s6rt sP6irt? 8 Usingcuid
Proinnsias Is bre6 liom Peil'
b - An maith leat si6l? Join up the left- and right-handcolumnsto makesentences:
CAit Ni maith. o Beidhcuid i a chuid airgid sa bhanc.
- C6n fith? b T6 cuid il ag cailleadha chuid gruaige.
Ciit T6 m6 bacachfaoi l6thair. c Td P6l lli mo chuid dioscai.
d CuireannSeoirse
! iv de na daoineddanachdon ch6isir.
Now imaginethe interviewswith Orla and D6ithi. e Seo v diobh anseocheana.

4 Completethis text about what the peopleabovelike or og coilleodh Iosing

don't like: donoch Iate
o Taitnionn - le Proinnsias.Is bre6- Peil' cheqno akeady
b Taimionn ceol- Orla. Is bre6- ceol c6isir (f) party
clasaiceach.
C Ni sp6rt le D6ithi mar t6 s6leisciriil.
-
d - siril le C6it mar ti si bacachfaoi l6thair'
-
Testyourself:
Comprehension
Make likely combinationsof nounsand adjectives:
duine gorm Theseare noticesabout activitiesin a Gaeltachtoarish.When and
bhis ard whereare the activitieson?
c6ta bocht o Keepfit classes
gruaig folamh b Annual dinner dance
fear fionn c Cards
teach tada d Bingo

Put thesein the plural form:

q an fear m6r
b an stocagorm

rt z Unft8C6lels
s.o? f13
 Keep6t SanIonad PobailoicheD Luain an rTri Feabhraagus
gachoicheLuain ina dhiaidh sin ag 7.oo p'm.

Beidhan Dinn6ar agusDamhsabliantriil

in 6stfu Highlands
OicheD6 hAoine,ag tosri ag 9.oo p.m.
Tic6idle f6il 6 Shadhbh(3+zr6r)
n6 6n Athair 6 Gallch6ir(32548)
Beidhbus ar f6il. C6ncoitheomhoimsireo
San Ionad Pobail gach Satharnag a 8.3o p.m.
bhionnogot?
chlrtai'z5' Whotpostime
doyouhove?
Bingo Oiche D6 Domhnaigh san Ionad Pobail ag 8.oo p.m.
Fiilte romhaibh uile.
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Talk about leisurc actiyities

Bim og imirt leod6ige. I (often)ploy tennis.

Imrim cluicheleod6ige I sometimes play a game
uqireqnto. of tennis.
An f,6idirleot ... ? Areyou ableto ... ?
Is f6idir. Yes.
Ni fidir. No.
C6ncinedl ceoil? Whotkind of music?
C6ncineAlsp6irt? Whatkind of sport?
Is feorr liom ... n6... I prefer... to ...

The secretaryof a residentiallanguagecourseasksa numberof

panicipantsabout their pastimes.

r1 4 Unit 9 C6n<oitheomhoimslrcobhionnogdt? I35

 Deirdre Ceolclosoiceoch ogusceoltroidisi0nto.
Interview1 Rrinoi An bhfuiltriin onnconodh?
Deirdre To,r6os0ntomoith.
o
Rondi Gobhmo leithscCol. An bhfuiln6imeodogot? Rindi Beidhseonsogotconodhog on OicheCheoilmorsin.
4
F Pddroig Td. Deirdre Moithgo leor.
Rf noi Tdm6 og lorgeoloisfooichoitheomh oimsire. Rrlnai Cothoino th6onnt0 og si0l?
o
IJ P6droig Mqithgo leor. Deirdre Ag on deireodh seochtoine,
nuoiro bhionnon t-om
Rinqi CCncoitheomh oimsireo bhionnogqtso? ogom.
Padrqig Bimog imirtgoilfogusimrimcluicheleod6ige uoireonto. R0nai Agusd'oinm?
Rlnoi An fidirleotsndmh? Deirdre DeirdreNi l\4haille.
Pddroig Is fCidir.
Rinoi T6linnsndmhoonseo,td o fhiosoqot.
P6droig An-mhoith. Agust0 f6in Andyourself
Rinoi Aguscodisoinmduit? Cencoitheomhqimsireo Whotpostimedoyou hove?
P6droig Pddrqig 6 D6noillis oinmdom. bhionnogotso?
teim og siol90 minic I go walkingoften
6
closoiceoch,troidisi0ntd classical,
traditional
Gobh mo leithscol(m). Excuse me.(lit.Tokemy excuse) in qnn conodh ableto sing 9
Td m6 og lorg eolois(m). I om seekinginformation. Beidhseons(m) ogqt. Youll hovea chonce(or
fooi choitheomh(m) aboutpostimes(lit. obout opportunity). ,q
oimsire(f) spendingof time) Cothdino theonnt0 09 siril? Whendo you go wolking?
C6ncoitheqmhoimsireo bhionnogot? Whatpostimedo you have? nuoirq bhionnon t-om (m) ogom whenI hovetime
9 Bim og imirt goilf. I (regulorly)play golf. Agusd'oinm(m),m6s6 do Andyournome,please?
Agusimrim cluicheleod6ige And I play a gameof tennis thoil 6?
o uoireonto. sometimes.
sndmh(m) swtmmtn9
linn sndmho a swimmingpool
t6 o fhios ogot you know Interview3
on-mhoith vetygood
Rondi Cencoitheomh oimsireisfeon leotf6in?
Mdir6od Bhuel,bim og fGochoint or on teilifisogust6imchuig
d
no picti0ironoisis oris.
.:I c
Interview2 Ronci Feicim.Agusc6ns6rtcl6iro thoitnionnleot? F
o j
o Mdir6od Is feonliomcl6irghrinnn6 oons6rtejlecldir.
o- o
Rfnoi Agust0 fin?Cencoitheomhoimsireo bhionnogotso? R0noi AguscCnt-oinmotd ortT
e, le ceol,ogustimog si6lgo minic.
Deirdre Bimog 6isteocht Mdir6od M6ir6odNicGeoroilt.
F
j Rlnoi CCncinedlceoil?
o
(J

r3 6 Unit 9 C6ncoitheomholmsireq bhionnogot? I17

 Cen cditheomh oimsire is feorr What pastimedo you prefer? Bim sa bhaile de gbnith ar an I am usuallyat homeon
leot f6in? Luan. Mondays.
Bhuel,bim og fdocholnt or Well,I watch television Bim sa bhailei gc6naiar an I am aluays at home on
on teilifis (O Luan. Mondays.
... ogus teim chulg no plctilll ... and I go to the picturesnow
(m) onois is oris ond again As you can see,any degreeof recurrenceover a considerableperiod
Feicim I see of time, be it frequentor infrequent,requiresthe habitualform.
Agus cn t-oinm ot6 ort? And what'syour nomeT The full setof presenthabitualforms of ti, translatedherefor
convenience as /ezds to be, is as follows:
Questions
Tick the pastimesof PSdraig,Deirdre and Mdir6ad: bim I tend to be bimld we tendto be
bionn t0 you tend to be bionn sfbh you tendto be
CEOL NAPICTIOIR TEILIFIS 5P6RT bionn s6 he tendsto be bionn siod they tend to be
P6dmig bionn si shetendsto be
Deirdre
M6i|od Typical usesof theseare:

Bim anseogach16. I am here eueryday.

Bim ar saoirei Mi Lrinasa.
Grommor
Bionn s6go bredanseo.
1 THE PRESENTHABITUALOF TA Bionn an aimsir go brei sa
Spiinn.
The English verb ro be can reler either to something that is Bionn an bia go deasanseo.
happeningat the momentof speakingor to somethingthat Ni bhionn ocrasorm ar
happensregularly.Thereforethe sameform I arz is used,in I am maidin.
at home nou andI am (usuallylnormally)at home on Mondays' Bionn s6tirp go minic.
The Irish equivalentsof thesesentences requiretwo differentforms Bionn siad d6anachi gc6nai.
of t6 (rs),namelythe ordinary presenttL m6 (I amJand a special Bionn c6ili anseoar an Aoine.
'habitual' presentbim lI reguhrly am). You also meeta one-word Bionn Aifreann anseoar a
alternativeto tA m6: deich.
I dm on uacation in Aagust
(annually).
It tends to be f?te here.
The ueather tend.sto be good
in Spain.
The food is (inuariably) nice bere.
I don't feel hungry in the
morning.
He is often sick,
They are always hte.
A c6ili is held herc on Fridays.
Masstakesplacebereat ten.

Tiim sa bhaileanois. I am at home nout. The distinction betweenti and bionn is very imponant in Irish and
Bim sa bhailear an Luan. I am at home or Motdays. needsto be mastered.However, the basisfor it is not difficult to
Bim sa bhaileuaireantaar I am sometimesat home on understand and with practice it sinks in,
an Luan. Mondays.

r38 Unft 9 Cancqlthomholm3lieo bhlonnqgot? f39

 2 USING BIONN WITH THE VER,BALNOUN: Is fearr liom sifl n6 sn5mh. I prefer ualking to suimmfug.
THE HABITUAL PROGRESSIVE Is fearr liom dr6mai ni scann6in. I preferplays to films.

Corresponding to tiirnlt6 m ag obair (I am workingl one may 4 FAOI(UNDER,ABOUT)

saybim ag obair (l tend to be utorking, I regularly workl. Further
examplesare: The basicmeaningof this prepositionis azder, but it also means
about.lt is followedby lenition:
Bim ag obair sanoiche. I uork nights,
Binr ag f6achaint ar an teilifis I uatch teleuision in the euening. eolasfaoi cheol information about musrc
sa tr6thn6na. eolasfaoi sp6n informatio?tabout sport
Bim ag imirt lead6igear an I play tennis on Saturdays
Satharn. (for much of the day). 5 NOUNS FOLLOWINGTHE VERBALNOUN

Thesecan be more literally translated, as I tend to be uorking A noun which immediatelyfollows the verbal noun appearsin the
at nightlutatching teleuision in the eueninglplayingtennis on genitivecase(if it hasone);
Saturdays.The activitiesinvolvedlast a good while. Recurrent
eventsof brieferduration, includingsinglegames,are referred gall (m) golf ag imin gailf phying golf
to usingthe simplepresentform of the verb, which hashabitual pell lfl football agimirt peile football
meaning(asin English): lead6g (fl ternis ag imirt lead6ige pw?tg te?rnis
ioninaiocht (I) hurling ag irnin iominaiochta hurling
Fdachaimar an nuacht gach I uatch tbe news eueryeuening. eolas(m) information ag lorg eolais seekinginfoftnation
tr6thn6na. airgead(ml money ag lorg airgid seekingmonq
Imrim cluiche lead6igegach I play a game of tennis euery obair lfl utork ag lorg oibre seekingwork
trdthn6na. euefltng. l6istin(m) accommodation aglorgl6istin seeking
lmrim cluichelead6igeuaireanta. I play a gameof tennis accommodation
somettmes.
Ceannaimp6iparnuachtagach I buy d neuspdpereuery (SeeUnit +.+.)
maidin. moming.
L6im an piip6ar gach trithn6na. I read tbe paper eueryeuening. 6 HOW TO SAY'CAN YOU ,..?' AND 'I CAN'

3 HOW TO SAY 'I PREFER' The phraseis f6idir le (lit. is possibleuitb) expresses
ability:

You substitutefearr lbetterl for naith (good)in the phrasefor Is f6idir liom tiom6int. I can driue. (lit. Driuinglto fuiue is possible
liking (seeUnit 8) above(givingthe equivalentof is betteruith ffiel. uith mel
In expressinga preferencefor one thing over anothruseni (tban)t Ni f6idir liom canadh. I can't sing.
An f6idir leat snimh? Can.vouswim?
Is fearr liom tae ni caife. I prefer tea to coffee. Is f6idir. Yes. llit. is possibleJ
Is fearr liom iomdnaiochtn6 peil. I prefer hu ing to football. Ni f6idir. No. llit. isn't possible)

740 Unlt 9 CencoithcomholmCleo bhionnogqt? f4f

 Notice that le is droppedin replies. A STATINGAND ASKING 'WHEN'

A more idiomatic way of askingCan you sutim?isl. Yoru ask whm? differently according to whether the clock or the
calendaris meant:
An bhfuil sn6mhagat? (lit.J Do you baueswimming!
C6n t-am a bheidhtd saor? Whenuill you be free?
This constructionis also usedin: Agahaonachlog. At one o'cloch.
Ag am l6in. At lunchtime.
An bhfuil ceol agat? Can you play music? Cathain a bheidhtri ar saoire? Whm u,,illvou be on bolidax?
I Mi [iil. ln July.
Two simplerexpressions
meaningable to are ibalta and in ann: I gceannseachtaine. In a uteek'stime.
'When
An bhfuil ni in ann tiomiinr? Can you driue? a statementrather than a questionis involvedone uses
Nil m6 in ann tiom6int. I can't driue. nuair a:
Ni raibh m6 in ann sifl. I udsn't able to taalk.
An bhfuil tri ibalta sn6mh? Can you sttim? Bhi m6 ann nuair a bhi m66g. I uas tbere wben I uas young.
Nil m6 ibalta dul ann. I can't go there. Beidh m6 leat nuair a bheidh I'll be with you utbm I'm free,
m6 saor.
7 CENCINEAL,., (WHAT KIND (OF) ...) T6im ag siril nuair a bhionn an I go out ualking uthn I haue
t-am agam. tbe time.
This phraseis followed by the genitivecase:
9 PUTTINGA BEFORETHE VERB(CONTINUED)
ceol music C6n cine6lceoil? What hind of music?
cl6r programme C6n cine6lcldir? What kind oif- You saw in Unit 7 that questionwords suchas cad?or card?
progranme! (uthat?lrequftethe verb to be precededby a (+ lenition).You
eolas information CEncineil eolais? What kind of can seeabovethat other words, suchas cathain?(when?|, teir
information? (uthen) also rcquie a. This a also coresponds to uthich and.who in
post a iob Cn cine6lpoist? What kind of iob? Englishrelativeclauses,as in theseexamples:
aimsir ueather C6n cinedl aimsire? What kind of uteather?
an obair a dh6anaim the uo& which I do
Alternative forms of this question are C6n s6rt? and Cen saghas?The an ceol a thaimionn liom the music which I like
three forms belongto different dialectsbut are usedinterchangeably an duine a bhi ann the person who uas there
by many peoplewho havelearntIrish asa secondlanguage(givinga
choicelike that in EnglishbetweenWhat kindlsortlpe?|, A + ti givesat6:

an cluicheati ar siril. the game which is in progress

r 42 Unft 9 Cancqltheomholm3lid thionn ogqt? f43

 The copulais doesnot changeshapein relativeclauses: b Feminine nouns ending in -69 have -6ige in the genitive

Is fearr liom an dath sin. I prefer that colour. lead6g terrnis cluiche lead6ige a game of tennis
Sin an dath is fearr liom. That is tbe colour uhich I Drefer. fuinneog windout ag oscailt na opening the windotu
fuinneoige
Clausesintroducedby a in Irish are more frequentthan English
relativeclauses,for two reasons.One is that questionwords c The word obair (arorA)drops its secondvowel, e.g.16oibre
requirethem, as you haveseen.The other is that when a word or a day's utork
phraseis brought to the beginningof the sentencefor emphasis
(asis very often done)the verb must be precededby a. Compare 11 YERESWITH PREPOSITIONS
these:
Many Irish verbsare accompaniedby prepositions,in exactly
C6n sort cairr ati agat? What hind of car do you baue? the sameway as Etglish listen to, looh at. However, the use of
Carr deargat6 agam. The car I haueis a red one. prepositionsoften doesnot correspondin the wo languages.
C6n cine6ltinnis at6 ort? What kind of ailment do you haue! Comoarethese:
Tinneascinn at6 orm. A headacheis tuhat'sbotheringme.
Cn dath at6 ar a cas6g? What colour is ber coat? Is maith liom 6isteachtle ceol. I lihe to listen to music.
Cas6gbh6n at6 uirthi. lt's a white coat sheis utearing. bualadhle daoine. meetpeople.
C6 at6 amuigh? Who is outskle? cabhrrile daoine. help people.
Tom6sat6 amuigh. lt's Tom uho is outside. Beidh m6 ag f6achaint ar an teilifis. I'll be uatching teleuision.
Beidh m6 ag freastal ar l6acht. I'll be anending a lecture.
10 MOREON THE GENITIVE CASE Beidh m ag iarraidh ar Shein I'll be asking Sednto
cabhrdliom. belo me.
Somemasculinenounswhich forrn the genitivecaseby making
the last consonantslenderalsochangeea to i. Insight
Another way of sayrng'What'syour name?':
fear ?nan adachfir men's clothing llit.
clotbes of a manl AlongsideCod is oinm do ...? thereis also Cnt ainm otd
grann bumour cl6r grinn a humorous programme ar...? (lit. whatnameison ...?)
scannin grinn a comedy flm
ceann head tinneascinn a headache Cent oinm otd qr do chom? Whatisyourfriend'snome?
C6nt-ainm otd ort f6in? Whotis vou own name?
Mac (soz) becomesmic:

seoladha mhic his son'saddress

r44 Unh9 Cn<olth.omhohnslreo bhionnqgot? f45

 Describethe eventsillustratedor indicatedin the Dictures.as
Proctice in the exarnples:

1 Cuir na ceisteannaagus na freagrai le ch1ile(match the Examples

questionsand answers\:
o An maith leat ceol? i Bionn.
b An maith leat sp6rt? ii Ni th6im.
c An mbionn tuirse ort go minic? iii Uair sa seachtain.
d An dt6annti amachsa lv Thart ar a s6a chlos.
tr6thn6nade ghndth?
e An imrionn sibh galf go minic? Y Ni bhim.
f An mbionn tri anseogachl5? vi Is bre6liom ceol
traidisirinta.
g C6n t-am a th6anntri abhaile? vii Ni maith. tr{thn6na 6 am go ham
Bim ag f6achaint ar an teilifis T6im ag siril 6 am go ham.
Cuir na habairti seole chiile (match eachsentenceon the left sa trithn6na.
uith one on the rigbt to makea meaningfulcombination):
o Bionn ocrasm6r orm ar maidin. I T6im a chodladh.
b Bionn tart orm uaireanta. ii T6im chuig an
dochtdir.
o o
c Bionn tuirse orm sar6thn6na. iii Ithim bricfeasta
m6r. cErr-[ EAGLAIS
d Bim tinn 6 am go ham. |v 6laim gloine uisce. Gach Aoine NAOMHP6L
dul isteach Aifreann
Lion na bearnai (fll the gaps uith the correct form ofbionn):
, 5 11.30
o Nuair a _ tan orm, 6laim cup6ntae.
b Nuair a _ ar saoire,t6gaim bog 6.
c Nuair a 6irim go luath, _ tuirse orm. o ar an Satharn
d Nuair a - saor,t6imid chuig na pictifiir.
e Nuair a thagaimabhaile,_ an teachfuar.

nuoir(o) ... when...

chuig to
t69oimbog6 I takeit easy

d gachtrdthn6na e gach 16

r46 Unft 9 Cncoltheqmhoimsireo bhionnogot? f47

 r
I

5 Make interviewswith Brid and Proinsias using the information

in the chart. The interviewwith D6nall provides a model: Testyourself:Comprehension

Peil Golf Ceol Ceol Sconn6in Brian phonesMdir6ad to invite her to go to seea film with him.
closoicedch troidisi0nto ghrinn
D6noll Hol6,o Mh6ir6od.SeoBrion.ConqstA tri? {
X X
Hol6,o Bhrioln.lAim 90 moith. o
Brid X X
Cogor.Ar mhoithleot dul chuigno pictiiir oiche
E
Proinsios X X omAroch?
MAlr6od Bo mhoith.cinnte.0. tA br6norm.Ni bheidhmCsoor. o
C6ncoitheomh oimsireo bhionnogot? C6ordfooi D Ceodooin?
D6noll Bimog imirtpeile.Is moithliomceolfreisin. Briqn Trdthn6noD6Cdodooln? Is eo.TdsOsingo bred.
Feicfidhme thi og q hocht q chlog,toobhomuigh.
C6ns6rtceoil?
D6nall Is feorrliom ceolclosoiceoch. go
M6lr6qd Moith leor.Beidhm6 onn.
Brion Sldngo f6ill.6o n-6irileot.
M6ir6qd Sldn.
Lion isteach na bearnai. (teacht = to comel
o - An fidir sndmh? Question
\can). Cathaina bheidhBrian agusM6ir6ad ag dul chuig na pictiriir?
b- An bhfuil t6 tiom6int?
\canl.
C- f6idir leat canadh?
\cannot),
d- An - tf in ann teacht?
_ \cannot).

Relative clause
Reorder these jumbled sentences:
o an ceann/thaitnionn/liom,/a/set.r
b an t-am-/deghn6th./thagannsi/a/sin
< fhionn/uirthi/atdlgruaig
d ghorm/at6lcas6g/uirthi
e carrlaganlbinlatS,

r 48 Unit 9 Cncoitheomhoimrireo bhionnogot? f49

 Se6n Go rqibhmoith ogot.TAsCseoon-bhlosto.
Beon on ti An bhfuildo dh6thoinogot?
5e6n TAbreisis mo dh6thoinogqm.
Beon on ti Tdcisteonseo.Ar mhoithleot piosor
Sedn Bo mhoith,go roibhmoithogot.
Beon on ti C6ocuob fheorrleot,toe n6 coife?
Se6n B'fheqrrliomtoe,mds6 do thoil6.
Beon on ti An moith leot ldidir6?
Ar mhoith leot cup6ntae? 5e6n Laidirqo leor.

Wouldyoulikeo cupof teo?

Ar mhdith leot ...? Wouldyou like. ..7
Nior mhoith,9o roibhmoith ogot. I wouldn't,thonks.
In thisunityouwillleornhowto Bo mhoith, go roibh moith qgot. I would,thonks.
. Offer and accepthospitality onroith (m) soup
T6 breqc(m) 0r onseo I havea freshtrout here
tl
ogom duit. for you.
Ar mhoith leot ... ? Wouldyou like...? Le h6l? Todrink? o
Bo mhoith/Niormhoith. I would/l wouldn't T6 s6 seo on-bhlosto. Thisis verytasty.
C6ocu ob fheorr leot? Which(of them)wouldyou prefer? do dh6thoin enough(foryou) D

T6 s6 seogo bred/on-bhldsto. Thisis fine/verytosty breisis mo dh6thoin morethan enough(for me)

C6ocu ob fheorr ledt, toe n6 coife? Which(of them)wouldyou
tpa r^ffpe2
^rc f
B'fheorrliom toe. I'd prefertea.
Diolo g u e ' l ldidir strong

Sednis called to his eveningmeal by the landlady. Trueor folse?

u OlannSe5ngloinebeorach.
r) Beonon ti A ShedinlToon dinn6orridh. b Olann s6cup6ntae tar 6is an bhile.
o
o 5e6n Beidhme onnl6ithreoch. c Taitnionnan b6ileIe S6an.
Beon on ti Ar mhoithleotonroith?
4
F Se6n Niormhoith,go roibhmoithogot.
o Beondn ti T6breqc!r onseoogomduit.
I Tds6singo bred.
Se6n Diologue2
Beoncn ti Codo bheidhogot le h6l?
5e6n Beidhgloineuisceogom,le do thoil. Gear6id and Eibhlin are looking at the menu in a coffee shop.
Beon on ti Seodhuit. The waitress aniyes,

r 50 Unit 10 A. mhoithleot (up6ntoe? I 5I

|\|
cr on l6n (O lunch
on dlnnor(m) dinner
el on toe (m) tea(asan eveningneol)
N on sulpor(m) supper(a ltght snacklatein
at theevenhg)

Someother usefulwords:

pllito (m) date

scton(O knfe
forc (m) fork
sp0n69(f) spoon

Gromrnor
D6loon sc6ll. By the way.
Nil oon phl6g 0ll fdgtho. Thereis no apple pie left. 1AR MHAITHLEAT...? WOULDY&I LIKE.,.?
cBte(m|rmdlde(fl chocolotecake
uochUrd,. qeom Herearethe formswith the copulawhich areusedfor offtrirg -
C6 ndaoatatt0 Whereis it mdde? thingsand replyingto offers:
b6clis(m) bokery
in qlcellnn nearus Ar mhaidrlcat cup{n ae? Wo d yor Ekea atp of t"a?
N6r rnhaithleatcupin tae? Wo dn't yot hked crrpof tza?
Trueor folse? g6 rnhaith. Yes.(Et.wot ld likel
o Itheann Gear6id agus Eibhlin piog ri[. Nior nhaith. No. lht. woddn't lihel .
b Olann Eibh.lin agus Gear6id cuprin caife,
(SeealsoUnit 8.)

A ftrller form of answeris possible,similar tsEnglish I uould

Longuogenotes Iikethat:
BEIU (MEALS) Ba nheith liom 6 sin. I wodd like tha.
Ba bhrei liom 6 sin. I would bue that.
The main meals of the day are:
All four formswith tfrecopulagivenhcrccauselenition.
b6lle (m) meol
on brlcfeasto (m) breokfost

r5 2 Unn10 A.mhdlh hd(l|pdnb? I5t

 2 WILL YOU ...? WON'T YOU ...? Ar mhaith leat cfipla prdta? Would you like a couple
of potatoes?
An alternativeway of offeringthings has beendealtwith in Unit 4. r ni nnt nr 6ta i) sornepotatoes?
It is repeatedhere,with the addition of the negativequestion tuilleadhpr6tai? fiore potatoes?
form nach: greim bia? a bite to eat!
(Iit. of foodl
An mbeidh deochagat? Vill you hauea drinkl sliosariin? a sliceof bread?
Nach mbeidh deochagat? Won't you hauea drink? sliosbagfin? a sliceof bacon?
Beidh. Yes,I tt,ill. An mbeidh braon uisceagat? Will you hauea drop
Ni bheidh. No, I won't. of uater?
An mbeidhcupin tae agat? Will you hauea cup of tea? braon tae agat? a drop of tea?
Beidh,le do thoil. Yes,please. gloine uisceagat? a glass of uater?
gloine fiona agat? a glass of utine?
3 ANOTHERUSEOF LE (WITH) tuilleadhfiona agat? mote wine!
N6r mhaith piosaciste? Wouldn't you like a piece
Notice the correspondence
herebetweenIrish le and Englishro: of cake?
leat piosafeola? a bit of ffieat!
Cad a bheidhagat le h6l? Vhat will you haueto drink!
C6arda bheidhagat le hithe? Vhat uill you haueto eat? 5 D6THAIN(SUFFICIENCY)

This le is usedmore widely to refer to things which are to be done: This noun can be usedin a similar way to go leor lenough\':

Cad at6 le d6anamhagat? What do you haueto do? T6 d6thain bia againn. We haueenoughfood.
C6ardatd le ceannachagat? Wbat do you haueto buy? T6 d6thain ama againn. We haueenoughtime.

4 EXPRESSIONS
OF QUANTITY However,it is more often precededby mo (fly), etc.You first met
the singularpossessive pronounsin Unit r, Grammar4 and the
The grammaticalrelation betweenmeasureand measuredis mainly olural onesin Unit 8. Grammar rr, Here is the full set:
shown by word order, so gloine is glass,bainne is zil& and gloine
bainneis (a) glassof milh. The secondword must be in the genitive Td mo dh6thainagam. I haueenough.
caseif it has one.Thereis no word correspondingto Englisho/. Td do dh6thain agat. You haueenougb.
This is the constructionyou havealreadymet in m6thair Aine T6 a dh6thainaige. He has enough.
(Anne'smother,Unit 4). You can seeherehow to offer various T6 a d6thain aici. Sbehasenough.
measuresof food and drink, usingthe questionforms in Grammar T6 6r nd6thain againn. We haue enough.
r and z above: Ti bhur nd6thainagaibh. You haueenough,
T6 a nd6thain acu. Tbey haue enough.

r5 4 Unlt 10 Ar mholthleot cupdntqe? I55

 6 THE GENITIVE CASEOF NOUNSIN -/N, .IJN Correspondingto ba are threeforms which end in r; nior
(negative),ar (question)and nir (negativequestion)(seer, earlier
Thesefollow the commonpattern of making the final consonantof in this unit). Thesethreeforms add bh beforea vowel or fh:
a masculinenoun slender:
Arbh fhearr leat cupin tae? Would you prder a cup of tea!
arin bread boll6g ard'ina loaf of bread Nirbh fhearrleat...? Wouldn'tyouprefer...?
brad6n salmon piosa brad.6ina piece of salmon B'fhearr. Yes,llit, uould preferl
bagin bacon slios bagiin a slice of bacon Niorbh fhearr. No. (Iit. wouldn'tpreferl
(Seealso Unit 4.) UsenA lthanl to separatethe things you are choosingbetween:

7 AN. (VERY) B'fhearrliom tae nd caife tea to coffee

(I would prefer) ar6n n6 ciste bread to cake
This is prefixedto adjectives,causinglenition: beoir n6 fion beer to wine
iascni feoil fsh to meat
blasta usty becomes an-bhlastauery tasty sicin n6 bag(n chickento bacon
milis suteet an-mhilis uery sueet
fuar cold an-fhtar uery cold 9 CEACU (WHICH (OF TWO))

However an- doesnot causelenition if the adiectivebeginswith t, d, s: You can invite a choice betweentwo things offered by using c6
(uthich/uho\ and aan(of theml (third personplural of ag (ar),see
te hot gives ueryhot Unit 3, Grammar1):
deasnice ^n-te
an-deasuery nice
searbhbitter an-searbhuery bitter C6 acu ab fhearr leat, Which utould you prefer,
tae n6 caife? tea or coffee?
Examples: C6 acu ab fhearr leat, Which utould you prefer,
pionta n6 leathghloine? a pint or a half-glassof spirits?
T6 an cisteseoan-mhilis. This cake is uery suteet.
T6 s6an-fhuarinniu. It is uery cold today. 10 THE PASSIVEFORMOF THE VERB
T6 an pl6ta an-te. Tbe plan is ury hot.
Thereis a specialform of the verb for sayingthat somethingis
8 TALKINGABOUT PREFERENCES donewithout specifyingwho doesit. It endsin -tar in the present
tense(or -tear if the precedingvowel is i or e):
The idiom for prefets is is fearr le (seealso Unit 9); rzoukl prefer is
expressedby replacing is with ba, which causeslenition. Remember D6antar an ch6is seo ar fheirm. This cbeeseis made on a farm.
that lenition makesf silent,so b'ftearr is pronouncedbe6r: Ni dh6antar6 nios m6. It isn't ,nadeany more.
Mfintear teangachasa scoil seo. Languagesare uught in this school.
B'fhearr liom tae. I would prefer tea (to coffee,for instance). Oltar m6r6n tae in f,irinn. A lot of tea is d.runhin lreland.
B'ftearr liom ar6n. I would prefer bread (to cakeor biscuits). Ceannaiteargo leor diobh. Plenty of them are bought.

r 56 Unh l0 Ar mhdth l.ot olp6n toc? f57

 If the verb endswith th, e.g,ith (eaisl, cuth lspend,con*me), that Seodhuit.
disappearsbeforethe t(e)ar: Go raibh maith agat.
Itear m6rdn pastasanIod6il. A lot of pastak eatenin luly. Ar mhaith leat anraith?
Nior mhaith, go raibh maith agat.
The passiveform of the verb is often usedin notices: Maith go leor.

N6 caitear tobac. No smokbtg. llit. Let tobacco not be used.l An mbeidh piosa ariin agat?
Beidh, go raibh maith agat.
If you want to say who doesany of the things above you must use
an ordinary (active)form of the verb. It is not usualin Irish to say Ar mhaith leat tuilleadh sicin?
Ba mhaith, cinnte. T6 s6go deas.
a thing is done Dy someone,as in the Englishpassive:
Accepttheseoffersof hospitalityby echoingthe verb in the
Beanfeirmeoraa dh6anannan A farmer's uife makes this
answer:
chiis seo. cbeese.
o Ar mhaith leat deoch?
Mriineann an scoil seoteangacha. This school teacheslanguages.
b An mbeidhcupin tae agat?
Itheannmuintir na hlodiile The people of ltaly eat a lot of
m6r6n pasta. pasta.
Politely decline theseoffers:

c Ar mhaith leat ordiste?

d Ar mhaith leat tuilleadh pritai?
Proctice
e An mbeidh gloine fiona agat?
1 Cuir an comhr6 seo san ord cean (put this iumbled dialogue in
How would you offer a visitor:
tbe right orderlz
o a cup of coffee?
o Ba mhaith, go raibh maith agat.
b a drink?
b Ar mhaith leat si6cra?
c more cake?
c Nior mhaith, go raibh maith agat.
d Ar rnhaith leat cupin caife?
Make comments on the food or drink:
Ti an t-anraith an- (te)
{ cD2, TR 1,230
Ti an tae an- (milis)
Ti an caife an- (tuar)
2 Listento, if you havethe recording,or read these
Tri an b6ile an- (blasta)
conversationstwice. The first time note whether the offer of (deas)
Ti an fion an-
food or drink is acceptedor refused,the secondtime note
what is offered:
How would you ask somebodyto statetheir prefernce
o Ar mhaith leat gloine fiona?
betweenthe choicesbelow? Answer as you wish.
Ba mhaith, le do thoil.
Example C6 acu ab fhearr leat, bainne n6 uisce?
B'fhear liom bainne, le do thoil.
r18
Unlt 10 Ar mholthh of6n toc? 159
 '6 @' Ea BIACHLAR
Anraith muisiri0in

"&@ Anraith pratai

Anraith oinnifin

Bradan 6r le hAnlann Peirsil

56l geal friochta le hAnlann Tartair
Leathdhosaen oisri Ira ar leaba oighir
Bagfn agus cabaiste
Sicin r6sta agus bagrin

Pratai beirithe
o CD2,TR1,3:10 Sceall6ga pretai
Glasrai fra
7
First study the menu (biachl6r) opposite and seehow Uachtar reoite
Pi69 0ll le huachtar n6 uachtar reoite
much you can understand or guess.Then check your
Ciste seacleide
understanding in the English version in the answer key. Sail6ad de thorthai fra
Next listen to and/or read the dialogue between the waiter Rogha de cheiseannafeirme na hEireann
and customer and tick the dishes ordered.
Finally, make up a conversation in which you order from Tae n6 caife
the menu.

Sabhialann Un tbe restaurant\

Freostoloi Diodhuit.
Custoim6ir Diois Muiredhuit. Testyourself: 1
Comprehension
Freostqloi An bhfuilti r6idh?
Custoim6ir Td.Beidhonroithmuisiritinogomor dt6sogus Below is an extractfrom an article in a scientificmagazineon junk
onsinbo mhoithliomsicinogusbog0n,le do thoil. food at school.
Freostqlqi Ceortgo leor.C6ocuob fheon leot,prdtoibeirithen6
sceoll6go? o l(hy is the food in sectionr the best?
Custqimir B fieorr liomsceoll690,
le do thoil. b Why are the itemsin secdon3 harmful?
c What is the ideal lunch for a young personat school?
Freostoldi Ar mhoithleotmilseog?
Custdim6ir Bomhoith.Beidhcisteseocloide
ogom,le do thoil. roinn (f) sectton
Freostoloi Go bre6.Toen6 coife? dochor(m) harm
Custoimeir Beidhcup6ncoifedubhogom. cl6r (m) chart(herc),programme

r6 0 Unit lO Ar mholthleot cup6ntoe? t6t

is feorr (which)is best I meascna mbiannasachlir is 6 an bia i
fuinneomh(m) ener9y Roinn 1 an bia is fearr, de bhri go
chomhmoith le os wellas bhfuil pr6it6ini, mianrai (cailciam,mar
fiorth6bhochtqch very(lit. truly)impoftont shampla)agusvitimini ann chomh
og f6s growing maith leis an bhfuinneamh.Ti na
go dono bad substaintiseofionh6bhachtachdo
oireod6igin a ceftoinamount(of) dhaoine6ga ata ag f s, Mar sin ti an
Bo ch6irgo mbeodh... Thereshouldbe ... bia i Roinn3 go donamar nachbhfuil
cosllilleis likeit ann (de ghn6th) ach siricra.Ti an bia i Roinn z nios fearr mar t6
oiread6igin pr6it6ini, mianrai agusvitimini ann, biodh is nach
bhfuil na pr6it6ini chomh maith leis an bpr6it6in sabhia i Roinn r.
Bia Fuinneamh Siricrat%l Salann(%)
(Calrai) Ba ch6ir go mbeadhb6ileioml6n ag gas(ir, cosriilleis an mb6ilesa
Roinn r bhoscathios, tri huaire sa16.
Cadbury
Wholenut 28o An l6n is fearr ar scoil:
48 38
(to gl Ceapaire:ar6n donn, c6islfeoiUubh,glasrai
Kit Kat (5og) 250 z6 Deoch:bainne,sri oriiste
5r
Barra Mars Tonhai: rill, oriiste
(From:An tEolailThe Scientisl),
F6mhar,r99r.)
16zg) 69 r7
Cn6nnaTahin
KP (25g) r 50 r9 5o
Roinn z 2
Comprehension
King Crisp
\27 g) r 50 5o 4o CiarSncallsby Miche5l'shouseat midday.
Pop Corn
ro
llo sl 140 59 zz Miche6l An bhfuilocrosort?T6on l6n r6idh. Yl
Roinn j Cior6n Nil ocrosm6r orm.Codot6 oqoibh?
Miche6l T6broddn0r ogoinn. 4
Lucozade F
Cior6n An-deos.Bqbhre6liom piosobroddin.
(3 0 0 gl r9
Miche6l An-mhoith. Toristeoch
ooussuiohchunboird. a
Polo mint
\2 7 g l ro o 97 o DoesCiarin stay for lunch?
Diet Coke
b Vhat is Michedl havingfor lunch?
(r lo g) I

Bo bhredfiom ... I wouldlove

chun boird. at the table a

Unit 10 Ar mhoithleot cuD6ntoe? I6?

 11
Tom6s C6ordo chosnoionnon chdisseo?
Liom Dh6phuntcoogoon punt.
Tom6s Tobhoirdom leothphunt,morsin ... ogust6 piontobqinne
uqimfreisin.
Llom Sinuile?
Tom6s Is eo.C6mh6od6 sin?

C6ordo chosnoionns6seo? T6 feobhos (m) or on oimsir (f). Thereis an improvementin (lit.

on) the weother.
Whotdoesthiscost? Nil s6 r6-fhuor. It's not too cold.
leothphunt(m) bog0in(m) a half-poundof bocon(or hom)
dosoen(m) uibheccho(ubh (fl egg) a dozeneggs
ln thisunityorrwillleorn m6s 6 do thoil 6 please(lit. if it isyour will\
e
. The bosic languagefor shopping,including how to express (m) go
T6 on bogOn seo deos. Thisboconis nice. !
pricesand to makecomparisons An bhfuiloon rud (m) eile uoit? Doyou wont anythingelse? -
on ch6is(f) seo? thischeese? e
C6ordo chosnoionns6? Whatdoesit cost? Dh6 phunt (m) coogqdn punt. Twopoundsfifty o pound.
l. C6mh6od? Howmuch? mdr sin so,therefore
C6mh6odot6 qr ...? Howmuchis ...? T6 pionto (m) boinne(m) uoim. I want o pint of milk.
9 Tobhoirdom ... 6iveme ... Sin uile? Thot'soll?
IJ
An dtqbhorfddom ...? Wouldyou giveme ...?
a
T6./teostoionn
... uoim. I wont... Trueor folse?
An ngloconnsibh le seiceonno? Doyou acceptcheques? o Td s6fuar amuigh.
b Ni theastaionnc6is6 Thom6s.
c Ceannaionns6litear bainne.

Diologue1

I siopaan ghr6saera(in tbe grocer'ssbop).The grocer,Liam, Diologue2

knowsthecustomerwell.
In the post of6ce
Or
4 Liom Conostd t0 inniu,o ThomAis? q!
Tomds ct
rf Gobred.Tdfeobhosor on oimsir. Tom6s CCmh6odo chosnoionn s6cdrtopoisto churgo MeiriceA?i c,
o
(J
Llom Nils6r6-fhuorinniu. Sile Doicheodpingin. : rf
4
Tom6s An dtobhorfddom leothphuntbog0inogusdosoen TomAs Tobhoir dom dh6stompodoicheod pinginmorsin,m6s6 i F
uibheocho,mds6 do thoil6? do thoile,ogusceonntriochopingin. : rf
ct
Liom T6on bogtnseogo deos.An bhfuiloonrudeileuoit? u

r64 Unit 11 C6o.do chognoionn

s6teo? I65
 c6rtd (m) poist (m) o chur go to sendo postcardto America C6ndoth ot6 uoit? Whatcolourdo you want?
Meirice6 Lioth,le do thoil. 6rey,please.
doicheodpingin (f) fofty pence An bhf6odfoinn6 o thrioil orm? CouldI try it on (me)?
Dhd stompo doicheodpingin. Twoforty pence stomps. Cuirort 6. Putit on.
... oguscednntriochapingin. ... and onefor thitty pence. T6 scdth6ntholl onsin. There'sa mirroroverthere.
T6 s6 seo r6-bheog. Thisis too smoll.
Trueor folse? An bhfuilceonnnios m6 ogot? Doyou hoveo biggerone?
o Ci bhfuil na daoineseo? Seoceonnseochtgo leith. Thisis o sevenand o half one.
b C6arda theastaionn6n gcustaimEir? Bointrioil ss. Tryit on (you).
Tti on ceonn seo i gceort, Thisoneis right.(lit. In right)
An dteostoionndon rud eile uoit? Doyou wont onythingelse?
ni theostoionn I don't (want)
Diologue3 Glocoimid,ogusfdilte. Wedo (occept),glodly.(lit. with
wetcome)
Buying a cap.'What sizeand colour does the custometwant?
Questions
to
t Aodh C6mh6odot6 or no coipinislnsonfhuinneog? o An gcaitheannAodh uimhira naoi?
Siopod6lr 56 phuntdeog.C6nuimhiro choitheannt0? b An bhfuilan caipinr6-bheag?
4 Aodh Uimhiro seocht,is d6ighllom. C An nglacann an siopale seiceanna?
F
Slopoddr Cendoth ot6 uoit?
o Aodh Lloth.le do thoil.An bhf6odfoinn6 o thrioilorm?
Slopad6ir Cuirort C.TAscdthantholl onsin.
Aodh th sseor6-bheog.An bhfuilceonnniosm6 ogot? Longuogenotes
Siopod6lr Seoceonnseochtgo leith.Bointrioil os.
Aodh TAon ceonnseoi gceort. QUANTITIESOF FOOD
5iopdd6ir An dteqstoionnoon rud eileuoit?
Aodh Ni theostoionn,90 roibhmoith ogot.An ngloconnsibh boscq (m) box m6lo (m) bag
le seiceonno? bui d6ql (m) bottle pr6co (m) jor
Siopod6ir Glocoimid, ogusfdilte. cqnna (m) con sfios (m) slice !
dosoen (m) dozen punt (m) pound ,
poic6od (m) packet o
no coipinisin tnosecops
coipin(m) cop <t CD2, TR 2, 2:30
t s phunt d6og sixteenpounds
! C6nuimhir (f) o choitheonnt0? Whotsize(lit. numbet)do you Some of these come in halves also. Leath lhalf) causeslenition, so
: weor? leathdhosaen (balf-dozenl, leathphunt \half-pound).
E'
Uimhird seocht size(number)seven
is d6igh liom I think(lit. it's likelywith me)

r66 Unit 11 Cq.do choinoionns6seo? f67

 Theserequirethe genitivecase(if the following noun hasone): dom to me d0inn to us
duit to you doofbh toyou
im (ml buner pulltt kne a pound of butter d6 to him d6ibh to them
c6is (fl cheese leathphunt c6isea half-pound of cheese di to ner
tachtar (m) cream pota uachtair a tub of cream
arin (ml bread boll6g ar6in a loaf of bread Someexamples:
shos ar6in a slice of bread
bagin lml bacon slios bagfrin a slice of bacon An dtabharfi an litir seo di? Would you giue her this letter?
An dtabharf6pionta bainne Would you giue me d pint of
Note, however, the plural after dosaenin dosaenuibheacha,a dom? milk?
aozefl.e88s.
2 TABHAIRDOM ... GIVE ME ...
Rememberthat nounsendingin e or a tend not to havea genitive
case: This is a lessformal alternative to an dtabharf6. It is not by any
meansimpolite, however, particularly if one addsle do thoil (p/ease):
banne lm) milk pionta bairne a pint of milk
litear banne a litre of milk Tabhair an litir seo do Mh{ire. Giue this letter to Mary.
tae lml tet paic6ad,tae a packet of tea Tabhair pionta bainne dom, le Giue me a pint of milh, please.
siricra(m) szgar punt sificra a pound of sugar do thoil.

The personal forms of do (don, driLinn,etc.) often come

immediately after tabhair, especiallyif whatever is being sought
Grommor takesseveralwords to express:

.,.? (WOULDYOU GIVE..,?)

1 AN DTABHARFA Tabhair dom pionta bainne, le Giue me a pint of milk, please.
do thoil.
This is a polite form of request.The verb tugann (grues)is quite Tabhair donr pionta bainne Giue me a pint of milh and a bag
irregular, and this particular form is pronounced un drirf6 (in the agusm6la siricra, le do thoil. of sugar, please.
south west),un d6rhi (in the nonh), insteadofthe un dowrfri Tabhair di an litir seo. Giue her this lener.
which one would expect from the spelling. The recipient is always
indicatedby the prepositiondo (to): 3 HOW TO SAY'I WANT ...'

An dtabharfri an litir seo do Wo d you giue this lewr to There are two expressions,both of which involve the personal
Mh6ire? Mary? forms of 6 (froml. I utant a cup of tea can be translated in either
of the following ways:
If the recipient is a pronoun (me, you, etc.) the appropriate
personal form of do must be used.You have met some of these Ti cup6n tae uaim. lit. A cup of tea is frotn me.
already.The full setis: Teastaionn cupin tae uaim. lit. A cup of tea is neededfrom me.

r68 Unft 11 C6qrdq chormionn 16seo? 169

 As a literal uanslation suggeststhe secondof thesecan also mean 4 EILE(OTHER,, UILE(ALL)
ELSE),
I needa cup of tea. Here are the personal forms of 6:
Thesemustbe distinguished
carefully.Eile is usedasfollows:
i uqim from me uolnn from us
iuoit ualbh fromyou Tabhair dom ceann eile. Giue me anotber one.
ftomyou
: ualdh from him uqthu from them Beidh cupin eile agam. I'll haueanother cup.
C6ard eile? What else?
:.19II...f|1T.H rud eile another thing, something else
Here are some further examples,using both teastaionn ... 6 and Aon rud eile? Anything else?
t6 .., 6|
Uile hasfewer uses.V7henolacedbeforea noun it causeslenition:
Teastaionn milseiin 6 na leanai. Tbe ehildren uant speets.
An dteastaionn aon rud eile uait? Do you uantlneed lnythiflg Sin uile. That's all.
else? gach uile cheann euerysingle one
An dteastaionn cabhair uaibh? Do you utantlneedhelp? gach uile dhuine euerysingle person
Teastaionn. I do (utant).
Ni theastaionn. I don't haant). S CEANN(HEAD)IN THE SENSEOF 'ONE'
Teastaionn mila siricra uaim. I uant a bag of sugar.
Cad ati uait? Vhat do you utant? This is usedas follows:
C6ard eile ar6 uait? What elsedo yor utant?
An bhfuil aon rud eile uait? Do you uant atything else? Ti ceann eile uaim. I uant aflother one. (not another headll
T6 paic6adtae uaim. I u.,anta packet of tea. B'fhearr liom ceann nua. I would prefet a neut one.

The preposition 6 (/rorz) causeslenition: Ceannis usedto count obiectsor animals(not people):

Teastaionn cupin tae 6 Shedn. Se,inutants a cup of tea,

i dhd cheonntwo seocht gclnn seyen
Clausescontainingthe verbal noun comeafter uaim, etc.: i tri clnnthree ocht gclnn eight
: celthre cinn four nqol gclnn nine
Teastaionn uaim labhairt leat. I uant to speak to llir. withl : cUigclnn fiye delch gcinn ten

Teastaiom uaim c6ta a cheannach. Ifl.,l)t to bun o ;. ;;;; ;";.;;;. ;;.; ;,;;;;" ;;, ;;'.; ;.;;;
"oot. lenition:
This verb can also be usedin the progressiveform:
tri cinn de bha three cows (Et. three head of ctnlel
Ti cupin tae ag teastiil uaim. I uraflt 4 cup of tea,
T6 cabhairag teast6iluaim. I uantlrced (some) help.

170 Untt11 Caqdo dro$otonn*s? l7I

 Note the following: punLo pound plngln a penny
dh6 phunttwopounds dh6 phingin two pence
: on ceonn seo this one no cinn seo theseones tri phuntthreepounds tri pingine threepence
: on Ceonnsin thot one no clnn sin ttroseones ceithrephuntfourpounds ceithrc pinginefourpence
coigphuntfivepounds c0lg pinginefiyepence
6 CEMHEAD?(HOW MUCH?) s6phuntsixpounds se pinginesixpence
seochtbpuntsevenpounds seochtbphglne sevenpence
This involves a specialform of the word n6id (m) drnou?rtand can ochtbpunteightpounds ocht bpinglneeightpence
be usedin a numberof ways: nooibpuntninepounds nool bpinglneninepence
deichbpunttenpounds deichbpingineten pence
C6 mh6ad6 seo? Hou much is this? oonphuntdoge/even pounds oon phingin d6og elevenpence
or
C6 mh6ad a chosnaionn s6 seo? Hou much does this cost? Higher numbers do not present any additional difficu.lties:

It is alsopossibleto usecad?/c6ard?(lalaf) with cosnaionn : c0igpingined6ogfifteenpence flchepinglntwentypence

(cosrs): :: cooga
cdooa punt fiftv pounds
Dounds or
.tr leothchod .l pufiltL
ount /?fiy l..|th.h&r
''nftlf holfa
llt h^tf a hundred
h' 6AE
1 pounds
Cad a chosnaionn s6seo? What does this cost?
I R0-(rOO)
There is another idiomatic construction along the lines of Horz
much (uha is on it?: This lenitesconsonants(exceptl, n, r):

C6 mhadaci air? Hou mucb is it? daor dear T6 s6 seor6dhaor. This is too d,ear.
Cad ati onhu seo? How much are these! trorn heaty r6throm. too heatty.
m6r big r6mh6r. too big.
7 COUNTING MONEY beagsmall 16bheag. too snall.
tirim dry r6thirim. too dry.
The euro (with its smaller denornination the cent) becamethe iadrom light r6-6adrom, no light.
official currencyof the Republicof Irelandin Januaryzooz. Unlike
plInt pound and pngin pmny, its fiorrnsdo not undergo mutation 9 COMPARISON
OF AD'ECTTVES
or inflection:
You put nios (rzore)beforea specialform of the adfective:
deich euro ten erros caoga centfifty cents
m6r big Ti s6 seo nios m6. Thk is bigget
The unit of currency in Northem Ireland is the pound sterling. beagsnall T6 sseo nios fti. This is smallet
naith good Td s seonios fearr. This is bener,
Punt is also a unit of weight, of course.pounds and penceare olc bad Td s6seo nios measa. This k utorse.
counted as follows:

172
Unh 11 Caod o dGnobon * 4o? l7J
 deasnice Td sdsin niosdeise. That is nicer. Cad a cheannaionns6?
saor cheap T6 s6sin niossaoire. That is cbeaper. o oaic6ad Bi c6ramach!(Becareful!)
daor dear Td s6sin nios daoire. That is dearer. dosaen The following changethe noun.
buidal bol169
Further examples: bloc proca
m6la DUnt
An bhfuil ceann nios 6adroimeagat? Do you haue a lighter one?
T6 ceann nios fearr ag teast6iluaim. I want a better one.
Teastaionn carr nios hi uaim. I uant a small car. Ti Liarn ag caint leis an ngr6saeir.\Liam is talhing to the
grocer.)
Insight
Someusefulverbs Liom Tobhoirm6lqsi0crodom,le do thoi..
Gr6soeir seo duit.C6ordeile?
o Diolonn(se//s) Llom An dtobhorfrbuidqlboinnedom freisln.
An ndiolonnsibh stompoi? Doyou sellstomps? Gr6soelr Sinuile?
An ndiolonnsibh p6ip6ir Doyou sellnewspopers? Liom Is eo,go roibhmoith ogot.
nuochto?
An ndiolonnsibhtoboc? Doyou selltobocco? o Practisethis dialoguewith these:i cannapiseanna+
Dioloimid/Diolonn. Wedo (sell). dosaenuibheacha;ii boll6g ar6in + pr6ca suibhe.
Ni dhioloimid/Nidhiolunn. Wedon't (sell). b Try it again,this time usingTi ... uaim insteadof
b Gloconnle (occepts) Tabhair ... dom and An dtabharf5,,. dom.
An ngloconnsibh le seiceonno? Doyou takecheques?
An ngloconnsibh le cdrtoi Doyou takecreditcards? C6 mh6ad?Sasiopadadaigh- in the clothesshop
creidmheoso?
Glocoimid/Gloconn. li/6 d^ /^..a^t)
Custolmeir C6mheqdotd or on hqto seo?
Ni ghlccoimid/Nighloconn. Wedon't (occept). Siopdd6ir Ochtbpuntdog,coogopingin.
Custdimeir An bhfodfoinnceonnocuo thrioil?
Siopqd6ir Cinnte.

Proctice Make up similar conyersations using the items below.

1 T6 Piid ag dul ag siopad6ireacht.

siicra bainne tde

piseanna im ar.in
12 uibheacha subh udchtarreoite

E- OU 59.99

174 Unft 11 C6q.dd chosnoionn

s6seo? | 75
 &v Testyourself
I Match the quantity and the food/drink

How many cornbinations can you make?Watch out for

changesin the form of some of the nouns:
e25 7.50
braon uisce slios prite cup6tr bagriLn
o c6ta b seaic6ad c geansai d carbhat geim a6n piosa bia buid6al ffon
gloine ciste cfpla tae boll6g bainne
Nios ... Lion isteachna bearnai.
Examples:T6 an hata seor6mh6r. An bhfuil ceannnios (beag)
agat?nios hi
o Td an seaic6adseo r6dhaor. An bhfuil ceannnios

b ^gat?
T6 an hata seor6bheag- ?
- -
c T6 an c6ta sto r6throm - - ?
-
d Is fearr liom an ceann seo.T6 s6nios (deas).

Tdan-agus---r6dhaor

Quantities
There are sevenexpressionsof quantity concealedhorizontally
and five vertically:
sorpaic6.e d
paboscarb o
s mo t P u n t u s
m6l a r e n p i I
noliotard I 2 Ti # r6dhaor.T6 Aoife bheagsasiopabr6ag5nagusri dhi
adosaen66 o Ewo aiciL(Little Aoife is in tbe toysbopand hasez.l Cd tit
suSarseca s agteasttil 6 Aoife?(Vhat doessheuant?l
tarupotal s

Cadtri r6dhaor?Nil ache aici lshehasonly zl.

176 Unft11 Caodo do||ldoo.r *e, T77

 I
I

12
C6ordo rinne trl? Whatdid you do?
Chuomorsiosgo ... Wewentdownto ...
i nD0loinn in Doolin
C6r fhdn sibh? Wheredid you stoy?
fuoireqmor we got
or cios (m) fot rent
thugdmol we took

C6ordq rinnetri? chun no tr6 (f)

Chuomdrog tiom6int
to the beach
Wewentdrivingoroundtheploce.
timpeoll no hdite.
Whotdidyoudo? tdr is dn Aifrinn (m) after Mass
d'itheamar we ate
biolonn 6isc fishrestauront
In thisunityouwillleornhowto d'fhon mise I stoyed
. Talk about past events Th6inig ord0 (m) t'6bhochtoch An impoftantordercamein.
. Talk about your work experience isteoch.
roimhesin beforethat

Trueor folse?
Diologue o D'fhan Cathali dteach6sta.
b Bhi an aimsir go dona.
Liam asks a colleague, Cathal, how he spent the weekend. c D'ith s6b6iledeasar an Satharn.

4 i Liom CCordo rinnet! og on deireodhseochtoine? o cD2, TR 3, 1:17

F
: cothol Chuomorsiosgo D0loinn,i gcontoeon Chl6ir.
o i Llom Chqithm seochtoinonn coloblioin6 shin.Cdrfhon sibh?
: Cothol Fuoireomorteochqr ciosin oiceno trd.
i Ltom Conoso bhi qn oimsir?
Cothol Bhisdgo bre6.Thugomorno leonoichunno trA D
Sqthoirnoguschuomorqg tiom6inttimpeqllno h6ite
moidininn6,tor 6ison Aifrinn.
Liam 16c0plobiolonnon-mhoith onn.
Cothol T6.D'itheomor dinn6oron-bhre6 oicheD6Sothoirn.
i (St4dies)Rinnem staid6arar chrirsaign6 ansin.
mbiolqnn6isc.Cdroibht6 fCin?
Liom D'fhon miseqnseo.Bhim6 og oboirDASothoirn.Th6inig
ord0tdbhochtochisteochon 16roimhesin.
Miirtin, a companyexecutiye,describeshis training and career.
Studythe grammarsectionin this unit beforeattemptingthis-
(Secondaryeducatioz)D'fhdg m6 an mhe6nscoilsa bhliain naoi
d6agocht6 a d6.
lExam resuhs,uniuersiry)Fuair m torthai maithesanArdteist
agusd6 bhri sin chuaighm6 ar an ollscoil.
(Firsrlob) Thosaighm6 ag obair do chomhlachti gContaeLrl
i bhf6mharna bliana naoi d6agocht6 a c(ig, direachtar is na
cime.
lLeauesand emigrales)D'fhan m6 ansinar feadhbliana agusansin
chuaighm6 go Meirice6.Chaith m6 tri bliana ansin.

r78 unit 12 Ccrd

o rinnetn? 179
 T
lAdditio al diplom4) Fad a bhi m6 ag obair sna Stiit bhain rn6
teastassa riomhaireacht. Grommor
(Qui* and comeshomel D'6irig! md as an bposrsin agusthdinig
m6 ar ais go hEirinn. 1 THE PASTPROGRESSIVE
lJob applications\ Chuir m6 isteachar chripla post anseoagust
fuair m6 tairiscint poist i nGaillimh, Ghlac m6 leis sin agust6 m6 You have already met this way of referring to past events(Unit 4).
ag obair ann 6 shin. The past progressiveof a verb consistsof bhi + ag + verbal noun:
(Maniage, buys housel Ph6sm6 cripla bliain 6 shin agus
cheannaiomarteachsachathairanuraidh. Bhi m6 ag obair go dian inn6. I was wothing hard yesterday.

d'fh69 m6 I left Ag + verbalnoun can also be usedafter other verbs.

mednscoil(f) secondary school
ollscoil (f) university Chuaigh m6 ag tiomiint. I uent driuing.
fuoir me I got Chaith m6 an 16ag sifl. I spent the day utalking.
torodh (m) rcsult
d6 bhri sin therefore 2 THE SIMPLE PASTTENSEOF TYPE1 VERBS
Rinnem stold6o. (m) I studied (lit.I did study)
gn6 (m) business To find the simple past tenseof a Type r verb remove -(e)ann
thosolgh m I began from the presenttenseform, add lenition if the verb beginswith
comhlocht (m) company a consonant or prefix d' if it beginswith a vowel. Here are some
tor 6is nd cime (0 aftet the degree(i.e.whenI Eaduated\ examples:
d'fhon m6 I stayed
chuoigh m6 I went p6sam manies Ph6sm6 anuraidh. I got tfl4ffied hst yedr.
choith m I spent cruireannputs, setds Chuir m6 litir abhalle, I sent a lener home.
Bhoin m6 teostqs (f). I obtained a diploma. caitheannsplends Chaith m6 seachtain ann, Ispe a ueek
d'irlgh me qs I quit, rcsignedfrcm there.
chuir m isteochor I applied for (lit.I put in forl buatleann le meets Bhuail m6 le hEibhlin. I met Eileen,
toiriscint (f) polst a job offel ceapanntbinhs Sin 6 a cheap m6. That's uhat I thought.
ghlacm6 lelssln ... I n..a^te.l thnr tugann giaes Thug siad cabhair dom. They gaueme help.
Ph6sm6. I got ma ed. itheanneats D'ith siad dinnar.Theyate dinner.
i nGollllmh in Galway 6lann d,rinks D'61muid deoch.We had a drink.
Cheonnoiomorteoch (m). Weboughta house.(cheonnoiomor.
cheqnnolghmuld) One verb makesits final consonantslender:
onuroidh lastyeal
siilenn walhs Shiri'il m6 abhaile. I utalhed home,
True or folse?
o ChuaighMiinin ar an ollscoil.
b Chaith s6dhd bhliain i Meiricei.
C Th6inig s6ar ais go hf,irinn agusfuair s6post i nGaillirnh.

r 80 untt 12 Caordodnn.tu? I8I

 Sincelenition makesf silent (written fh) verbs beginning with f are the presenttensethere is also an ending meaningwe, e.g. tEimid
(ute gol.
ueated as if they beganwith a vowel:

fanannst4ys D'fhan s6istigh.He stayedin- (pron. dan) 5 USING THE PASTPROGRESSIVE

AND SIMPLE PAST
f gannleaues D'fir6g s6n6ta. He left a note. (pron. dig)
f6achannlooAs D'ft6ach siad orm . They lookeil at me. (pron. d6ach) The past progressiveform of the verb presentsan action as
beingunderway(in progress)over a period of time. (SeeUnit 4
Lenition cannotalwaysapply, of course: for presentprogressive.)
TheseIrish sentences and their English
translationscorrespondboth in form and meaning:
scriobhannrtrius Scriobh m6 litir, I unote 4 letteL
letnann follows Lean m6 iad. I folloued them. Bhi m6 ag ithe mo dhinn6ir. I taaseatingmy dinner.
Bhi m6 ag scriobh cfpla litir. I uas uriting a couple of letters.
3 THE SIMPLE PASTOF TYPE2 VERBS
The simplepastjust statesthat somethinghappened:
Remove-(a)ionnfrom the presenttenseand replaceit with
D'ith m6 mo dhinn6ar. I ate my dinner.
-(a)ighand then add lenition, or d' beforea vowel. This -(a)ighis
pronouncedi exceptbeforea pronoun when it is pronounced Sgiobh m6 criolalitir. I wrote a couple of letters.
-a or -e:
6 THE PASTTENSEOF IRREGULARVERBS
ceannaionnbuys Cheannaighm6 cat nua.I bought a neut car'
tosaionn starts Thosaigh rn6 in am. I beganon time. Someverbshavepast tenseforms which differ greatlyfrom the
criochnaionnfinisbes Chriochnaighan r ang.The classfinished. Presenttnse:
imionn depa* D'imigh m6 go luath. I left early.
lirionn getsup D'6irigh m6 ag a hocht- I got up at eight. dananndoes Rinne m6 deagnad.l madea mistahe.
athraionn changes D'athraigh an aimsir.The ueathet changed. taganncomes Thiinig s6abhaile.He camehome.
teanngoes Chuaighsi ar ais.Sle went back.
Comparethe pronunciationof -igh in these: faigheanngets Fuaft mE post. I got a job.
feiceannseas Chonaicm6 sin. I sau that.
D'imigh Sileabhaile. Sheilaleft for home.(pron. dimi sMe) deireann says Diirt m6 leo 6. I rold. it to them.
D'imigh si ag a naoi. Shele{t at nine. (pron' dine shi) cloiseannhears Chualasiad r6fla. They hearda rumour.

A THE ENDING |E)AMAR (WE) SeealsoUnit r3.

In the lrish of Connachtand Ulsterrrreis indicatedby muid, Insight

e.g. ph6s muid (ue maniedl, chuir muid Qtteputl, d''rmlghnutd
lue leftl. However, in Munster' and in the standard written
language,a specialendingis used,so ph6sanar lue maniedl,
chsireamar (uteputl, d'imiomar (ute lefi). You will recall that in
Munster Irish has simplifiedthe verb 'to do'; the presentis
deineonn(does)and the past is dheln. You may decidethat
theseforms are easier.

r8z Untt 12 Coido dnn.t6? I8?

 7 SOMEEXPRESSIONS
OF TIME It is also usedwith the verbal noun to refer to something which has
Thesereferto specificperiodsof pasttime: iust happened.Comparethese:

Bhuail mEleo. I met thern.

inn yesterday T6im tar 6s bualadh leo. I haueiust met them.
moldin inn6 yesterdaymoning D'6irigh s6. He has got taq.
tr6thn6no tnn6 yesterday evening Tri s6tar 6is iri. He has iust got up.
or6ir Iastnight D'imigh si. Sheleft.
oru inn6 the doy beforcyesterday Ti si tar 6s imeacht. Shehasjust left.
or0 or6il the night before last
on tsecchtqln seo coite lastweek 9 AR (ON) WITHOUT LENITION
on mhi so colte Iastmonth
onurqidh lastyeor In somesetphrasesar is usedwithout lenition:
an bhlloln seo cqlte lastyear
or muir is or tit on seaandon land
Theseadverbsare also useful:
or duolgos on duty
6 shin
or cios fot rent
Srnce or diol for mle
le dqnoi lately
fod6
or ftiil available
long ago or buile anEy
f6s yet
cheqno
or meisce drunk
aheady (pron. hono) or sltl tokingplace,underyay
oris again

Ar feadh (/or) (a period of time) takes

the genitive case;
seachtainueek
Proctice
ar feadh seachtaine
mi month for a week'
ar feadh miosa /or o 1 SeachtainPhridraigin - l6igh ao t6acsthios aguscuir na pictiriir
Dnatnyeu at feadh bliana for a ^onoi-
year san ord ceart (read the text behu, and put the picttaresin the
conect orderl ,
ATAR EISAFTER)
D6 Luain D'6irigh me go luath aguschuaigh m6 go Londain
This is followed by the genitive
case: ag a s6a chlog, Bhi cruinniri agam ag a naoi a chlog.
D6 M6in D'fhill m6 abhailed6anachsa tr6thn6na.Bhi m6
dtnnlar dinner ar Eisan dirutik aftel diflrrer an-tuirseach.
t?| tno"u tar 6isan l6n after lunch
--
Mo: tar 6isan Nfrinn after Mass
11o."ln
cetm degree(l) tar 6isna c1ine after (gettirrg) the degree

84
untt 12 Caodq dnnG16? I85
 C6 a: Pddmig's diary
o fuair rud 6igin sa phost?
b cheannaighrud 6igin? bdthnnhe b"tech - t ln
sa bhailcae a 3,OO A
c scriobhrud 6igin?
d d'6irigh go d6anach?
e d'fhreastailar rud 6igin? !_9!Es!t_.e^
D'Brau at s laAa 2t
f thiinig abhailed6anach?
I bhi ag obair sa ghairdin?
lidr.huia Br.ahddn. Itq rdl
a
SeosamhbdielY

l*4ant;J rdm
- r6-aha6&arh 12
Ottdb didry

Dt:n rta blda - adhdn Cdfta ooitt 6" bhFrait c aolr.

dd d.a. 13 - bcidh Nathali.aa *

Iiar 6 Chrain tc - .tqif','t,l b d.as - s'd-m

aa tzacht Dladaoin 14 aaahztsaha;dto 30

aa ccolchoim Ic oomhdoh
-P6l*8"ftE- 3r

D6 CeadaoinScr(obhm6 cuntasar an gcruinnif i Londain.

D'oibrigh m6 go dti a hocht a chlog sa tr6thn6na.
D6ardaoinTh6g m6 16saor agusd'fhan m6 sa bhaile.Ghlan
m6 an teachagusrinne m6 roinnt oibre sa ghairdin. Lion isteachna bearnai
D6 Moine Bhi m6 ar ais sanoifig agusthdinig cuaineoir 6n o Choosethe appropriateverb from thosesuppliedbelow
bhFrainc.Bhi cruinniri fada againn. and put it in the past tense.
D6 SathairnBhi m6 tuirseachaguschaith m an mhaidin sa | .........- m6 sa bb\ain r97o.
leaba. il - m6 tamall i Sasana.
D6 DomhnaighBhuail m6 le cara dom agusd'itheamarl6n iii - m6 le Peadarinn6.
an-deasi mbialann. iv - m6 b6ilean-deasar6ir.
v - m6 litir do Shein.
Find who did what vi - m6 an cirta sa phost.
vll _ m6 n6ta,
L6igh na dialannaseoaguspioc amachc6 a rinne na rudai seo
aleanas (study tbe diaries and find uho did the follou)ing\l caitheann/itheann/p6sann/scriobhann/f 6gannlcuireann/
buaileann

186 Unft 12 Cqrdq dnnett? I87

 a||
*
| - an choim cheoilag a hochta chlog G.

ll m6go luath maidininn6. d

- I
lll m6ag a seachta chlogtr{thn6na inn6.
lv - an aimsirinn6. ari
o
C'

aiffiionn ?

I- # abhaileag an deireadhseachaine.
il- s6postnua bf6thonno flowers
ilt_ si dearmad.
lv - sliom 6. 2 Put the itemsin theserwo lists in orderfrom mostrecentto
Y
- m66 sin- mostdistant:
vl - siadar aisgo Sasana, o I an tseachtainseocaite
ll ani inn6
t6aon/danandfaighedn/tagrm/deiream/cloiseann lll anuraidh
lv inn
v an mhi seocaite
b I arri ar6ir
Testyourself ll '"aidin inn6
lll ar6ir
Use the following grid about weekend actiyities to make up two lv trfthn6na inn6
more conversationscirnihr 1s th btwnEibhlis and Triona:
o Triona agusDara; b Triona agus Orla.

oldre DlSo$olm D6 Donhnolgh

D hAolne
Elbttll3 dlosc6 sobhqlle BJion
(BhiColmonn) (tulrseoch) (bl6thonno)
Dar! noplctlolr rothornuq sobhoile
(leNoel)
Odo sobholle oboir(o1fl9) (cistedeos)

r88 thlt 12 caordolil|ttt IE9

 13
Ni fhoco m6 th0. I haven't seenyou.
(lit.I didn't seeyou\
BhuoighTreosoduois (f) mh6r. Thercsa(has)wona big prize.
so Chronnchur(m) N6isi0nto in the NotionalLottery
Nior chuolom6. I didn't heaL
o diirt liom who told me
oguscednn(m) d6 muintir (f) ond onefor her porents
An ndeorno? Did (she)?
Ni fhoco m6 th0 le tqmoll Nior cheonnoighmisetlc6od(m) I (have)neverboughta ticket.
riomh.
I hoven'tseenyouforo while C6ordf0tso? Whatoboutyou?
Ceonnoimceonn goch seqchtoin(f). I buy oneeveryweek.
dodo anything
ln thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Comment futther on past events
Trueor folse?
. Form irregular verbs in the past tense
o Bhuaigh Treasa an Lotto.
b Cheannaighsi teach nua di muintrr.
c CeannaionnDeirdre ticdad anois is aris.

Diologue1

Deirdre and Sdamasmeer and talk about a friend's recent Diologue2

lone ry win.
q A journalist interviewsa young Irishman working in New York.
c Delrdre Conostd tri, o ShComois? Ni fhocq m th6 le tomoll.
F
S6omos TAAthosorm t0 o fheicedil.Aonsc6ol? ilrlseoir Cothoino thdinigti 90 Nuo-Eobhroc?
Ol
:T
o Deirdre BhuoighTreosoduoismh6rso Chronnchur Ndisilnto. Miche6l ni bliono6 shin.
o
v o
S6cmos Ar bhuqigh? Niorchuolom6 fooisinin oonchor. IriseoirLenlotn or tnootu trrel .f
An roibht( og cointli? Miche6l Nioririghllom-posto fhdil nuoiro d'fhdg m6 on scoil.
r
F
Deirdre Ni roibh.A deorth6iro doirt liom 6. Irlsoir r.i
An eo?An ndeornot0 on Ardteist?
S6omos Cordo rinnesi leison oirgeod? o
MichetilRinne,och ni dheornomCr6mhoithonn. IJ
Deirdre Cheonnoigh si corrdi f6inogusceqnndd muintir. Irlseoh Tuigim.Ar chuirt6 isteochor mh6r6npostonno?
S6omos An ndeorno? An-smqoineomh. Niorcheonnoigh mise : Mtche6l Chuirme isteochor roinnl Ach bhi fonn orm teocht
ticeodriomh.Ceordf0tso? onseo.
Deirdre Ceonnoimceonngochseochtoin, och nior bhuoighm6 Irlseoir An bhfuoirt0 postldtthreoch?
dodof6s. Miche6l Ni bhfuoir.Th6gsetomolluoim.
Irlseolr C6ncine6loibreo fuoirt0?
(Contd)

r90
Unlt 'l 3 Ni fhocom6 th! le tomoll I 9|
 Miche6l Bhi m6 og oboiri mbiolonnor dt0s.Niorfhon m6 onn Niomh 6. on eo.Cadteonnt0?
qchsmhi. Eibhlis T6imchunno Spainne de ghndth,qchchuoighmCgo
Irlseolt Agusonsin? PArosi mbllono.
Mlche6l Fuoirm posti ngoraisteoch niorthoitin seliom. Niomh An ndeochoigh? Ni misteothr0onoisis oris.Cdrfhon t0?
Iriseoir N6rthoitin?C6nf6th? Eibhlis In 6stdnbeogin oicele ldr no cothrqch.
Miche6l Ni roibhon p6 16-mhoith.
Iriseolt Ni roibh,isd6cho.An ndeochoight0 obhoile6 shin?
Miche6l Chuoighme onn or feodhmiosoonuroidh. loethonto(m) sooire(f) holidays
Iriseoir Ar mhoithleot fonochtonseo? i mbliono thisyear
Mlche6l Niormhoith.B'fheonliomdulobhoile. C6 dt6onn t0? Wheredo you go?
I
Ni misteothro (m). A changeis no harm. !
I
Cdr fhon t0? Wheredid you stay? 3
g
C6nfdth? whv? in oice le neot, next to
Nior 6irighliom I didn't succeed 16r(m) no cothroch(f) the city centre
post o fh6il to get a job
An ndeornot0 on Ardteist(f)? Didyou do the LeovingCeftificate? Question
Rinne. I did. Cdr fhan Eibhlisi bPriras?
.. Ni dheornom6 r6-mhoithonn. I didn't do too wellin it.
6
o Ar chuirt0 isteochor ...? Didyou applyfor ...?
Bhi fonn (m) orm ... I wasinclined...
ct Th69 s6 tomoll (m) uoim. It tookme a while. Grommor
ach s6 mhi onlysixmontns
Nior thoitin s6 liom. I didn't likeit. 1 THE PASTTENSE FORMSOF AN, Ni AND NACH
Ndr thoitin? Didn'tit (pleose you)?
An ndeochoightt obhoile? Didyou go home? There are distinct past tense forms of ni (negative), an (question)
or feodh mioso (f) for a month and nach (negative question); these end in -r and cause lenition
(seealso Unit 7):
Questions
o C6nf6th ar th6inigMicheil go Nua-Eabhrac? Negotive Question Negotive question
b C6ncine6lpostannaa bhi aigeann? Present nl on nocn
c Cathaina chuaighs6ar aisgo hEirinn?
Post ntor or nor
ro
YI Their useis shown in theseexamples:
.f Diologue3
F Present Buailim leisgo minic. I meethim fairly often.
Niomh Cenmhi o theonnt0 or do loethontosqoire? An mbuaileanntri li? Do you meether?
o Eibhlis I Mi llil de qhndth. Ni bhuailim leo in aon chor. I don't meetthem at all.
I
Nach mbuaileanntri leis? Don't you meetbim?

r 9z Unit 13 Ni fhocdm6 thir l.tomoll f9j

 Past Bhuailm leischeana. I (haue)met him alreddY. 3 THE PASTTENSEFORMOF CA (WHERE?)
Ar bhuail ni l6i? Did you meether?
Nior bhuail m6 leo. I didn't met them. Ci becomescir beforeregularverbsin the pasttense.(Comparean
Nir bhuail tri leis? Didn't you meethim? in Unit z and sectionr of this unit.)

Comparethe copula forms in -r in Unit ro, and seefurther in Unit 15' Ci bhfananntri? Where do you stay?
Crir fhan ti? Where did you stay?
2 SPECIALFORMSOF IRRE6UIAR VERBSIN THE PASTTENSE Ci n-imionn an t-airgead? Whne doesthe money go?
Cdr imigh an t-airgead? Where did the money go?
Verbswhich are irregularin the pasttense'e.g.d6anann(does)and
rinne (did), are evenmore irregularwhen precededby an, ni, etc' Here againirregularverbsdo not usethe form vr'ith-r:
They usethe ordinary an, ni, nachinsteadof the pasttenseforms
ar, nior, nir, and the verb takesa special'dependent'form. You Ci ndeachaighni? Where did you go?
havealreadymet this Pafternwith the Pasttenseof ti ('s)' These Ci bhfuair ni 6 sin? Vhere did you get tbat?
combinations shouldbe learnedasunits:
h IYPE 1 VERBSIN FINAL VOWEL
Bhi me I wos Rinnem6 I did
Ni mlbh m6 I wasn't Ni dheorndm6 I didn't Type r verbswhich end in a consonanttake no endingin the past
An mibh m6? WasIZ An ndeornom?Did I7 tense,for instance p6stnn (maniesl, ph6s lmarriedl , However
Noch mlbh m6? Wasn'tI2 Noch ndeornom6?Didn't I? thosewhich end in a vowel add -igh, like Type z.

suionnsits Shuighm6 sios.I sat douln. (pron. h()

Chuolghm I went Chonoicm6 I sow btann wins Bhuaighs6duais.He uon a pize. (pron. vua)
Ni dheochoighm6 I didn't 90 Ni fhoco m I didn't see l6ann reads Nior l6ighm6 6. I d/r:'t readit. (pron.IEJ
An ndeochoighm6?Did I go? An bhfoco m6? Did I see?
Noch ndeochoighm6?Didn't Noch bhfocom6?Didn't I see? S TAITNiONN(PLEASES)IN THE PASTTENSE
I go?
'lrhen
-ionn is removedto form the past tenseof this verb, an i is
insenedbetweenthe consonants.Compare:
: D0irt m6I said Fuoirm I got
Ni d&irtm6I dtdn'tsoy Ni bhfuoir me I didn't get Taitnionn s6liom. I enjoy it. (lit. It pleasesutith mel
An ndoirtm6?DidI say? An bhfuoir m6?Did I 9et2 Thaitin s6liom I enjoyed it.
Nochnd0irtm?Didn'tI saY? Noch bhfuoir m6?Didn't I get?
Two other verbs which follow this pattern are imrionn lplaysl and
Munster Irish hasa simplifiedpafternfor two of theseverbs,which cosnaionn(costs):
you may find convenient:
D'imir m6 cluichegailf inn6. I playeda gameof golf yeste ay.
dhein did nioriarlnir dhein didn't do, etc, An m6id a chosains6orm. Tbe a?noufltit costtne.
chuaigh went nior/arlnir chuaighdidn't go, etc.

194 Unh 13 Nl ftccq m6 tho lc totnoll f 95

 5 USIN6 THOFORTO 'YOU' Ti ithas orm bheith anseo. I am pleased to be here.
bualadh leat. to meetyou.
Tri usuallybecomes
thrriwhenit is theobjectof a verb: cabhni leat. to help you.
T6 fonn orm dul abhaile. I am inclined to go bome.
Ni fhacam6 th6. I didn't seeyou, imeacht. to leate.
Ni chloisimth6. I can't hearyou. 6iri as. to giue up.
Feicimanoisthri. I seeyou nou,
When thereis a direct oblectthe order is quite different:I am
7 THE PASTTENSEUSED INSTEADOF THE PERFECT pleasedto seeyou becomeslit. I am pleased. you to see.Notice the
lenition after a,
The past tenseis often usedin Irish where the perfect would
be required in English, especiallywhen referring to individual Ti dthas orm tf a fheiceiil. I am pleasedto seeyou.
experiences in the past: Ti fonn orm post a flriil. I am anxious to get a job.
Ba mhaith liom post a fhiil. I would like to get d iob.
Chonaicm6 an scann6nsin. I baueseen(lit. I saul that flm. teacha cheannach. to buy a house.
Chualam6 6 sin. I baueheard lit.l heardl that. 6 a thriail. to tryt.
greim a ithe. to eat a bite.
Vhen the Irish past tensecor.espondsto the English perfect it is braon tae a 61. to dri k d dtop of tea.
often accompaniedby adverbs such as cheana(alreadyl, iamh
lneuerli 9 Ni ... ACH(ONLY)

Ni fhacam6 thri le tamall. I bauen'tseenyou for sometime. There is no singleword for ozly in Irish and the sentencmust be
Nior ligh m6 riamh . I haueneuer read it. madenegative.Comparethe following.
Bhuail m6 leo cheana. I bauealready met them,
Nior bhuail m riamh l6i. I haueneuer met her. Chaith m6 seachtainann. I spent a ueeP there,
Nior chaith md tobac riamh. I haueneuersmoked. Nior chaith m6 ann ach I only spenta ueek there.(lit.
seachtain. I didn't spend there but a ueek)
A VER,BALNOUN CLAUSES Cheannaighm ceannamhdin. I bought one.
Nior cheannaighm6 ach ceann I only bought one.
Thesecorrespondto the Englishinfinitive (the form of the verb amh6in.
precededby to, e.g.ro &ay).I(hen thereis no direct objectthe
word order is the sameas in English: 10 DA (TO HIS, TO HER)

fu mhaith leat fanacht anseo? Would.you like to suy hete? You will recallthat Disis a + lenition and Daris a without lenition.
bualadhle Sedn? to meetSedn? A prepositionendingwith a vowel is separatedfrom thesewith
teachtlinn? to comewitb us? an n. Comparethese:
bheith p6sta? to be married?
ag + a Ti carr ag a bhean. His uife hasa car,
le + a Bhi m6 ag caint lena mac. I was talking to her son.

rg6 Unlt 13 Nl ftoco ma th6 le td'noll f97

 However do (to, /orl + a lhislherl becomesdi: It is often followed by a verbalnoun clause:

Thug s6di bhean. He gaue it to his utife. Nimiste6adh6anamh, It is as utell to do it.

Cheannaighsi di mac . Shebought it for ber son. Nimiste6ari. It is no harm to say it.

11 GOANDCHUN(fO) WITH PLACENAMES Other forms of the cooula are also usedwith niste:

Go is usedbeforeplacenameswithoutan (the)t Ar mhistelabhain leo? Would it be as well to speahto

them?
P6rasParis Chuaighm6 go Piras. Nior mhiste smaoineamhair. It uould be no harm to thiflk of it.
I uent to Park.
SasanaEngland Chuaighm6 go Sasana.
I uent to England.
Londain London Chuaighm6 go Londain. Proctice
I went to London.
Nua-EabhracNerz York Chuaighm6 go Nua-Eabhrac. Lion isteachna bearnai.
I utent to New Yorh.
Complete the question with the correct form of the verb and
If the destinationbeginswith an (tle) you must usechun, which echo the verb in the answer:
requiresthe genitivecase.
Example:
AnFhtainc France Chuamarchun na Fraince. We uent to France. Ar - tri an litir sa phost?Freagra:Chuir.
An Sp6innSpaiz Chuamarchun na Sp6inne. We went to Spain. d (caitheann)
An R6imh Roze Chuamarchun na R6imhe. We went to Rome. Ar - tri tobac riamh?
b (fanann)
Insight Ar - tri sa leabamaidin D6 Sathairn?
Chunis usedin variousother expressions: c (tugaDlrcuakt ar)
Ar - ni cuairt ar Mhriireddle danai?
sui chun boird to sitdownot toble d (f6achann/aimionn)
duf chun no tr6 to qo to the beoch Ar - nl ar an gcoirm cheoilar an teiliffs ar6ir?
Ar - s6leat?
12 Ni MISTETHAT'' NO HARM
tugonncuolrtot visits
This is usedto conveythe ideaof it ,aould be as utell to, it would ceolchoirm
olrmcheoll concett
be no harm:

Ni mistesin. That's no harmlnot a bad idea.

r98 Unlt 13 Nl ftocd n6thi lGtomoll 199

 ArlAn? Put ar or an in the questionand write out the (itheann)- - Nuala bricfeastamaith ach
appropriateresponsewith the correctform of the verb: - Eoghan aon bhricfeasta.
o (itheann) (figann) - - Nuala an teachag a hocht a chlog ach
ith tri bricfeastamaith ar maidin? _ _ Eoghango dti a naoi a chlog.
-
b (f6gann) (tosaionn)- Nuala ag obair ag ceathr( chun a naoi
-
fhig sibh an teachgo luath ar maidin? ach - - Eoghan go dti a deich a chlog.
c (d6anann) d (t6ann) - - Nuala abhaileag a s6a chlog ach
ndearnati dearmad lforgetting)ar do hata? - Eoghanabhailego dti a seachta chlog.
(faigheann) e (d6anann)- - Nuala dinn6ardeassa trdthnonaach
bhfuair tri na tic6id? - - Eoghan dinn6arar bith.
-
(tann) f (faigheann)- - Nuala glaoch teileaf6in sa tr6thona
ndeachaigh t( ann? ach - - Eoghanglaochar bith.

Answer in the negative. Completethe conversationsas in the modI.

Example: Ar chuir ni an lifi sa phost? Nior chuir. Example lbtann = uinsl
o Ar bhuail tri le Peadarf6s? Statement Bhi m6 ag imin peileinn6.
b Ar 6irigh tf go luath ar maidin? Question: Ar bhuaigh sibh?
c Ar 6l ti uiscebeathariamh? Response Bhuaigh.
d Ar thiinig Sdamasf6s?
e An bhfuair tri an seicf6s? o (tagann)Td Siobh6nanseoanois.
f An ndearnatri dearmadar an leabhar? si le Diarmaid?
I An ndeachaighti go Luimneachinn6?
(imionn)Nior fhan muid r6dh6anachar6ir.
Insertthe appropriateforms of feiceann: sibh roimh mhe6noiche?
o An - tti Pidraig Ie danai?
Bhi sanseoinn6. (faigheann)Beidh 16breitheShe6inann amdrach.
b An bhfacatri Miire agusSiobh5n? An - tri bronntanas do?
Ni - m6 duine ar bith.
d (d6anann)Ni fheicim mo scdth fearthainne in 6it ar bith.
Cuir Nuala i gcompar,iid le hEoghan (cotnpareNuala's and - - tri dearmadair aris?
Eoghan'sday\. Changethe verbsto the past tense. _, is d6cha.
Example (6irionn)- Nuala ag a seachta chlog ach
- - Eoghan go dti leath i ndiaidh a seacht.(Nzala
(getsup) dt seueno'cloch but Eoghan (doesn't)get up until
half past seuen.)This becomes:D'irigh Nuala ag a seachta
chlog ach nior 6irigh Eoghango dti leath i ndiaidh a seacht.

zoo Untt 13 Nl fhocomGtholetomoll 20I

 Testyourself
1 Make short conversations like the following:

An ndeochoight0 chuigon toispedntosinnC?

Chuoigh.
Ar thoitin sCleot?
14
Thoitin. Td m6 og foghloim
Goeilgele dh6 bhliqinonuos
e tqispedntos exhibition
I hovebeenleorning
Now use these:
q diosc6 c an llacht (lecture) Irishfor the posttwo yeors
b ag si6l lwalking) d an cluiche peile \football match)

2 Join up these to make complete utterances and then match In thisunityouwillleornhowto

each with one of the functions listed . Talkabout yout ptogressin learning Irish
. Copewhen you are stuck for a word, or when people
A r m hait h leat - dul abhailc. talk too quickly
T6 6thas orm - post a fhdil.
Td fonn orm - bualadh leat'
Ba mhaith liom - teacht linn? Here are someconyersationsbetweenIrish speakers(Gaeilgeoiri)
and peoplewho are learningthe language(foghlaimeoiri).
c expressing inclination C lnvltrng
b responsewhen introduced to d expressing desire
someone
Diologue1
Say where you (pl.) went. (n
Goeilgeoir ConostOog iri leotso Ghoeilge?
F
Chuamar
N.
Foghloimeoir Reosfntomoith,ocht6 s6moll go leor.
o Pdras (J Goeilgeoir C6nfhod otd t0 d foghloim?
b An Fhrainc Foghloimeoir Ledhdbhiioinonuos.
c Sasana Goeilgeoir CodCon rud is deocroso Ghoeilge?
d An Sp6inn Foghloimeoir Tdon litri! deocoirgo leorogust6 on seimhio
e Gaillimh oguson t-ur! meosorthodeocoirfreisin.
(Contd)

Unit 14 T6 m6 og foghlolmGdellgele dh6 bhllolnonuos 20 l

 Goeilgeoir AguscodCon rudisfusq? Trueor folse?
Foghloimeoir Niloonrudon-fhurosto,
i nd6irire.
Bionnort oibri! o Td an foghlaimeoirmi-shdsta(dissatkfed)leis an gcrirsa.
go dionchunteongoo fhoghloim. b Bionnan mfinteoir c6annalsame)ag an bhfoghlaimeoir an
t-am ar fad bll tbe time\.

ros0nto,meosortho fairly
Cenfhod otd t! d foghloim? Howlongorcyou leorningit?
6 le dh6 bhlioin(f) onuos for thepost twoyeors Diologue3
Cod 6 on rud is deqcro/fuso? Whotis the mostdifficult/eosything?
9 litri0 (m) spelling Foghloimeoir T6s6go bre6or moidin.
f 90 dion noto Goeilgeoir Ta,och ni fCidirbheithog brothoir.Tdceobhr6n
o furosto eosy f6groithei gcomhoir on trathnono.
Bionnort... Youhoveto ... Foghlaimeoir Tdbrdnorm.Niorthuig m6 Csin.Cqdt6 f6groithe?
chunteongo(f) o fhoghloim in orderto leorna Ionguage Goeilgeoir Ceobh16n.
Foghloimeoir Cenrud6 sinT
Trueor folse? Goeilgeoir Ni bhionnschomhtrom le bdisteqch. Mist on
o Tii an drrineseo ag foghlaim Gaeilgele bliain anuas. focolB6orlooir.
b Tri ag 6iri go maith leis sa Ghaeilge.

Ni f6idir bheithog broth oir. Youcan't dependon it.

f6groithe onnounced, predicted
Diologue2 nior thuig me I didn't understond e
chomhtrom le heavyas
Goeilgeoir Conostd on c0rsoog teochtor oghoidh?
ci
o Foghloimeoir Gohon-mhoith. Tdm6 on-sasto leis. Qustion
tti Goeilgeoir CCnm[inteoirotdogot? C6n rud nir thuig an foghlairneoir?
E
F Foghloimeoir Bionnbeirtmh0rnteoiriogornn.ls 6 Sedn0 N6rllo
bhionnogoinnor moidinogusisi CoitlinNi Bhrioin
o
^t
u o bhionnogoinntor 6is16in.
6oeilgeoir T6neortGoeilgeogot.Tdt0 og deonomhgo SomeusefulDhroses
hon'mholth.
Conoso deireonnt0 ... os Goeilge?Howdo you soy... in lrish? a
Conoso litrionntti ...? Howdoyou spell...? (,
og teocht or oghoidh comingolong,progrcssing Cod6 on Ghoeilgeqr ...? Whatis the lrishfor ...? 9
!
neort plenty(lit. strength) Cqd6 qn focolGoeilgeor ...? Whotis the lrishwordfor ...? t
og donomhgo hon-mhoith doing verywell An bhf6odf6lobhoirtniosmoille? Couldyou speokmoreslowly? al

204 Unit14 T6m6 og foghloimGoeilge

l dh6bhlioindnuos 2OS
 An bhf6odf6 6 sin o 16oris?
An bhf6odf6 6 d 1690 mqll?
An bhfuil Goeilgeogot?
Tri beog6nGoeilgeogom.
Nil och beog6n6oeilgeogom.
Lobhronnsiod r6thopo.
Tuigimrudoi6irithe.
Ni thuigim thi/6 sin.
Tuigimonois.
Couldyou soythat og1in?
Couldyou sayit slowly?
Doyou know(lit. hove)Itish?
I knowsomeIrish.
I onlyknowsomeIrish.
Theyspeoktoo fast.
I unde$tandcertointhings.
I don't understandyou/that.
I understondnow.
How I leorntIrish
., CD2, TR 5, 1:08
Tri m6 ag foghlaim GaeilgeIe beagnachtri bliana anuas.Rinne
rne cdrsa de chuid Ghael Linn ar dtLisi mBaile Atha Cliath. agus
d'irigh go maith liom ansin.'Tris maith leath na hoibre', mar a
deir an seanfhocal.Ina theanntasin chaith m coicis ar chfrsa sa
(ihaeltacht anuraidh. Is iad na rudai is m6 a thaitnionn liom n6
l6itheoireacht, bheith ag fEachaint ar fhist6ipeanna agus pdirt a
ehlacadhi ndrimai.

Someodvice crirsode chuid a courseorganizedby

'T0s(m) moith leoth (m) no 'A goodbeginning (is)halfthe
Moc l6inn Cod6 on tsli is feorrchunstoideoro dh6onomhor hoibre(f).' work.' d

theongo? ino theonntosin alongwiththot (i dteonntd= 9

L6ocht6ir Tdrudoi6iritheniostdbhochtoind rudoieile.Td accompanying) U
cruinneostdbhochtochoch is i on liofochton rud is is iod no rudoi (m) ... nd.
p6irt (f) o ghlocodh
Thethings... namely.
tokingpott, to tokepaft
a
tdbhochtoi.Is 6 on rud is tdbhochtoior fod,b'fheidir,
n6 on storfocol.Murobhfuilfocoilqr eolosoqot ni og fochointar fhist6ipeonno wotchingvideos
feidirleot m6rano rd.
Questions
o C6 mh6ad ama a chaith an foghlaimeoir seo sa Ghaeltacht?
sli (f) woy,method b C6ard iad na rudai is m6 a thaitnionn leis?
stqid6or(m) o dh6onomhor to study
o tdbhochtoch importont
cruinneos(m) accurocy(ctuinn accurate)
st6r (m) focol(m) vocobulory(lit.storeof wods\ Grommor
C'
t6 or eolos(m) og knows
muro if not 1 HOW TO SAY'THE EASIESTTHING" 'THEMOST
DIFFICULTTHING', ETC.
Qu es t ions
o An aontaionn tusa leis an gcomhairleseo?(aontaionnle = Thesebecometbe thing wbich is most easyldifficulrin Irish:
agreeswith)
b Cad 6 an tsli is fearr chun teangaa fhoghlaim, dar leatsa? furasta easy an rud is fusa tbe easiestthing
deacair difficub an rud is deacratbe mostdifficub
thtng

zo6 Unit 14 T6 m6 og foghlolmGdellgele dhd bhlioinonuos 2O7

 The copula form is can meanettheris or which rs accordingto Is 6 an rud is fear liom ni lui What I lihe bestis to lie under
context.Comparethese: faoin ngrian. the sun.
Is 6 an tsli is fearr liom teangaa My fauouriteuay of learninga
Isdeacair6adh6anamh. It is difficuh to do it. (6 = it) {hoghlaim ni bheith ag languageis listening to. CDs
Sin an rud is deacraa Thatis tbemostdifficuhthing 6isteachtle t6ipeanna. llit. to be listeningl
dh6anamh. to do,
3 TA ORM/BrONNORM(I MUST,I HAVE TO)
For the specialadjectivalforms neededhererecallthat the most
commonprocedureis to add e (which makesa broad consonant -lA ar (has tol refersto the momentof speakingalone:
slender).Adjectivesendingin a vowel are not usuallyaffected.
Ti orm dul abhaile. I haue to go home (notu).
Insight Ti orthu imeacht. They haue to leaue (now),
The most common adjectives tend to be irregular:
Bionn ar refersto recurrentsituations,
scor cheop sin on ceqnn is sooire. Ihat is the cheopestone.
ddot dear dooire. deorest. Bionn orm 6iri go luath. I haue to get up ea y (always).
deosnire deise. nicest. Bionn orm m6r6n staid6ira I haveto do a lot of study.
moith good feqrr. best. dh6anamh.
dono bad meoso. worst. Bionn orthu fanacht istigh san They baue to suy in at night.
m6r big m6. biggest. oiche.
beog smal/ 10. smallest.
fodo long foide. longest. The past tenseis bhi r lhad to):
georr short giorro. shortest.
Bhi orm bheith istigh go luath. I had to be in early,
215 E ... NA Bhi orainn dul abhaile. We had to so bome.

Is is pronouncedish
Note the constructionof thesesentences. 4 ANOTHERUSEOF IS
before6, i, iad, ea:
You learnt in Unit 2 that is can be usedto classifya personby
Is 6 an rud a chonaicm n6 What I saw was a borse, occupationor nationality,e.g.Is mriinteoiri M6ire (Mary is a
capall. teacber). lt can alsobe usedto identify who fulfills a particular
Is 6 an duine a bhi ag caint liom The personwho uas talhing to rcle, e.g.Mary is thelmy teacher.The order of words will then be:
n6 Liam. me was Liam. Is + pronoun referringto person+ person'sname+ role:

This constructioncan also be usedto expresspreferences: Is i Miire an mriinteoirceoil. Mary is tbe musicteacher
Is i Niamh an mriinteoir Niamh is the Frencbteacber.
Is 6 an sp6rt is fear liom n6 peil. The sport I like bestis football. Fraincise.
Is 6 an ceol is fear liom n6 jazz. The musicI like bestis iazz.

208 Unlt 14 T6 m qg foghlolmGoeilglGdh6 bhliolnonuo. 2O9

 Ni hi M6ire an mriinteoir Mant is not the French teacber. The vowelsof mo and do are droppedbeforea vowel, as usual:
Fraincise.
Is 6 Brian an mriinteoirstaire. Brian is tbe history teacber. Nil siaddo m'ioc. They dren't pdying me.
Is 6 Se6nan miinteoir a bh(onn Sednis our teacherin the An bbfuil siad do d'ioc? Are they paying you?
againnar maidin. morning.
Ba 6 Liam an mriinteoir sp6irt. Liam was the sports teacher. Notice that i is followed by whatevermutation is requiredby the
genderof the noun. Compare:
5 PRONOU'VsA5 OB]ECTOF THE VERBALNOUN
Masculine T6 m6 ag danarnhciste. I am making a cake.
The oblect of the verbalnoun comesimmediatelyafter it, and is noun
put in the genitivecaseif it has one: (i + lenition) T5 m6 d dhanamh. I am making it.
Feminine Td m6 ag foghlaim Gaeilge. I am leaming lrish.
T6 siad ag ceannachti. They are buying a house. noun
(teach(m) Dozse) (no lenition) T6 m 6 foghlaim. I am learning it.
Plural T6 m6 ag ceannach6ll. I am buying apples.
However,if you want to say they are buying it it is not possible noun
simply to put the pronoun 6 it after the verbal noun. Instead (6 + eclipsis) T6 m6 5 gceannach. I am buying them,
do + possessive pronoul is put beforethe verbal noun (and the
construdion meanstbe! are to its buyingl In this last example,6ll (applelis the basicform with plural
meaningin this particularconstruction(andtraditionally called
T6 siad d6 cheannach. They are buying it. genitiveplural in this context).The sentenceliterally means'l am
ldf = do + e his, itsl at the buying of apples'.You will meetthis againin Unit r7.

The fused form di from do + a is commonly reducedto 6 in speech 6 HOW TO SAY 'I KNOW'
and this shortenedform is now given preferencein the Official
Standard.We useit here. r, CD2,TR 5, 1:52

The full set of pronoun objectsmay convenientlybe shownwith A numberof differentexpressionsare used,one for knowing a
the verbal noun cri annoying. personand othersfor knowing a languageor a point of information.

T6 siad do mo chri. Theyare annoyingme, T6 aithneagamar She6n. I knoralohn. (lit. I haue

T{ siad do do chr6. They are annoyingyou. acquaintanceon lohn)
T6 siad 6 chr6. They are annoyingbim. lit = do + al Td eolasagamar chrirsaidli. I knou.tsomethingaboat legal
Ti siad 6 cr6. They are annoyingher. (6 = do + al matters. (lit. I baue information
T6 siad d6r gcr6. They are annoying rs. (d6r = do + ir) on legal mattersl
Ti siad do bhur gcr6. They are annoying you, T6 Gaeilgeagam. I hnou.'(lit. hauellrish.
Ti siad 5 gcr6. Theyare annoyingtbem. lit = do + al Td a fhios agamfaoi sin. I hnoutabout that.

zIo Unit14 Td m6 og foghlolmGoeilgele dh6 bhllolnonuos 2II

 Td a fhiossin agam. I knou that. c C6 acu an ceann is saoire/isdaoire?
T6 ssin ar eolasagam, I am auare of that. llit. I haue Is d rothar _ an ceann is _
that on knowledge) ls e rothar - an ceann is -.

as in this example:
Transformthe sentences
T6 s6eo deas Sin an ceannis deise.It is nice --+That is the
-
Proctice nicestone,
o T6 s6 go maith. c T6 s6furasta.
1 o C6 acu an line is faide/isgiorra? b T6 s6 go dona. d T6 s6deacair.

Llsingn6. Cuir iad seo san ord ceart.

o an rud / a cheannaighm6 / nd / Is 6 / gfna dearg
b Tomi s/Is6l n5, l achonaic m 6/ an duine
c is fearr liom / an teanga/ nd / Is i / an Ghaeilge
Is fiorlni fior?
Is i lineA an ceannis faide.Is i line B an ceannis giorra. Complete the dialogues:
b C6 acu an ceannis m6/is hi? s
q!
Goeilgeoir An bhfuilm6rdn6oeilgeogot? ut
Foghloimeoir (islearningIrish\ c
F
Goeilgeoir C6nfhodot6 t0 d foghloim?
b .f
Foghloimeoir (six monthsl o
(J
Goeilgeoir a^^d< tA
^^
6ni l o^t1

Foghloimeoir (verywell)
b
Goeilgeoir (askshow learneris getting on)
Foghloimeoir (fairlywell- hasa little lrish)
Is i cearn6g_ an ceann ls Goeilgeoir (askswhat learnetfinds most difficult)
Is i cearn6g_
Foghloimeoir (spellingfai y difficult; vocabularyolso\
an ceann is
Goeilgeoir (askswho the teacheris)
Foghloimeoir (NualaNi Bhrioinin the mornings;SeamasO
Cathailin the aftemoonsl

5 Criochnaigh na habairti seo lcomplcte these sentences)i

Is 6 an tsli is fearr chun:
o focail a {hoghlaim nd ...
280 290 b liofacht a fhSil nd ...

212 Unit14 T6m6og foghlaimGoeilge

le dh6bhlidinonuos 2I3
 C Gaeilgea fhoghlaimn6 ... 8 Self-assessment:
d Gaeilgea chloisintnd ... Conas ti ag 6iri leat?

Go hon-mhoith R6osinto moith Go dono

i bheith ag caint dul chuig an nGaeltacht
i bheith ag 6isteachtle t6ipeanna bheith ag l6arnh Lobhoirt
Tuiscint
6 Bionn orm U haue tol L6omh
Criochnaighna habairti seo: Scriobh
c Nuair a bhionn tuirse orm sa trithn6na, bionn orm ... Gromodoch
b Nuair a bhionn tinneasfiacaileorm, bionn orm ... St6rfocol
c Nuair a bhionn a l6n oibre le ddanamhagam,bionn orm .., Fuoimni0
d Nuair nachmbionn pingin agam,bionn orm ...
e Nuair a bhionn deacrachtaiagamleis an riomhaire,bionn lobhoirt speaking
orm,.. st6r focdl vocabulary
fuoimni0 pronunciation
dul chuig on bhfidcl6ir iosochtairgid o fhdil 16os0nto reasonably
dul c chodlodhgo luoth fonocht son oifig donoch
cobhqir q fh6il

Testyourself
deocrdcht (f) difficulty
riomhoire(m) computel This is an extract from a brochure on Irish courses.To whom are
cobhoir (f) help thesecoursesof interest?
o l6n a lot (of)
Crirsa Coicise do Mhriinteoiri Bunscoile/Meinscoile
Transformthe sentences below, following this example: l(il zo-3t 1993
T6 m6 ag d6anaurhciste (m) -.' T6 m6 i dhanamh.
o T5 m6 ag ceannachan nuachtiin (m) -- T6 m6 -. Crirsa d'Fhoghlaimeoiri Gaeilge6 Thiortha Eile
b T6 m6 ag dEanamhsuibhe(f) -- T6 m6 -. l.6'ilt7 - Ltnasa 14 1993
c Td m6 ag cur bronntanais(m) sa phost T6 mE
- Br6isiriir agusEolasle f6il 6:
sa Pnost.
d T6 m6 ag cur litreach(f) saphost -- Ti m6 - saphost. fuas Mh6irtin Ui Chadhain,
e T6 m6 ag foghlaim focal nua -- Tri m6 -. An Cheathrd Rua,
f Tri m6 ag diol Ieabhar'- T6 m -. Co. na Gaillimhe
o9t-9 5tor.l95o38Facs:o9r-95o4r
subh (f) jom
og diol leobhor sellingbooks
(Frorz:Saol,Aibre6n,ry9zl
bronntqnos ptesent
og foghloim focol learningwotds

zr4 unit 14 T6 m og foghlolmGoeilgelc dhd bhliolnonuo! 2I 5

 15
t69odh ... m6. I wosbroughtup.
Is onn' It's there. o
d'fhreostoilt! or on ollscoil(f) you attendeduniversity
C6nch6im(f) o bhoint! omoch? Whotdegreedid you obtain?
I wasawordedo BA. o
BronnodhBA orm.

Questions
o C6 rugadhEibhlinaguscdr t6gadhi?
Rugodhi gcorcoighm6 b Cathaina bronnadha BA uirthi?

I wosbornin Cork
2
Diologue
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Describepast events,includingpeople's life histories A ga:.da\policemaz) questions a woman whose garden shed has
beenbroken into.
Rugodhm6. I wosborn. rO
I wIs broughtup. Gordo CCnt-om o thit sCseoomoch? Y
, T69odhm6. o
s D'fhreostoilm6 or .-. I ottended... Beon Timpeollohoono chlogor moidin. o
I wasawardeda degree Gordo Conoso thug t0 fooi deoro6? d
Bronnodhceimorm. 4
Beon Chuolom6 916romuighsoghoirdinoguschuoighm6 sios F
on stoighre. a\i
o
tJ
Gordo C6mheodocuo bhi onn?
Diologue1 Beon ChonoicmCbeirt,och ni fhocom i gceortiod.Bhis6dubh
corcno.
This is part of an interviewfor a job in Raidi6 na Gaeltachta. Gordo Ar lost0 on solos?
The applicant,Eibhlin, is beingaskedabout her childhoodand Beon Lqs.D imighsiodleoonsin.
education. Gordo Ar goideodhm6rdn?
Beon Niorgoideodh oonrud,ochbriseodhfuinneog.
ro
c Ceist Codos duit? Gordo An ndeornodhdomAisteor bith eile?
F Beon Ni dheornodh.oo bhflosdom.
Eibhlin Rugodhi gcorcoighm6 ocht6godhi Luimneochm.
r{
o
rJ
Is onn o chuqighme or scoll.
Ceist Agusd'fhreostoilt0 or qn ollscoili Luimneoch,
noch
ndeornq? C6nt-dm (m) q thit s seo Whot time did thishappen?
Eibhlin D'fhreostoil. omoch?
Ceist CCncheimo bhoint0 omoch? Conoso thug t0 fooi deoro 6? Howdid you noticeit? 9
Eibhlin Bronnodh BAormtri bliqno6 shln. 916r(m) a sound l
sioson stoighre(m) downstoirs o

z r5 t nit 15 Rugodhi gcorcoighme ZI7

 C6 mh6od ocu? Howmany of them? sa bhliain r 828. Tugadhsaoirseioml6n do Chaitlicighsa bhliain
i gceort properly r829. Cailleadhan Conallachin 1847.Bhi ciil air ar fud na
Bhi s6 dubh dorcho. It wasreally dork.(lit. black dark) hEorpafaoin am sin.
Ar las t0 on solos? Didyou put on the light?
D'imlgh slod leo onsin. Theyclearedoff then. Daniel O Connelluas from Kerry. He utasborn in the year r775.
Ar goideodh m6nin? Wasmuchstolen? Tbe O Connells uere ueabhy people. Daniel uent to u?tiuersity
briseodhfulnneog o window wasbroken and took a degreein laut. He uas called to tbe bar (lit. made an
dom6lste oamage aduocate),He becameinuolued in politics later. He utasagainst the
go bhfios dom to my knowledge(lit. osfar os Act of Union, and u.'orkedhard to achieueCatbolicEmancipation.
knowledgeto mel He was electedto Westminsterin the year 1828.Completefteedom
wasgiuento Catholicsin t829. O Connelldied,in t847. He was
Questions famousthroughoutEurope by that time.
o C6arda rinne an bheannuair a chualasi na gadaithe?(gadai=
a thieq EAMONNDE yALERA
b C6arda ghoid siad?
c An ndearnasiad aon dam6iste? 'o CDz,TR 5, 2:38

(Born in New York of lrkh-.Spanish parentage,matbematician

and politician, Taoiseach(PrimeMinister)for twenty-twoyears,
Twoitemsof history Presidentfrom t959 to r97j.)

Theseare brief accountsof the livesof two famousIrishmen.Try
readingthesein conjunctionwith the grammarsectionbefore
looking at the translationsthat follow them.
DoNALL 6 OoNAILL
o CD2,TR 5, 1:35
(Daniel O Connell, the Liberator, whose campaign for Catholic
Emancipationled to legklation at Westninsterin 1829.)
B'asCiarrai 6 D6nalt O Conaill. Rugadh6 sa bhliain seachtd6ag
seacht6a cdig (1775).Ba dhaoinesaibhreiad muintir Ui Chonaill.
ChuaighD6nall ar an ollscoil,agusbhain s6amachc6im dli.
Rinneadhabhc6idede. Chuaighs6le polaitiocht nios d6anai.
Bhi s6i gcoinneAcht an Aontais,agusd'oibrigh s6go dian chun
saoirsena gCaitliceacha bhaint amach.Toghadh6 go Westminster
Saolaiodhi Nua-Eabhrac6 sa bhliain 1882. Ba Sodinneach6 a
athair.B'Eireannach i a mhiLthair. Tugadhgo hEirinn6 nuaira
bhi s6an-6g,agust6gadh 6 i dteacha sheanmh6thari gContae
Luimnigh. Bhain samachcim sa mhatamaitic,agusceapadhina
ollamhi. Chlacs6p6in th5bhachtach in Ehi Amachna bliana
r9r6. BunaiodhSaorstit Eireanni rgzz agusas sin amachbhi de
Valerachun tosaighi bpolaitiochtna tire. Bhi s6ina Thaoiseach
ar feadhbreisis fiche bliain, idir r93z agus1959.Toghadhina
Uachtardnansin6. Fuairs6b6si 1975.
He was born in Neu York in the year 1882. His fatber uas
Spanish. His mother uas lrish. He was brought to beland u.,hen
lery young and brougbt up in bis grandmother'shousein Co,
Limerick, He obtaineda degreein mathematicsand,wasappointed
a professor.He tooh an importaflt part in the r9r6 Rising.
The lrisb FreeStatewasfoundedin rgzz and from tben on d.e
Valerautasto tbe forefront in tbe politics of tbe country.He was

zr8 Unlt 15 Rugodh| gco.colghne ZI9

 Taoiseach(Prime Minktel fol more than lenty years, between The last sentenceherecould also be:
19jz and ry59. He was tben electedPresident.He died in t975.
Fuair s6b6sanuraidh (Iit. He got deatbl

Type z verbshave-iodh insteadof -adh (rememberthat they also

Grommqr have-onn for -ann in the presenttense):

1 THEPASTPASSIVE
FORMOFTHEVERB bunaionn founds Bunaiodhin r r 5o ,
It uas foundedin r r 5o.
Thepassive (i.e.that formwhichdoesnot specifythedoerof the Saolaiodhin Albain 6.
action)endsin -adhin thepasttense(or -eadhif thepreceding He utas bom in Scotland.
vowelis i or e).You arerecommended to pronounce this-adhas
-uv,with a weakvowel.Thereis no lenitionfor regularverbs. Insight
Herearesomeexamoles: Sooloiodhis a commonalternativeto tugodh.

rt CD2,TR 6, 3:37 2 THE PASSIVEIN IRISH AND ENGLTSH

bronnann awards Bronnadh duais orm. An important differencebetweenthe useof the passivein Irish
I utasautardeda pize. and in Englishis that it is not usualto indicatean agentwith
t6gann raises,builds T6gadh i rgoo . It uas built in r9oo. passiveverbal forms in Irish. If you want to sayby whom
ceapann appoints Ceapadhstiirth6ir nua. somethingwas done you must usean activesentenceinstead.
A new director uas appointed. Comoarethese:
d6anann does Rinneadh go maith 6.
It uas done well. Dioladh an teachsin inn. Thdt house u.,assold yesterday,
goideann steals Goideadhmo rothar. Cheannaighcara dom 6. A friend of mine bougbt it.
My bicycle u.,asstolen. Cara dom a cheannaigh6. It's a friend of mine uho
briseann breaks Briseadhan fhuinneog. bought it,
The window uas brokea.
casannar meets Casadhorm 6 uair amhiin. As the secondsentencespecifieswho did the buying it isn't
I met him once. possibleto useceanniodh luas boughtl.The secondof the two
Irish versionswill normally be preferred,as the identity of the
The more commonmeaningof ceapannis tEizAs.Threeverbshave buyer is significant.That significanceis conveyedby bringingthe
specialmeaningsin the past passive;theseare beireann(bearsl(with buyer to the beginningof the sentence, and appendingthe rest of
irregular past rug (bore)1,t6gann lrakes, ffis, builds) and cailleann the sentenceto it in the form of a relativeclause(seeUnit 9 and
(loses): section4 of this Unit).

Rugadhin f,irinn m6. I uas bom in Ireland.

Togadh i Sasanam6. I was brought up in England.
Cailleadhanuraidh6. He died last year. (lit. uas lostl

zzo Unlt 15 RugodhI gcorEolghm6 22I

 3 AN?,Ni, AR?,NrORWTTHTHE PASTPASSIVE Chaith m6 bliain i Meirice6. I spent a year in Aftrerica.
Is i Meiriced a chaith m6 bliain' lit. lt's in America that I spent a
The pastpassiveof regularverbsis not subjectto lenition after year (i.e. and ll.otin Britain, for
verbalprefixes(seeUnit r3). Compare: rnstance).
Bliain a chaith m6 i Meirice6. Iit. It's a yeat I sqentin America
Ar ghoid siadrud ar bith? Did they stealanything? (andnot six months).
Nior ghoid. No. llit. Didn't steall Mise a chaith bliain i Meiriced. It's ?neubo spenta year in
America land not my brother,
with for instance).

Ar goideadhrud ar bith? Vas anythingstolen? Here are someother examples:

Nior goideadh. No. llit. wasn't stolenl
Is i Luimneach a t6gadh m6. lit. It's in Limerick I utas reared,
Irregularverbsstandapart. To make up for their irregularityof Is ann a chuaighm ar scoil. lit.It's thereI uent to school.
form, as it were,they usethe samepreverbsin all tenses.Compare
these: This kind of fronting, with or without is, is very comrnonin Irish
and you will meetfurther examplesin latr units.
An nd6antargo minic 6? Is it done often?
Ni dh6antar. No. (lit. isn't done) 5 MOVINGPRONOUNS
AROUND
An ndearnadhaon rud faoi? Wasanythingdone about it?
Ni dhearnadh. No. (bt, wasn't done) Whenthe object of a verb is a pronoun thereis a tendencyfor that
pronoun to comat the end of the sentence(providedthe sentence
Thesesimplifiedforms are usedin Munster: is fairly short).This freedomof position doesnot extendto nouns
(exceptby meansof the fronting just describedin section4):
Ar deineadh aon damdiste? Was any damage done?
Nior deineadh. No. lIit. utasn't done) RugadhSe6ni Meiriced. Sednuas born in America.
Rugadh6 i Meiricei. He uas born in America.
4 USIN6 THE FRONTOF THE SENTENCEFOREMPHASIS
or
The normal word order of Irish is verb-subject--object-adverbs,
e.g.:
Rugadhi Meirice6.
Chaith m bliain i Meirice6\air I sDenta year in Americaonce.
amh6in. T6gadhm i gCorcaigh. I uas brought up in Cork.

Greateremphasismay be placedon somepart of the sentenceby OI

bringing it up to the front, in which caseit is often precededby is.
The remainderof the sentenceis then turned into a relativeclause, T6gadhi gCorcaighm6.
and a lcausinglenition) is placedbeforethe verb. Comparethese:

Unlt 15 Rugddhlgcorcolghrn6 2.21

 5 THE PA,STTENSEOF THE COPULA A USING ACU TO MEAN 'OF THEM'

Ba is usedin the pasttenseinsteadof is. It causeslenition: This is a form of the prepositionag (al). It indicatespossession
in
sentences like (seeUnit 3 ):
Present Is mriinteoir6. He k a teacher,
Past Ba mhriinteoir6. He uas a teacher. T6 teachm6r acu. They hauea big bouse.
Present Is Meiricednach6 a hathair. Her father is American.
Past Ba Mheiricednach6 a hathair. Her fatber uas American. However acu, along with the other plural forms againn and agaibh,
is also usedin countingpeople,as follows:
Ba becomesb' beforea vowel. Rememberthat f is madesilent
by lenition. As the fh is not pronouncedthe word is treatedas duineogoinn oneof us
beginningwith the following vowel: duineogoibh oneofyou
duineocu oneof them
B'Eireannach6. He was lrish. beirt ogdinn twoof us
B'fheirmeoirm6r . He uas a big (i.e.prosperouslfarmer. beirt qgoibh twoof you
beirt ocu two of them
When placedbeforean adjectiveba is more likely to meanuould.
Compare: The other personalnumberscan also be usedhere,i.e. ti6r lthree
people),ceathrar(foat peoplel,etc.(seeUnit 4):
Is maith liom cup6ntae ar maidin. I /ike a cup of tea in tbe morning.
Ba mhaith liom cupin tae anois. I uould like a cup of tea nou. You can enquireabout numbersof peopleor things asfollows:
Ba bhre6liom bualadhleo. I'd loue to meet them.
C6 mh6adacu a bhi ann? How many of them werethere?
Ba mhaith and ba bhrei are dealtwith in Unit g. C6 mh6ad acu at6 uait? How matry of tbem do you uant?
C6 mh6ad agaibh a chuaigh ann? Hout matry of you uleflt tbere?
7 TRANSLATING'ANY'
9 VERBSWITH PREPOSITIONSOR ADVERBS
There are two ways of sayingany, One is to put aon, literally one,
beforethe word, The other is to put ar bith after it: As you saw in Unit 9 the meaningof certainverbscan be altered,
eithergreatlyor slightly, by addinganotherword:
Ni fhaca m6 aon duine. I didn't seeanybody,
boineonn extracts
or
titednn falls
Ni fhacam6 duine ar bith. imigh 90 away
Nior cheannaighm6 aon rud. I didn't buy anything. tugonn gives
t6dnn 9Oes
or
bqineonnqmoch ochieves
Nior cheannaighm6 rud ar bith. titeqnn omqch hoppens

zz4 Unlt 15 Rugqdhlgcor.qlghtI,,C ZZs

 Imfgh feotl Clearoff!
Bhi an Conallachanseo. O'Connell uas here,
tugonn fool deoro notices
an Brianach O'Brien
t6onn fe devotesoneselfto Fitzgerald
an Gearaltach
10 AR SIUL(UNDERWAY,ON)
For examPle:
This is usedin variousways: Fitzgeruld was electedTaoiseach
Toghadhan Gearaltachina
Thaoiseachi 1982. in 1982.
Cuir an solasar siril. Put tbe light on.
T{ an teilifis ar siril. The teleuision is (suitched) on.
T6 an nuachtar siril. The neus is on (being broadcast),
Cardat6 ar siril? Whaf s up?
Proctice
C6ardat6 ar sidl agat? Wbat are you doing?
Clard at6 ar siril thall ansin? Wbat'sgoing on ouer tbere? Cuir isteach an briathar ceart (choosethe correct uerb from
Nil aon rud ar si6l anseo. Tbere is nothing happening here. tbe list beloul (diolann = sel/s;cuireann sc6alachuig = sezds
word tol.
11 THEVARIOUSUSESOFLE(WITH) o - an fhuinneog.
b - an teach.
You havemetsomeof thesealready: C in Eirinn ach - i Sasanam6.
-
d - mo rothar inn6.
C6 a bhi leat? Who was uitb you? e - sc6alachuige.
Bh( Miire liom. Mdire u.tasutith me. f anuraidh6.
Bhuail m6 le Sedn. I met Sedn. g - stifrth6ir nua.
Beidhm ag caint leat aris. I'll be talking to you again. h - c6imorm sa bhliain1998.
Is maith liom caife. I like coffee. i - an t-ospid6alsa bhliain r9o8.
Is cuma liom faoi. I don't care about it.
coilleodh ceopodh diolodh
Here are someadditionaluseswhich you havemet in this unit: goideddh bundiodh cuireodh
briseodh t6godh
Imigh leat! Go away! rugodh ronnodh
D'imigh s6leis. He cleared off.
Chuaighsi le polaitiocht. Shegot inuolued in politics. 2 Answer the following questionsin the negative(chucu
Chuaighsle dli. He beganstudying laut. to theml:
Ollamh le dli. A professor of law. c Ar goideadhrud ar bith? Nior
b fu briseadhrud ar bith?
12 ADDING .ACH TO SURNAMES c Ar ceapadhaon duine sa phost?
d Ar dioladh an teachsin f6s?
The usualway of referringto somebodyby surnameis to make an e Ar cuireadhscEalachucu?
ordinary noun of the nameby addingach. f An ndearnadhaon rud faoi?
z26
Unh 15 RugqdhI gco|tolgh n# 227
 3 Cuir iad seosan ord ceart: d Cathaina rugadh Picasso?
o Meirice6/is / m6 /bliain /a /i /chaith/ b Cathaina cuireadhna N6isiriin Aontaithear bun?
b t6gadh la lgCorcaigh lml I is lil C Cathaina fuair Chaucerbis?
C mt la lchuaigh li lar /nGaillimh /scoil /is
d in /m6 /a /rugadh /is /Eirinn oontoithe united
G is /a /inn6 /chucu/sc6ala/cuireadh
cuireqnnor bun founds
fdigheonn bds dies
Replacethe emboldenedwords with a pronoun: deorth6lr designer
Example:RugadhPeadari Sasana. - Rugadh6 i Sasanaor cumod6ir composel
Rugadhi Sasana6. neomhsPle6chos independence
o T6gadhSin6adi nGaillimh. uochtor6n prcsident
b CailleadhSeananuraidh.
c CeapadhDiarmaid ina stirirth6ir cfpla mi 6 shin. 5 Cuir iad seosan aimsir chaite (changetheseto the past tense)
d Dioladh an teachle ddanai. lar fad = indeed herel;
e Briseadhan fhuinneogar maidin. o Is garda6.
b Is Eireannachi.
Here is an extrad from a newspapershowingeventsthat c Isdochtdir6aathair,
occurredon ceftain datesin the past (24125October): d Is feirmeoirm6r a uncail.
e Is beanan-deasar fad i.
24
7a Cuir ceisteannaleis na freagrai seo (/tnd questionsfot
r945 Cuireadhna N6isi6in Aontaithe ar
theseansuersl;
bun.
r957 Fuair an deanh6ir Christian Dior Example:T6 trifr againnag dul go Corcaigh.- C6 mh6ad
b6s. agaibhat, ag dul go Corcaigh?
ry67 Bhan Zambia neamhspledchas i T6 beirt againnag dul ann.
amachagustoghadhKenneth ll Ti duine acu ag teachtinniu.
Kaunda mar Uachtardnna tire. ill Ti criigearacu ann.
z5
r4oo Fuair Geoftey Chaucerbds. Freagair na ceisteannaseo.The mrmber of people is
r8z5 Rugadhan cumad6irJohann indicated in brackets.
Straussi Vin. i C mhdadacu a thiinig? (2.)
r88r Rugadh Pablo Picassoi Malaga.
li C6 mh6adagaibhati ag imeachtanois?(4)
r95r Cuireadhan iris PriuateLiues r
gcl6 den ch6aduair riamh.
ill C6 mh6adacu atd anseoanois?(5)

8 Complete thesesentenceswith the correct words from the box

that follows:
lFrom: Anois, r9-zo DeireadhF6mhair, r99rl q Bhain m6 c6im .
-
b Imigh - .

2.28 Unft t5 RugodhI gco.qlghme 229

 c T6anns6
d Ar thit aon rud _ Testyourself:
Comprehension
e Thug m6 6 sin - .
f Cadt6-? ro CD2,TR 6, 4:25
g Is cuma
RugadhJamesJoycear an dara 16de Mhi Feabhra,r882. D'fhdg
liom omoch li fooi deoro or siul leot omoch s6BaileAtha Cliath sa bhliain r9oz. Chaith san chuid is m6 di
shaolthar lear agusnior th6inig s6ar ais ach cfpla uair' Bhi breis
is zoo seoladhaigei rith a shaoil,ach chaith s6tr6imhsifada i
dtri 6it. Siniad Trieste(r9o4-r9r5), Ziirich (r9r5-r9zo) agus
P6ras(r9zo-r919). Fuair s6bis i Ziirich i r94r aguscuireadh
S6amasO Sriilleabh6in ann . Scr(obhs6m6rin leabhar,ina meascleabhargearrscalta
b. r968 Ennls lDublinersl, tri lrsc'al (A Portrait of the Artist ds d Young Man,
r97o-r99o Limeick ulyssesagnsFinnegan'sWakel, drdma agusroinnt filiochta. Th6g
father Irish; mother English s6seachtmblianadtag Finnegan'sWakea sciobh. Td an t-drsc6al
Qualifications:BSc(Chemistry) sin an-chasta.Ni bhfuair s6m6r6n airgid asna leabhair.Dd bhri
Universityof Limerick r99o sin bhi fadhbannaairgid aigei gc6nai.Foilsiodhan leabharc6ili6il
Work experienceindustrial chemistNew York r99o-92 Ulyssesar a16breithesa bhliain r9zz. Cuireadhcoscat i Meirice6
go dti ryy agussa Bhreataingo dti ry74. Nior cuireadhcosc
Is tusa S6amas.Carda deireannni? riamh air in f,irinn, ach ni raibh s6ar f6il i m6r6n siopai.T6 s6ar
- m6 sa bhliain 1968 in Inis ach- m i Luimneach. fdil ar fud an domhainanois. lfrom MahoganyGaspipe(abidgedl,
Ba _ 6 m'athair agus_ Shasanach i mo _. Bord na Gaeilge)
Bhain m6 - c6im sa cheimicin Ollscoil Luimnigh sa
r99o. Chuaighm6 go Nua Eabhracagus_ thor leor overseos
m6 dh6 bhliain ag obair - cheimiceoir.Nior thaitin s breisis morcthan
_ agus _ me ar ars anseo. la conal orm I i rith during
anoisagustaitnionn s6go m6r liom. t16imhse period
cuireodh wasbu ed
If you needhelp hereare the missingwords but in jumbledorder: georrsceql shottstory
Th6g s6 It took
bo omoch rugodh mqr Corcoigh t6godh rirsc6ol novel
Eireonnochblioin thdinig mothoir liom costo complicated
fqdhb problen, difficulty
foilsionn publishes
Cuireodhcoscoir. It wasbanned.
or foil available
domhon wono

210 Unlt 15 Rugodhi gcorcolEhm6 23I

 16
c Lion isteachan achoimre(summary\seoar shaolJamesJoyce:

Rugadh6 i - sa_ 1882.

Foilsiodh Ulsses sa bhliain - .
Cuireadhcoscair i _ agussa_ -
-Joyce-iZiirich.
Nl"r ---- ..* * Ubr.rr i" fi.ioo.

Can you guesswhat irsc6al li'reans? Leonort leothmhile

JamesJoyce ag cainu Tar 6is an t6acsthuas a l6amh aris, goingholfo mile
Keep
lion isteachna bearnai sa chultas gairid seoina bhfuil James
Joyce ag caint faoina shaol (after reading tbe text aboueagain,
conplete the follou.'ing shon text uthereJamesJoyce talks In thisunityouwillleornhowto
about his lifelt . Askand understanddirections
. Indicate proximityand distance
- m6 sa bhliain r88z i mBaileAtha Cliath. - m6 an
tir i r9oz, agus_ m tr6imhse in Trieste, i bPiras agusin
Ziirich. - m filiocht, dr6ma aguscfpla leabhar. - CAbhfull...? Whercis ...?
m6 17 mbliana ag scriobh Finnegan's Wake. - U/yssessa Leqnort/orogholdh. Keepgoing.
bhliain r9zz. Cuireadhcoscair i Meirice6agussa Bhreatain Teighsioson b6thorsin. Go down this road.
ar dtft ach - in Eirinn air. Ba - liom leagan or deis/arcl6 on the righ on the left
Gaeilgea fheiceriil ld 6igin. Cosfool chl/fooidheis. Tumlefu ght.
N6 cos. Don't turn.
I leogon nersion

Diologue
1
4

Unh 16 f-Gonoit lcothmhl|F. 2t3

 6obh mo leithsc6ol(m) Excuseme. sin 6 ot6 uoim. That'swhoI want.
C6bhfuilc6noidr...? Wheredoes... live? Youhovegonepastit. ..
Tdtri imithe thoiris.
Ledn ort. Keepgoing.(lit.followon you) T6ighor ois. Gobock. o
a
5 cosfooi chl6 tun left N6 cos. Don'tturn. U
I pioso(m) a bit on ch6odchrosoire(m) the fist crossroods f
o
6 roinnt some i bhfoduoit far from you
e c6n ceonn whichone
on doro ceonn the secondone Question
cuir ceist(f) or enquireof (lit.put a questionon) Looking at the map below, which direction would you take to
6igin some Tomds 6 Ceallaigh'shouse?

Question
Looking at the map below, which direction would you take to
M6irtin O Gallch6ir's house?

Diologue3
Ol
P6droig Gobhmo leithscol.An tusoBeonUi Bhooill? I
Beon Ni mC.T6si ino c6noitrosnoon bhothoir.
An bhfeiceonn
t0 on dorosbuiosdo chomhoiromoch?5inCon teoch. 4
Diologue2 P6droig Go roibhmoith ogot.
F
r{
c, Beqn Tdf6ilte romhot. o
{ Sile Gobhmo leithsceol. Tdme og lorgteochThomdisUi
ct
o Cheolloigh.
ri Beon An mAistirscoile.on eo? trosnoon bh6thoir(m) octosstne road
c
F Sile Is eq.Sin6 otA uoim. An bhfeiceonnt0? Doyou see?
cf Beon T6t0 imithethoiris.T6lghor oison b6thorseooris.N6 cqs yellow o
o bui
u qg on cheodchrosoire. Cosfooi dheis09 on dorocrosoire os do chomhoiromoch oppositeyou
ogusni bheidhsCi bhfoduoitonsin.

234 Unit 16 Leonort leothmhile 2? S

 Question lion fitl
How would you recognize
BeanUi Bhaoill'shouse? An ngloconnsibh le? DoyouocceptT a!
cdrto(m) creidmheoso(m) creditcard
deich mile soir ten mileseast 9
roimhon s6iPol(m) beforethe church l
ct
Diologue4 bi og foire qmochdo be lookingout for
Ol
comhortho(m) b6thoir(m) roadsign
$ Deirdre CdbhfuilOifigonPhoist, ledothoil?
ri Beon Tds6direochtrosnono sr6ide6n seip6ol. Questions
d Deirdre An mbionns,6or oscqiltog om l6in? o An bhfuil an tiomdnaii bhfad6 Leitir Ceanainn?
F d6?
Beon Bionn,chomhfodoogusis eoldom.NilsCibhfoduoit, b C na treorachaa thus an freastalai
o or oonn6s.

Grommor
E direoch trosno directlyacross
B or oscdilt open 1 6IVING DIRECTIONSAND INSTRUCTIONS
J chomhfodo ogusis eol dom osfar as I know
i bhfod uoit far fromyou Thereare special'imperative'formsof the verb,whichcan be
o or oon n6s anyw0y formedasfollows:

Question Remove the present tense ending -ann from a Type r verb to get
An mbionnOifig an Phoistd(nta the singularform. Add -(a)igi to this to get the plural form.
casann trrrs Cas faoi chl6. Turn left.
Casaigi faoi dheis. Tzrn (pI) right.
dianann does D6an i gceart6. Do it Pro\erly.
Diologue5 Ddanaigiaris . Do (p1)it again.
cuireann Prrls Cuir sa phost e. Put it in the Post.
Ag ceannach peitril. Cuirigi ansin 4.. Put lpl) it there.
leanann follows Lean an carr sin. Follotu that car.
Tlom6noi Ltonsuosl. Leanaigiar aghaidh. (eep goizg (pl)
Freastolci Moith go leor.Tosego hon-bhre6.
I tomonol T6,cinnte.An ngloconnsibhle cartqicreidmheoso? Remove-(a)ionn from the presenttenseof a Type z verb and
Freostdloi Gloconn,gonomhros. add -(a)igh in the singularernd-(a)igi in the plural (note the
I tomonol An bhfuilmCor on mb6thorceortgo LeitirCeonoinn? two (s)
Freostoldi T6.Deichmilesoir6n dit seootd s6.Cosfool chlog tosaiowt begins Tosaigharis. Startagain.
qn gcrosoireroimhon s6ipol.Leonort go moll.Bi og Tosaigiaris. Start \plJ again.
foireomochdonchomhortho bOthoir.

lJnit15 Leonort leothmhile ZZ7

46
 ceannaionn buys Ceannaighceanneile. Buy anotberone. teann Soes T6igh ar ais. Go back,
Ceannaigimilseiin. Buy (pll some Tigi ar aghaidh. Continue\pll on.
stzeets. suionn srts Suighsios. Sitdoun.
Suigiansin. Sit (pl) there.
2 SOME EXPRESSIONS
OF DIRECTION
Type z verbswhich end in -ir, -il, -in, -im do not add -igh:
faoi chl6 to the left Casfaoi chl6.
Turn left. fueagraionn answers Freagairan cheist.
faoi dheis to tberight Casfaoi dheis. Ansuer the question.
Turn rigbt. ceanglaionn ties,binds Ceangaille ch6ileiad.
ar aghaidh ahead Lean ar aghaidh. Tie them together.
Go ahead,continue. seachnaionn auoids Seachain sin.
Direachar aghaidh. Auoid that.
Straigbt ahead. foghlaimionn learns Foghlaimi gcean.
ar ais back T6igh ar ais. Learn it conectly,
Go back.
thaiJis past it mile thairis The plural forms of theseare freagraigi, ceanglaigi' seachnaigi'
a mile beyond it foghlaimigi.
roimhe before it direach roimhe
just before it The verb insionn (rells)is like this:

Direach(direct,straiglr) is also usedas an ordinary adiective, insionn tells Inis an fhirinne. Tell the truth.
e.g.line dhireachla straight line). Insigi d6ibh 6. Tell lpll it to them.

Insight 4 HOW TO SAY 'DON'T'

Theseexpressions
are also useful.
If you want to tell somebodyzol to do somethingyou put n5
or thaobh do fdimhedeise on your right-hondside beforethe imperativeform of the verb. It prefixesh to vowels:
or thoobh do ldimhe cl6 on your left-handside
N6 t6igh suasansin. Don't go up there,
Theseliterally meanon the sideof your right/left hond;as a N6 d6andearmadair. Don't forget it.
resultthe word l6mh is in the genitivecase(correspondingto N6 d6anaigi6 sin aris. Don't lpll do tbat again,
of in English). N6 himigh go f6ill. Don't leaueiust yet,
Ni himigi anois. Don't (pl) leauenou.
3 TWO SPECIALGROUPSOF VERBS

Type r verbswhich end in a vowel, e.g.t6 + ann (goes),sui + onn (slrs)

add -igh in the singularform of the imperativeand -igi in the plural:

z ?8 Unit 16 Leonolt leothmhile Zi)

 Prohibitionsin public noticesusethe passiveform of the present 6 'NEAR' AND 'FAR'
tnse:
Tbe expressions for theseare givenbelow.They involvethe
N6 caiteartobac. No smohing, llit. Let tobacco not prepositionsdo (ro),6 lfroml andle (rzlrD),which combinewith an
be smokedl (rDa)as follows:
N6 dfntar an dorasseo. Let this door not be closed.
do + an -- don + lenition
An.alternativeis to ttsecose(prohibitioz) - with ar (oz), causing 6 + an -' 6n + eclipsis
lem on: le + an -- leis an + eclipsis

Coscar thobac. Tobacco prohibited. (lit. C6ngarachdo (near tol

Probibition on tobaccol
Coscar pheil. Football prohibited. T6 s6c6ngarachdo Bh6alFeirste. It is near to Belfast,
T6 s6c6ngarachdon bhanc. It is near to the bank.
S IRREGULARIMPERATIVEFORMS T6 s6c6ngarachd'oifig an phoist. It is near to the post office.
T6 s6 c6ngarachduit. It is near to yoa.
Someverbsare irregularin the imperative:
ln aicele (next to) llit. in proxirnity uithl
deireann says Abair le Miire 6. Tell it to Mdire,
Abraigi l6i 6. TelI lpll it to her. Ti s6in aicele hoifig an phoist. It is ,text to the post office.
mgann co?ttes Tar isteach. Comein. Ti s6in aiceleis an mbanc. It is near to the bank.
Tagaigi liom. Come lpll with me. T6 s6in aiceleat. It is nearto you.
tugann giues Tabhair d6ibh 6. Giue it to tber,.
Tugaigi dom 6. Giue (pll it to me. I bhfad6 lfar froml (lit. in lengh froml
tA rs Bi ci(in. Be quiet.
Bigi ci6in. Be (pll quiet. Td s6 bhfad 6 Chontaena Mi. lt is far from County Meath.
N6 bi d6na. Don't be naughty. Td s6 bhfad 6n gcol6iste. lt k far from the college.
Nd bigi buartha. Don't be u'oried. T:i s6 bhfad 6n 6it seo. lt is far from this place.
Tri s bhfad uait. lt is far from you.
Bi is usedto give instructionswith the progressiveform of the verb:
7 TRASNA(ACROSS)
Bi ag faire amach don teach. Be on the lookout for the house.
(lit. Be loohing outl This puts a following noun in the genitivecaseif it hasone
Bi ag cabhni liom. Giue me a hand (lit. Be belping (seeUnit 4 for the forms):
nel
Bigi ag lamh tanall. Spmd some time reading. llit. Be an b6thar (ml the road trasna an bh6thair acrossthe road
reading a whilel an tsriid (f) the street trasna na srlide acrossthe street
Ni bi ag caintt Don't be ulking! an fharraige(fl the sea trasna na farraige acrossthe sea
an phiirc lIl the field trasnana olirce acrosstbe field

240 Unit 15 L4onort ledthmh . Z4I

 (OPPOSITE)
8 OSCOMHAIR ,IO MOREABOUT THE VERBALAD'ECTIVE

Thisrequires
thegenitivecaseof nouns(seeUnit 4 for theforms): Correspondingto almost everyverb is an adjectiveformed from it.
Irs formation was describedin Unit 5 Grammar r r. Here are some
os comhair an dorais facing the door (dotas(m) door) examplesof the verbaladjectiveusedwith tri (is);
os comhair an bhainc facing the bank (banc(ml bank)
os cornhair an ts6ip6il facing tbe cburch (sdp6al(m) dianann does
Ti s6d6antacheana.
chapel, church\ It is already done (or it has already been
os comhair na fuinneoige facing the uindou.t (fuinneog (f) donel.
uindoul drinann closes Ti an siopadrinta.
Tbe shop is closed.
It puts a pronoun in the possessive
form, e.g.me becomesmy: scriobhann writes T6 s scriofa anseo.
It is utritten here.
os mo chomhair(amach) facing me criochnaiom finishes Nfl, sE ciochnaithe.
os do chomhair(amach) facing you It isn't fnished (ot it hasn'tbeen
os bhur gcomhair(amach) facing you lpll fnkhedl.

9 THAR(PAST,BEYOND,ACROSS) Notice that someof thesecan be translatedinto Enslishin

rwo ways.
This refersto both spaceand time:
Someverbs,like imionn lgoes,leaues)and 6irionn (getsup),
Tigh thar an mbanc. Go past the bank. do not take an object.When the verbaladjectiveof suchverbs
Bhi s6thar am agat. It utashigb time for you. (lit. is combinedwith t6 the meaningis similar to that of the English
past tirnel perfect:
Chuaigh muid thar an abhainn. We crossedtbe riuer.
T6 tri imithe thairis. You havegonepast it.
Theseare the oersonalforms: llit. You are gone ...)
T6 s6imithe abhaile. He basgonehome.
thomm pastme tholulnn pastus : llit. He is gone ...1
thorot postyou thomlbh postJou : Td siad tagtha. Tbey hauearriued,
thqiris posfhimlit thoBtu postthem : (lit. They are aniuedJ
tholrsti posthet T6 m66irithe. I am up. (lit. I am risen)

Here are someexamples:

Chuaighsiadtharam ar an They uent past ,ne on the road.

mb6thar.
Ni tdigh thairis sin. Dorr't go past thdt (ot any furtherl.

242 unh 16 Leonort leathmhile 243

 11 THE ORDINALNUMBERS- 'FIRST" 'SECOND',ETC. 13 STREETNAMES

An ch6ad(tbe first) is followed by lenition. The other ordinal Theseoften involvethe genitivecase:
numbersend in a vowel and add h beforea vowel which follows
them: P6&aLg Patrick Sriid Phidraig Patrick Street
6 Conaill O'Connell Sr6idUi Chonaill O'Connell Street
on chodcheonn the first one stltsiin station B6thar an Stdisiriin StationRoad
on doro ceonn the secondone caislei,n castle Plis an Chaisleiin CastlePlace
on tri0 ceqnn the thitd one An PhSirc Tbe Park Ascaillna P6irce Park Auenue
qn ceothro ceonn the fourth one
on choduoir the first time
on doro huoir the secondtime
on tri0 huoir the third time Proctice
on ceothr! huoir the fourth time
1 Give directionsto the following placeson the map:
The others are: cuigif lfifthl, sen $ixth), seachti (seuenth), ochti o an s6ipal c an banc
(eighth), naol!, (ninthl , deichiir ltenth) . b oifig an phoist d an scoil

These are also used with referenceto time and dates:

an triri 16de Mhdrta tbe third (day) of Marcb

an d,ara16,d6agde Dheireadh the tuelfth (day)of October
F6rnhair
an triri 16as a ch6ile the tbird day running

12 SOMEMOREEXAMPLES OF THE GENITIVECASEIN .E

(FEMININE NOUNS)
2 Practise these guided dialogues:
sr6id street trasnana sr6ide acrossthe street O!
ldmh hand ar thaobh do liimhe cl6 on your left-hand oA AskswhereRuoiri6 Looirelives. *
side B TellsA to continueon for o mileond to turn right ot the
5it place tirnpeallna hdite around the place crossroods. 4
F
cersl ques on freagrana ceiste tbe anstuerto the question A ThonksB. r{
scoil scbool mdistirscoile scboolmaster bA AttroctsB's ottention.Indicotessheis lookingfor Neoso o
(,
oifig office dorasna hoifige the officedoor NicConIomoire'shouse.
lir country teangana tire the languageof tbe country B TellsA to turn left ot the church,to continueon for holf o
mile.
(SeealsoUnit 4.) A ThqnksB.

244 Unit 15 Leonort leothmhile 245

 Can you guesswherethe following might be heardor seen? lobhroionn speaks
Choosefrom the suggestions that follow: sono happy
o Encouraging: Buail an liathr6id, a Ph6il' buail i! bonoltro (f) nutse
b Persuading: Cuir aithnear GhaeltachtDhrln na nGall. iorronn osks
c Insmrcting: Cuir isteachan t-ubh, an salannagusan minion explains
siricraagusmeasciad go l6idir' insteqllodh(m) injedion
d Ordering: N6 bigi ag caint! t6st6il (f) folo blood test
e Requestingi Ni caith tobac. firinne (f) truth
60drom light
i recipe ii public office iii tourist brochure meirbh sultry,warm
iv classroom v footballmatch beirednn brings
om o mheilt to passthe time
Ullmhaigh do ph6istedon ospid6al(prepareyour child for toronn(m) no,se
hospital.)Below are extractsfrom a brochureoffering advice ceod(m) petmission
to a parent.Beforereadingthemtry to imagine:

o What a parentmight sayto help preparethe child.

'Whatpreparationsa parentmight makefor his or her
b
own comfort while stayingwith the child. Then studythe
extractsto seewhich of the suggestionsyou anticipated. mPnmffits
o
tlllmhaigh do Ph6isteDon Ospid6al
m
Labhair faoin ospid6almar 6it shonaina gcabhraionn
dochtriiri agusbanaltraile sl6intea fheabhsri.
D6anmar a iarrann dochtriiri agusbanaltrai.
OSPUDfuT
Minigh x-ghathanna,instealladh,t6st6il fola etc. Inis an
fhirinne!
b
Duit F6in
Caith 6adaiadroma- (bionn ospidilan-mheirbh).
Beir leat rud 6igin leis an am a mheilt.
Beir leat airgeaddon teileaf6n.
Smaoinighar dhaoineeile,n6 d6antorann istoiche.
N6 tabhair bia n6 deochd'aon ph6istegan chead.

lFrom: Lonad Cothri Slainte,An Roinn Sliinte. Health Promotion

Unit, Departrnentof Health)

246 Unft 16 Leono.t leothmhile 247

 Near and far. I s 6 S r6 id -- an ceannar cl6,
-
Peadardescribeswhere he lives. Insert c6ngarach/ in aice le / Is6B6thar-- an _ ceann at _ .
i bhfad: Is 6 Ascaill an _ ceann at _ .

T6 m6 i mo ch6nai ar an tSr6idMh6r. T{ mo theach b C6n ddta 6 inniu?

an mbanc.Td s6- don sip'6alach ti s6_
gcoliiste.

6 The verbaladjective
Find the verbs from which theseadiectivesare formed. Then
EANAIR Is inniu an _ l{

completethe sentences with the adjectives:

7
i scriofo d0nto cr-tochnoithe d6onto imithe I
.'......'.:
Example: scriofa - scriobhann
8 The genitive casein -e
d Ti s6- cheana. d T6 an siopa
b T6 m - anois. e T6 an litir Removethe brackets:
C T6 tri _ thairis. o Chuaighm6 trasnana (srfid).
b Is m6istir (scoil) 6 P6l.
I cneono already c Td teachtaireachtduit ar dhorasna (ofig).
d Thiom6in m6 timpeall na (6it).
Ordinal numbers e Feicfidh tri Oif,g an Phoist ar thaobh do (lioh) cl6.
q F6achar an l6arsc6il, Look at the mao and say where the
street/road/avenueis: teochtaireocht(f) message

Testyourself:Comprehension
How many of the following can you find on the map?

post office theatre church

police station golf course hotel

248 unlt 16 LGonort lcqthmhl|E 249

 F A I CHE
GHA I L
6 33i6!3BBb,^,.
SR A TH N A C OB C A

HALLADHoIRiBEAGA
17
T6 o oifig thuoson stoighre
i, A CHA \ RE GA T HL A IN
Hisofficeis upstoirs
In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Talk dbout appointments and travet aftangements
OSTAN
RAOHARC
ANEARGAIL D O IR I \ B E A GA . Enquirc about location within d building (dircdions and
location a,redealt with in more detdil than in Unit 76)

Diologue1

A visiror {cuaineoir)ro an officeof Udardsna Gaelrachtaasksthe

porter (doirseoir)what floor the director'sofficeis on.
O 6STAN BADHAhCNA MARA
| o
\'AN scRE Cuolrteoir Gobhoimpord0nogot.C6nt-urldro bhfuiloifig on c
M A C H AIR E CHLOCHAIB \ F
stilrth6rooir?
Doirseoir An bhfuilcoinneogqt leis? o
Cudirteolr Td.FuoirmClitir uoidh.
Doirseoil Tdo olflg thuoson stoighre.Teighsuoschuigon trir:
OIFIGAN PHOIST
a oGABDA
siocHANA hurl6r.Cosfooi chlogusteigh sioson posdiste. TOo
oinm scriofoor on doros- oifig triochoo nooi.
Cuoirteoir Go roibhmile molth oqot.

(Basedon: F6ileN6isi6ntaDr6maiochta,
r99o)

250 Unlt 17 Td o oifig thuoeon stoighre 25I

 Gobhoimpordin ogot. Excuseme. Cdmbeidht0 og dul on ta
o
C6nt-urldr(m)? Whotfloor? tseochtoinseo? o
o bhfuil oifig (f) whichthe director'soffice Peodor Beidhm og dul6 dheos od
o qn sti0rth6ro(m) c
go PortLdirgeDCCodooin F
9 oir is on ogussiorgo MqighEo o
coinne(f) oppointment DCordooin. tJ
t uoidh
g frcm him R0noi An mbeidht0 og teocht
chuigon tri0 hurldr to the third floor onior6 MhoighEooiche
pos6iste(m) corridor Dordooin?
scriofo or qn doros(m) writtenon the door Peodor Ni bheidh.Tas6igceist
ogomfonochtonn thor
Question oicheqgusteochtonior
C6 bhfuiloifig an sti6rth6ra? moidinDAhAoine.
R!noi Beidhcruinni0ogotog o d6 D6hAoine.
Peodor CCleis?
Rinoi LehAodh0 Booill.
Diologue2 Peodor Cehe sinoris?
ro Rinoi An duineo roibhti og cointleisor on bhf6ninnC.
q! Cuoirteoir Cdbhfuilleithreos
no bhfeor,ledothoil. Peodor 6, iseo.Is cuimhinliom.
o
o Doirseoir T6ighsioson stoighreonsin,ogusbeidhs6direoch
od romhot.
c,
F og dul 6 dheosgo goingdown(lit.south)to
fri
siorgo over(lit.west)to
t, qg teocht onior 6 comingbackfrom
Td s6 i gceistqgom I intend ll

fonochtonn thor oiche(f) to stoythereovernight t

leithreos(m) no bhfeor(m) the men'stoilet cruinni0(m) meettng
direochromhqt directlyin frcntof you C6leis? Withwhom? g
An duine(m) d roibhtri Thepersonyou weretolkingto.
09 coint leis.
Is cuimhinliom. I remember.
Diologue3
Questions
Peadar,who prrblisheslrish-languagebooksin Dublin,is askedby o Cd mbeidhPeadarag dul D6ardaoin?
his secretary
abouthis travelplansfor the week. b Cathaina bheidhs6ae teachtar ais?

z5z Unlt'17 T6o olflg thuosdn stoighre 253

 flere are someexamPles:
Pointsof the composs
T6ighsuasansin. Go ap there.
This diagramshowsthe various formsoI north, south, east T6ighsiosanstn. Go doun there.
and uest. T6ighanonn/sallansin. Go ouer tbere.
Fanthuasansin. Stay up there.
Fanthios ansin, Staydotantherc.
Fanthall ansin. Stay ouer there.

krkish upstairs and dounstairs becomezp the stairs and down

tbe stairst

T6ighsuasan staighre. Go upstairs.

T5 an oifig sin thuas an staighre. That office is upstairs.
Nri t6igh siosan staighre. Don't go dounstairs,
Ti m'6ras6nthios an staighre. My apartmentis dowttstabs.

Irish placenames are often accompaniedby a referenceto wherethe

speakerstandsrelativeto them. When siat lwest\ and soir (east)are
Grommor usedin this way they can be left untranslatedor renderedas over.
The following might be said by somebodyin Dublin:
1 DIRECTIONAND LOCATION
ag dul siar go Gaillimh going to Galuay
You havealreadymet severalwords for directions;noticethat they T6 si thiar i nGaillimh Sheis (ouer) in Galway.
all beginwith s. There are correspondingwords for location,which
begin with th. The words 6or north (6 thuaidh) and soutb (6 dheas) 2 NORTHAND SOUTH
do not make this distinction.The word for ozer (direction)is very
often the exceptionalanonn. o CD2,TR8, 1:42

Direction Location Thesedo not distinguish

between
directionandlocation.
up suas thuas
down sios thios 6 dheas(sozrh)
uest siar thiar
east soir thoir Beidhm6 ag dul 6 dheasgo I'll be going (south) to Cork.
ouer salVanonn thall Corcaigh.
Bhi me 6 dheasi gCorcaigh. I was down in Cork.

254 Unlt t T Td o olflg thuos on stoighr. 2 55

 6 thridh (nortbl An ghooth onior, bionn si fiol Thewestwind tendsto be
generous(i.e.to crops)
Beidh m ag dul 6 thuaidh go I'll be going (nortb) toDerry. An ghooth oneos,bionn si tois Thesouthwind tendsto be
Doire. damp
Beidhm6 6 thuaidh i nDoire. I'll be up in Derry.
Notice the useof bionn insteadof t6, as this is something
3 REVERSEDIR,ECTION regular,and of si referringto the femininenoun an ghaoth
Ithe windl.
The directionwords in Grammar r abovehavespecialforms
beginningwith an, which are usedwhen you are talking about 4 OTHERUSESOF THE DIRECTIONS
coming from that particulardirection:
Directionis often indicatedwhen referringto buildingsor
anuasfrom aboue Tar anuasas sin! institutions,especiallyin the countryside:
Comedoutnfrom there!
Thit s6anuasorm. Ti an siopathoir ag an The shop is (eastlat tbe
It fell dou.,non me. gcrosarre. crossroads.
aniosfrom below Tar aniosas sin! T5 m6 ag dul siar chuig an I'm going ouer (lit. uest) to the
Comeup from there! tdbhairne. pAb.
aniar from the uest ag teachtaniar 6 Ghaillimh
coming from Galway 5 GO/CHUI6(TO)
ag siril aniar an b6thar
ualking along the /oad (from the west) The most basicword meaningto is go, which puts an h before
anok from the east ag sifl anoir an b6tharalong vowels.It is usedespeciallywith many placenames (oneswhich do
utalkingthe road (from the east) not beginwith an tle) and in someexpressionsof time.
anall from yonder ag teachtanall 6 Shasana
coming from (over in) England Beidhm6 ag dul go Drln na I'll be going to Donegal.
nGall.
Friiltego BaileAtha Cliath. Welcometo Dublin.
Insight Ti m6 ag dul go Meirice6. I am going to America.
The useof thesean forms will seemdifficult at first. Here Chuaighm6 go hArainn. I we?ttto Aran (in Galway Bay).
is a rhyme about the four winds which will help you to Beidhsiad ag teachtgo hf,irinn. They uill be nming to lreland.
understandthe idea- noticethat oduaidh (fromthe northl Bhi m amuighgo maidin. I uas out until the morning.
begins,exceptionally,with od:
However,anotherform chuig is usedbeforenounsprecededby
An ghooth qduoidh,bionn si cruo The nofthwind tendsto be an (rbe)or by a possessive
pronoun:
nato
An ghcoth onoir, bionn si tirlm Theeostwindtendstobedry T6 m6 ag dul chuig an mbanc. I am going to the bank.
Chuaighm6 chuig an dochtriir. I uent to the doctor.
T6igh anonnchuig d'athair. Go over to your father.

256 Unlt 17 T6o olflg thu6on stolghre 257

 Notice the eclipsison banc and compareag an mbancat the bank. Cuireadhf6ilte mh6r romhainn. We weregiuena great uelcome.
Nouns beginningwith d (or t) are not eclipsedafter preposition+ Beidh f6ilte rompu mi thagann They will be welcomeif thef
an ltbel. siad, come.

6 ROIMH (BEFORE,IN FRONTOF) 7 HOW TO SAY 'THE PERSONTO WHOM I WAS TALKIN6'

You havealreadymet this prepositionwith referenceto both time All the relativeclauseswhich we havemet so far qualify or refer to
and olace: eitherthe subjectof the verb (typicallythe doer of something)or
the object (typicallywhateversomethingis doneto). The relative
roimhas6achlog before six o'clock clausequalifiesa subjectin theseexamples:
roimh Chdisc before Easter
roimh an dinnar before dinner Beana dhiolannblithanna A woman uho sellsflouters
direach roimh an s6ip6al iust before the cburch An duine a th6inig anuasan the person who came doutnstairs
staighre
Theseare the oersonalforms of roimh:
and an object in theseexamples:
romhqm in frontof me romhoinn in frontof us
romhot in ftont of you romholbh in frontof you an p6ip6ara cheannaim the paper which I buy
roimhe in frontof him romPu in frcntof them an bheana chonaicm6 the utoman u.thomI saut
: roimpi in frontof her
In the first two, the woman and the persondo the sellingor coming
Here are someexamples: downstairs;in the secondtwo, the paperis bought and the woman
is seen.Theseare traditionally calleddirect relativeclauses,and
Bhi slua ann ronham. There was a croud there correspondto more basicsentences suchas:
before me.
Beidh an doras direach romhat. Tbe door uill be straight ahead. Diolann an bheansin bldthanna. That utoman sellsflouers.
Beidhm6 romhat ag an stiisirin. I'll be utaiting for you dt tbe Thdinigan duinesin anuasan staighre. Tbat book fell dottn.
station. Ceannaiman piip6ar sin. I buy tbat paper.
Bhi timpist romhainn ar an Tbere was an accident ahead Chonaicm6 an bheansin. I sau that woman.
mb6thar. of us on the road,
Cuireadhdinn6arbredromhainn. A fine dinner wasset beforeus. Direct relativeclausesbeginwith a + lenition (for thoseconsonants
an leathanachroinhe sin the preceding page llit. before which show lenition).
thatl
Considernow what happenswhen the relativeclauserefersto
Theseforms are also usedin the idiom tor uelcoming; somebodyor somethingwhich is precededby a preposition,as in
thesebasicsentences:
Ti fiilte romhat. You are uelcome. (lit, there is a
utelcomebefore you) Buailim leisan duine sin go minic. I meet (uith) that perconoftm.
tmrim lead6gleis an mbeansin. I play tennisu)ith thdt u)omdn.

258 Unlt 17 T6 a olflg thuosan stalghre 259

 The correspondingrelativeclauseswill be formed differently: and

an duine a mbuailim leis go lit. tbe person that I meet uith Bhi dearth6iran fhir sin ag That man'sbrother uorked
minic him often obairliom. utith me.
an bhean a n-imrim lead6g 16 lit. the uoman that I Play
tennisui* ber Another useof indirect relative clausesis to get around the ambiguity
of direct relativesin casessuchasthe following:
In theserelativeclausesthereis a pronoun referringback to
duine,bean (containedin leis = uith him,l6i = with herl al;'d an mdinteoir a mhol na mic l6in.u
they beginwith a + eclipsis(for all vowels,and for those
consonantswhich show eclipsis).In the past tensea is replaced This can be either tle teacheru)hopraised.the studentsor the
by ar + lenition: pacber whom the studentspraised;recallthat direct relativesserve
for both subjectsand oblects.To clarify you can say:
an duine ar bhuail m leis lit. the personthat I met utith him
an bheanar imir n6lead6g l6i lit. the utomanthat I played an miinteoir ar mhol na mic lit. tbe teacberthat the pupils
tennisuith her l6inn praisedhim

This is of coursehow one dealswith 'speakingto somebody'. and usethe ambiguoustype aboveonly when it is clearyou mean
to saythe teacberuho praisedtbe pupik.
na daoine a labhraim leo lit. the peoplethat I speahto tbem
an duine ar labhair m6 leis lit. the persofl thdt I sPoheto him 8 HOW TO EXPRESS'OF THE' IN THE PLURAL

Irish hasno word correspondingto Eng)ishwhose,and indirect The article na becomesna + ecliosrs:
relativeclausesare usedinstead,as in the following examples.
Notice herealsothat a + eclipsisrequiresdependentforms of those na callini the girls scoil na gcailini the girls' school
few verbs which have such: na buachailli the boys scoil na mbuachailli the boys'school

an bhean a bhfrril aithne agam
af a mac
fear a raibh a dhearth6ir ag
obair liom
hereare:
The basicsentences
Ti aithneagamar mhac na mn6 sin.
the woman uhose son I knou
llit. that I know ber sonl
a man uthosebrotber uorked
uith me (lit. that his brother
utas utorking uitb mel
I hnou that woman'sson.
Masculinenounswhich form their plural by making the final
consonantslenderusethe basicform insteadafter na + ecliosis(the
'genitiveplural'):
na fir the men leithreasna bhfear the men'stoilet
na focail the words inn6acsna bhfocal the index of words
The basicform of suchwords is usedwith plural meaningeven
whenthereis no anicle:

trosta focal a list of words

z6o Unlt 17 T6o oltlg thuoson itolghre 26I

 Words both masculineand feminine which form their plural with Seof6gra a bhionn i mbusannadhi udAr lthis notice is to be
-a likewise use the basic form as a genitive plural: fotnd in double-deckerbuses\t

nI @) apple illa apples crannfill apple tree At suithuos 28

cica./cisterill an dpple tart Ait suithios 29
cloch(f) sroze clocha stozes carn cloch d heap of stones Ait seosoimh 14
Ioml6n 71
9 THE GENITIVE CASEOF NOUNSIN -OIR,ETC.
o How many seatsare therein the upper deck?
(SeealsoUnit z,) b How many seatsare therein the lower deck?
c How many can stand (in the lower deck)?
The r becomesbroad and a is added:
6ir --+6ra Ti tni i mBa e Atha Luain (points of the compass)

sti6fth6ir director oifig an stirirth6ra the director's office Ifith the aid of the map say o where you were, and b where
feirmeoir farmer teach an ftreirrneora the farmer's house you went, as in the example.
Gaillimh:
riir --+rira o Bhi m6 thiar i nGaillimh.
b Chuaighm6 siar go Gaillimh.
dochtifu doaor teach an dochnira the doctor's house

ir -- ara

p'inttr painter carr an ph6int6arathe painter'scar

btisttir butcher siopa an bhriist6ara tbe butcher's sbop

Proctice
Fill the gapswith suasor thuas,siosor thios:
o T6igh - an staighre.
b Fan - ansin.
c Td an bosca- ansin.
d T6 m'oifig - an staighre. Go/chuig(ro) Lion isteachna bearnai.
e Suigh- ansinaguslig do scith. o F6ilte- Luimneach.
b T6 m6 ag dul - An Tulach Mh6r (Tullamore).
I ligaoscittr restyou limbs(lit. letyour tircdness, c Chuaighm6 suas-an stidrth6ir.

26z Unlt 17 Td o otfig thuoson 3tolghre 263

 d An bhfuil tri aBdul - Ard Mhaca? D6 Luain z tolot
e Td Caitlinimirhe- an siopa. ro.ooam (go dti rz.3opm)L6 na nOg - Ollphuball
z..oopm (go dti 3.3opm)Ceolchoirmdo dhaltaime6nscoile
5 Roimh lbefore,in front ofl. 6.oopm S6laisti,tae aguscaidreamh-Aras Chr6ndin
7.oopm Ceisteannaagusfreagrai- Ollphuball
Td Madhbhin Oifig an Phoist.Td deifiruinhi achtd slua Cathaoirleach- CathalMac Coille
m6r ann. Lion isteachna bearnai.M4adhbhis in a hurry q.oopm Oiche Cheoil.
but thereis a queueat the post offce.

M6odhbh Gobhmo lelthsceolochtd on-deiflrorm. Busannaag freastalar an gCeantar

Custolm6lrTeigh mdtAdelflrort. 6 L6r na Cathrachgo rialta:Busanna5a,68,69
Meqdhbh Gorolbh - milemoithoooL
6 Thamhlacht:Bus75
custoimir T6frllte
Bus Speisialta6 Ost6n GreenIsle
go ldr na cathrachag 2.oo am an d6 dheireadh
sluo (m) crowd seachtaine, Aoine, Satharn,Domhnachagus
deifir (f) nurry OicheD6 Luain- z roloz. z.so.

Rewritethe sentences
as in the examole.i.e. without the SeirbhisTacsai
relativepronoun. Taxis(or )574ooo
Westside

Exarnple Sin an bheana chonaicm inn6.- Chonaicm6 an Questi ons

bheansin inn6. o C6n t-am a thosaionn an choirm cheoil agus c6n t-am a
o Sin an carr a cheannaighm6. chriochnaionn an choirm cheoil?
b Sin an fear a ch6naionnin aiceliom. b C6 dt6ann an bus 6 Ostan Green Isle?
c Sin an teacha gc6naimann.
d Sin an fear ar bhuail m leis.
e Sin an bheana raibh tf ag caint l6i.

Testyourself
: Comprehension
Td an tOireachtasar siril i gCluain Dolc6in, ceannde
bhruachbhailteBhaileAtha Cliath. Seoan cl6r don Luan agus
eolasfaoi bhusannago Cluain Dolc6in (hereis the programme
for Monday and infomation about the bus seruiceto and from
Clondalkin,a suburb of Dublin, ulherethe Oireachtas(an lrish-
speakingcubural festiual)is taking placel.

26a Unlt 17 T6o oifig thuo5on stolghre 255

 Bhi me og smooineomh(m) ort. I wasthinkingaboutyou.
Nil geordn(m) or bith ogom. I haveno complaints.
cogor(m, listen(lit. a whispet)
sconn6n(m)
Bq mhqith on smooineomh6 sin.
cuoirteoiri(m)
film
Thotwouldbe o goodidea.
vlsttors
g
Cdmbuoilfidhm6 leot? Wherewill I meetyou? U
C6qrdfooi sin? Whotaboutthot? e
Buoilfidhm6 leot og o hocht Rochoidhme isteochor on I'll takethe bus.(lit. I'll go in
mbus(m). thebus)
I'll meetyouot eight Feicfidhm6 th0 onsin. I'll seeyou there.

Trueor folse?
In thisunityouwillleornhowto o Ba nhaith le Mdire dul chuigan scanndnle Liam.
. Talkabout future events b tseidhsi saoroicheDi hAoinc.
. Make plans and appointments c Buailfidhsi leisag a seachta chlog.
. Exprcssintentions

Diologue
2
Diologue1
Pridraigtells a colleaguefrom another sectionof the company
Liam phonesM6ire to askher to go to a film with him. rbout rr forthcoming meetingand asksif he will be able to attend.

or
Lidm Hol6.o Mhdire.seoLiom. Pddroig Beimidog buolodhleison dliod6irom6roch. An f6idir ?
M6ire A, Diodhuit,q Liom.Ni fhoco me th6 le tomoll.Bhi m og leot bheithonn?
si
c{
o smooineomh ort.Cchooiobhfuilt0? Eomonn Is feidir,gonomhros.Codo bheidhor si0l? 4
L' F
Lidm Nil georanor bith ogom.Cogor,or mhoithleot dul chuig Pddroig T6imidchunon mhonorcho nuoo ph16. rf
on sconnAn nuoseotr6thn6noCigin? Eomonn An mbeidhTom6si lathoir? o
(J
Maire Cinnte.Bomhoithon smooineqmh 6 sin.Beidhm6soor Pddroig Cuirfidhm6 sc6olochuige.Lobhorfoidh m leisno
beognochgochoicheon tseochtoinseo,och ni fidirliom cuntosoirifreisin.
dul omochoi'cheD hAoine.Beidhcuoirteoiriogoinn. Eomonn C6nt-omo bheidhon cruinni0og tos0?
Liom CordfooinSothorn.mor sin? P6droig Direochindioidhon l6in.Ag o d6 o chlog.
Mdire Moithgo leor.Cdmbuoilfidhme leot?
Liom Ag geotodn cholaiste,og o hocht.C6qrdfooisin? True or fo lse?
M6ire An-mhoith. u Is f6idirle hEamannbheithag an gcruinniri.
Liom An mbeidhti 09 tiomdint? b Bcidhrn cruinniriag tosirag a naoiar maidin.
M6ire Ni bheidh.Rochoidhme isteochor on mbus.
Liom Feicfidhme th0 onsin.

265 m6leot09 o hocht

Unit18 Buoilfidh 267
 dliod6ir(m)
An f6ldlr leot bheith onn?
Cod o bheidh or siil?
Tdimld chun on mhonorcho(f)
nuo o phl6.
Culrfidh m6 sc6olq(m) chulge.
Lobhorfoldhm leis no
cuntos6irifreisin.
DireochI ndioidh on l6in (m).
Reoding
lawyer
Canyou be therc?
Whatwill be happening?
Wearc goingto discussthe new
fodory.
I'll sendwordto him.
I'll speokto the accountantsalso.
I mmediotely oftet Iunch.
RADIOANNOUNCEMENT
4CD2,fR.9,227
Question: Wbat uill be the subject of the Taoiseach'sspeech
torrroftou?
Beidh lithair oidhreachta nua 6 oscailt amdrach i Ros Muc,
agusti an Taoiseachle bheith ann. Buailfidh s6le hionadaithe
pobail ina dhiaidh sin agustabharfaidh s66riid thibhachtach
uaidh faoi pholasai Gaeilgean Rialtais. Beidh sag teacht isteach
anseochugainnsa trdthn6nale haghaidhagallaimh.Rachaidhan
t-agallamhsin amachag a seachta chlog,tar 6isna Nuachta.

Here are two passagesreferring to future eyents. Tqoiseoch(m) prime minister

o Readthrough them and seehow much you can understand cuoirt (0 visit
beforeconsultingthe translationsthat follow. fdthoir (f) oidhreochto (f) he tage centre
b Find the verbsin the future tense.Studythe grammarsections ionodoithe (m.pl)poboif (m) communityreprcsentatives
z, 1 and4 below, and divide the verbsinto I groups- Type r 6rdid(0 speech
verbs,Type z verbsand iregular verbs. tugonn...uoidh delivers
rioltos(m) government
WEATHERFORECAST ogollomh(m) interview

{| CD2,TR 9, 1:41 Tronslotion1

It will be cloudy throughout the country tomonow morning.
Question: Vbat utill the ueather be like in the uest tontorrou? It uill start raining in tbe utestbefore midday, and this ruin will
spread east in the courseof the day. The rain utill stop later ;fl the
Beidhs6scamallachar fud na tire maidin amirach. Tos6idhs day, and it uill becomecold at the beginning of the night. There
ag cur b6isti san iarthar roimh mhein lae, agusleathfaidh an uill be frost in placesin the centre of the country. Tbe weather uill
bhiisteachseosoir i rith an lae.Stopfaidhan bhiisteachamach improue from tomorrow on.
sa 16,agus6ireoidh s6fuar i dtris na hoiche. Beidh sioc in iiteanna
i lir na tire. Tiocfaidh feabhasar an aimsir 6n li amirach amach. Tronslotion2
A neut heritagecentreuill be (being)openedtomonout in RosMuq
Scomolloch cloudy, and the Taoiseachis to be there. He uill meet uith community
omach so fri (m) later (lil. outl in the day representatiues dfterwdrds and be will make an impottant speech
i dtis (m) atthe beginning about the lrkh-language policy of the Gouent nent. He uill be
sfoc(m) frost coming in here to us in the aftemoon for dn interuiew. That
feobhos(m) imprcvement interuiew uill go out at seueno'clock, after the Neuts,

268 malcot dqs||rrl,lf.. 259

UnitlE Buofmdh
 2 FORMINoTHEFUTURETENSE
Grommor
o CD2,TR9,3:13
1 REFERRINGTO FUTURETIME
Remove-annfrom the presenttenseof a Type r verband replaceit
There are two ways of referring to future events,the future
progressiveand the simplefuture tense.
with -faidh(afterthevowelsa' o, u) or -6dh(afterthevowelsi, e).
Thisis oronounced hi.
The future progressiveof a verb is forrned by using its verbal
noun Present Future
with beidh (uill bel.lt refersto an event in progreis in
the future. faljiaaa stays fa#dilh uill sny lpron. fanhi)
The Irish sentencesthat follow and their Enilisf, translations
crirernn putslsends crsirfrdfiutill putlsend(pron.cuirhi)
correspond closely in both form and use;
Beforea pronoun -f(alidh is pronouncedha or he, with an obscure
Beidh tri ag bualadhleo. you'll be meetingtbem.
vowel. Comparethese:
Beidh.m6_ag scriobhchuige. I'lI be writing tibim,
An mbeidh tri ag teachtar ais? Will you be ioming back? FanfaidhSileanseo. Sheilautill stay here.
Beidh muid ag 6iri ag a hocht. We'li be genirg uf at eight. (pron. fanhi shfle)
Fanfaidh si anseo. Sheuill stay hne.
Rememberthat the verbalnoun doesn'talwayscorrespond
closelv (pron. fanha shi)
to the verb,as in the caseof ag te acht
lcomiigl (r^g ; .-;,
we saw in Unit 4 somenounsdenotingactivitiescin be used";;;;;
in this Here are someexamplesof other verbs in the future (note that
construction:
faidh = ha or he beforeDronouns):
Beidhm6 ag obair amirach. I'll be working tomonout. D6anfaidhm6 6 sin duit. I'll do that for you.
Beidhm6 ag caint leat aris. I'Il be talkingio you ogoin. (pron. d6nham6)
Feicfidh md thri ag a seacht. I'll seeyou at seuen,
The simplefuture iust sratesthat somethingwill happen,
without (pron, fecem6)
any indicationof whether it is momentaryor lengthy.Itias
soecial An gcuirfidh ni glaoch orm. Will you call (i.e. pbone) me.
endings-,-f(a)idh for Type r, -(e)oidhfoi fyp. i *f,i.f,
(pron. guirheni)
attacheddirectly to the verb: "r.'--'-'
Fanfaidh muid in 6st6n. We'll stay in 4 botel.
(pron. fanha mwid)
Ni oibreoidhs6. It won't work. Scriobhfaidh siad chugainn. They'll write to us.
Buailfidhm6 leat ag a hocht. I'll tneetyou at eight. (pron. scrifashiud)
Scriobhfaidhrn6chugat. I'll urite to you. F6gfaidh m6 n6ta duit. I'll leauea note for you,
Tiocfaidh m6 ar ais. I'll comeback. (pron. fdcam6)
Eireoidh muid ag a hocht. We'll get up at eilht.

270
tnh18 Euollfldhm lGotog o hocht 27I
 If a Type z verb endsin -aionn in the presentreplacethat
with 4 IRREGULAR
FORMS
IN THEFUTURETENSE
-6idh. If it endsin -ionn substitute-"oidh. Thl. i prorro,rrr.J 6i.
A few verbsshowadditionalchangesin the future:
Present Future
tosaioronbegins tos6idh will begin (pron. tos6i) tagann comes tiocfaidh uill come (pron. tyuc'i)
imiorn goesau.,ay imeoidh will go ata)y (pron. imy6i) teann goes rachaidh will go (pron. rach"i)
$gann giues tabhartaidh uill giue (pron, nirhi)
The -(e)oidhis pronounced6 beforea pronoun.
itheann eats ioslaidh utill eat (pron. isil
deireann says darfaidh uill say (pron. d6rhi)
Tos6idh an obair am6rach, The ttork uill stdrttomoftow.
beireann ar catches barfaidh ar utill carcb (pron. b6rhi)
(pron. tos6i)
Tos6idh siad amrirach. They ttill start tomonow. Here are examplesof some of these.Rememberto shorten the final
(pron. tos6 shiud)
vowel beforea pronoun.
Here are someexamples:
Rachaidhm6 abhailego luath. I'll go bome early.
Ni thabharfaidh siad pingin duit. They uton't giue yoa a penny,
Ceann6idhm6 c6ta nua. I'll buy a nert coar. (pron. kyan6 m6)
- Ni iosfaidhm6 tuilleadhde. I u)on't eat any ,norc of it.
Imeoidh m6 ag a deich. I'll leaueat ten.lpron. i-yO iei
-' D6arfaidhsiad leat 6. They'll tell you.
Aithneoidhtri iad. yotll recognizeih*. (pron.
B6arfaidhna Gardai on. The Guards (police) will
ahnv6 ni) cauh you.
Criochn6idhmuid go luath. We'li
firiih soon.(pron. krichn6
mwid) Insight
Cabhr6idhsiad leat. They'll help you (pron. Kowr6 shiud) The verb tugonn (gives)is usedin an idiom meaning to ul'sit
(resemblingto pay o visit to). Here are someexamplesin the
3 AN? AND Ni WITH THE FUTURE TENSE
future tense:
Negativeni and the questionmarker an are the samein
the future Tobhorfoldh on Toolseochcuoirt TheTooiseach will visit
as rn the presenttense:
or Chonomoro. Connemaro.
Tobhcrfioidhm6 cuoirt omlbh. I'llvisityou.
ceannaionnbals An gceann6idhtri 6? Vill you buy it?
Ni cheann6idh.No. (lit. Won't buvt S THE VERBFAIGHEANN(GETS)IN THE FUTURETENSE
fanann stays An bhfanfaidhtu ann?Will you siay thnet
Ni fhanfaidh. No. (lit. Will not stayl This verb has two forms - dependent(after an, ni, etc.) and
tagann comes An dtiocfaidh ta linn? WiIl you coie utith us independent- in the future tense:
Ni thiocfaidh. No. (lit. Won't comel
An bhlaighidh ni ar ais 6? Will you get it bacAi (pron. un wy hi)
Gheobhaidh. Yes.llit. Will getl (pron. y6i)
Ni bhfaighidh. No. llit. Will not ger) (pron. ni wyi)

UnltlE &|ofmdhmal.at ogoho.ht 273

 Notice that the form usedafter preverbsis the sameas the present, Tos6far chomh luath agusis f6idir. (lit.l One uill begin 4s soon as
but it showseclipsisinsteadof lenition after ni - rememberni possible.
bhfuair m (l didn't get). Criochn6farag a naoi. (lit.l One will finish at nine.

6 THE FUTUREPASSIVE CHUIG(TO,TOWARDS)

7 THEPREPOSITION

In Type r verbs this is formed by adding -far (-fear after i, e) instead Herearethe personforms:
of -faidh. The f in -far is pronouncedf (unlike that in -faidh):
chugom towardsme chugoinn towardsus
Scriobhfarchuici. Sheuill be utrinen to. chugot towardsyou chugoibh towardsyou
D6anfarsocruithear leith. Specialanangementsutill be chuige towardshim chucu towadsthem
made. chulcl towatdshel
Drinfar an oifig go luath. The offce utill be closedearly.
Cuirfear foirm chugatgan mhoill. A form utill be smt to you Someexamples:
witbout delay.
Ni Iheicfear aris . Hellt uton't be seenagain. Tar anseochugam. Come here to me.
Bronnfar na duaiseannaanocht. Tbe prizes uill be presented Td s6 chugainn. Herc he comes.(lit. He is toutar& usl
tonight. Beidh si chugainn go luath. She'll be joining us shortly.
Cuirfidh m6 scdalachuige. I'll send word to him.
The irregularverbsfollow this pattern: Scriobh chuige. Wite n him.
Cuir c6rta chucu. Sendthetn a card.
Tabharfar breisairgid driinn. We'll be giuenmorc mone)t
Gheobhfarceanneile. Another one utill be got. Both do and chuig can be usedwith the sameverb to give different
(pron. y6far) shadesof meaning:
Ni bhfaighfearin am 6. It uon't be got on time.
(pron. wyfar) Tabhair d6 6 seo. Giue this to him.
D6arfar leat , You'll be told (it). Tabhair chuige6 seo. Take this to him.
B6arfarorainn. We'll be caugbt. Scriobhlitir d6. Write a lener for him.
Scriobh litir chuige. Write a letter to him.
The passivecorrespondingto beidh Qaillbe) isbaf.eat (oneutill be)t
The form chugainn precededby seo (rlzrs)gives a phrasemeaning
Beifear ag caint leat faoi. Somebodyuill be talking to you about it. nexti

Type z verbsadd -far to the 6 (or eo) which marks this classof an tseachtainseo chugainn next uteek llit. thk uteek touards usl
verbsin the future: an bhliain seochugainn next year (lit, this year totaards usl

Oscl6far an doras ag a hocht. The door will be openedat eigbt.

Baileofariad. Tbey utill be collected.

274 Unh 18 Budllftdh ma lcqt ag a hod|t 275

 8 EXPRESSI|'rGTNIENIIONS Note 6 herebecauseli is masculineand i becauseainsir is
feminine.
The prepositionchtn (toutardslfollowed by the verbal noun
expresses
an intention; The past tenseform ba lenites,giving:

Ti m6 chun dul abhaileanois. I am going to go homenout, Ba bhre6an 166. lt wasa fne day,
Ti m6 chun fanacht anseo. I am going to stay here. B'olc an aimsir i. lt uas bad uteathet
T6 m6 chun bualadhle Deirdre, I intend meetingDeirdre.
Ba can also mean rzould be, accordingto contxt. Here is an
Notice the differencein word order here: exampleof how this works:

Td m6 chun scriobhchucu. I am going to urite to them.
but
T6 m6 chun litir a scriobh. I am going to urite a letter.
T6 m6 chun 6 a scriobh sios. I am going to utrite it doun,
ln the secondtwo examplesthe verbalnoun has a direct oblect,
and this must be placedbeforeit. Here are someother examples:
Cheannaighm6 bronntanas do I bougbt a presentfor Mary.
Mhiire.
Ba dheasan smaoineamh sin. That was a nice idea.
Ceann6idhm6 bronntanasdi. I'll buy ber a present.
Ba dheasan smaoineamh6 sin. That would be a nice idea.
Somefunher examplesof ba + adlective:

T6 Brid chun teacha cheannach. Bridget is going to buy a bouse, Ba mhaith an smaoineamh6. lt uasluould be a good idea,
T6 m6 chun an leabharsin a I am going to read that book. Ba mh6r an chabhair 6. It utaslutould be a geat help.
16amh. Ba mh6r an trua 6. It uasluould be a great pity.

This is the normal order of verbal noun clauses,which you have The last exampleis a very commonexpressionbut thereis no basic
met before.Compare: phrasetrua m6r (gre4tpityl correspondingto it.

Ni f6idir liom post a {h6il. I can't get a iob. 10 SOMEEXPRESSIONS

OF TIME
Is maith liom peil a imirt. I like to play football.
o Dfueaeh(iust, immediatelyl
9 USIA'6 BA WITH AD]ECTIVES
This word is usedin variousways:
The copula (basicform is) is usedto bring an adjectiveto the
beginningof the sentencefor emphasis.Remembertheseexamples Tos6imid direach ag a naoi. We'll begin at nine on the dot.
from Unit 6: Beidh m6 direach chugat. I'll be uitb you straight auay.
Ti s6 direach imithe amach. He lras iust gone out.
16brei a fine day Is bred an 166. lt's a fne day. direach ina dhiaidh sin immediately after that
aimsir olc bad uteatber Is olc an aimsir i. It's bad ueather.

276 Unlt 18 Booffidhme hqt ogaMft. 277

 b Someadverbsand adverbohrases Here are someexamPlesin context:

go luoth shottly Feicfidh m6 thri i 16rna cathrach. I'll seeyo* in the city cenfie-
sul I bhfod beforelong Buailfidh m6 leat ag bun an l'll seeyou at tbe end of the road.
chomhfuothogusis f6idir ossoonaspossible bh6thair.
omoch so 16 lotet in the doy (lft. out in the doy)
omoch so bhlioin later in the yeal OF NOUNSTN J AND -O
12 THE PLUR,AL
ino dhloldh sln ofterwatds (lit. after thotl
or boll latel There are many nouns which end in -ai and refer to occuPation.
nios d6onoi later In the plural they end in -aithe instead:

c The prepositions 6 (froml, go dti lup nl and idir lbetweenl are iorrdaircPresmtztiue ionadaithe
usedas follows (note that the fust usesan n to combine with a): ritai secrettry rrinaithe
anthrinai singer amhr6naithe
6na d6 go dti a tri a chlog gadaithief gadaithe
from two to three o'clock
idir a d6 is a tri a chlog betu)ee?ttuo and three o'clock
Verbal nounsin -6 (or -iri) end in -(ulithe:
11 AVOIDANCEOF DOUBLEARTICLE
socriatangemenr socruithe
Here are some examplesillustrating the rule that in a phrasenoun sinii signaute sinithe
+ anicle + noun, the first noun is understood to be definite (the ...1 cruirniimeetkg cruinnithe
althoughan (tle) is not used.You havemet this rule before
(Unit 5), in phrasessuchasbeanan ti (the landladyl,Here are The basic meaning of socri and cini6 is atranging ar,'dsigning
somemore examples: respectively:

geataan choliiste the gate of the college ag socni rudai aranging things
bun an bh6thair the md (lit. bottoml of the road ag sini6 litrcacha signing lettels
barr an bh6thair tbe top of the road
l5r an lae the middle of the day lll = dayl
lir na cathrach the ci4 centre (cathatr = cityl
tris na hoiche tbe beginning of the night Proctice
lir na hoiche the middle of the nigbt
polasaian rialtais gouernmentpolicy (the policy of the 1 Beidh s6ag ...
gouentment)
Study Michael's diary and say what he will be doing
tomorrow. Usethe furure progressive:

278 Unlt18 Er|qflfidhm6Lqt o(Ht 279

 Diafann Mhichil (Micbael's diaryl o- T6 peannuaim.
Fan n6im6adagus(faigheann)m6 ceannduit.
Luan b- Nil pingin agam.Cad (deireann)m6 le mo bhean
4 ch6ile?
6.45 (Tugann) m6 iasacht airgid duit.
baeingo Callinh
C C6ard(itheann)muid anocht?
9.30 bualadh le luine faoin
Is cuma liomsa.Nil ocrasorm.
bpost nua
d- T6 m6 ag dul chuig na pictidir le Niamh. An (tagann)
1r.30- 12,15 an taarasaiil nua a phli ni linn?
200 achoimrea scriobhar (Tagann),cinnte.
on futarosctii/ a- Td m6 an-tuirseach.Ni bheidhm6 ag dul chuig an
c.4.OO siopoddheacht- bronntauas gcruinnif anocht.
a cheannachlAoife Ceart go leor. (T6ann)miseann agus(deireann)m6
5.OO tnein abhaih leat cad a tharl6idh.

.tl CD2,TR 9, 4:22

ochofmre (f) summary 4 Answerin the negative:

pl discuss o . An bhfanfaidh tri le Seoirseanocht?
tuorosciiil (f) report - Ni_.
o An gceann6idhhi car nua?
Example: Beidh Miche5l ag dul ar an traein go Gaillimh ag ceathrd - Ni_.
chun a seacht.Beidhs6ag bualadhle Mine 6 leath tar . An iosfaidhni ceapaire?
6isa naoi go dti leathtar 6isa deich. - Ni_.
. An dtiocfaidh s6amirach?
The verbsyou will need(in order of appearance)
are: - N(_.
r An bhfaighidhtri ar ais 6?
tConn buoileonn lobhronn ol6qnn scriobhonn -Ni
ceonnoionn tooonn
Seoui theachtaireachta ghlac an ninai nuair a bhi Pidraig
2 The simplefuture: now describeMichael'splansfor as an oifig (the three messagesbelow utereuher for Pddraig
tomorrow's trip to Galway usingthe simplefuture form of the uthen he was out of tbe officel,
verbslistedin the box. o Cathaina bheidhan cruinniri ar siril?
b C6 a bheidh ann go cinnte? (Who uill defninly be tboe?l
Example:Rachaidhs6ar an raein go Gaillimh. c C6n duine nach mbeidh ag an gcruinnilil (Who uoit be
at the meetbtg?l
3 Commonirregularverbs d C a chuirfidh glaochar Phidraig.
Insen the future form of the verbs in brackets:

280 Unlt tE Suollfldhm6lcot 09 o hocht 28I

 ChuiglTo: eddraig c ag scriobhlitreachchuig P6l
d ag dul chuig na pictiriir le hOrla
6lFrom:
R6alteolasIsidora
DdtalData: D! Luain u.5.zoot
You can probably guesswhat kind of text this is. L6igh an
AmlTime: t6acsagusfreagair na ceisteannaseo a leanas.
o Who will manageto do a lot of work this summer?
TEACHTNREACI{ TlME SSAGE: b ITho will be rewardedfor hard work?
c Who is going to increasehis or her standingin some
J.zi ?.n. qhhtijh Muirk d Jilhanhr'th- eciThs! a1angcrahnit oeoole'sestimation?
uL Hih ti dirntuh. ra^6ha^rfa,blhsl u c&fihi dait a1
angcrda A. AN SCAIRP
J.45!.w. qhlAziJhorh Ni Bhtidtl o*. ra ti a1 lorl nb: faoin scoRpro
equah al Ddaittia. qlaoki t ci ort taaidift atutuacl.
p.tor- t-rit*sclnt 6 lh.bl d2BwA. Ni 6hidh rAia ann aat*t cfu.g ,,,- DeireadhF6mhair
4.o5 -
.:::l;+ 24- senhah 22
dttlttlthrntl Cuirfdh td ftet dlagat aa tzatha.ln t+o -
"ttY An samhradh seo beidh
tean agdt dt stdl4r 4
ardi go mdr. Beidh daoineag bmth
c6ripis(f) document go mir ort - a.dlig shs iad agur
cruinni0(m) meeting dlanfaidh ni maitbearduit rtia!
gfooch (m) call
NA l2-rsc AN (Irbei
6 The future passive.Insert the appropriate forms of the verbs
in brackets. (This text outlines the time arrangementsfor a
prsces LmRa.
local Feis Cheoil, which is a popular competitive event for Fcabhra 20 - Metn F6nhair 24 -
traditional singingand dancing.) ,lq
ait{
M n^ 20
Taneimhse XIX
Itf
Deireadh F6mhair 23
Td al ag obair an-chrua
Beidhan FheisCheoil ar siril ar an tri( 16dagsa halla m6r. an-teitneamhach aa hahanu seo,Nd
(Cuireann)f6gra snanuachtiin. (Osclaionn)an halla ag a haon romhat a Phisces!Is duine stE anois, mar td an ll mh it ag
cruthaitheachtti, agw lireoidh teachtzga gbeobhaidhul k luach
a chlog agus(tosaionn)ag a d6 a chlog. (Criochnaionn)thaa ar
hat obair mhdr a dhlanamh an saothah Ach drcin bei.dhsaoircag
a cfig agus(bronnann)na duaiseannadireachina dhiaidh sin. samhradhseo.Ach bt almmach, dul dait. Glzc sosar feadh
mdr tl an grd sanaer! Nd kg dl seachtafuend dh6.
7 Using chun to expressintention.Sayin Deirdre'sown words ni a cbur ar sffae!
that she is going to do thesethings at the weekend.
(From: Mabogany Gaspipe, Samhradh, ry9tl
Example:ag imirt gailf le Neasa- T6 m6 chun galf a imirt le Neasa.
o ag bualadhle P6l.
b ag d6anamhsiopad6ireachta

z Bz Unlt 18 Buqllfidhm6 leot 09 d hocht 283

 r6olto (f) star cruthdltheoch creotive
eolos (m) knowledge irionn le succeeds Testyourself:Comprehension
st6dos (m) stotus criromoch coreful
ordolonn ralses grd (m) love Bainisteo[
brothonn depends cJuahard Ghl6r na nGael
llgeonn (sios)lets(down) luoch (m) soothair reword
treimhse (f) period saoi.e (f, holiday Tithar ag lorg iarratasdon phost BainisteoirGhl6r na nGael.
toitnedmhoch pleasont gloonn tokes Duine fuinniriil a ghlacfaidh priirt iomlin i bhforbairt Ghl6r na
sos (m) briefrest dg dulduit due to you nGaelagusa chuirfidh pleanannaAn ChoisteStirinhai gcrich
atithar a lorg. T6liofacht i labhairt agusi scriobhna Gaeilge
9 Ba + adiective.Turn each of the sentencesbelow into a riachtanach. Ceapfar an bainisteoir ar chonradh 5 bliana agus
sentencebeginningwith ba. The pronounsrequiredare given socr6fartuarastaltaobh istigh de raon leathanag brath ar
in parentheses. ch6iliochtaiagusar thaithi.
Example: rud maith Ba mhaith an rud 6.
o 16bre6 (6) - d aimsir olc (i) Ba ch6ir iarrataisar an bhfoirm oifigifil m6ide C.V. a sheoladh
b rud iontach (6) e smaoineamhmaith (6) chuig an seoladhthios lenashroichintroimh zg Samhainr99r.
c cabhairmh6r (6)
An Rrinai, Coiste Stirirtha Ghl6r na nGael,
1O Expressionsof time. Match up the Irish and English equivalents: Aras na Comhdhila, 85 Sriid Ghardnar iochtair,
o i ndiaidh an chruinnithe i next week BaileAtha Cliath 1.
b tar 6isna Nuachta ll as soon as possible
c an tseachtainseochugainn l soon Com6rtasn6isirinta6 Gl6r na nGaelchun pobail a ghriosadh
d sul i bhfad iv after that leis an nGaeilgea chur chun cinn ina gceantairf6in.
e go luath v after the News
f direach tar 6is na Nuachta vi after the meeting lFrom: SundayTribrre, 17 November t99rl
I ina dhiaidh sin Ytl beforelong
h chomh luath agusis fdidir viii immediately after the o \9hat kind of text do you think this is?
News b What kind of person would be interestedin it?
c What doesit tell us abot Gl6r na nGael?
11 Completethe expressionsfollowing the examples. d How many verbscan you find in the future tense?
Example (r) l6n - i ndiaidh an l6in; (z) bothar - bun an bh6thair
q dinnar-indiaidhan

b Nuacht - tar 6is na -

C oiche - lar na
d col6iste- geataan
e b6thar - barr an
f cathair- 16rna

L84 Unit lE BuoittldhmCleat 09 o hocht 285

 19
duine(m) 6igin someDooy
ononn over
is cosiil go It oppearsthot .e
is d6igh liom
stoilc(f) sttike 9
idsocht(f) qirgid (m) o loan (of money)
c,
md if
m6s moith leot if you like
Ceopoimgo bhfuil on bonc nil uoim och I only want

d0nto Questions
g C6n f6th go bhfuil an banc drinta?

I thinkthe bonkisclosed b C6 mh6adairgid atd ag teast6il6 Dh6nall?

In thisunityouwillleornhowto
. Report who.tyou have hea/d
. ExpressoPinions Diologue2
. Expressprcbability
Mdir6ad is being interviewed for a job by a factory manager. He
Readthesetwo dialoguesin coniunctionwith Pan r of the Grammar. comments on her CV.
or
Boinisteoir Feicimgo bhfuilc6imogotsocheimic. n
M6ir6od T6.
mor
Boinisteoir Agusgurchoitht[ blioinog oboiri Meiriced o
Diologue1
theicneoir. c
F
D6nall tells a colleaguethat he is going to the bank. Shehasheard M6irCdd Choith.
Boinisteoir An d6ighleot gur fhoghloimt0 m6r6n? o
that it is closed.
M6ir6od Meosoimgurmhoithon toithi6,ogusgurthug
o gn6.
D6noll Tdmog dul ononnchuigonmbonc. setuiscintdomor ch0rsoi
4
Onq D0irtduine6igingo bhfuilsedlintoinniu.
D6nqll CCnfdth?
o go bhfuilsiodor stqilc. ceimic(f) chemistry
ono Is cos(|il 6

D6noll An mbeidhseoscoilteomdroch? foghloimionn leorns

m6 iqsochtolrgid meosqim I consider 9
Ono Is d6ighliom go mbeidh.Tobhorfoidh !

duit,m6smoith leqt. toithi (f) experience l

a
D6nqll Go roibhmoith ogot.Nil uoimqchfichepunt. tuiscint(f) understonding
0no Seoduit.
D6noll Gheobhoidht0 qI oisomoroch6, mObhionnon bonc Question
oscoilte. C6n cinedloibre a bhi ag M6ir6ad i Meirice6?

286 Unit '19 Ceopoimgo bhfuilon boncdlnto 287

 leathchadduine ag obair ann ar dt[s, agus go bhfdsfaidhan lucht
Diologue3 oibre go dti dhd ch6ad amach anseo.Dfirt an TeachtaD6la Liam
O M6rdin linn go bhfuil sd an-sdstago mbeidh postannai gcur ar
Siobhdnis back from her holidays.ShemeetsEibhlis. friil. Td lucht turas(rireachtabuartha dfach go nd6anfardochar don
timpeallachtagus,mar thoradh air sin, don turas6ireacht.
I : E i b hti s ChuolomCAo roibht0 or sooire.
o i siobh6n Bhi,so Ghr6ig. td s6 tugtho le fios og hosbeenmodeknownby (lit.
c,
: E i b hti s C6nfhod o bhi t0 onn? hosbeengivento knowJ
F i stobhan Ar feodhcoicise. Aire (m) Tionscloiochto(f) Minister for lndustry
lY Eibhlis Tddoth no grCineort. Creidimgo mbionns6qn-teonn f6sonn gtows
o
u

Eibhlis
sq somhrodh.
Siobh6n Bionn.Ceopoimgo roibhsCtimpeolldoicheodcim.
Ni moith liomsoteosmor sin.
qmochonseo
lucht (m) oibre(f)
(f)
lucht turos6ireochto
in thefuture
the wotkforce
touristinterests
I
I
t
a,
Siobh6n Cnf6th? buortho worried
Eibhlis ToiscAo bhfuilmo chroiceonnrobhon. dochor(m) domoge
timpeollocht(f) environment(lit.surroun
din gs)
mor thorodh(m) oir sin as a resultof that
or sooire(f) on holiday

I
I
doth (m) no gr6ine(f)
c6im (m)
teos (m)
d ton (lit. the colour of the sun)
degree
heat
Trueor folse?
o Beidh leathch6adduine ag obair sa mhonarcha nua ar ball.
b Td an TeachtaDdla O M6rriin buartha faoin rimpeallacht.
3 toiscao becouse
croiceonn(m) skin

Questions Diologue4
a Cd raibhSiobhinar saoire?
b C6n fhad a bhi si ann? Ar chuolot0 go bhfuilmonorchonuolet6gdilin oice r..l
c An maith le hEibhlisaimsir an-te? leison gcolodh? d
Seosomh Chuolo.Is d6ighliom go mbeidhroicfooi. e
Hereis a radioannouncement abouta proposalto build a chemical Liom Beidh.is docho.Cloisimqo bhfuilcruinnio
le bheithso F
factory. It is followed by two conversationsin which peoplefrom hqllopoboiloicheD6ordooin, chun6 o phl. a
the areain questiongive their viewson this plan. Seosomh An bhfuilti chundulonn? I

Llom Seonsgo rochoidh.An bhfuiloon tuoirimqgot c o

RADIOANNOUNCEMENT bheidhog coint?
Seosomh Nilme r6chinnte,qchsilimgo mbeidhc0ploTeochto
<l CD2,TR 10, 1:39 Ddloonn.
Liom Bocheortd0inndulonn,isd6cho.
Ti s6tugtha le fios ag an Aire Tionsclaiochtago bhfuil monarcha Seosomh Bocheort.Tos0ilogomgo gcuirfeor stopleis.
ceimici le t6gdil sa Cheathni Rua. Dfirt an tAire go mbeidh Liom Aontoimleotso mheidsin.

288 go bhfuildnboncdinto
Unit19 Ceopoim 269
 colqdh(m) pier ii cosoll apparcntly
is d6lghliomgo ... I thinkthat ... solqchor(m) ditt, pollution
rulc (f) tow,dispute(rocketl ffiqiocht(f) employment
le bhelth to be(held) buodhofool wotriedobout
o phl6 to discussit niosfeorr n6 bettet thon
tuolrlm (fl opinion,idea denchine6lso of this kind
bo cheort do should dor llom in my view
T6s0llogom I hope tuohlm (0 opinion
Aontqim leot I agreewithyou or choror blth at all
Seonsgo maybe (lit. choncethat, i gcoinne 09ainst

Questlons
o An bhfuil Seosamhi gcoinne na monarchan nua?
b Cad a cheapannLiam faoin monarcha nua?
c Ci rnbeidh an cruinnif faoin monarcha?
d C6 a bheidh ann?
Questions
o C6n tuairim aa{ ag Tom5s faoin monarcha nua?
b C6n f6th nach n-aontaionn Donncha leis?

Grqmmor
Diologue5 1 CO (THAT)

H
art
The rnost basicuseof this is in quoting what somebodyhas said.
CI For instanceif Sanhas said that he meetsMiire everyday - Buailim
I le Miirc gachli (f meetMfry eaeryday) - this can be quoted as
follows with go, which causeseclipsis:
c\i
o
DriLinSe6ngo nrbuaileann s Sednsaid that he meets
le M6ire gach li. Mdire eueryday.

Go is also usedin the future tense,

go mbeidh s6ag bualadh le that he utill be meeting Mdhe

Mdire amirach. tomofiou.

There are specialnegative and past tenseforms:

nach mbuaileann s le M6jre that be does't meet Mibe

gach lri euerydcy

290 Unh19 G.oFlmgothfull(nrboncd0ntq 29I

 gur bhuail # le Miire inn6 that he met Miire yesteday ChonaicSe6n6. Sednsau it.
n6r bhuail s6 le Miire inn6 tbat be didn't mea lvldire Creidim go bhfaca Sein 6. I believe Sdansaut it.
yesterdzy
4 OTHEREXPRESSIO'Vs
REQUTRTNG
A GO|NACHCLAUSE
Here is a table summing up theseequivalentsoI thatt
Feicim go bhfuil carr aige. I seetbat he has a car-
Positive Negative Cloisim go bhfuil carr aige. I bear that he has a cat
Preseny'Future go (+ eclipsis) nach (+ eclipsis) B'flr6idir go bhfuil car aige. Perhapshe has a car.
Past gur (+ lenition) nir (+ lenition) T6 a fhios agam go bhfuil carr aige. I knout tbat he bas a car.
T6 a fhios agam nach bhfuil si ansin. I knout she is not there.
2 REPORTING
COPUU SENTENCES B'fh6idir nach bhfuil sar fdil. Perhapsit is not auailable.

by gur (withoutlenition):
Theis form is replaced The phrasefor to knout literally meansits knowledge b at me
(= I haue knoutledgeof itl.
Is maith an smaoineamh6. It's a good idea.
Ceapaimgur maith an smaoineamh6. I think it's a good idea. S SAYING 'BECAUSE'
Is mfinteoir i. Sheis a teacbet
Silim gur mdinteoir i. I think she is a teacher. You havealreadymet n* lbecausel:

The ba form, which meansboth pas a;nduould be (dependingon D'fhan m6 istigh rnar bhi m breoite. I stzyed in becauseI utas sick.
context)is replacedby gur (with lenition):
Another common way of sayingbecauseis toisc go, which requtes
Ba mhaith an smaoineamh6. lt uasluould be a good idea. the dependentform of the verb where that exists:
Ceapaim gur nrhaith an I think it utasluould be a good
smaoineamh6. idea. D'ftran m istigh toisc go raibh I stayed in becauseI had a cokl.
Ba Gharda6. He was a policentan. slaghd{norm.
Creidim gur Gharda6. I belieuehe was a policeman.
Here are somemore examples:
3 DEPENDENTFORMSOF VERBSAFTERGO (THAT)
Fanfaidh m6 istigh, toisc go I'll stay in, becauseit's raining.
If a verb hasspecialdependentforms thesemust be usedafter go bhfuil sag cur b6isti.
(thatl: Nior fh6ad m6 labhain leo, I couldn't talk to thetn, because
toisc go raibh deifir orm. I uas in a burry.
Td s6daor. It k expensiue.
Ceapaim go bhfuil s6daor. I thinh it is exper.sive. or
Chuaighsi abhaile. Sbewent home.
Sflim go ndeachaighsi abhaile. I tbinh she u.'mt bome. toisc nach raibh an t-am agam. bectuse I didn't haue the time.

29z Unh 19 C.qpolmgo tfitullon boncdlinb 293

 6 EXPRESSING
OPINIONS ls cosriil gur ph6s si 6 shin. It seemsthat sbe has maried since.
Is cos(il gur goideadh6. It seemsto haue beenstolen,
Various verbs can be used to convev ooinions or tentativeness: T6 cruinniri ar sidl, is cosriil. There is a meeting tahing place,
app4le tly.
Ceapaimgo bhfuilser6-dhaor. I think that it is too dear,
Measaim I consider 8 MA (IF)
Silim I suspectlsuppose
Glacaimleis... I tahe it that ... This is placedimmediatelybeforethe verb:

7 EXPRESSINGPROBABILITIES Suighcois na tine, ni t6 fuacht ort. Sitby tbe fre, ifyou are cold.
T6ighabhaile,mi t6 td breoite. Go bome,ifyou are sick.
Copula phrasesare very commonin this function, especiallyis
d6igh liom ll thinh (it) lihely - lit. it is likely with mel: All verbsexceptti are subjectto lenition:

Is d6igh liom go bhfuil an banc drinta. I think tbe bank is closed, Md thdannni ann ... Ifyou go there..,
Ni d6igh liom go bhfuil s6oscailte. I don't think it's open. Fan sa bhaile, m6 bhionn s6 fliuch. Stayat home, if it is LUet.
Is d6igh liom . I tbink so. Tar linn, mi bhionn ni saor. Comeutith us,ifyou are ftee.
Ni d6igh liom 6. I don't tbinh so.
Insight
The phraseis d6cha (it is probable)is similar in meaning,but Notice that m6 bhionn is usedwith referenceto the future,
impersonal: M6 + ls givesm6s:

Is d6chago bhfuil oifig an Tbepost officeis probably Fonlstlgh,mds molth leot. Stoy in,if you like.
phoist drinta. closed. Deonfofdhma 6, mds ftdtr. I' do it,if possibte.
Ni d6chago bhfuil. It is unlikelyto be.

Thesecan be echoedusingis d6cha(if lihely)or ni d6cha(if unlikely\:

....*::.:L::.y.s.:.{.:tp.::::T..c.iifl.::.gi::::::.9.i.
9 HOWTO SAY'I HOPE'
Is d6chago mbeidh. Thereprobably will be.
Ni d6chago bhfuil. (There)probably isn't. Thephraseti sriil ag (i.e,thereis erpectationdtl is vsed2
Is d6chago ndearna. (Helshe)probably bas done.
Is d6chago ndearnadh. It probably bas beendone. T6 srid agarngo mbeidh siad I hope that they will be
rn am. on time.
The phrase is cosfil (Iit. it is like) meansit appearsth4t, it seems Ti sriLilagan nach mbeidh I bope therewon't be rain,
that land can also translate the adverbsapparently, nidently): bdisteachann.
, 'Will Tomrk
An dtiocfaidh Tom6s amirach? come tomorrou?
Is cosfil go mbeidhstailc ann. lt appearstherepill be a strike. Ti sniil agam go dtiocfaidh. I hope he will (come).
Is cosiil nachbhfuil Una istigh. It seemsthat tna isn't in. An mbuailfidhni leis? Vill you meet him?
Ti sdil agamgo mbuailfidh. I hope I will (meet).

294 Unlt19 C.opolm

90tfttutlonbomdnfto 295
 10 HOWTOSAY'TOBE DONE"ETC. The negativeform is nior cheart:

Putle (withl beforetheverbalnoun:
Ti s6le danamh.
T6 scoil nua le t6gdil.
Ti an mhonarchale drinadh.
T6 Se6nle bheith ann.
T6 cruinnif le bheith ann.
It is to be done,
A neu schoolis to be buib.
The factory is to be closed.
Sednis to be there,
A ?neetingis to be held. (lit. to
be therel
Nior chean duit dul ann. You sbouldn't go there.
Nior cheart 6 a dh6anamh. It should,n't be done.
Ba chean (and nior cheart) can also be followed by go (r}ar):
Ba cheart go mbeadh s6go bre6. lt sbould be fne.
Nior cheart go rnbeadh si i bhfad, Sheshouldn't be long.

11 GIVING STRONGADVICE
Proctice
The phraseusedis ba chean do lshould),i.e. the baform of the
copula + ceart (rightl + do (to, for) - the senseis rorghly it would 1 Cad driin siad?(Reportubat is said.l
be right for (me)to ... The imperativeform of the verb (a) is Beidhm6 ag dul go londain am6rachagusbeidh m6 ag
contrastedherewith ba cheartdo (b); filleadh abhaile D6 Sathairn. Ni bheidh m6 in ann bualadh
le Seosamhmar beidh m6 an-ghn6thach. Risteard.
(a) T6igh abhaile. Go bome. Example:DeireannRisteardgo mbeidhs6 ... agusnach
(b) Ba chean duit dul abhaile. You shouldgo home, mbeidhs6 ...
(a) Tabhair c6ta leat. Bring a coat utitb you.
D'ftran m6 istigh ar6ir toisc go raibh an-tuirseorm. Bhi m6
(D) Ba chean duit c6ta a thabhain You should take a coat (uith
traocha agusnior fir6adm6 rud ar bith a dh6anamh.Shuigh
leat. "'tod. m6 siosagusthit m6 i mo chodladh sachathaoir. N{riirin.
(a) Labhair leis. Speaka him.
(b) Ba chean duit labhairt leis. You should talk to him. tmochto exhousted
f6qdqnn con.is obleto
(a) Tosaigharis. Start again.
(b) Ba chean duit tosri aris. You should start again.
c Thiinig m6 abhaile thart ar a hocht a chlog ach ni ftaca
@) Cuir stop leis. Stop hhnlit. rn6 Neasamar bhi si imithe amach, Chuaigh m6 amach
(b) Ba cheartduit stoo a chur leis. You sbouldstoo bimlit. nios d6anai agusd'fh6g m6 n6ta di. Ni raibh m6 in ann
fanacht. Ciit.
Dropping do (dom, duit, etc.)givesan impersonalmeaning.
Expressyour opinion
Ba cheartstop a chur leis. It should be stopped. (lit. a stop Ceapain,..
sbould be put to itl Example; Is iontach an smaoineamh6 sin. Crapaim gur
ionach an smaoineamh6 sin.
o Is maith an rud 6 sin.
b Is m6r an trua 6 sin.

zg6 Unft19 Clopqh go tfttull sn b$.dfi.rta 297

 c Ni fif 6. Example An dtiocfaidh Siobhln arnrirach?
d Ti s6r6dhaor. Td sriil agam go dtiocfaidh.
c Ti do ghrinanua an-deas. o An mbuailfidh Sein leat?
b An gceann6idh d'athair an can sin duit?
Expresshgprobability
into
Is d6da/ni d6ci. ... Changethesedefinitestatements Giving advice.Ba cheart&i,t. .,. (Yot sho*ld ..,1
statementsof probability. Transform the commeots into advice. The necessaryforms of
ExampleTiocfaidhsi am6rach"+ Is d6ighliom go dtiocfaidh the verbs are supplied in brackets.
si am6rach. Exryle Labhair le Miire faoi -- Ba cheart duit labhairt le
c Ti an ceart agat. Miile faoi.
b Beidh s6 ann. o Ldigh aris 6. 06amh)
C Ni bheidh Sfle in ann teacht. b Tar go luath. (teacht)
d Chuaigh si go Nua Eabhrac an mhi seocaite. C Cuir atop leis, (ctr)
d Tabhair c6a leat. (tdbhairt)
MA(lfl C N6 d6an 6. (deanamh)Nior
-
Join up the left and right columns to make sentences.There t N6 t6igh ann. (dul) Nior -
are severalpossible combinations {or some of these.
o Buailfdh rn6 leat ag am I mi fheiceanntd 6
l6in
b Ni d6an 6 ll mis maith leat Testyourself:Comprehension
1
C Tabhair do Pheadar6 lii m6 ti tf tinn
d D6anfaidh m6 6 sin duit lv mi ti tuirse on Tomr{sfinds that Peadaris not in his office. He asks another
c T6ighabhaile v m6 bhionntd r6-ghn6thach colleaguewhere he might be, C'i bhfuil s6l
f Fansaleaba vi rnrisf6idir
tnl
Mri, Lion iaeachna beamaileis an bbloirm cheartden c
bhriatharidir lriibini. (Conpleu tbegapspith tbe coned 4
form of the uerbin bracke*lz F
o IWi - ni Pddraigin,abair l6i go bhluil m6ag fanacht N
a
l6i (feiceann). U
b M6 - td saor am 6igin, buail isteach (bionn).
C Mi - t( seans,cuir glaoch orm (faigheann).
d M6 - ni ann, glaoigh ar Ph6l agusbuailfdh s6leat An bhfullq fhlosogot? Doyouknow?
(t6ann). C6nftth? wtry?
gloodr(m) (telephone)coll
buolllstecch collin tinn sick
I
6 Ti sriilagamgo ... ll hopethat ...1
Answerthe ouestionsasin the examDle.

298 t nlt 19 C.dpolmgo thtun on boacdffi 2!!

 2
Comprehension Murabhfuilni
cl{raithe,
Mura bhfuil ni cl6raithe... (If you are not rcgistered...J nl Dnelcn vota agat.
Td sdchomhsimpltlcis sin.
Seof6gra as nuachtin. L6igh na ceisteannaar dtfs. (Opposite k a U mhalaar dlr nueoghth6irf gedr
neu./spaperdnnouncemml Read the questionsfirst.l bliain - nI m6r duitsca chinntin go
bhfuil nt dtraithc.
o C6 chomh minic is a ullmhaitearcl6r nua toghth6iri?(Horz Go hdirithct{ s{ dbhacheci an clCra
often is a neut register of uoters prepared?l scntdf rnddlthraigh nl do sheoladhlc
d&od. n6 m{ blrJonn
b Ba ch6ir do dhaoine iirithe cinntiri go bhfuil siad cliraithe. C6
do lSri brithl4aget6oi 15Aibrdn.
hiad? lcefiain people should ensurethey are registered.Wbo Mrr sia scddaigh.n &{echtchlft anois,
are theyll Mula bhfuil tri cL{raithc
c D6an liosta de na hditeannaar f6idir leat an cldr a scrridrl. nl bhcidhv6taag.c
lMake a list of the placesuthereyou can examine the register.l BUAIL ISTEACH GO DTf
d Cad an d6ta deireanachar f6idir leat an cl6r a scrridri? STAISIONAN GHARDA, AN
lwhat is the last date on ubich you can examinethe register?l PHOSTOIFIG,AN LEABHARI^ANN
PHOIBLI, TEACH NACIIRTE N6
OIFIGAN UDARAISAITIOI
muno = muro ullmhoionn prcpares
Ni m6r duitse ... It is necessoryfor you ...
c16rqithe registercd
cl6r regrter (here)
cinntionn makessure
go h6irithe especiolly
scr0d0 examining,to examine
othmionn aanges
breithl6 = 16brelthe bifthdoy
buoil isteoch callin
othroionn cnanges
drocht draft
idor6s outhotity
6iti0il locol
Scniidaighan drdachtchlCr
roimh 15 Eaniir

(From:Anois, z8-29 Nollaig, r99r)

300 Unlt 19 Ccopoh 9o bhtullon boncd6nto ,OI

 20
Question
Cn deochasusc6n bia a theastaionn6 Sheosamh?

2
Diologue
A telephone caller leaves a messagewith somebody's secretary. c)
C6ordo dh6onf6? Dulneor on bhf6n An bhf6odfoinnlobhoirtle TomAsMoc NCill.le
o
o

Whotwouldyoudo? R0noi
do tholl?
T6s6og freostolorchruinniofooi l6thqir.
4
F

o ghlocodh?
Dulneor on bhf6n An bhfeodfr teochtoireocht o
ln thisunityouwillleornhowto Rinol Glocfoldh,
cinnte.Aboirleot.
. Make rcquests
. Offet hosPitalitY ,*
on bhf6qdfoinn/qn bhf6qdf6? couldI/couldyou?
. Persuade
. Give advice og freostol or chruinniO(m)
teochtoireocht (f) o ghlocodh
attendinga meeting iv
. Referto things which are likely, possible or probable
Aboir leot.
ta tnkF n rnp<<nnp
,St
Go ohead. (leot with you = oheod tt';'
here) :*l

Diologue1 Question
Cad a iarrannan duinear an bhf6n?
Seosamhcallsaround to Liam's housefor the first time in months.

i Liom T0fCinotd onn,o Sheosoimh. ConostA t0?Totisteoch'

c Diologue3
F i Seosomh TOimgo moith.Is fodo 6 bhi m onseo.
r{ i Liqm T6tomqllfodo onn.An 6lf6 cupdncoife?
o A memberof the audiencein a televisionprogrammeis askedby
IJ i seosamh 0lfoidh.
i Liom Ar mhoithleot oon ni le hithe? the host (fearan ti) how shewould spenda largelottery win.
i Seosomh Bo mhoithliom c0plobriosco,m6 t6 siodqgot.
F;;;;;;'a;il; ffi;;;; il;;i;;;;; ;il;; i;n;t''i o
Coitlln corrnuodomfin,oqusonslnrochoinn
Cheonn6inn or o
on 6lf6? wouldyou drink? 500lre.
le hithe to ear Feqrqn tt An 6keo6 os do phost? c
F
ct m6 if Cqltlin Ni dh6onfoinn.Is d6ighliom go rochoinnqs mo r.i
biscuit mheqbhokmurombelnnog oboir. o
briosco L'
(Contd)

Unlt 20 Caordo dh6onfd? 303

)v-
 dh6anfainn I uould do (pron.y6nhin)
dhlanff you uould do (pron.ynhi)
dh6anfadhs6/si helitlshewould do (pron. y6nhuchsh6/
shi)
dh6anfaimis we u.,oulddo (pron. y6nhimish)
dh6anfadhsibh you utould do (pron. y6nhuchshiv)
dh6anfaidis they uoald do (pron. y6nhidish)

C6ord o dhonf6? What wouldyou do? Verbswhich beginwith a vowel or fhave a d prefixedto them.
d6 mbuofo if you won
An 6lreof6 os? Wouldyou quit? 6lann drinks d'6lfadh u.,oalddinh (pron. d6lhuch)
go rocholnnos mo mheobhdil that I wouldgo mad (lit. out of f1adann is able to d'fh6adfadh uould be able to (pron. d6tuch)
my mind)
mum mbeinn if I werenot {DCD2,TR 11, 2:24
Conoso choithfed? How wouldyou spend?
B'fhldlr go gcuirfinn ... 6 MaybeI wouldput it ... Type z verb, e,g.ceannaionn(bays):Add lenition, 6 and ending.
go dti go smoolneoinnol until I thoughtof
cheann6inn I uould bry (pron. hyan6in)
Questions cheann6fi yo* uould buy (pron. hyan6hi)
o Cad 6 an ch6adrud a dh6anfadhCaitlin di mbuafudhsi an cheann6dhsdsi helitlshe utould buy (pron. hyan6ch sh6/shi)
Lotro? cheann6imis ue would buy (pron. hyan6mish)
b C6n f6th a rachadhsi ar saoirechun na hAstriile? cheann6dhsibh youuould buy (pron. hyan6chshiv)
cheann6idis they would buy (pron. hyan6dish)

Verbswhich beginwith a vowel or fhave a d'prefixed to them.

Grommor Following a slenderconsonant6 is wriften eo:

,I WOULD THE CONDITIONALMOOD OF THE VERB imionn goes (auay) d'imeodh would go (autay) lpron. dimy6ch)
-
fog)tlaimionn leams d'fhoghlaimeoch uould lean lpron.
This refers to things which are not actual fact, but are likely, dowl"imy6ch)
possible or probable; it correspondsto the utould forrn of the
English verb, e.g. I tt,ould buylgo, etc. Its formation is as follows: 2 THE USEOF THE CONDITIONAL

rt CD2,TR 11, 1:38 It can be usedfor making requests,suggestions,advising,

persuadingand offerhg hospitality:
Type r verb, e.g. d{atant ldoes, rzafes): Add lenition, f and
ending. An dtiocf6 liom? Vould you come with me?
Ni dh6anfainn 6 sin. I utouldn't do that.

Unlt2(t Caqdodhaqnft? 3O5

 Ni cheann6inn an teach sin, I uouldn't buy that house. Tabharfaidh. Yes,(lit. utill giuel
Mholfainn duit glacadh leis. I uould aduiseyou to dccept it. An gcabhr6filiom? Would you help me?
Dh6anfadh s6maitheas duit. lt would do yon good. Cabhr6idh. Yes. llit. will helpl
Nach smaoineofi air? Wouldn't you think about it?
An 6lfri cuo6ntae? Would you drink a cup of tea? lslni f6idh lcanlcan'tl may be usedto reply to an bhf6adfi?
Qould you?l (insteadof f6adfaidhwill be able to, which one
3 THE CONDITIONALOF FEADANN'IS ABLETO, CAN' would expect).

When combined with verbal nouns this gives an equivalent to An bhf6adfainnlabhain le M6ire? Could I speak to lvfuiire?
Eng)ishI could dolgo, etc.z Is f6idir, cinnte. Yes,certainly,

D'ft6adfainn dul ann. I could go therc, S THE CONDITIONALOF TA (IS)

D'ft6adfainn 6 sin a dh6anamh. I could do that.
D'fh6adfadhs6bheithfuar anocht. It could be told nnight. The conditionalform of ti (is) is bheadhluould bel (pron. vech).
Its full range of forms is as follows:
The conditional of tadaionn lhappmsl canhave this senseof cozld
also: bheir'n I uould be (pron. ven)
bheiled you utould 6a (pron. veh6)
Tharl6dh go mbeadh # fuar. It could (happen to) be cold. bheadh si:lsibelshewould be (pron. vech sh6/shi)
bheimis ue uould be (pron. vemish)
4 QUESIIONS IN THE CONDITIONAL bheadhsibh yoz raonll be (pron. vechshiv)
bheidis they uould De(pron. vedish)
Questions about purely hypothetical things are both askedand
replied to using the conditional: Here are someexamples:

An bhf6adf66sin a dhanamh? Could voa do thatl Bheinnbuioch diot. I uould be grateful to you.
D'fhadfainn. I coald. Bheadhs6sin go deas. Tbat uould be nice.
Ni fh6adfainn. I couldn't.
Rememberthat an?requireseclipsisinsteadof lenition (seeUnit 8):
Polite offersand requestsare askedusingthe conditionaland
repliedto usingthe future: An mbeifeds6staleis sin? Would yoa be happy uith that?
An mbeadhcaogacent agat? Would you bauefifty cents?
An 6lfi deoch/cup6ntae? Woukl you like a drinklcup of tea?
Oraidtr. Yes.(lit. uill drinkJ The conditional progressiveconsistsof bheinn etc. + verbal noun:
N( 6lfaidh. No. (lit. uton't drinkl
An nd6anf6gar dom? Would you do me a fauour? Bheinnamuighagsi6l di I uould, be out ualking if it
D6anfaidh. Yes.(lit. uill do\ mbeadhs6go bre6. were fne.
An dtabharfri iasacht deich Would.you lend me to?
euro dom?

jo6 Unit20 Cddodhaoif6? 107

 5 IRREGULARCONDITIONAL FORMS Codo mholf6? What wouldyou rccommend?
to strengthen a
neort0
A verb which is irregularin the future tenseis also irregularin the Bo cheortgo mbun6foi
l6nGhoelocho
... There shouldbe estoblished...
Irish-medium
!
conditional. scoileonno schools
An mbeodh suim og ... Would ... be interested? l
ct
Present Future Conditionol D6 lobhorfoiniosm6 Goeilge... If morc lrish werespoken...

togonn comes tiocfoidh wil/come thiocfodh wouldcome INTERVIEW2

tConn goes rochoidhwil/ 90 rochcdhwouldgo
tugonn gives tobhqrfoidh wil/ give thobhorfodhwouidgive Iriseoir Conoso chuirfeaon Choeilqe chuncinn.dd mbeodhs6or
foigheonn gets gheobhoidhwili get gheobhodhwouldget do chumos?
ni bhfoighidhwil/ ni bhfoigheodhwould Niomh Bocheortgo mbeodhniosmOGoeilge or on teilifis.
not geL not get Iriseoir Codeile?
itheonn edts iosfoidhwil/ eot d'iosfodh wouldeat Niomh D6 mboinfeodh dooinelsoid oson m6idGoeilge otd ocu.
deireonnsays daorfoidh will say diorfadh would say Iriseoir Fi[ murobhfuilGoeilgemhojthocu?
beireonnbears biorfoidh will beor bh6orfodhwouldbear Niomh 6on omhros. B'fhidirgo dtiocfodh
feobhosorthu.

The conditionalforms on the right of the table aboveare

pronounced:hukuch,rachuch,hirhuch, y6ch, ni voych,disuch, Conoso chuirfe6... chuncinn? Howwouldyou advance...?
d6rhuchand v6rhuch. Bo cheortgo mbeodh... Thereshouldbe ...
Do mboinfeodh dooineirs6idos... If peoplemadeuseof ...
Notice that d6arfadhlackslenition,and that thereis no f in rachadh. Fi! muro bhfuil Evenif (they)don't
gon omhros without a doubt
feobhos imprcvement

Two interviews

Membersof the public are askedhow they would promotethe use Grommor
of lrish: Cad a mholannsiad?lwbat do they recommend?l
7 THE PASSIVEFORM OF THE CONDITIONAL
INTERVIEW1
l his has a specialending -f(a)i whose f is pronouncedas such (and
Iriseoir Codo mholf6chunon Ghoeilgeo neort0? not as h).
Donncho Bocheortgo mbun6foiniosm6 scoileonnol6nGhqelocho.
Iriseoir An mbeodhsuimog go leordooineiontu,dor leot? Type r verbs add -fi if the precedingvowel is i or e:
Donncho Boch6irgo mbeodh,dd mbeidisgo moith.
Iriseolr Aon rudeile? Bhrisfi6. It would be broken.
Donncho D6lobhorfoiniosm6 Goeilgeso DOil,dh6onfodhsesin \i chreidfi6 sin. That wouldn't be belieued.
mqitheos. Bheifiullamhfaoinam sin. One would be readyby that time.

308 Unlt 20 C6ordo dhont6? 3O9

 Type r verbs otherwise add -fai: LOmPare:

An nd6anfai in am 6? Vould it be done on time! An dtabharfd iasacht deich euro Co d you lend me ten e ros
Ni ddarfai focal faoi. Not a word would be said about it. dom? (now)?
Dri nd6fai 6. lf it were burnt. D6anfaidh, m6 ti s6 agam. I uill (tlo), if I baue it (nowl.
An dtabharfddom 6 amirach? Coukl you giue it nme
Type z verbs have -6fai or -eofai dependingon the preceding tomolfow(
vowel: D6anfaidh, mi bhionn s6 agam. I utill (alo),if I haue it (at that
future time),
Ni cheann6fai 6 sin. That utouldn't be bougbt.
D6 smaoineofai in am air. lf it uterethought of on time. M6 td and m6 bhionn can both combine with verbal nouns:

A HOW TO SAY 'IF': MA AND DA M6 ti s6ag obair anois. If belit is wo*ing nout.
M6 bhionn s6 ag obair amdrach. If helit k working totnoftott.
You will have noticed that there are two ways of saying if in Irish.
10 MURA (IF NOT)
a Mi (with lenition) refers to something which is likely. It is
followed by the presenttensewhen either present or future This causeseclipsis,and requiresthe dependentform of the verb, if
eventsare being referred to. there is one. Here is a comparison with m6 and d6, both meaning i/:
b Di (with eclipsis)refers to something which is lesslikely, or
unlikely, and requires the conditional. Likely (present) Unlikely (conditional)
Positive mi ti ni gn6thach di mbeiferi gn6thach
Comoarethese: if you are busy if you uterebusy
Negative mura bhfuil tf gn6thach mura mbeife6 gn6thach
M6 bhuaileannti leis lf you meethim if you are not busy if you uere not busy
D6 mbuailfedleis lf you uterc to meet him
M6 th6annni ann lf you go tbere Here are some examplesof mura:
D6 rachf6ann If you wert there
Tar linn, mura bhfuil tf Come utith us, if you are not
9 MA WITH THE yERB TA (Is): MA TA AND MA BH'ONN gn6thach. busy.
An mbeife6 ann, mura mbeife{ . Would you be therc, if you
The verb ti (rs) makesa distinction of its own betweentwo simple gn6thach? uercn't busy?
forms in the presenttense,namely ti (is) (right now) vs. bionn (ls) Rachainn amach, mura mbeadh I utouWgo out if it uterm't
(normally or habitually). However, mi bhionn often refers to the s6 ag cur bSisti. raining.
future. M6 bheidh is not used.
Insight
You will also encountermuno, the older form of mum.
I
tro Unlt 20 CAad o dhqnft? ?I I
 11 B'FHEIDIR(MAYBE,PERHAPS) 13 EXPRESSING
OELIGATION

This is a phrase,consisting of ba (conditional of the copula) In the last unit you met Ba cheart... It taould be ight ... An
+ f6idir, and literally meaningit woukl be possible.Vhen used alternativeform of this is Ba ch6ir ... It uould be proper ...
with referenceto future time it is followed by go (rbar) and the
conditionalmood of the verb: Theseare followed either by go lthatl ot by a verbal noun clause.
For instancet at should be done can be translated either wav:
An bhf6adf6 labhairt leo? Couldyot talk n them?
B'ft 6idir go labharfainn. MaybeI uill (lit. uouldl (talkl. Ba ch6ir go ndEanfai6 sin.
An mbeidh tri ann? 'Will you be there? Ba ch6ir 6 sin a dheanamh.
B'ftddir go mbeinn. MaybeI uill. (lit. utouldbel
If you want to saythat a panicular personshoulddo something,
OFTHECOPULA
12 THECONDITIONAL usedo (to) to indicatethe personin question:

Thesearethe forms: Ba ch6ir do Mhiire bheith anseo. Mdire should be bere,

Ba ch6ir duit 6 a dhiol. You sho d sell it.
Statement Question
Positive ba ar
Negative nior nit
Proctice
You have already met three of thesein connection with the phrase
meaning'to like': 1 Here are four shon iumbleddialoguesof two lineseach.Sort
them out and note which tensesare used.
Ar mhaith leat cupin tae? Wo d you like a cup of tea? o An 6lfi deoch?
Ba mhaith. Yes. b Rachaidh. cinnte
Nior mhaith. No. C Ni iosfaidh,go raibh maith agat.
d An nd6anfdgar dom?
Here are someother examples: a 6raian.
f D6anfaidh.
Is maith an rud 6. becomes Ba mhaith an rud 6, I An rachf6 go Londain liom?
(lt's a good thing.l llt uould be a good tbing.l h An iosf6 ceapaire?
Is cuma liom faoi. becomes Ba chumaliom faoi.
(l don't careabout it,l (I wouldn't carcabout it.l 2 Completeand answertheshypotheticalquestionsas you
Nich maith an rud 6? becomes Ndr mhaith an rud 6? wish, putting the verbs in the conditional.
(lsn't it a good thingi) (Wouldn't it be a good thing?l Dri dtabharfai rogha druitlif you uteregium the choice);
o an _ carr nua?
b an as an tir?
-
c an _ gar do strainsdirl

t rL Unh20 Caordodhaonft? 3I3

 d an - sista 6iri as do phost? og deisii repatnn9 '.
. >,
e an - ar saoireamSrach? teochtoireocht message .g
irasin anna bhfuil tri i do ch6nai gldconn takes
f an - sa teach./san I
faoi l6thair?
an - iasachtdeichbpunt do charaduit? 4 Make up interviews like the one with Risteard on what
Mf ir6ad and Eoghan would do if they won the Lotto.

ffi:;:,*u,, favour
stran9el teoch
on
dul
ol
6iri os oirgeodo c6isiro
o p(h) thbhoirt shocr0
cn
t-airgeod
cheonnoch sqoire ost oo o churso
dononn fononn imionn t6onn tuqonn ceonnoionn t6 no boicht bhonc

3 Criochnaighna comhriite seolfnish thesedialoguesl.The Ristedrd x 1 xl

missingrequestsor enquiriesare listedhereto guideyou: M6irod wl 7
Eoghon ) xt
: oskingforhelp oskingsomeone to lendyou10
: oskingo fovourof someone oskingsomeoneto tokeo messog
i oskingto speokto someone oskingfor 20cfor the telephone no boicht thepoor
c6isir(f) a pafty a
o socr0 to arronge
C6 at6 ag caint?
D6nallO S. x' = the first thing the personwould do
F6n n6im6ad,le do thoil. x = would do
? = mightdo
- - -?
D6anfaidh,m6s fidir liom.
Iriseoit Cordo dh6onfddd mbuofdon duoismh6rso Lotto.o
---?
6 ... Te b.6" orm, ach nil pingin agamfaoi l6thair. Risteoird?
Risteord Is 6 on ch6odrud o dhonfqinnn6 c6isiro eqqro.
---?
F6ngo bhfeicfidhm6 ... seoduit. Iriseoit Feiclm. Agusinodhioidhsin?
Go raibh maith agat. Risteord D'6ireoinn os mo phost,ogusb'fh6idirgo dtobhorfoinn
An bhfacati Pidraigin in 6it ar bith? roinntoirgidd'eogroscorthonochto
Ni fhaca.
---?
Glacfaidh,cinnte. duois(f) prEe
Abair leisgur mhaith liom bualadhleis trdthn6na. eqgr0 to orgontze Q

T{ m6 ag deisirian chairr. - ? eogroscorthonochto o choritableorganization

- -
Cabh16idh,cinnte.

3r4 Unit 20 C6ordo dh6onfi? 3I S

 5 Practisetheseguided conversarions:
lo
o

c
F

o
(,
Tugonn B cuairt ar A.(B is visitingAl
A offers B teo.
B occepts.
A offerssondwich(cedpolre).
I polltelyrefuses.
21
Ar on bhf6n.
A osksto speokto P6l. Bhiodhm6rdnle d6onomh
B P6lisnotthere.
A osksB to givehim q messoge. ogom
B ogrees.
I usedto hoveo lot to do
Testyourself In thisunityouwillleorn
. To talk about eventstho.t hdppenedrcgula yinthepo'st
1 Insertthe appropriateforms of the verbsbelow after mi or d6:
o Me - tf le P6l, abair leisgo bhfuil m6 anseo.
b Md - Brid ann, rachaidhmisel6i.
c Tabharfaidhm do Mhiire 6, mi - si ann. Beforeyoustort
d Cad a d6arfadhSe6nd6 - s6an scal.
e Cad a cheann6f6di - au9eadagat? This unit will dealwith eventsthat happenedregularlyin the past,
as opposedto individual past events.This distinctionis important
t6 tConn cloiseonn buoileonn not only in historicaltexts but also in talking about earlierperiods
of one'slife.

Diologue

B'{heirmeoir Tomis trdth, ach t6 s66irithe as anois.Tagann

an sagartchuigear cuairt. (Tomds,a retired farmer, is uisitedby
a priest.He retfiiniscesabout former times,dnd comparesthe
inactiuity of retirementuitb his worhing life.l

3r6 Unlt 21 thiodh m6.6nle d,Eonomh

ogom lI/
 Sqgort Conostd og 6iri leqt,o Thom6is? Trueor folse?
4
F Tom6s Ni ceortdom geor6n,o othoir,och b'fheorrliom bheith o Td Tomis s6stabheith 6iritheas an obair.
rf og oboir. b Bionn uaigneasair anois.
o
Sdgort Tdsedeocoiron t-om o choitheomh.is d6cho? c Fananns6sa leabad6anachar maidin.
Tom6s D'fhCodfdo rd go bhfuil.
SogErt An mbionnuoigneosort onois? Here are sometexts about earlieroeriodsin Irish historv.
Tom6s Bionn,mqrni fheicimm6rdndooine.
Sogort An irionnt0 go mochi gc6noi?
Tom6s Eirim,mord0isimgo luoth.
Sogqrt Conoso choiteaon 16nuoiro bhi on fheirmogot? Text'l
Tom6s Bhiodhm6r6nie d6onomhogom.D'Cirinn og o seso
somhrodh ogusag o hochtsogheimhreodh. Is 6 on 'tt CD?,TR 12, 1122
ch6odrudo dh6onoinn nuoiro d'eirlnnna dulomoch
og crrino mb6.Th6godhsCsinuoiron chloigor o An bia a d'itheadh na Norrnannaigh
loghod. Achonoisni bhionndodole donomhogom Food in the Notman castle
or moidin.Bhiodhrudoile d6onomhor on bhfeirmi rith
on loe. D'6iriodh muintir an chaisleiinle breacadhan lae.Ni bhiodh
Sogqrt Agusd'fheideago leordooine. ach roinnt bheagardin agusfiona acu don bhricfeasta.
Tom6s D'fheicinn,morthogodhno comhorsoin chuigon teoch D'fhanadhan chuid is rn6 acu ina seasamhagusiad ag ithe.
go minic,go h6irithenuoirq bhiodh96 le cobhoir. Bhiodh an dinn6aracu ag me6nlae,agusd'ithidis an suip6ar
Chuidimis oo l6irlenqchCileon uoirsin. timpeall a s6satr6thn6na.

D'itheadhna tiarnai Normannachaa lin feola- mairteoil,

geo16n to complain(olso,oso noun, caoireoilagusmuiceoil.Chuirti m6r6n den fheoil ar salann.
o complaint) D'ft6idti spiosraiagusluibheannachun blasnios fearr a chur ar
Concso choite6? Howdidyou useto spend? an bhfeoil.Bhi coscar fheoil ar an Aoine agusd'iti iascan ld sin.
bhiodh... ogom I usedto have... Bhiodhglasraiag na Normannaighfreisin.Bhi cabdiste,oinniriin
D'Cirinn. I usedto get up. aguscairidcoitiantaag an am sin. Ach ni raibh aon phr6tai ann.
o a dh6dnoinn whichI usedto do
og crri no mb6 milkingthe cows(b6 = cow) Ar6n b6n cruithneachtaa bhiodh acu.Th6gaidisbeachaagus
9 th6gcdh s6 sin thot usedto take d'fsdidti mil chunbia a mhilsirifaoi mar a ris6idimidne
siricrainniu.
dodo nothing
a d'fheicte6 you usedto see Fion, beoir, agusbainnena deochannais m6 a d'6laidis.
thogodhno comhqrsoin the neighboursusedto come
nuoiro bhiodh96 le cqbhoir whenthetewos(lit. usedto be) od'itheodh which(they)usedto eat
needof help muintiron choisle6in the inhobitantsof the castle
Chuidimis
... lenochile. Weusedto help... oneanother. le breocodhqn loe at daybreok
go l6ir all roinnt bheog a smollpottion,a little

lr 8 Unlt 21 Bhiodhm6r6nle d6onomhogom 3I9

 d'fhonodh ... lno seosomh usedto remainstanding lit. in Bhi scoileannai gcuid de na mainistreacha.D'fhoghlairniodh na
their standing) mic l6inn l6amh agusscriobh na Laidine.
tlorno a lod
chulrti ... or solonn usedto be salted(lit.put on so,t) mdnoch monk
d'6s6idti usedto be used de r6ir accodingto
spiosm sptce rioil rule
lulbh heh docht strict
blqs toste och qmh6ln or excepton
d'tti usedto be eaten s6lp6ol chapel
crulthneocht wheat pqidlt ptayel
beoch a Dee db abbot
mil honey son direomh included
mllsi0 sweetening,to sweeten l6mh honto a helpinghond
fool mol o in the sameway as cuid ocu someof them(butcuidde beforenouns)
fion wine c6ip copy
beolr Deel l6omh ogus scriobh readingandwriting
o d'6loidis which they usedto drink
Questlons
Questions o C6n 16a d'itheadhna manaighiasc?
o C&rd a bhiodh ag na Normannaigh don bhricfeasta? b C6 a bhiodh ag obair ar an bhfeirm?
b Cn cineil feolaa d'ithidis?
c C6n l5 a d'iti iasc?
d C6arda d'6laidisde ghn6th?
Grqmmor

<fcD2,TR12,331
Text2
,I THEPASTHABITUALOFTHEVERB
<f CD2,TR 12,2:38
Therearespecialformsof the verbfor referringto recurringevents
An saol sa mhainistir in the past.Theyareformedasfollows:
Life in the morasnty
Type r verbe.g.dinnanndoes,ma&es:Add lenitionand endings
D'oibriodh na manaighgo dian agusmhairidisde r6ir rialacha
dochta.D'ithidis ar6n, iascagusuibheachaagusd'6laidisbainne. dh6anainn I usedto do (pron.y6n"in)
Ni iti feoil ach amhainar an Domhnach.Thagaidisle ch6ilesa dhanti you used to (pron.y6nti)
sipalchun paidreachaa r5 roinnt uaireantasa li. Thugaidisgo dh6anadhs6/si helitlsheusedto do (pron.y6n"chsh6/shi)
l6ir, an t-ab san iireamh, limh chrinta ar an bhfeirm. D'oibriodh dh6anaimis ue usedto do (pron.yen.imish)
cuid acu sa leabharlann agusdh6anaidisc6ipeannade leabhair. (Cortd)

tzo Unlt21 Bhlodhm&tn l. dconomhogom 32I

 dhdanadhsibh you usedto do (pron. y6nuchshiv) 3 THEPASTHABITUALOFTA
dhanaidis they usedto do (pron. y6n'idish)
This corresponds
to the presenthabitua.lYronn,k utont to bet
Verbswhich beginwith a vowel or f prefix d'
$hinn I used to be (pron. vin)
6lan:n drinhs d'6lainn Iusedto drizA (pron. d6l"in) bhitei ,'tou used to be (pron. vity6)
itheann eats d'ithitn lusedn ear (pron. dihin) bhiodh s6lsi helitlsbe used to be (pron. viuch sh6/shi)
fanann stays d'Ihanainn I usedto stay (pron. dan'in) bhirris ue used to be (pron. vimish)
bhiodh sibh you usedto be (pron. viuch shiv)
Type z verb, e.g. ceamraionnbuyst Add lenition and endings bhidis they used to be (pron. vidish)

cheannainn I usedto buy (pron. hyan"in) Ir THE PASSM OF THE PASTHABITUAL

cheannaitei you usedto buy (pron. hyan'iteri)
cheannaiodhs#si helitlsheusedto buy (pron. hyan"ioch The endingis ti after slenderconsonantsor i, e, and tai elsewhere:
sh6/shi)
cheannaimis ute usedto buy (pron. hyanuimish) cuireann pzls chuireadh usedto put chttiti usedto be put
cheannaiodhsibh ^youusedto buy (pron. hyan'ioch ris6ideann zses d'lirsiidea.dhusedto use d'ft{idti usedto be ssed.
shiv) ceannaionn Drys cheannaiodhused to buy cheannaitiused to
cheannaidis they usedto buy (pron. hyan"idish) be bought
6lann drinks d'6ladh used to drink d'6ltrf usedto be drunk
Verbswhich beginwith a vowel or f prefix d'
If a verb endswith th that is dropped before tiltai:
iitiolln gets4p d'6iriodh usedto getup (pron. d6riodh)
foghlaimionn learns d'fhoghlaimiodh used to learn itheann eats d'itheadh usedto eat d'iti usedto be eaten
(pron. dowl'im(och) caitheann spends chaitheadh used to spend &aiti usedto be spent

2 USING THE PASTHABITUAL ina,shi I

It corespondsto the presenthabitual:

titim ag a seachtgachmaidin. I get up at seueneuerymorning.

ff$i::::r:::::::_::::::::::
I
5 SOMEATTERNATIVEEXPRESSIONS
D'6irinn ag a seachtgach I usedto get up at seueneuery
maidin. motning. The ideaof a past habitualcan also be conveyedby theseidioms
Ni 6laim caife. I don't drink coffee. basedon n6s (ml (babit, customl and gn th (usuallt
Ni 6lainn caife. I usednot to drink coffee.
Ceannaim an p6ip6ar sin I buy that paper so?netimes. Bhi s6den6s... It was the practice...
uarreanta. Baghnathl ... It was usual (for somebody)to ...
Cheannainn an p6ip6ar sin I used to buy that paper
uafeanra. sornetirnes.

Unh2l lhlodh m6dn h dadnalnhogom 323

 Here are someexamples: Naomh Colum Cille

Bhi s6de n6s againn6iri go noch. It was our custotfl to get uP eadY. Rugadh Colum Cille i nGart6n i gContae Thir Chonaill.
Ba ghn6th leo glasrai a chur. Tltey used to Plant uegetdbles. CiallaionnColum Cille col6r na cille. Thug a chairdean
t-ainm sin air nuair a - s66g toisc go gcaitheadhs6 a
oireadsin ama ag rd a chuid paidreacha.Theastaighuaidh
bheith ina shagart agus- s6 staid6ar i mainistreacha
Proctice agsrilaar fud na tire. Nuair a rinneadh sagart de - se ar
ais go tuaisceart na hEireann agus bhunaigh s6mainistir san
1 Completethe conversationin the example: 6it ina bhfuil cathair Dhoire anois. Faoi dheireadh- s6
go hAlbain agusbhunaigh s6mainistir eile ar Oilerin I.
Exanple saol an-chrua ag na manaigh ansh. - go hanJuath agus
A An gcaitheanntf tobac? deiridis m6r6n paidreacha sula dt6idis amach ag obair. Bhiodh
B -, ach stop m bliain 6 shin. cuid diobh ag obair ar an bhfeirm agus- a thuilleadh
o A An 6lann tri a l6n caife? diobh a gcuid ama ag c6ipeiil leabhar.
B - cfig n6 s6chup6nsa 16ach d'6irigh m6 as mar
ni - in ann titim i mo chodladhsan oiche. bhiodh chuoioh d',liridis rinne choitheodh bhi thainiq
bA An itheanntri m6r6n feola?
B - cuid mhaith ach ni ithim anoisach iasc.Ti s Colnm (from Latin columbal is the original spelling of a word
nios sl6intirila. which is now colm d.oue.'fhe earlier spelling is still often used
C A An 6irionn tfi go moch ar maidin? as a (male)name.The word cill has beenlargelyreplacedin
B - go han-mhochnuair a bhi m6 ag obair. Ach ti the senseol church by eaglaisand s6ip6al.
md 6iritheas anoisagusfanaimsa leabaar maidin.
dA An gceannaionntf carr nua gachbliain? clalloionn means
B - uair amhdin ach t6 siadr6dhaor anois' cohif dove,pigeon
Ni athraim mo charr anoisach gachtrid bliain. cill church
A An mbionn Treasaag obair san oichef6s? og 16 saYin9
B - go dti le d6anaiach fuair si post nua. d oireod so mucn
cothoir city
6irionnos givesup cruo hard
titim folling, to fall sulo (+ eclipsis) before
sldinti0il healthy 6o9s0il different, vorious
moch early(alsoluoth, especia//y
tn or fud throughout
moreaeneralcontexts) bunoionn founds, establishes
molnlstir monastety
2 Seocuntasgairid ar Naomh Colum Cille \hereis a sbort account poidil ptoyer
of St Colum Cille, founder of the monasteryof lotw in soutbtuest tedstqlonn want5
Scotlandl. Selectverbsfrom the list below to completethe text. sogolt priest
Note that both the simplepast and the past habitual are used' c6ipe6ll copytng

Unh2l Bhlodhm6dn le daonomhoEqm 325

324
 <t CD2,TR 12,5:00

Na Lochlannaigh Tle Vikings Tokingit further

Talamh bocht a bhi san lorua. D'fh6sadhna Lochlannaigh
coirceaguseornaina gcuid p6irceannabeaga.Bhiodh caoirigh
agusmuca acu.D'fhaighidism6rin bia 6n bhfarraige.
Dh6anaidism6rin iascaireachta agusmharaidisr6nta freisin. Dictionories
D'fhis an daonraagusbhidis i gc6naiag lorg talamh nua.
Sheolaidisi bhfad 6 bhaile ina gcuid b6d, chomh fada leis an As you progressin your study of Irish you will needmore
Ioslainnsatuaisceartagusleis an Me6nmhuir sa deisceart.Is comprehensivedictionariesthan thosementionedin the Introduction.
cosriilgo ndeachaighcuid acu go MeiricedThuaidh. Thosaigh The standard bilingual dictionaries aret English-lrish Dictionary,
siad ag teachtgo hEirinn sa naori haois.D'ionsaidisna edited by Tomris de Bhaldraithe; Focl6ir-Gaeilge Biarla, edited by
rnainistreachaagusthugaidisleo 6r agusairgead.Rinneadha Niall 6 D6naill. Both are publishedby An Grim, the publications
ldn dochair don tir an uair sin. Shocraighgo leor acu siosin branch of the Depanment of Education in Dublin. Neither is
Eirinn agusph6s siad Eireannaigh. up to date,however- the former appearedin 1959, the latter in
1979.You will still needto turn to the shorterdictionariesfor
An loruo NoNay terminology related to computers and other aspectsof modern life
coerce oots which have becomefamiliar in the past generetion. O D6naill's
eomo barley FGB, as it is often abbreviated, remains essentialfor reading
coom sheep literature in lrish.
muc pi9
moroionn ki s
16n seal
f6sonn gtows Booksond newspopers
doonrq population
lorg seeKtng It should be rememberedthat the work of creative writers
seolonn sails (novelists,poets etc.) is typically among the most taxing material
i bhfcd 6 bhoile for from home you can attempt in a new language.The poetry of Nuala Ni
on iosldinn Iceland Dhomhnaill, the leading Irish-languagepoet of recent years and the
on Mhe6nmhuir the Mediterronean literary figure best known outside the Irish-speaking community, is
oois age,century available in bilingual form, the English versionsoften the work of
ionsoionn attacks other distinguished Irish poets. A glance at her work (if you come
6r gold acrossit) will give you an idea of the literary world which may
oirgeod si/ver(usuollymeonsmoney) open up for you. But it is best not to aim too high at the beginning.
dochor damage An Grirn" mentioned above, producesexcellent children's books
socroionnsios settlesdown and school texts on a wide range of subiects,all written in clear,
idiomatic lrish. Mdir6ad Ni Ghr6da's translations of well-known

32 6 Toklng
ltftr hr 327
 fairytales,publishedby An Grim, are particula y useful,and the
languageis not at all childish.Do not underestimate the valueof
suchmaterialto the learner.If you are familiar with the Bible,
rememberthat it has long beenusedfor privatelanguagestudy.
If you know the story you havea headstart. Az Biobla Naofa
(r98r), publishedby An Sagart,and availablefrom FiosFeasa,
gm), is a very fine translation.
Dingle, Co. Kerry (wrvrt.fi.gs'f.ea9a",q
If you are in Irelandyou will find srnallnumbersof the weekly
newspaper-Foizseand the daily Ll in many newsagents. The
contenttendsto be nationaland local, however.
Websites
A searchon the internetwill revealthat thereare now several
websitesdevotedto learningIrish and to aspectsof Irish culture
relatedto the language.The materialis often postedin the USA
and accessappearsto be generallyfree of charge.Rememberthat
the materialon suchsitesis often a mixture of the easyand the
difficult, the immediatelyusefuland assortedcuriosities.There
tendsto be quite a lot on gretings,proverbsetc. which are of
limited use.Thereis also likely to be a lot of very dialectalmaterial
which is not quite identicalto the standardIrish taught in this
book and found in dictionariesand publicationsof An Gfm. So
approachwith somecaution.An excellentDublin-basedwebsite
for more advancedlearnersis http://.www.beo.re, which carries
featuressuchas articlesand interviewswith largenumbersof
words underlinedin the text and glossedunderneath.The national
broadcastingcompanyRTE givesnewsheadlinesin Irish on its site
(rniyrv;f.e,ic.1,nuac,h.ffttm1).
The contentis a mix of the international
and the domestic.Beingableto figureout someof the international
headlineswith the aid of one of the pocket dictionarieswill be
a greatboost.However,rememberthat newsitemswill contain
vocabularydealingwith official manersand public affairs,which
falls outsidethe everydaycommunicativefunctionswhich are the
main concernof this book.
32 8
Keyto the exercises
Alternative answersare marked thus: (e.g.Ti na ranganna./siad
suirnifil: the article and noun na ranganna or the pronoun siad may
be used).
lJfords that are not strictly necessaryare put in brackets thus:
e.g. Is Meirice6nach 6 (Bob).
Is fiorlni fror? (TruelFake?)
For thesesectionsIs fior indicatesthat the statementis true.
Otherwisethe correctversionis given,
Unit 1
Sedn'senrolmentform: Ainm: Se6n6 Ceallaigh(SeanKellyl.
Seoladh:3, Sr6idMh6r lMain/Higb St.)Flat z. f6n 9o567r,
1 - Dia dhuit. Is misePeadar6 Ndill. . Dia is Muire dhuit. Tar
isteach.Conast6 ni? - Ti m6 go maith. . Suighsiosansin.- Go
raibh maith asat.r T6 s6fuar inniu. - T6 cinnte.. Cad is ainm duit
aris,le do thoil?- Peadar6 N6ill. . Agusdo sheoladh? - T6 m i mo
ch6naiin uimhir a naoi, Sr6idMh6r. . Agusd'uimhir teileaf6in?- A
seacht,a s6,a c[ig, a ceathair,a hocht,naoi. r Go raibh maith agat.
3 - Dia dhuit. . Dia is Muire dhuit. - Conast6 t6? . Td m go maith.
- Tar isteach.. Go raibh maith agat.4 o Dia is Muire duit (or dhuit).
b Go raibh maith agat.c Cad is ainm duit?d Is misePeadar.e Ti m6
go maith.f T6 m i mo ch6naii Luimneach.5 o T6 mEb Ti muid
c T6 sd Ti si e T5 m6 5 Seo:mo mh6thair,mo chara,m'dras6n,
mo sheoladh,mo rothar,m'uncail,m'uimhir teileaf6in,mo hata.
7 a n6id,a d6, a haon,- a cf ig, a ceathair,a d6, a tri, a seacht;
Corcaigh- Cork. b n6id, a naoi, a haon,- a s6,a tri, a ceathair,a d6,
a haon;Gaillimh- Galway.c n6id, a cfig, niid, a d6, - a s,a naoi, a
tri, a hochqBaileAtha Luain - Athlone.d n6id, a s,a haon,- a d6,
a tri, a haon,a ceathair,a criig;Luimneach- Limerick.e ndid,a s6,
a criig,-a d6, a seacht,a s6,a ceathair,acfig; Cill Airne - Killarney.
fn6id, a haon,- a seacht,a s,a criig,a ceathair,a hocht,a naoi;
BaileAtha Cliath - Dublin.
(ry to the exercl.s 3 29
 RecordingLuimneach o6157923; Corcaig! o2t48697; Cill Aime
o55zr 678; Ath Lu ain o5oz663ziGaillimho9r 55639;BaileAtha
Cliathor8zro657.
Test yourselfcomprehension:
o OutsideMiire's flat. b ro.
Unit 2
Interview r c (Is) as TriL Li (Aine/0 b Is miinteoir Aine/i.
Interviewz o Is Meirice6nach6 (Bob)/IsasBoston6 (Bob).b T6 na
ranganna./siad suimi(il.
1 o Ni Chonaillb 6 56c Ui Sh6d Mac Mathfna e Nic Mhathrina
f Nic CSnhaigh9 Mhic C6nhaigh.2 Una:Ni Bhriain;Ni Chonchfir;
Ni Mh6ille; Ni Ghrdda;Ni Chonaill;Ni Mhurch6;Nic Dh6naill;
Nic Mh4nais;3 o Is Eireannach6 Sedn.b Is Gearrn6nach 6 Ludwig.
c Is Rriiseachi Maria. d Is Eireannachi Miire. e Is Francachi
Michelle.f Is Rriiseach6 Yuri. 4 o Sasanach, Eireannach,Albanach,
M6iriceinach.b An Spiinn, An Fhrainc,An Ghearm6in,An Iod6il.
5 o ls ea.Is M6iricednachm.b Is ea.Is Eireannachm6.c Is ea.Is
Francach6. d Is ea.Is Rfiseachi. 6 o Bob O'Meara is ainm dom. Ti
m6 i mo ch6naii mBoston.Is siriin6irm. b ColetteFortin is ainm
dom. T6 m6 i mo ch6n6ii bP6ras.Is mriinteoirm6.c JiirgenHeim
is ainm dom. T6 m6 i mo ch6naii Frankfurt.Is siopad6irm6.d Ian
Campbellis ainm dom. T6 m i mo ch6naii nGlaschri.Is amhrinai
m.e Nancy Gilesis ainm dom. Ti m6 i mo ch6naii Nua Eabhrac.
Is rfnai m6.7 o iv b vi c v d i c iii f ii. 8 o T5 m6 i mo ch6naii mBal
Feirste;i dTr6 Li; i nDoire;i bPon L5irge;i gCill Airne; i nGaillimh.
b T6 m ag obair: i mbanc;i ngardistqi siopa;in oi6g; in Eirinn.
9o Nil, s6b d, N , mo, c An bhfuil, in, d d is ea,ase Nihea
10-duit.dom-as.i-do
Test yourselfcomprehension: TomdsO D6naill, Garda,Luimneach.
M6ire Nic Gearailt,m6inteoir, BaileAtha Luain. SfleNi Chonaill,
dochniir,Sligeach.Liam Mac C6rthaigh,feirmeoir,Corcaigh.
Interviews:- Cad is ainm duit? o Mdire Nic Gearailtis ainmdom.
- Cd bhfuil ni i do ch6nai?r Td m i mo ch6naii mBaileAtha
Luain./- Cad is ainm duit? SileNi Chonaillis ainm dorn- C6 bhfuil
ni i do ch6nai?r T6 m6 i mo ch6na(i Sligeach./ - Cad is ainm duit?
. Liam Mac C6nhaighis ainm dom.- Cri bhfuil tri i do ch6nai?. Ti
m6 i mo ch6naii gCorcaigh,
tt o
Unit 3
Dialogue1 a Ni fior. Ti s6ina ch6naii dteach.(T6 a theachf6in aige
anois.)b Ni fior. Nil s6p6sta.Dialogue2 o Ni 6or. Ti beirt mhac
agusinion ag S6amas/aige. b Is fior. c Ni fior. Ti tririr macag Bean
ur )ne/alcl.
1 c Mhiire, She6inb Shfle,Thom6is2 o I D6nall,ll Aine,iii Eoghan,
lv Miche6l,v Muireann,vl P6l, vll Sinad,vlll Brian.2 b I Is fior;
ii Ni fior. T6 tririr clainneacu;lll Is fior; lv Ni fior. T6 bein chlainne
acu;v Is ffor; vi Is fior. 3 o An bhfuil n6im6adagat?b An bhfuil carr
agat?c An bhfuil ni posta?d An bhfuil clannagatl 4 Shaiin,ch6nai,g,
T6, mhac,in(on,T6. 5 o i deichmbliana,li ocht mbliana,iii ciig
bliana,iv daicheada tri bliain,v triochaa s6bliain. b tririr: bein
6 muintir Phidraig;inion Eibhlin;macMh5ire; deirfifr Shile;
dearth5irThomiis; teachLiam; clannGhear6id.
Test yourself1 a aici, b aige,c acu,d agam.2 o T6 beirt mhacagam.
b An bhfuil tu p6stal c Ti cfigear clainneagam.d An bhfuil clann
agat?c An bhfuil tf gn6thach?
Unit 4
Dialogue1 o Is ffor. b Ni fior. Ti si ag obair mar rinai
pdinaimseartha. c Ni ffor. T6 s6ag dul abhaile.Dialogue2 o Ni ffor.
Ti Donnchaag obair le P6draig.b Ni fior. Beidhgloineoriiste aige/
ag Donncha.
1 o A Pheig,seomo chol ceatharNuala. b Conastd tri, a Nuala?
c Ti 6thasorm bualadhleat,a Pheig.2 o Mh6ire;Muire, Sheiin.
b Conas;a Shfle;t6 ni. c Thomriis;a Phddraig;Thomiis. d Sheosamh
(i); Sheosamh;a Shiobhdn.3 o agat;Beidhb agat;agam;beidh,
agam(sa). c mbeidh;gloine.d An; bheidh.e deoch;Ni. 4 o sateach
t6bhairne,b in Oifig an Phoist,c ar saoire,d sa bhaile,e ag an
aerfort,f sadiosc6,g sacharr.5 o scriobh,obair,caint,dul, cur.
b scriobh,61,damhsa,teacht,dul. 6 o beanShdamais, b carr
Dh6naill,c teachMh6ire,d cup6ntae,c macChiar6in,f gloine
uisce,g 6ras6nAine.7 o l6i, b leat,c leis.
Test yourselfcomprehension 6 Ceallaigh.b Nil. (Beidhs6
o S6amas
ar aisag a s6a chlog.)
f..y to th. exe]ti!6 ,3I
 Unit 5
Dialogue I o Is fior. b Is fior. c Ni fior. T6 s6sheomraleapasateach/
ann. Dialogue2 c T6 aintin Mhich(Usigo han-mhaithb Ni bheidh
c (Beidh)piosaciste(aige).
1 o Seo(6)mo charr.Seo()an gairdin.Seo(6)an siopa.b Sin(6)mo
theach.Sin (i) an scoil.Sin (i) rno mhithair. 2 o Seomrasuiteb Seomra
c Fuinneogd Cistin e Cathaoirf Bord g Leabah Halla i Doras:
kithreas. 3 o i ag an bhfuinneog,ii ag an doras,iii ag an mbanc;b i sa
chistin, ii saghairdin,iii saseomrafolctha;c saleithreas.4 i d; ll b; iil f;
iv e;v a; vl c. 5 c An bhfuil tuirseon? b An bhfuil ocrason? c An bhfuil
eaglaairluirthi? d An bhfuil ocrasoraibh?
Testyourself:Comprehension 1 o i 3,li 4, ili z. b TeachHifdai
P6draigO Baoill (caoga[5o] slat6n tr6). Comprehension 2 o Ni fior.
T6 'P6ircShaoirean Spidil'ann.b Is fior. T6 '6st6n na P6hce'ann.
c Is fior. (p6isti ar leathphraghas- half price for children).
Unit 5
The weatherforecastrz Ean6iro Ni fior. Beidhs6ag glanadhsan
iarn6in b Ni fior. Beidhcorrchithsaniarthar anocht.rz l6il o Is fior.
b Ni fior. Beidhsscamallach satuaisceannios d6anai,agusbeidh
ceathannain aiteanna.
1 o iii; b i; c ii. 2 Beidhs6fuar satuaisceart/Beidh siocsatuaisceart.
Beidhsgaofarsanianhar. Beidhs6scamallach sanoinhear.Beidh
s6ceathachsadeisceart/Beidh ceathannasadeisceart.3 Bhi an aimsir
go donaDdardaoin.Bhi s6go deasD6 M6in agusD6 C6adaoin(Bhi
s6tirim aguste).4 ! iii; b i; c iv; d ii. 5 raibh; Bhi; te; raibh; tirim.
6 Dia dhaoibh,T6 an aimsirgo hdlainn.Ti an bia go maith.T6 an
t-6st6ngo hiontach- t6 diosc6maith ann. Bhi m6 ag damhsaar6ir.
T6 m6 ag dul siosag sn6mhanois.Sl6n,Muireann.7 o Mi na Nollag.
b Mi Mhe6n F6mhair.c Mi na Bealtaine.d Mi na Samhna. Mi lfil.
815 brellfuar; oiche bhred/fhuar;tr6thn6na brei./fuar; maidin bhrei,/
fhuar.9 o Is bogan 166. b Is bre6an oichei. c Is fuar an mhaidini.
d Is bre6an trdthn6na6. e Is maith an aimsiri. 10 o grianmhar,
scamallach, stoirmiriil;b gaofar,ceathach.
Test yourselfcomprehension
o i; b ii.
31 2
U ni t 7
Dialogues 1,2 and 3 o fear poist 6.oo - r4.oo; feirmeoir
640 - c. zr.oo;banaltra 8.oo - zo.oo (usually), r6.oo (sometimes);
b An feirmeoir; c An bhanaltra. Dialogue 4 8.3o. Dialogue 5 8.r5.
1 Nuair atd s6a cfig a chlog imBaile Atha Cljath. rd s6 a si a chlog
i bP6ras;a hocht a chlog i Mosc6; a d6 a chlog i dTokyo; me6n lael
me6n oiche i Nua Eabhrac.2 r5.r5 Simi agus P6idi lcbildren's
programme)t17.45Nuacht \neuts);r8.r5 An Aimsir \weather);
r9-o5 Citsai (name of current affairs programmel; zo.zo Drdma na
Seachtaine (ueehlyplay).3 o iii; b v; c i; d vi; e ii; fiv.4 Eirim ag
leath tar 6is a seacht.Ithim no bhricfeastaag ceathrf chun a hocht.
Faighim an bus ag a deich tar 6is a hocht. Tosaim ag obair ag a naoi
a chlog. F6gaim an oifig ag ceathri tar 6is a cfig/Criochnaim aglT|im
abhaile ag. Tim a chodladh ag me6n oiche/thart ar mhe6n oiche.
5 o thim; b ithim; c {hanaimid; d thosaimid; e cheannaim; f bhailim;
g chreidiq h thuigim.6 c Eirionn Peadarag leath tar is a seacht.
b Tosaionn s6 ag obair ag a naoi a chlog. c Oibrionn s6 6na naoi go
dti a cfig a chlog. d Itheann s6ceapairesan oifig ag ceathni chun a
haon. e Tann s6 a chodladh de ghndth timpeall me6n oiche.
7 o 6lann; b gceannaionn;c nddanann; d dt6ann; e dtosaionn;
f oibrionn; 9 bhfanann.
Test yourself: Comprehension 1 o (Fdgann s) ag a d6 a chlog
(r4.oo). b Yes (Ti go leor ama aige).
Comprehension2 r84o - zz3o eachevening from 19 October to
r November,
Unit 8
Dialogue 1 o Is fior. b Is fior. Dialogue 2 o Is fior. b Ni fior. Ti
gruaig fhionn uinhi. Dialogue 3 (Is) fear bre6 ard 6 (Niall). Tri gruaig
dhubh agus f6as6gair. T6 s6 ci6in. T6 s an-chriirt6iseachagus
taitneamhach. Dialogue 4 Imrionn (si) lead6g.
1 a daor \expensiue)- the others are colours; b rud (tbing) - the
others are clothes. 2 o le; b Is liom; c Ni liom.3 With Orla: - An
maith leat ceol? . Is maith. cinnte. - Cn cine6l ceoil? . Is bre6 liom
ceol clasaiceach.With Driithi: - An maith leat sp6rt? . Ni maith. -
C6n frith? . T6 m6 leisciriil.4 o sp6rt; leis; b le; l6i; c thaitnionn; d Ni
thaitnionn. 5 duine ard (tallllbocht \poorllgorm (black personl;blis
Keyto theexercises J3J
 Botm lblue); c6ta gorrnlfada(long); gtttaig fhionn lfairllfhada; teach
folamh(empty),6 o na fu mh6ra,b na stocaigorma,c na leabhair
fhada,d na mn6 leiscirila.7 o Baindiot do ch6ta.b T6 m6 tuirseach
de.c Cad a cheapannni de?d Td cuid de na daoineanseo.8 o iv;
bv;cii;di;eiii.
Test yourselfcomprehension a Mondays,startingFebruaryr7th,
at 7 pm; at the CommunityHall. b March zrst at 9 pm; at Ostin
Highlands.c Saturdays at 8.3o pm; at StJohn'sHall. d Sundaysat
8 pm; at StJohn'sHall.
Unit 9
lnterviews1-3 Pidraig:sp6rt.Deirdre:ceol.Mdirad;teilifis.
1 o vi, b vii, c i, d ii, e iii, f v, g iv. 2 o iii, b iv, c i, d ii. 3 o bhionn;
b bhirn; c bionn; d bhimid; e bionn. 4 Bim ag imirt gailf ar an
Satharn.b B(onn c6ili anr/anseoar an Aoine. c Bionn Aifteann anrv
anseoag leathtar isa haon d6ag.d Fachaimar an nuachtgach
tr6thn6na.e Leim an pdip6argachtrithn6na. 5 With Brid: - C6n
caitheamhaimsirea bhionnagat?. Bim ag imirt gailf. Is maith liorn
ceolfreisin.- C6ns6rt ceoil?. Is fearr liom ceoltraidisifnta.I(ith
Prionsias:- C6ncaitheamhaimsirea bhionnagat?r Bim ag imirt
peile.Is maith liom scanniinfreisin.- C6ns6rt scam6in?o Is fearr
liom scann4ingrinn.5 o - leat;r Is fidir. b - in ann; . T6. c - An'
o Ni f6idir. d - bhfuil; . Nil. 7 o Seoan ceanna thaimionnliom.
b Sin an t-am a thagannsi de ghnith. c Gruaigfhionn ati uirthi,
d Cas6gghormati uinhi. e Carr b6nat5 agam.
Test yourself comprehensionTrithn6 na D6 Ciadaoin (Wednesday
euefling),8.oo pm.
Unit 10
Dialogue1 c Ni fior. 6lann s6gloineuisce.b Is fior. c Is fior.
Dialogue2 c Ni fior. Nil aon phi6g 6ll f6gtha.Itheannsiadciste
seacl6ide.
b Ni fior. 6lann Eibhlincupin caifeach 6lann Gear6id
(cup6n)tae.
1 - Ar mhaith leatcupin caife.. Ba mhaith,go raibh maith agat.-
Ar mhaithleat si6cra?. Nior mhaith.2 o Glassof wine offeredand
accepted.b Soupofferedbut refused.c Breadofferedand accepted.
d More chickenofferedand accepted.3o Ba mhaith,go raibh maith
agat. b Beidh, go raibh maith agat. c Nior mhaith, go raibh maith
tj 4
agat.d Nior mhaith,go raibh maith agat.(T5 mo dh6thainagam.)
e Ni bheidh,go raibh maith agat.(Td mo dh6thainagam.)4 o Ar
mhaithleat/Anmbeidhcup6ncaifeagat?b An mbeidhdeochagat?/
Nach mbeidh...?/Ar mhaithleat deoch?c Ar mhaithleat/Anmbeidh
tuilleadh ciste agat?Nore: N6r mhaith leat could also be usedinstead
o/fu mhaithleat.5 c te; b mhilis;c fhuar; d bhlasta;e deas.6 c - CE
acuab fhearrleat,bainnen6 uisce?. B'fheac liom (bainne/uisce) le
do thoil. b - C acuab fhearrleat,pionta n6 leathphionta?r B'fhearr
liom (pionta./leathphionta),le do thoil. c - C6 acu ab fhearrleat,ciste
n6 brioscai?r B'fhearrliom (ciste/brioscai), le do thoil. d C6 acu
ab fhearrleat,beoirn6 fion? . B'fhearrliorn beoir/fion.le do thoil.
7 Menu (Tbe dishesorderedare sbown in bold, typel Mushroon
soup,potato soup,onion soup;freshsalmonwith parsleysauce,pan
fried solewith tartar sauce,half dozenfreshoysterson a bedof ice,
baconand cabbage,roastchickenand ham; boiledpotatoes,chipped
potatoes,freshvegetables; icecream,appletan with creamor ice
cream,chocolatecake,freshfruit salad,choiceof Irish farmhouse
cheesesl teaor coffee.
Test yourself: Comprehension1 o Becausethey haveprotein,
minerals(e.g.calcium)and vitaminsaswell asprovidingenergy,all
of which are veryimportantfor youngpeople'sgrowh.b Because
theyare full of sugar.c Sandwich:brown bread,cheeselmeatleggl
vegetables.Drink: milk/yogurt/orangejuice.Fruit: apple/orange.
Comprebension 2 o Fananns(yes,he staysfor luzcD).b Fresh
salmon.
Unit 1 1
Dialogue1 o Ni fior. Nil s6r6-{huar.b Ni fior. Ceannaionnsc6is.
c Is fior. Dialogue2 o T6 siadin oifig an phoist.b Teastaionntri
stampa6n gcustaim6ir(dh6stampa4op agusceann/stampa amhiin
3op).Dialogue3 o Ni chaitheann.Caitheanns6uimhir a seachtgo
leith 17 z), b T6 an ch6adcheannr6bheag.c Glacann.
1 o tae,ubh, bainne,uachtarreoite,sifcra, piseanna;b ar6in,suibhe,
ime.2 o i, ii. Tabhaircannapiseannadom, le do thoil agus(boll6g
arSin).- Seoduit. Cad eile?. An dtabharf6dosaenuibheachadom
freisinaguspr6casuibhe.- Sin uile?o Is ea,go raibh maith agat.
b i, ii o Ti cannapiseannauaim,le do thoil agus(boll6gar6in).Seo
duit. Cad eile?. Ti dosaenuibheachauaim freisin(pr6casuibhe).
- Sin uile?.Is ea,go raibh maith agat.3 Custaim6ir:C6 mhadatd
K.yto theexerclts 335
 ar an gc6talgcas6glngeansaTgcarbhat so?Siopad6ir:Seascaeuro
( 6o)./Caogaa naoi euro,n6chaa naoi cent( 59.99)./Fiche a ciig
euro ( z5)./Seachteurocaoga( 7.jo). Custaimir:An bhfadfainn
ceannacu a thriail?Siopad6ir:Cinnte.4 o saoire;b An bhfuil
ceannnios m6 agat?c An bhfuil ceannniosEadroimeagat?d deise.
5 Horizontally:paic6ad;bosca;punt; litear;dosaen;pota; mal6.
Vertically:boll6g;pr6ca;buid6al;slios;canna.
Test yourself1 braon uisce/tadffonalbainne (dtop ofl; g:eimbia lbite
(glassol); sliosar6inlbagriin/cistelsliceofli
ol); gloine uisce/fiona./bainne
piosaciste(pieceofl; cipla cktelprita (a fez + singularform); cup6n
tae (cup ofl; bidlal uisce/fiona/bainne (bonleofl; boll6g ariin lloaf
ol).2TA b6b6gldaif)ag teastdil6 Aoife/uaithi.T6 an bhib6g agusan
leabharagusan carr agusan scdthin beagagusan leorai ro-dhaor.
Unit 12
Dialogueo Ni fior. D'fhan s6i dteachar cios/fuairs6teachar cios.
b Ni fior. Bhi s6go bre6.Thug siadna leanaichunna tr6. c Is fior.
M6irtin: q Is fior. b Ni fior. Chaiths6tri blianai Meiricei. c Is fior.
1 e (D6 Luain);b (D6 M6irt); o (D6 C6adaoin);g (D6ardaoin);c (D6
hAoine);f (D6 Sathairn);d (D Domhnaigh).2 o Seosamh (letter
from Gr6inne),Orla (postcardfrom Nathalie),b Seosamh (shoes)
c P6draig(letterto Breand6n),d P5draig(sleptlateon Saturday
moming),e Orla (at concen),f Pddraig(camehomeat 3.oo a.m. on
Friday),9 Orla (workedin the gardenon Saturday).3 o i Ph6sm,
li Chaith,ill Bhuail,iv D'ith, v Scriobh,vi Chuir, vli D'fhdg;
b i Thosaigh,ii D'6irigh,iii Chr(ochnaigh, iv D'athraigh;c i Th6inig,
ii Fuair, iii Rinne,iv Driin, v Chuala,vi Chuaigh.
Test yourself1 o Triona: An raibh deireadhseachtaine deasagat?
Dara: Bhi, chuaighm6 chuigna pictidir tr6thn6naD hAoinele Noel.
Triona: Feicim.Aguscad a rinne tri D6 Sathairn?Dara: Cheannaigh
m rothar nua (aguschuaighm6 ag rothaiocht).D6 Domnaighd'fhan
m6 istigh,/sa bhaile(mar bhi m6 an-tuirseach).Trionar An-deas.Bhi
deireadhseachtaine an-mhaithagatsa.b Triona: An raibh deireadh
seachtaine deasagat?Orla: Bhi, d'fhan m sabhaile/istightrithn6na
D6 hAoine(mar bhi m an-tuirseach). Triona: Feicim.Aguscad
a rinnetri D6 Sathairn?Orla: Bhi m ag obair sanoifig. Ach D6
Domhnaighcheannaigh m6 cistedeas.(Bh(s6an-bhlasta.)Triona:
An-deas.Bhi deireadhseachtaine rdasfntamaith agatsa.2 o iv, ii, i,
v, iii; b iii, iv, ii, i.
r6
Unit 13
Dialogue1 o Is fior. b Ni fior. Cheannaigh si carr d5 muintir.
c Ni fior. Ceannaionnsi ticdad/ceann gachseachtain. Dialogue2
o Nior 6irighleispost a fh6il nuair a d'fh6gs6an scoil.b Bhi s6ag
obair i mbialannagusi ngar6iste.c Chuaighs6ann/araisgo hEirinn
(ar feadhmiosa)anuraidh.Dialogue3 D'fhan si in 6st6nbeagin aice
le 16rna cathrach.1 q - Ar chaithtf tobacriamhl o Chaith.b - Ar
Ihan tf saleabamaidin D Sathairn?. D'{han.c - Ar thug tri cuairt
ar Mh6ir6adle d6anai?. Thug. d - Ar fh6achtri ar an gcoirmcheoil
ar an teilifisarir?. D'fhach.- Ar thaitin s6leat?. Thaitin. 2 a - Ar
ith tri bricfeastamaith ar maidin?. D'ith. b - Ar fhdg sibhan teach
go luath ar maidin?. D'fh6C.c - An ndearnati dearmadar do hata?
. Rinne.d - An bhfuairtf na ticid?r Fuair.e - An ndeachaigh tri
ann?. Chuaigh.3 o Nior bhuail,b Nior irigh,c Nior 61,d Nior
th6inig,e Ni bhfuair,fNi dhearna,g Ni dheachaigh.4o bhfaca;
Chonaic.b fhaca.5 c D'ith; nior ith. b D'fhrig;nior fhig. c Thosaigh;
nior thosaigh.d Chuaigh;ni dheachaigh. e Rinne/Dhein;ni dhearna/
nior dhein.f Fuair;ni bhfuair.6 o . Ar thiinig; - Th6inig.b . Ar
irnigh; - D'imigh. c . bhfuair; - Fuair. d . An ndearnatri,/Ardhein;-
Rinne/Dhein.
Test yourself1 o - An ndeachaigh tf chuigan diosc6inn6 (arir)?
. Chuaigh.- Ar thaitin s6leat?. Thaitin. b - An ndeachaighni ag
siril inn6?. Chuaigh.c - An ndeachaigh nl chuigan gcluichepeile
inn6?. Chuaigh.2 o T6 fonn orm dul abhaile.b T6 6thasorm
bualadhleat.c Ar mhaithleat teachtlinn? d Ba mhaith liom post
a fh6il. 3 o go P6ras,b chunna Fraince,c go Sasana,d chun na
Sp6inne,e chunna Gaillimhe.
Unit 14
Dialogue 1 o Ni fior. T6 s6/siag foghlaim Gaeilge/6foghlaim le dhri
bhliain anuas.b Is fior (r6asfntamaith).Dialogue2 o Ni fior.
Ti s6/sian-s6staleis.b Ni fior. Bionn beirt mhriinteoiriaige/aici.
Dialogue3 Nior thuig s/si(an focal)'ceobhr5n'.Someadvice
o Do you agreewith this advicelb In your opinion,what is the
bestway to learna language? How I learntIrish Chaiths/sicoicis
lfornightl saGhaeltacht.b Is iad na rudai is m6 a thaimionnleis/l6i
n6: l6itheoireacht,bheithag fachaintar fhist6ipeanna agusp6tuta
ghlacadhi ndr6mai lreading, utatcbinguideotapesand taking part in
plays).
lfty to theexrcB! 337
 1 o Ni fior, (Bothlinesare the samelength.)b Is i cearn6gA an ceann
is m6. Is i cearn6gB an ceannis lf. c Is 6 rothar C an ceannis daoire'
Is 6 rothar B an ceannis saoire.2 q Sinan ceannis fearr.b Sin an
ceannis measa.c Sin an ceannis fusa.d Sin an ceannis deacra.
3 o Is 6 an rud a cheannaigh m6 n6 gina dearg.b Is 6 an duinea
chonaicm6 ni Tomis. c Is i an teangais fearrliom n6 an Ghaeilge.
4 o G An bhfuil morin Gaeilgeagat?F Ti m6 ag foghlaim Gaeilge.
G C6n fhad at6 tu 6 foghlaim?F (T6 m6 ag foghlaim Gaeilge)le s6
mhi anuas.G Conasti ag 6iri leat?F Go han-mhaith.b G Conast{
ag iri leat saGhaeilge?F Reasrintamaith, t6 beag6nGaeilgeagam.
G Cad6 an rud is deacra(saGhaeilge)? F T6 an litriri deacairgo leor,
agust6 s6deacairfocail a fhoghlaim. G C6n mrlinteoir at6 agat?
F (Bionnbeirt mhiinteoiri againn.)Is iNuala Ni Bhriaina bhionn
againn/agamar maidin agusis 6 S6amus6 Cathail a bhionn againn/
agamar 6is l6in. 5 a focail a fhoglaim ni bheith ag leamh.b liofacht
a fh6il n6 bheith ag caint. c Gaeilgea fhoghlaim n6 dul chun na
Gaeltachta.d Gaeilgea chloisint n6 bheith ag 6isteachtle teipeanna.
6 o Nuair a bhionntuirseorm satrithn6na, bionn orm dul a
chodladhgo luath. b Nuair a bhionn tinneasfiacaileorm, bionn orm
dul chuig an bhfiacl6ir. c Nuair a bhionn a l6n oibre le danamh
agam,bionn orm fanacht san oifig d6anach.d Nuair nach mbionn
pingin agam,bionn orm iasachtairgid a fhdil. e NuaL a bhionn
deacrachtaiagamleis an riomlnire, bionn orm cabhair a f}a6il., o it
cheannach; b 6 dh6anamh; c 5 chur;d 6 cur; e 6 bhfoghlaim;f i ndiol.
Test yourself comprehensionrThe coursesfrom zo to 3r July
(z weeksduration)are for primary and secondaryteachers. The
course17 July-r4 Augustis for learnersof Irish from abroad.
Unit 15
Dialogue 1 o RugadhEibhlin i gCorcaigh(bom in CorA) agust6gadh
i Luimneachi (grew up in Limerich). b Bronnadh BA uirthi tri bliana
6 shin (BA degreeconferredthreeyearsago). Dialogue 2 a Chuaigh
si s(osan staighreaguschuir si an solasar sitl lutent downstairsond
put on the lightl. b Nior ghoid siadaon rud./ Nior goideadhaon rud
(nothinguas stolen).c Ni dhearnadh(no damagedonel.
1 o Briseadh,b Dioladh,c Rugadhm,t6gadh,d Goideadh,
e Cuireadh,f Cailleadh,g Ceapadh,h Bronnadh,i Bunaiodh.
2 o Nior goideadh,b Nior briseadh,c Nior ceapadh,d Nior dioladh,
fi8
e Nior cuireadh,f Ni dheamadh/i.{ior deineadh.3 o Is i Meirice6
a chaithm bliain. b Is i gCorcaigha t6gadhm6.c Is i nGaillimha
chuaighm6 ar scoil.d Is in F,irinna rugadhm6.e Is inn6a cuireadh
sc6alachucu.4 o T6gadhi i nGaillirnh/T6gadh i nGaillimhi.
b Cailleadh anuraidh/Cailleadh anuraidh. c Ceapadh6 ina
stiirth6ir/Ceapadhina stirirth6ir6 criplami 6 shin.d Dioladh 6 le
d6anailD(oladh le d6anai. e Briseadhi ar maidin/Briseadh ar maidin
i. 5 o Rugadh sabhliain mile, ocht gc6ad,ocht6 is a haon (r88r)/
Rugadhsabhliain ... 6. b Bunaiodhiad sa bhliainmile, naoi gc6ad,
daicheadis a cfig (rl+S). c Cailleadh6 sabhliainmile, ceithrech6ad
(rloo)/ Cailleadhsa bhliainmile ceithrech6ad6 (r4oo). 6 o Ba
gharda. b B'6,ireannach 6. c Ba dhochniir6 a athair.d Ba fheirmeoir
mor 6 a uncail.e Ba bheanan-deasar fad i.7 tl C mhadagaibh
at6 ag dul ann?ii C6 mh6adacuat6 ag teachtinniu?iii CEmh6adacu
at6 ann?b i Thdinigbeirt acu.ii Ti ceathraragainnag imeachtanois.
iii T6 seisearacuanseo/annanois.8 o amach.b leat.c l6i. d amach?
e faoi deara.f ar siril?g liom.9 Rugadh;t6gadh;B'Eireannach; ba
Shasanach; mh6thair;amach;bhliain;chaith;mar; liom; th6inig;
gCorcaigh.
Test yourselfcomprehension o mBaileAtha Cliath; bhliain;sa
bhliain rgzz; Meiriced;Bhreatain.Fuai-:',
bis; Zvich. b nouel;
c Rugadh;D'fh6g;chaitfuScriobh;Chaith;Foilsiodh;nior cuireadh
coscair: mhaith.
Unit 16
Dialogue1 Straighton for half a mile, turn left at crossroads.
Dialogue2 Turn around,go backdown the road and turn right at
the secondcrossroads, Dialogue3 Her househasa yellow door,
Dialogue4 N( bhionn (It is openat lunchtirne).Dialogue5 o T6 s
deichmile lto miles\6 Leitir Ceanainn.b Tum left at the crossroads
beforethe church{it's signpostedl.
I o Casfaoi dheis(anseo)agusfaoi dheisaris.b Casfaoi chlag an
chadchrosaireagusansinfaoi dheis.c Leanort aguscasfaoi dheis
ag an darasrdid.d Leanort aguscasfaoi chl6ag an daracrosaire.
2 o A (Gabhmo leithscal).C6 bhfuil c6naiar Ruairi O Laoire?
B Leanon mile aguscasfaoi dheisag an gcrosaire.A Go raibh maith
agat.b A Gabhmo leithscdal.T6 m6 ag lorg teachNeasaNic Con
Iomaire.B Casfaoi chl6ag an s6ip6al,leanort leathmhfle.A Go
Keyto theexerclsB 3 39
 raibh maith agat.3 o - v; b - iii; c - i; d - iv; e - ii. 4 Translationof
extract* o Preporeyour cbild for hospital. Speahabout the hospital
asa happyplacein uhich doctorsard nurseshelp to mdkepeople
better (lit, to improue heabh).Do as doctors and nursesash. Explain
x-rays,iniections,blood testsetc. Tell the truth! b Yourself. Wear
light clothes- (hospitalsare uery warm). Bring somethinguitb you
to passthe time. Bting moneyfor the telephone.Think of other
people.Don't t?Ekenoiseat flight. Dofl't giuefood or drink to a
child utithoutpermissioz.5 in aiceleis;c6ngarach;i bhfad.
6 o d6anta.b criochnaithe.c imithe. d drinta. c scriofa. 7 t an
Chaisle6in;triri; an Stiisidin;ch6ad;dheis;an Phiarsaigh; dara;cl6.
b seachni,de Mhi Ean6ir.E c sriide. b scoile;c hoifige.d h6ite
e ldimhe.
Test yoursel{ comprehensionPostOffice/OifiB an Phoist (z); Police
Station/Garda Sioch6na(r); theatre/amharclann(r); golf course/
(z); hoteUOstdn
faichegailf (r); church/eaglais/s6ip6al (j ).
Unit 17
Dialogue 1 T6 oifig an stirirth6ra ar an trif hurl6r (oifig 39).
Dialogue 2 Td s6thios an staighreldownstairsl, Diilogue 3 c Beidh
sag dul siar go Muigh Eo D6ardaoin (He will be going westlouerto
Mayo on Thursday).b Beidhs6ag teachtar ais maidinD6 hAoine
lHe'll be comingbackon Fiday moming).
1 o suas/sios; b thuas/thios;c thuas/thios;d thuaVthios;e sios.
2 a zSib z9; c 14. 3 Corcaigh:Bhi m6 6 dheasi gCorcaigh.Chuaigh
m6 6 dheasgo Corcaigh.BaileAtha Cliath: Bhi m6 thoir i mBaile
Atha Cliath. Chuaighm soir go BaileAtha Cliath.B6alFeirsteBhi
m 6 thuaidhi mB6alFeirste.Chuaighm6 6 thuaidhgo B6alFeirste.
Cathairna Mart Bhi m6 thiar i gCathairna Mart. Chuaighm6 siar
go Cathairna Mart. 4 o go, b chuig,c chuig,d go hfud, e chuig.
5 romham;romhat.6 o Cheannaighm an carr sin. b C6naionn
an fear sin in aiceliom. c C6naimsateachsin.d Bhuailm6 leisan
bhfearsin.e Bh(tf ag caint leisan mbeansin.
Test yourselfcomprehension o Tosaionnan choirmcheoil(concertl
ag a d6 a chlog(beginsat 2,oo pffil aguscriochnaionnsi ag leathi
ndiaidha tri (fnishesat 3Jo pm). b T6annsgo 16rna cathrach
Ito the city cefirel.
340
Unit 18
Dialogue1 o Is fior. b Ni fior. Beidhcuairteoiriaici.c Ni fior.
Buailfidhsi leisag a hocht a chlog.Dialogue2 o Is fior. b Ni fior.
Beidhs6ag tosi ag a d6 a chlog.Readingo WeatherforecastIt will
be wet in the westin the morning,stoppinglater and turning cold
at night. Radio announcementThe TaoiseachlPrime Ministerl will
speakaboutthe Government's Irish languagepolicy. b Verbsin
the furure tense:ln addition to beidh, the following occur: Group 1
leathfaidh, stopfaidh, buailfidh; Group z tos6idh, 6ireoid\ Irregular
riocfaidh,tabharfaidh,rachaidh.
1 Beidh s6ag dul ar an traein go Gaillimh ag ceathni chus a seacht.
Beidhs6ag bualadhle hAine faoin bpostnua ag leatlrtar 6isa naoi/6
leathtar 6isa naoi go dti leathtar isa haon d6ag.Beidhsag pl6 na
tuarascilanua ag leathtar 6isa haond6agl6leathtar isa haon d6ag
go dti ceathrf tar is a d6 dhag.Beidh s6ag scriobh achoirnrear an
tuarasc6ilag a d6 a chlog/6nad6 a chloggo dti a ceathaira chlog.
Beidhsag ceannachbrontannaisd'Aoife ag a ceathaira chlog.
Beidhs6ag teachtabhailear an traeinag a cfig a chlog._
2 Rachaidhs6ar an traeingo Gaillimh.Buailfidhs6le hAine faoin
bpostnua. Pl6ifidhsdan tuarasciilnua. Scriobhfaidhsdachoimrear
an tuarasc6il.Ceann6idhs6bronntanasd'Aoife. Tiocfaidh s6abhaile
ar an traein.3 o gheobhaidh;b d6arfaidh;Tabharfaidh;c iosfaidh;
d dtiocfaidh,Tiocfaidh;e Rachaidh,d6arfaidh.4 a fhanfaidh;
b cheann6idh;c iosfaidh;d thiocfaidh;e bhfaiehidh.5 a Beidhan
cruinnif ar si6l D6ardaoin.b BeidhMuiris O Sriilleabh5in ann go
cinnte.c Ni bheidhSe6nde Brircaag an gcruinniri,/ann. d Cuirfidh
Orla Ni Bhriainglaochar Phddraig/Glaofaidh Orla Ni Bhriainar
Phidraig.5 Cuirfear;Oscl6far;Tos6far;Criochn6far;Bronnfar.
7 o T6 m6 chun bualadhle P6l. b T5 m6 chunsiopad6ireacht a
dh6anamh.c Ti m chun litir a scriobhchuigP6l. d T6 m6 chundul
chuigna pictiriir le hOrla. 8 o Pisces.b Libra. c Scorpio.9 o Ba bhre6
an la 6. b B'iontachan rud 6. c Ba mh6r an chabhair6. d B'olc an
aimsiri. e Ba mhaithan smaoineamh 6. 10 o vi; b v; c i; d vii; e iii;
f viii; g iv; h ii. 11 o dinn6ir;b Nuachta;c hoiche;d chol6iste;
e bh6thair;f cathrach.
Testyourselfcomprehension o Job advenisement in a newspaper.
b The post couldsuit a personwith managerialskills(Bainisteoir-
manager),energetic- fuinniriil, with fluency in speakingand writing
K.y to the exer<iie! 34I
 Irish (liofacht i labhain agusi scriobh na Gaeilge).c Gl6r na nGael
is a nationalorganisationwith the aim of encouraging peopleto
promoteIrish in their locality.d verbsin future:glacfaidh(tafte
(part)); cuirfidh ,.. i gcrich lcarry througb/achieuel;ceapfarlappointl;
socr6farlarrange... salaryl.
Unit 19
Dialogue1 o T6 siadar stailc/Tdstailcar siril lTbereis a svike
oz). b Ti fichepunt ag teasteil6 Dh6nalVuaidh.(He needsf,zo.\
Dialogue2 Bhi si ag obair mar theicneoir(technician;herelaboratory
tecbnicianl.Dialogue3 o Bhi si saGhrig.b Bhi si ar saoirear feadh
coiciselon holidayfor a fortnigbtl. cNi maith le hEibhlis/l6iaimsir
an-tetoiscgo bhfuil a craiceannr6bhin. (Shedoesn'tlike ueryhot
weatherassheis too fair-skinned.lRadioannouncement o Is fior.
b Ni fior. T6 s6an-sdstago mbeidhpostannai gcur ar f6il. (He r's
very pleasedtbat jobs are to be created.)Dialogue 4 o T6. T5 sfil
aigego cuirfear stop leis. lHe hopesthat it (the ,tew factory) will
be stopped.lb Aontaionnsle Seosami.(He agreeswitb loseph.)
c Beidhs6sahallapobail. lThe meetingwill takeplacein the
CommunityHall.l d SileannSeosamh go mbeidhcfpla TeachtaD6la
ann-(loseph tbinks that there u.,ill be a couple of T.D.s (membersof
the DdillParliament) at it.l Dialogpe 5 o Ti Tomis an-s6stafaoi mar
t6 fostaiocht ag teastiil. lThomas is uery pleasedas iobs are needed.l
b Ni aontaionnDonnchaleismar sileannsgo nd6anfaidhs6dochar
don timpeallacht.(Donnchadisagrees utitb Tom6sbecause he thinks
that it will barm the evuironment.l
1 o Diirt Risteardgo mbeidhs6ag dul go Londainamdrachagus
go mbeidhs6ag filleadhabhaileD6 Sathairn.Diirt snachmbeidh
s6in ann bualadhle Seosamh mar beidhs6an-ghn6thach. b Driin
M6irin gur fhan si istighar6ir toiscgo raibh an-tuirseuirthi. Dfirt si
gur shuighsi siosagusgur thit si ina codladhsachathaoir.c Dfirt
C6it gur th6inigsi abhailethan ar a hocht a chlogach nachbhfacasi
Neasamar bhi si imithe amach.Dfirt si go ndeachaigh si amachnios
ddanaiagusgur fh6g si n6ta di. Duirt sillosoldnachraibh si in ann
fanacht.2 o Ceapaimgur maith an rud 6 sin. b Ceapaimgur m6r an
trua 6 sin. c Ceapaimnachfiri . d Ceapaimgo bhfuil s6r6dhaor.
e Ceapaimgo bhfuil do ghrlnanua an-deas.3 o Is d6ighliom go
bhfuil an ceanagat.b Is d6igh liom go mbeidhs6ann. c Ni d6igh
liom go mbeidhSilein ann teacht.d Is d6igh liom go ndeachaigh si
go Nua Eabhracan mhi seocaite.4 o iilvi; b iii/iv; c i/ii; d iiliv/v;
342
e iiliii/iv; f iiliii/iv. 5 o fheiceann;b bhionn;c {haigheann;
d thann.
6 o T6 sriil agamgo mbuailfidh.b Ti sriil agamgo gceann6idh.
7 o Ba cheartduit 6 a lamharis.b Ba cheartduit teachtgo luath.
c Ba cheanstopa chur leis.d Ba cheartduit c6ta a thabhairtleat.
e Nior cheartduit 6 a dh6anamh.f Nior cheartduit dul ann.
Test yourselfrComprehension 1 Ti Peadar(imithe)abhaile(mar
td s6breoite/tinn).(Peadathasgonehomebecause be is sick.l
Comprehension 2 c gachbliain (eueryyear).b Daoinea d'athraigh
a seoladhle danai,Tbosewho changedaddtessrecently; daoir,le
a mbeidha r8f 16breitheacuroimh 15 Aibredn- thoseutbo have
tbeh rSth birthdty beforeApril r 5. c Stdisifana nGardai(the Garda
Station).Oifig an Phoist(tbe PostOffice).An LeabharlannPhoibli
QbePublic Library). Teachna Ciirte (the Courthousel. Oifig an
ridar6is5itiriil lLocal authorityoffice- couxrylcirycounciloffcesJ.
d x 5 Eanlir (lanuary t 5l .
Unit 20
Dialogue1 Teastaionncupin caifeaguscriplabriosca(brirairs)6
Sheosamh./uaidh.Dialogue 2 Iarrann s6/siar an runai teachtaireacht
a ghlacadh.(HelSheasksthe secretaryto take a message.lDialogte
3 o Cheann6dhsi carr nua (di f6in).b T6 deir66raici ann.Interview
1 Donncharecommends that moreIrish-mediumschoolsbe provided
and that moreIrish be spokenin the Ddil (padiament).Interview
2 Niamh recommends moreIrish on televisionand that peopleuse
whateverIrish theyhave.
1 o (conditional) e (future);d (conditional)-- f (future);
g (conditional)-- -b (future);h (conditional)+ c (future).
2 a gceann6f6;b imeof5;c ndanf6;d mbeifei;e rachf6;I bhfanf6;
g dtabharfi.3 o An bhfEadfainnlabhairtle (N.)?b An nd6anfi gar
dom?c An dtabharfdiasachtdeicheurodom, le do thoil?
d An mbeadhfichecent(zoc)agatdo ghlaochf6in?e An nglacfd
teachtaireacht (do P.)?/Anbhfdadfdteachtaireacht a ghlacadh(do
P.)?f T5 m6 ag deisi( an chairr.An gcabhr6fdliom?4 hiseoir Cad
a dh6anfi dd mbuaf6an duaismh6r saLotto, a MhSir6ad?M6ir6ad
Is 6 an ch6adrud a dh6anfainnn6 dul ar saoire.IriseoirFeicim.
Agusina dhiaidhsin?M6ir6adCheann6innteach,agusb'fh6idirgo
n-6ireoinnasmo phost,IriseoirCad a dh6anfdd6 mbuafdan duais
mh6r salono, a Eoghain? EoghanIs 6 an ch6adrud a dh6anfainn n6
an t-airgeada chur sabhanc.IriseofuFeicim.Agusina dhiaidhsin?
r.eyto theexercl!6 343
 EoghanShocr6innc6isir, agusb'fh6idir go rachainn ar saoire.
5 o A An 6lf6 cup6n tae?/Ar mhaith leat cup6n tae?B Olfaidh (go
raibh maith agat).Ea mhaith. A Ar iosf6 ceapaire?/Armhaith leat
capaire?B Ni iosfaidh,(go raibh maith agat)/Niormhaith.b A Appendices
An bhfadfainnlabhairt le P6l, le do thoil? B Ti br6n orm. Nfl P6l
anseo.A An bhf6adfSteachtaireacht a ghlacadh?B Glacfaidh,cinnte.

Test yourself 1 o bhuaileann;b th6ann;c bhionn; d gcloisfeadh;

c mbeadh. Appendix possession
1 - Expressing

Unit 21 , My, your, etc.t possessivepronouns

Dialogue c Nil (s6s6sta).b Bionn. c Ni fhanann. mo rzy (lcnition) mo theach try bouse m'6tasin my flat
do lorr (lcnition) do theadr your house d'fuisat yotr fat
Text 1 q Bhiodh ar6n agusffon acu, b D'ithidis feoil, iasc agus a h! (lenition) a theach his bouse a Arasin his flat
glasrai, c fu an Aoine (a d'ithidis iasc).d D'6laidis fion, beoir agus a her (h + vowell a teachher house a hlrasAn her flat
bainnede ghn6th. ir orr (eclipsis) 6r dteachou howe 6r n-6tasin ow flat
bhur yor (eclipsis) bhw dez&your house bhvr t-6rasitryour flat
Text 2 o I-6 ar bith. b Gach duine de na manaigh. a rDeir (eclipsis) a dteach their bouse a *6rasin rteir flat

Theseare reinforced before collective nouns by cuid (part, portior.

I The answerto the samplequestionis: chaithinn. o D'6lainn, bhinn. ofl, which requires the genitive case:
b D'ithinn. c D'6irinn. d Cheannainn.c Bhiodh. 2 The corect order
is: bhi, rinne, th6ini& chuaigh, bhiodh, d'iridis, chaitheadh. mo c}rnid airgid.my money a culd ama her time
do chuid graaigeyort hair

2 Using do (lo)
dearthiir do Mhiire a brother of Mary ara don a ftiend of mine

In some areaslc (aith) is used here: cara liom.

3 To hate
Ti calt agMdite. Mary has a car. Ti teach agam,I bave a horse,
4 To outtt
C6 leis seo? Who does rtb belong n?
Is liomsa an carr seo, This car is mine.

Appendix2 - Howto tronsloteis

1 Is with indefi.oitenouas:
Is mriintmir m. I arn d tedchel.
ls Albanachi. Sheis Scottish,
ls cl6r teiliffse . It k a teleaision programme.
,44 ApFdlc.. 345
 2 Is mise/tusa,etc.with definitenouns: Masculine
-al bnidi.al bottle
Is misean miinteoir. I am tbe teacher piipeat paper
'6ar
Is i an t-ridar i. Sheis tbe author. sii)inaft arpeflter
-Cir
An tusa an rrinai? Are you the secrct1ry? diolt6ir sellet
-6ir
ls iad na cainteoiriiad. They are the speahers. feirmeoir farmer
-eoir
Rernemberthat 6, i, iad must be repeatedin this construction. -fir dochtift d.octor

3 T6 with adjectives: Theseendings,with short vowels,are masculine:

T6 s6sp6isiriil. He/it is interesting. -as doras(door), costas(cost)
T6 s6go bred inniu. It k fine today. b6thar (road), rcthar (bicyclel
-ad droichead lbridge), adhmad.(timb er)
4 Ti ina + noun: -all leagat (uersion)
-adh samhradh(sarzzer) (the dh is silent)
T6 Sednina chathaoirleach. Sednis chairman.
T6 M6ireina hoifigeach Mlire is publicityofficer
poibliochta. You will notice a generaltendencyfor masculinenounsto end in a
Theseare of their naturetemporarypositions,as opposedto broad consonant(with the exceptionof -in and the words denoting
like occupationor nationality.
lifelong characteristics occupations),and for femininenounsto end in a slenderconsonant
(with the exceptionof -6gleogand -cht).This is true of one syllable
words aswell. For instancethe following are recognizablyferninine:
6it (placel, c6islcheesel,splir. (sky). In contrast, bid (boatl, fuacht
3 - Gender
Appendix (coldness),and cl6r (programmel arc typical shapesof masculine
nouns.
Nouns in Irish are classifiedaseithermasculineor feminine.
Two endingsrequirefurther comment:
The genderof a noun hasimportantgrammaticalconsequences,
'lfhen
includingthe way in which it combineswith an (the),and with -in is not an integralpart of the word - as in cailin (gizl),
adjectives - comparean fear (m) m6r lthe big manl with an bhean caipin (cap),l6istin (lodgings,accommodation)- but rather a suf6x
lfl nh6r lthe big uomanl.In yiew oI thevariouschangeswhich addedto give the meaning stnall, little, it d.oesnot alter the gender
occurat the beginningof Irish nounsit is advisableto leam them of the word it is addedto, e.g.bean luomanl (f) + -in givesbeainin
precededby an (rbe),so an bord (m) (thetablel, at ftiinneog (fl (the lf) (smallu,'omanl.Either masculineor femininenounsmay end in
window), ar t-nisce lml (the water), an oiche (f) lthe nightl, etc,The -ach, but they differ in their genitivecases.Comparean t-6adach
genderof many nounswhich end in consonantscan be told from (tbe clothl, ar ladaigh (of the clotbl, with an bhiisteach (the rainJ,
their shape.The endingslistedhereshow the genderof a noun of nabiisti (of the rain).
two or rnoresyllables,but thereare someexceptionswith -in, -cht.
Grammaticalgenderwas originally basedon biologicalsex,The
Masculine Feminine ideawas that words referringto malesform one classand those
-iLn 5ras6nllat -69 lead6gtennis referringto femalesform another,with all other nounsconforming
-in caipin caP -eog fuinteoguind.otu to one or other group. Genderand sexstill correspondin Irish to
-6r casir hammer -6is r|imCis nonsen-se
bagin bacon -is seirbhisseruice the extent that words such as fear (rzanl, tarbh (btl/) and coileach
-fn
-us bunis origin, basis -cht filiocht poetry lcockerellare masculinewhereasbean luoman),b6 (coul, ceauc
-6ad seaiciadjacket -eil sileiil ceilbtg \henl are feminine. However, there are significant exceptionssuch

346 lP]pndtce J !'/

 as cailin (m) (grrl) and stail (f) (stallionl, whose genderis to be 8 Somefemininewords endingin a slenderconsonantadd -ach;the
explainedfrom their shape. slenderconsonantmay also becomebroad

lltir lener ag scriobh litreach n'riting a letter

cabhair help ag lorg cabhrach /ooking for assistarce

Appendix
4 - Theformsof the noun 9 A few feminine nouns which end in a vowel add -n
(sometimes-nlr)
The genitivesingulor
lacha drck ubh lachar. a duck egg
The changeof form known as the genitivesingularcaseaffects monatchafactory obair mhonarchan/actoryutork
variouskinds of noun when they are dependenton a preceding fire lreland muintir na hEireanntbepeopleof lrehnd.
noun (i.e.closelylinked to it). Theseare the most important ways
Mostnounswhichendin a voweldo not change:
in which the genitivesingularis formed.
Gaeilge(f) Forasta Gaeilgethe bish LanguageBoatd
1 Thefinalconsonant
of manymasculine
nounsbecomes
slender bainne(m)zilA buidalbainnec bottleof milk
b6that toad comhartha b6thai a rcad sign
5tasin flat seoladh m'5rasiin tbe add.ressof my llat The plurol
2 A slenderfinal consonantbecomesbroad in a few words Most nounsare put in the plural by addinga specialending.An
important exceptionis that many masculinenounswhich end in a
athair (m) father dearthdir m'athar my fatber's brotber broad consonanttake the sameform in the plural as in the genitive
abhairn lf) rtuer bruach na habhann ,be bank of the riuer singular, e.g. t-atisaD,(the flat\, cios at 6rasiin (the rent of the
^n (the
nahirasim
3 -ach becomes-aigh in a masculinenoun flatl, flatsl. The principal endingsusedby other
nounsare -a, -(a)i, -t(h)a, +(h)e, -(e)anna,-(e)acha.
adachclothing mo chuid 6adaighzy (setofl clothes
It takespracticeto know how to usetheseendingscorectly but
4 -ach becomes-ai in a femininenoun
thesegeneralruleswill help.
biisteach rain braor.biisti a drop of ruin (i) Add i to in: cailin (girll, cailini \gi*\.
5 -a is addedto somemasculinenounswhich end in a broad (iD Add i to nounsdenotingoccupations,aqd endingin -6ir, etc.
consonant,and to femininenounswhich end in -cht feirmeolr lfarmerJ, Ieirmerlliri (farmers).
(iiD Replacethe i which delrotesoccupation by ithe, e.g. ninai
teasbeat m6rAn teasaa lot of heat
frliochtpoetry leabharfiliochta a 6ook of poe*y (secreury), rirajlhe (seqetsies).
(iv) Replacethe -(i)riLof verbal nounsby -(u)ithe,e.g. socri larranging,
6 -e is addedto many femininenounswhich end in a slenderconsonant atangementl, soctsithe (atrangements).
scoil school muinteoir scoilec schooheacber (v) Add a to 6gleog: fuinneog lwindoul, fuinneoga (utind.ows).
(vD Add ta to one-syllablemasculinenounswhich end in broad n or l:
7 In somewords a final slenderconsonantbecomesbroad and ddl lpoen), d6nta (poemsl; scial lstory), sc6alta (stones).
-a is added
dochtii ln) doctor teachan dochtrirathe doctor'shouse If a noun doesnot belongto one of thesepredictablegroupsit is
n6in lf) peat Bord na M6na ,lre stotepeat company bestto learn its plural form in coniunctionwith the singular.

348 ADqJendtc?s 349

 Appendix
5 -The verb 5 - Idiomoticphrqses
Appendix
The variousdistinctionsmadeby the Irish verb are shownhere Idiomatic phrasesbasedon ti + preposition(oz, at, etc.).
with scriobhann (razles) - verbal noun scriobh luritingl, verbal
adjectivescriofalwittenl, Irish, like English,distinguishesstrictly (o) tr6...ar (rs... oz)
betweenprogressiveand non-progressive forms: an English
td ocras orm I am htngry
example is I write (often) vs. I am uriting (now). The notion of taIr thitsty
habitual pastis rather more important in Irish. tulrse tbed
codladh . sbepy
ag scriobh lireacha writing letters
litir a scriobh to wtite o lerter
fuacht coa
Scriobhaimlitreacha. ti 6thasorm I an de6ghted
I unite hner.
T6 m6 (or t6im) ag scriobh br6n sorfy
I am writing lette6.
Bim ag scriobh litreacha. eaglalfaitios afraid
I terd to be uniting letters.
Scriobhm litir. amhras susqicious
I wtote o letteL
ionadh (pron. iona) slrprised
Bhi m ag scriobhlitreacha. I was uriting letters.
Scriobhainnlitreacha. fearg 4ngry
I xsed to &rite letters.
Bhinn ag scriobh litreacha. neire ashamed
I $ed to be uiting letters.
br6d pro,ad
Scriobhfaidh m6 litir. I ttill utite a lettet
6ad jealous
Beidh m6 ag scriobh litreacha. I tlill be udting a lettel
uaigneas Ionely
Scriobhfainn litir. I uot ld urrite a let er.
Bheinn ag scriobh litreacha. I woald be uriting leners.
(b) ti.., ag
There are two kinds of perfect in lrish, one based on the verbal
Ti sfil agam(go) I hope tbat
adjective, e.g, scriofa urinen, and another based on the verbal T5 a fhios agam(go) I k rou (that)
noun, e.g. scriobh uriting,t
(cl t6...6 (wantsl
Td litir scriofa agam. I baue a letter urrinenl
I hat)e utritten a btter. ti bainne uaim I utantlneed milk
Bhi litir scriofa agam. I bad a letter urittenl
I bad urinet a lettet. (dl tA faoi (interds tol
Beidh litir scriofa agam. I will hauea letter uninerr
I uill have uriaen a lener. Ti frim dul ann, I intend to go there.
T6 m6 tar 6is/i ndiaidh litir a scriobh. I haue written a letter. Trifaoi6adh6anamh. He intends to do it.
Bhi m6 tar 6is/i ndiaidh litir a scriobh. I bad urinen a lener.
Beidh m6 tar 6is/i ndiaidh litir a I utill have urinet a Idiomatic phrases with Is:
scriobh. letter. Is maith liom I like
Is brei liom I love
As the translations suggest the first of these often tends to convey a Is fuath liom I bate
senseof state (of the letter in this case).The latter unambiguously Is f6idir liom I ctn
conveys action. It literally means I arz after uiting a leno, etc. Is cuimhin liom I rcmembet
The i ndiaidh phrase is used in Ulster, where it is pronounced i ny6. Is d6igh liom (go) I suppose(th6t)
Is mian liom I desireluish

3So Appcodlces 35I

 Is oth liom (go) I reget (that) but not in
Is cuma liom I don't care gloine beonch a glassof beer
beoir beer
fiot\ wine gloine tiona a ghss of wine
Theseare basedonlfiir lclear) (in other contextsthis adjectiveis
soil6ir): (e) when a nameis dependenton a precedingnoun, eithermasculineor
feminine
Is lir go ... It b clearthat ...
Miire Mary at\air Mh6te Mary's father
Is l6ir dom go ... It's clear ro tne thot ,,. Tir Cholaaill Donegal muintir Thir C\onaill the peoph of Donegal
Maigh Eo Mayo Contae Mhuigh Eo CotantyMayo

(f) after mo (zt), do lyott), a (hisl

Appendix
7 - Rules
for initiolmutotions bean womqft mo bhe*t nry u.,ife
rcach house do theach yotr horse
A full table of the relevant changesis given in the Introduction. mac son a mhac his son
The contexts in which they occur are listed in detail here. (9) after the prepositionsar (oz), do (lo, forl, de (from, ofl,laoi (underJ,
gaa lwithortl, mat lasl, 6 (ftoml, toimh lbeforel,tJlar lpast, over,
Lenition beyondJ,ni (thtoryhl
The rules given here for lenition are subiect to the proviso that h,
l, n, r are not lenited; neither are the unusual letters v, x, z; or s clidach cover ar chlfdach an leabhair on the cover ofthe book
SeAnJohn glaoch do Shein a cztl for John
before c, p, t, m, f. bainne milk lin de bhainne full of milk
cathaoir chait faoi chathaot undet a chait
The frst consonant of a noun is lenited: maith good(ness) gan mhaith zseless(lit. utithout goodl
m:.iJrtteoftteacher ag obair mar mhriintcoi utorkbrg as a teacher
(al aftet at tbe if thenoun is feminine
Sasara England 6 Shasaraftom Enghnd
Ciisc Eastet roimh Ch6isc before Eastet
bean wotnan an bhf, n the uoman colliste allege ag dul thar Chol6iste na Trion6ide
cathaot cbair at chathaoi the chair going past Trinity College
contae county ag dul tri Chontae na Mi
(b) after an, when it means o/ tle, if the noun is masculine
going tbrotgb County Meatb
b6thar road 16ran bh6thair the middle of the road. NB The prepositions ar (oa), thar (parr, ove4 beyondl do totlenite it
phrasesin which the noun has a general or indefinite reference,often
(c) after a, when addressingsomebody describing states,such as at ball late4 at baile vety angry, at deireadh,
finally, ar tad, ahogether, at l6il, availabh, at siillat btr, rnderuay,
caide frierds a chaide (my) friends going on, thar ban, excellert, t\at sdile,overseas.Comparel.
duine person a dhuine uasail dear sir
T6 s6agamat cios, I am rcntirlg it. llit. I haueit on rcrt)
(d) in somephraseswhen a noun is uscdas a qualificr of a preceding T6 s6 agam ar chios ceid eluto I am renting it for a hrndred euros a
feminine noun (whether or not the secondnoun is in the genitive case) sa seachtain. ueek.
llit. I have it for a rcnt of a hundred
m6in pest tir,e mh6r.a a peat fire eurosa week)

3tL App.ndlc. 3 5 3
 (h) after don (ro rb el, den lof tbeJ and sat lin the); the latter becomessa ceannheod ri. cinn aclutbree (head) of them
before all consonantsexcept f, which it makes silent (written It) voigh foot s6 toithe sir feet lcompare dh6 thtoi$ two feetl

bain\srcotrmatuger litir don bhainisteoir a lener for the marager

ciste cake piosa den chiste sin a piece of tbat cahe (m) after an chtad lthe firstl
farraige sea sanfharraige in the sea lpron. sat ceant head an ch6ad cheant the frst one
gaidin garden amuigh sa ghairdin out in the gardet cljd part an chiad chuid the first part
Exception: none of these lenites s, t, or d: sa siopa lin the shop), si teach The first consonant of an adiective is lenited:
lin the housel, sa deoch sin lin that drinkl
(o) following a feminine noun
(l) after various prefxes
lada long sr6id fhada a long street
ceol music an-cheolvery good music maithgood aimsi mhaith good uteathet
cairr talk dr och-ehait bad bngaage
comharsaneighbour dea-chomharsagood neighbour NB There is no lenition following a feminine noun in the genitive,
Pvnt poutd leathphunt half-potnd e.g, ag brm oa sr6ide fada at the end of tbe long street; or in the plural,
Notice that not all prefixes are given a hyphen. e.g. sr6ideaonafada long sfteets.

() in the secondelementof a compoundword (b) after a masculinenoun which dependson anothernoun. Compare
these
pdort- principal + sriid street priomhsfufiid main street
&tbh black + gotm blue dubhghorm tauy blue an b6thar fada tbe long road
ftor true + deasnice fiordheas reallt nice bun an bh6thair fhada tbe end of the lorg rcad
seanold + beaa womaa seanbheanoli womatt (c) after plural noun forms which end in a slender consonant (almost all
But when dental consonants come together lenition is usually blocked: theseare masculinenouns)

seat old. + duine person seanduineold person fear m6r a big man fu mh6ra big men
lin full + sista satisfied lins staf ly satisfted leabhar beaga small book leabhail bheagasmall books

(k) to indicate that a definite noun phrase is dependent on a preceding (d) after a noun precededby dh6 (rrzo)(orbeirt (trlo) when counting
noun people), in which casethe adjective takes the plural form

rothar fhear an phoist the postman's bicycle llit. the bicycle teach m6r a big borse dh6 theach mh6ra rrzo big houses
of the nan of the postl fear beaga small man bein fhear bheagarrzo small met

(f) in counting, when the noun is precededby aot (one), dh6 \twol, tri (e) after ao (rbe), when the adjective is prefixed to a feminine noun
Ithreel, ceithre lfour), ciig lfvel, sE(sixl priom\principal + ceist lf) question
ceist question aon cheistamh6inlzst one q estiort an phriomhcheis the pincipal question
ctrid pan dh6 chuid.tuo parts (O after thcse forms of the copula is (is)
purlt pound tri plunt three pounds
teach bouse cei:tbrctheach four horses ba lwaslwould bel, tior luasn'tluouWn't bel, at? lwas?lwouUbe?1,
seonua footlt cl6'igsheomrafiue rooms 16r luasn'tlutouldn't ... be?),g$r lthat (it) uadwoaU be):
bord ubk s6.bhord sir tables
Ba mhaith liom cupdn tae. I would like a cup of tea.
Exception: a few nouns are counted from three upwards using their plural Ba mh6r an chabhair6, It waslwould be a great help.
forms and theseare not lenited: Nior cheart6 a dh6anamh. It shouldn't (lit. ttould rot be ight) be d.one.

354 lppendlce I JJ
 The first consonant of a verb is lenited: (b) T and d are not lenited by sa (shonened from san)
(d in the past,past habitual and conditional s teach lin the house) sa dotchadas Un the dark\

brail le lmeetl bhtail mt leis I met him (c) Although s cannot be lenited to sh after an (rhe) it becomests instead
bhtailint L6iI rced to meet her
bhuailfinn leo I por A meet them an tsli (fl abhaile rle utay home (pron. di)
tsfil (D tbe eye (pron. triil)
(b) after ni (zor) and mi (il) ^t tsriid (pron. tr6id)
lfl the street
^t
nls an tsamhraidh (m) tbe beginting of summer (pron. towri)
bu,ail le (meetl ni bhuailim leisI don't meethim
ni bhuailfidh m6 leo I won't nteet therrt This also happenswith feminine nouns after sa lin thel (from san):
m6 bhuaileanntri leo if yo* meetthem
sa tsli in the way sa tsrAid in the s*eet
(c) after the relative pafticle a which, toho, uborrt sa tsldil it the eye
ceannaiman p{ip6ar I bt4ythe pdper But sasamhradhm lDesummerlbecatsethesrzzer is an samhradh(m)).
an pdipEara cheannaim the paper which I b*y
feicim daoine ar an mb6thar I seepeople on the rcad.
na daoine a fheicim ar an mb6thar tbe people I seeon the road
Eclipsis
The first consonantof a noun is eclipsed:
Restictions on the lenition of 'd', 't', 's':
(q) afteri (rr)
(o) Theseare not lenited after dental consonants (easily rememberedas
balle m6t a toutn i mbaile m6r in a towtt
d, n, t, l, s - dentals!).Sobean(womanl + deas(zice)shouldgive triobl6id touble i dtriobl6ld in *ouble
bean dheas(a nice u,orraz) but is more usually bean deas;likewise
an-deas(very nicel, instead of atr-dheas.Here are some examples: (b) after 6r (orr), bhur lyour), a ltheit)

at-dorchauerydark Cf. an-g\ealuerybright teach hoase 6r dteach flin oar ou'tt house
-tirim uerydry an-fhliuchueryuet caide friends bhv gcaide yott friends
^an-salach uerydirty an-glianveryclean catt caf a gca* their car

Lenition is alsoabsentin phrasessuchas: (c) after the numerals7 to ro, seacht,ocht, naoi, deich
slat (f) tomhais yard.stick, critetion llit. stich of measutingl prr.t pound seachtbputt seuet Pounds
cos (fl tosaigh front leg (oI arnnall toithe feet ocht dtroitbe eight feet (long)
cos (f) deiridh back leg cirrr de bead of ntoi gcirn de bha nine cows
After aa lthelz pingin penny deich bping.inete?tPence

an tine (f) the firc (d) after a preposition+ an lthe) (with the exceptionof don to tbe atd
an tft (f) the co ntry
Ar Deil (fl the D,iil (Iower hotse of parliament) dcn of the)
cearta an duine humat rights banc bank ag an mbarc at the bank
bean an ti the hndlad.y f6.argrass ar an bhfiar on the grcss
Roinn an Taoisigh the Deparbnent of the Taoiseachl= Cabinet Office) bus bas as an mbus out of the bus
baitisteoi manager scriobhchuig an mbainisteoir
wtite to the manager

3J 6 Appendices3 57
 bord table faoin mbotd under the able gets,tp di n-'ireofd h am if you got up on time
Garda Guard, labhair leisan nGardaspeakto the policernan 'irionn I uork
oibrim na daoinea n-oibrimleo tbepeopleI work with
PolicemLn
cruir,tild meeting roimh an gcruinni6 before the fteetilg Prefixed'h'
gearagdte that an nge ta post the gate of two vowels,when a word
This is usedto break up a sequence
beginningin a vowel is precededby certainwords endingin a
Exception: nouns beginning with t, d are not affected: ag an teach (a!
vowet.
tbe housel,ag aa dotas (at the doorl.
(a) after na when it rneanso/#e in the plural (the genitive plural) With nouns:

feat lmanl leithreas tabhlear ltbe men's toiletl

(o) after the plural articlea lthel

The first consonant of a verb is eclipsed: iit place na hiiteanna the Dlaces
(b) after na, meaning of the, if the noun is feminine
(o) after an (which introduces questions'1,ci lwhere?), sula lbeforel, go
oiche night ltu ta hoiche the midd.leof the dght
Ithatl
fire Ireland Rialtasna hEireannthe Govemmentof Irelard
tann(goes) An dt6ann t6? Do you go?
Cd dt6ann ni? Wbere do yon go? (cl aker a (herl
sula dt6anntd abhailebeforeyou go bome
is d6cha go dtann ni ann you probably go there 6lasi:r flat a biLrasinherflat
inion daugbter ahirlior' her daughtet
(b) after de (tfl and mwa Qtnless,if totl
(d) when counting with ti. (three), ceitfue (four) and s6.lsixl
chean6ti you tuould buy di gceararo6{A
6.if yor bought it
nruta gceann6f6(. if you d.id.n'tbuy it uair bour, time t h! i-lethree tirnes

(c) after a in indirect relative clauses (e) after the forms m ean.irgtbe second.,the thid, etc. (but not including
an ch6adthe frrst\
buailm leis na daoinesin L,teet thosepeople
na daoinea mbuailim leo the peopleI meet uait hou, time at dara hrair the second time
6it place a\ trii h6it the thitd Dlace
Note
'Words (f) After go (ro) andle lwith)
beginning with a vowel are treated as follows:
(o) i {rn) becomesinritl.6i'lrm (itt lrclq.ndl Eirelreland ag teacht go hEirinn coning to Ireland
AineAnne ag caint le hAine ralting to Anne
(b) no changeafter an (lDe)and the questionmarker an:
With adiectives:
o1frg
office ag an oiftgat the office
ith eat An itheanntri? Do you eat? (o) after go (in the examples below it turns them into adverbs of
manner)
(c) by prefixingn in all other cases:
otc bad go holc badly
timhk number 6r n-uimhil our namber 6lant beautifrl gohSlaim beartifully
oiche night seachtn-oiche sevennights
69 young Tit ra nOg Land of the Young lin folktalesl

358 Appendlc6 3 59
 (b) after chomh (as, so)

6gyouag Nil m6 chomh h6g leat.

I 4m ,rot 4s young as yotl. of grommoticol
Glossory terms
adrom light Ti s6chomh h6adrom sin. Ir is so ligbr.

Other instancesof prefixed 'h':

(o) verbsbeginningin a vowel aftern6 odJectlveA word which givesfurther information about a
nonn, e.g, a big hotse, interesting classes,ubite paper.
616. Drink ;t. N6 h6l E, Don't drinh it.
Oscailan doras Opefl the door. Nd hoscailan doras.Don't open the odverb Adverbsgive further information about words other
door. than nouns.For instancein to ualk fast, the verb ,ualk is
lnighl Go, clear off! N6 himigh go f6ill! Don't leaveyet!
modified by /asr, which tells us about the mannerof walking;
(b) the pronouns (hel, i lshel, iad lthey) and ea (it, that) after rt Qsnotl in I go theresometimes,I get up eaiy; I hauelunch at one,
and.c6?(uho?l the times of the actionsare specifiedwith varying degreesof
precisionby sorzetimes,early, at one.ln uteshall probably
Is e,n's him. Ni he. It isn't hirn.
Is ea, It is so. Ni hea. It irr't so. haue to pay, the entire sentenceis qualifred by probably.
ls i^d. lt k them. C6.hiad? Who arc tbey? The typesof adverbshown here are respectivelyan adverb
of manner.an adverb of time and a sentenceadverb.
(c) in a few phrasessuch as D6 bAoine lFridayl, Cd hint? (Wbere?),
a haon (oze), a hocht leightl; and,after 6 in sumames:6 h6giio
clouse A term used when a sentencecan be divided into two
lHoganl.
parts, eachcontaining a main verb. For instancein I? do it
uhen I haue tbe time, I'll do it is the main clatse end uther I
hauethe time is the subordinateclause(a subordinateclause
of time). The time clausehere beginswith a conjunction
u.,hen,arad,by drcpping uhen we get a perfectly good free
sentence,l haue the time lakhotgh this does not always
happenwhen we drop a confunction).

conjunctlon A word which joins. Co-ordinatingconjunctions

link two expressionsof equal status,e.g. men and women,
reading and utriting, blach and uthite, I got up and walked
ont. Subordinatingconjunctionslink clauses.For instance
ulben introdttces A tirne clause in I read a lot utben I was
young, and if a conditional clause in Yor'll do utell if you
utork at it.

nood A goup of non-factualnotions expressedby verbs

which includeconditions,wishesetc.lnlf I utererich,
pere is a subiunctiveform of the verb ro De(i.e. it is in

36c Gforsofyot gtlmmotlcol tfi:6 t6f

 the subjunctivemood). Conditionalsare very important
in Irish but subjunctivesare more marginal in the
contemporarylanguage.
noun A noun is the nam of a person,place,thing or idea.The
most basickind of noun is a name for an object in the space
around us: table, chair, tlan, woman etc.Other kinds of
nouns refer to abstractideas,e.g. clarity, expense,bedutyi
or to emotions,e.g. loue,anger etc.
phrosa A number of words combinedto form a unit. Phrases
are namedafter their 'head words'. For instancea big house
is a noun phtaseand at tbe door is a prepositionalphrase.
pluml Referringto more than one exampleor instanceof
something,e.g. books, u.,e,rley. Seesingulor.
possessivcA word which indicatesownershipor possession.
Irish has a set of possessivemarkers,mo my, d,oyour etc.,
which are often called 'possessiveadjectives'(asin English)
but which are better called 'possessive
pronouns' for the
purposesof Irish grammar.
preposition Theseare placedbeforenouns to form phrases
which expressspatial relations,e.g.on the chair, at the door,
under the table; and someother notions including time, e.g.
at frve o'clock, aftel midnight. Theseare simpleprepositions.
There are also complex prepositionssuch as on top of the
table.
pronoun SEictlyspeaking,a word which can replacea noun.
The third personforms are alternativerather than uniqueways
of referringto somethingand are usedto avoid repetition,e.g.
I boughta ticket lnoun) but I gavelt (pronoun)to my brother;
'When
I seeMary (noun)I will tell Del (pronoun).l, me, you,
we andthey are alsopronouns.Seealsounder possessive.
352
singulor Referringto one exampleor instanceof something;
for instance(a) book, I, you referto singleentities.
Seeplurol.
tense The namefor the way in which time relationsare
indicatedby verbs.Irish, like many languages,distinguishes
betweenpresent,past andfuture by adding endingsto verbs,
e.g. present l6ann /eads, past l6igh read, luture laifrgh will
read.
yerb The most basickind of verb refersto an action: comes,
goes,eats,drinks, reads,urites etc.Other kinds refer to
perceptions,e.g.sees,hears;or to mental operations,
e.g, thinks, belieuesetc.
verbdl odjective The conceptsexpressedby verbscan take
adjectivalform, e.g. eatenin eatenbread is soon forgotten.
Suchforms are called 'past participles'in Englishgrammar
but they are known as 'verbal adjectives'in Irish grammar.
vrbol noun The conceptsexpressedby verbs can be turned
into nouns,e.g. readingin readinghelpsyou to learn
languages.Suchforms are called 'presentparticiples'in
Englishgrammar but they are known as 'verbal nouns' in
r-:^L -------
rrD u ts'raIIudr.
of g.d|nmotlcolte.rn
Glo6so,y 36,
 bdb6g (fl @.6ige.pl -o')do blioin (r) (9. bliano,p/ bliontdyear
hocsch (pl -q) lame bliont0il (p/ bliontolo)yearly
gIishvocobulory
Irish-En bqile (m) sett/ement,town,so bloc (m) (9, -olc, pl -olc) block
bholl at home b6thor (m) (9.{h, p/ b6lthre) food
boile m6r (p/ boilte mor6) town bocht (p/ -o, nios bolchte) poor
Abbreviations:m = masculine;f= feminine;g. = genirive; boilionn collects bog (p/ -o, nios boige)soft,mild
pl = plural. boilithe col/ected boll6g (fl @. -619e,pl -o) loof
boilit colleding botd (m) (g.boitd, p, bolrd) tab/e
qbholl home onois now boineqnn omoch reoches,ochieves btondo, (m) brcndy
och but onrcllh (m) soup boinne (m) mi,l bred (pl -tho, nios brdtho) fine
oiefioft (m) anpott onseohere bolneonn extracts,goins brcis (+ genitive)more
ogus ond onsln there bqineonn de takesoff breis (is) morethon
oice; In olce le next to onuos from above, hence bqinisteoir (m) (9. -eolo,p/ -eolli) breoite sick
Alfreonn (m) (9..rlnn) Mass qnuroldh /ostyear manoger bt6g (fl G. br6lge, pl -a) shoe
dlmsft (f) (9. -e) weather ools (f) (9. -e,pl -eanno) oge bdlsteoch (f) (9. b6lstl) ratn b16n (m) sorrow
oinm (mJ(p/.neochoJname oon one,ony bdn (p/ -q, nios bdlne) white blonntonqs (m) (9. -ols,p/ -ols)
oinnis (p/ -e, nios oln nlse)awful oosto elderly honollt o (f) (pl -ai) nurse prcsent,gift
olnlln (fl (pl -i) ount or qls bock bonc (m) (9. bolnc,p/ balnc)bonk buochoilf(m) (p/ -i) boy,youngmon,
ohgp.d(m) (q. -gld) money or blth ony, ot oll bar (m) (9. balft, pl a) top boyftiend
(lit- silvet) ar f6ll available beog (pl -d, -nios 16)srnoll buqileqnnhits
6irtthe porticulorjgo hdirithe or fud (+ genltlve)throughout beog6n o /ittle buoileonn le meets(with)
in particulor oJ slo,lin progrcss,undewoy beqgnocha/most buolodh le meetmg
ols; or qls bock ol6n (m) (9. -6ln) bread bon (t (9. mnd, p/ m n6) womon buonn !,vins
6ls (f) (9.'e, pl -ednn(I) focility, arasan (m) (9. -ln, pl .in) flot, beonnocht (f) biessrng bui yellow
convenience apoftment be6. (m) bar buiochos(m) grotitude
6il (fl @. -e,pl -etnna) place ord (p/ -o, nios olrde) high,to/ b6tle (m) (pl 1l) neol buided h) (9. -611,
pl -6tl) bottle
olthne (f) ocquaintonce oftft last night beirednnbears bvn (m) bottom, end
6iti0il (p/.01o)/ocal o'tis ogoin beireqnnqr cotches
6foinn (! 6ille, nios dille) beoutiful orti o.t |nne the day b{orc belfttwo (of people) cobhruionnle helps
om (m) (9.4) time yesterday:oit amarcch the doy beoir (f) (9. beorcch) beer corbh6n corovon
o;m6rochtomorrcw oftet tomorow bheith being,to be cobhoir (t (9. cabhroch) heh
qmoch out os otd out of otdet bla (m) (pl -nn]o)food colbhri helping
omh6lnjust one ds out of,ftom biolonn f) (9. -cinne,pl -o) cod? whot?
dmuigh outside qtholr (m),(9. .or, pl qithreocho) rcstourant colle (m) coffee
on. (+ lenltion)yery father bifeog (t (9. -eoige,pl-o) leoflet cfiiliochr 0 G. -o, pl -ol)
onios from beneath drhgs (m) (9. -ols)joy blos (m) toste quolification
onn there othroionn chonges blosto tosty coint (f) (9. -e) tolking
onocht tonight qthr6 (m) (pi .rulthe) o chonge bl6th (n) (9. -a, pl -onno) flower cdis (f) (9. -e) cheese

364 I.kHndkh wcobr ory 36 5

 C.6lsc(f) (g.C6scd) Easter ciollmhor (p/ -o, nios ciollmhqire)
cqite spe,t (seo coite this past) sensible
cqitheqmh spending cinnte surc,certain, certainly
coltheonn spends,ryeors cinnti0 ensuring
campo,(m) (pl -o'i)camp, tent cios (m) (9. -o.)rcnt: or cios rcnted,
(qnodh singlng fot rent
c(lnqnn5ir9s ciste (m) (pl -ti) coke
co'ogdfifty cistin (f) (9. -,pi -edcho)kitchen
copoll (m) (9. .oill, p/.oill) horse cith (m) (p/ ceothqnno)shower
coro (m) (plcofide) friend cith (m) (9. ceotho,p/ -onno)
co (m) (9. -ltt, pl -o,nno,)car shower
c6stt (m) (pl -oi) cord ciiin (pi -e, nios ci0ine) guiet
cds6g (f) (9. .etige,pl -o,)coat,jacket cl6r (m) (9. cl6ir, plcl6ir)
cothqin? whenT progrcmme
cqthqir f) (9. cothrqch,p/ -rocho) clann children (as paft of fomily)
ctty clqsoiceochc/ossico/
cothooir (f) (9. .eoch,p/.eqchq) clog (m) (9. cloig, pl cloig) clock
choir cloiseqnnheors
ceqnn tui thotched cluiche (m) (pl -chi) gome
ce(J,ntot(m) (9. -olr, pl -aif) district c6frc (m) cupboard
ceonnochbuying coicis (f) (9. -e,pl -i) foftnight
ceonnoionnbuys c6ip (f) (9. -e,pl -etana) copy
.eq,poirc (m) (pl -ri) sandwich .itipeail copying
ceqponn thinks,oppoints coirm cheoil (f) (pi coirmedcho
cearc (f) (pl -o) hen ceoil) conceft
caord? what? cetisit(f) (9. -e,pl -i) party (social)
ceoft (pl -o) right coitiqntq cornmon
ceqthqir four colaiste (m) (pl -ti) college
ceqthnl guorter col ceothqr (m) (p/ col ceothrqchq)
c6n chooi?how? cousin
ceo (m) mist comhorso(f) (9.-n,pl -no')neighboul
ceol (m) (9. ceoil) music comhghoirdeqsfm) (9. -dis)
ceolchoirmf) (9. .e) concert congratulotions
cheo,naoheady comhlocht (m) f9. -o,pi -oi)
chomh (with odj.)so,as (commercial) compony
chonoic sow comhorchumonn(m) (9. -o.inn)
chuoighwent cooperative society
chuolq heord com6rtqs(9..qis,p/.ois) competition
chuigto conoshow
3 66
coryodh (m) contrad; qr conrqdh
on conttoct
contae (m) (pl -tho) county
co66il(nios cosolo)simi,ar;is co6oil
golnoch it seemsthat (not)
cosnoionncosts
citto (m) (pl -si) coot
creideqnnbelieves
criochnoionnfinishes
cru.r hord
cruinnit (m) (9. -ithe,p/ -ithe)
meeting
cuo'itt (f) (9. -e,pl -esnno) visit
citig five
cuireqnnputs,serds
ctpl(! couple(of)
ct(sa (m) (pl -oi) course
ct soj affois, things
cuntqs (m) fg. -ois,pl -dis)occount,
description
cup6n (mJ(9. -din,pl-Ai cup
cuid (f) G. codo.,pl codqnnq) port,
portion;mo chuid my,6r gcuid
out, etc.
cuidionn le heips
dqdo nothing
dqicheodforty
dolto (n) (pl -oi) pupil
dom6iste (m) domoge
damhso (m) (pl -oi) donce (olso
doncing)
dqor (p/'q, nios dqoirc) expensive
doro second(in counting)
doth (m) (9. -o,p/ .qnno) coloul
deqnoi (t /oteness; le donoi oflote
de ghn6th usuaily
de of
deqchoighwent
deocoir (p/ deocro,ofter ni, on etc.
nio6 deacto) difficult
dao'g teen (in counting)
donqch (p/ -q, nios d6onoi) lote
dCqno;mhdoing, moking
d6qnqnndoes,makes
deontq done
d6orfoidh wil soy
dearg (p/ -q, nios deirge)red
deormqd (m) (9. -qid, pl -o,id)mistake
dealth6k (m) (9. -ar,pl -$dro) brother
deireqdh(m) (9. 'ridh) end;fooi
dheireodhaf /ast
deqs (pl -q, nios deise)nice
deich ten
deifit (f) (9. -frc) hurry
deireonnsoys
deirti0r (f) (9. -fisr, p/ -qchq) sister
deisceqrt(m) (9. -cirt) southernoteo
deoch (f) @. di, pl-onno) d nk
dh6 two
Dla (n) (g.Dq God
Diobhol devl/
diqn (p/ -o, nios dine)severe,
intensive
difrliff (p/ -iofq, nios diftitlo.) different
diolqnn se/ls
dtuea.h (pl -o) straight, dned(ly)
dinnCot (m) (9. -ei , d -eir) dinnel
dioscd (m) (pl -ai) disc
diosc6 (m) disco
dli (n) (pldlithe) Iow
dliod6ir (n) (9. -6m, pl -i) lawyel
do to, for
do yout
dochu (m) (9.-oir) horm,damage
dochtiir (m),(9. .0tq, pl-i) dodor
dono bod
doros (m) (9. -ais,pl doi6e) door
vocobulory 3 67
trish-Engllrh
 dorcho dork f6ochoint (qr) /oo,ting(ot) 96 (m) need hollo (n) (pl -sl) ho
dosoendozen f6qchqnn (or) iooks(ot) gqbhonn takes,seizes hato (n) (pl -i) hot
d6lhola sufficiency feot (m) (g.flr, plfir) mon gsch evetY
duofs (f) (9. -e,p/ -eonna)p ze feorr better,best Gdellge (f) Itish longuage i she,hel
dubh (p/'o, nios dulbhe) block feice6il seeing gofudin (m) (pl -1)gorden lod they, them
dulne (m) (pl ddolne) pe6on feiceqnnsees golrld (do) neor(to) iorthor (m) (9. -thoh) w$tern area
dolrt soid feldlll is f6idil con gdlo (n) (pl -o,i)gole iorroldh asking,to ask
d0lslonn wal<es up f6in self, own goolar windy ioronn requests
dul going fei'm (f) (9. -e,pl -eocho)fom gotfiiste (m) (pl -tl) garcge iosc (n) (9. 6lsc,pl 6lsc) fish
fefrmeoir (m) (9. -om, pl -i) fomer g (m) a fovour i bhtod long,farowoy
6 he,him teoll (f) (g.teoln) neot Goidt (m) (pl -l) policeman idir between
6odoch (m) (9. -algh) clothing: fio(:oil (f) (9. -e,pl -clo) tooth gor do closeto i gc6noi olwoys
aqdoi c/othes fiche twenty gonsoi (m) (p/ -qith e) pullover i leilh hithet, this woy
eoglo (f) feor fillfd,h returning, to retum geotdn compIoi nt, comp Iaining i ndiqidh dfter
6lgln sorne fion (m) (9.-o) wine geimhreodh(m) (9. -ridh,p/ -i) I mblianq thisyedr
elle other fist6ip (, (9. -e,p/ -ednnlo)videotape wintel imeo'cht leoving,going away
6lri tising,becoming fliuch (p/ -o, nios fliche) wet gheobhoidhwil get imionn goes(oway), leaves
6lrlonn rises,gets up foghloim /eorning gloconn ta*es,accepts imitt playing
ldonn os guits, givesup foghloimionn /eorns glqconn le occepts imithe gone
elrtonn le succeeds f6gro (m) (pl -oi) onnouncement glonodh c/eoning inion (f) (9. -ine,pl. {r'to) doughter
alsteocht (le) ,rstening(to) f6grcithe onnounced glononn cleons innCyestedoy
eolos (m) (9. -ls) infomotion fitill: go f6ill for the moment glooch (m) col inniu today
foi.m (D G. -e,pl -eachd) form glos (pl -a) green(of plonts) ioc payinq, to poy
tu (m) (g.Jold)length;i bhfod for folcodh washing(somro folctho glotne (f) @l -ni) gloss ioconn poys
fodo (nios folde) /ong bathroom) gn6 (m) business iomldn (pl -q, nio6 lomldlne) complete
16ll getting: at f6ll ovoiloble f6n (m) phone gn6thqch (pl -o) busy io'nod (m) (9. -old, pl -old) locotion,
ldg6ll leaving lonn (m) inclinotion go to,towotds centrc
fdgonn /eoyes forbqirt (f) (9. forbqnhoj go dtl until (olso to) I rith (+ genitive) du ng
fdgthq ieft development go leot (+ genitive)plenty iontoch (pl -o) wondetful
folde longet, longest J6s still,yet go/noch thot, thot not itis (f) (9.-e, pl-l)journal
folgheonn gets fieisin a/so gorm (p/.o, nfos goirme) biue iriseoir (m) (9. -orq,pl -l)jounolist
falke (f) welcome fuor,ht (m) (9. -o) cold(ness) greoinn(m) (9. grlnn) humour is is (is shortfor ogus and)
fg,llo (m) (pl -oi) wo Juoimnib (m) pronunciotion {elm (m) bite,g p lsteoch in(wofds)
fonocht stoying fuolr got grlon (f) (9. 9r6ine)sun istigh inside
fqnqnn stoys fuor (p/ -o, nios fuoire) cold gtiosdh urging, encoungin g lstoicheby night
fool ldtholl ot present fufnneog (t (9. -olge,pl -o) window gr6saefr(m) (9. -qem,pl -i) grccel ite eoten
fqrmlge f) seo tuinnioif (p/.fulnniolo.)eneryetic gtuolg (fl G. -d hon ithe eoting
feobhos (m) (9. -ols) improvement frrd; or fud (+ genltlye) thtoughout g.6eo(m) (d-s gtoup itheqnn eats

t68 t rHnglbh vocobulory 3 59

 16(m) (9. loe pl lqethonto) doy fuqth (p, -o, nios luoilhe) eorly n6ld nought,zero piocqnn (omoch)prtks(out)
lqg (pi -q, nios loige) weok (9o) luoth soon nool nlne plonta (m) (pl -dli)pint
loghod /ittlenessi or o loghodot ieost n6im6qd (m) (9. -ld,pl -6ld) minute pobol (n) (9. -all,pl -oll) community
l6ldlr (p/ -e, nios l6idre)strorg moc (m) (9. mic, pl clonn mhoc) son Nollolg f) (9. -og) Chnitrnos ptulm) @l-i) pocket
l6ithreoch immediately mqc (m) l6inn student n6td (m) (pl -d,i)note polbli public
l6mh (t (9. l6imhe,pi l6mhq) hond mdidfn f) (9, , p/ -eochn)moming nu(l new polnte (m) (pl -11)point
l6n full: ! l6n a lot mqith (p/.e, nios feqlr) good nuocht6n (m) (9. -61n,p/ -dln) pololtiocht (f) (9. -a) politics
losonn /ights m6lo (n) (pl -ai) bog newspopel p6.tat (m) (9. -alr) stout (dink)
le with moll (p, -o, nios moille) slow p65[dh mo ying
leobo (f) (9. leqpq, p/ leopocho) bed mot (+ lenition)os 6 (+ lenition) frcm p6sdnn rnonies
feobhor (m) (9. -oir,pl -q'ir)book mqr becouse obolt (f) (9. olbre) work (olso post (m) (9. polst, pl polst) post,job
leobhorlonn f) (9. -olnne,pl -q) mor sin of thot k nd;olsotherefore workln9) p6sto maffied
librcry m'itholr f) (9. -qr,p/ m6ithreocho) ocht eight pi6td (m) (pl -ol) pototo
l ocht (f) (9. -o,pl -oi) ledure mothet 0<16 (m) (9. -ols) hunger priobh6ideoch(p, -o) privote
focht6ir (m) (9. -6ru, pl -i) Ieduer m6I, me itg @l -a, nlos 6ige) young priomh- (+ lenition) Nincipal
leo;mh reading m6ld (mJomount,but m6od in olbrlonn work, operates
lecncnn fol/ows phrosessuchos c6 mh6od how oiche (f) (pl -etnto) night rA saying
leonbh (m) (9. llnbh, plleonol) child much? otfig n @.-e,pt -i) offtce mchoidh wll/ 90
l6onn reods meg,isin(m) (pl -i) mochine oireod, o olreod so much roldi,t (m) rcdio
leaniint fol/owin9 me6n-mid- oirtheor (m) (9. -thir) eastemoreo rqng (m) (9. -o, p, -onno) c,oss
lecth hof meoso worse,worst oisre (m) (pl -ri) oyster ro.on(m) range
leothon fpl. -o, nios lelthne) wide meqsortho rother,moderotely 6ld nking fttd (n) (pl -ol) rote
leothqnqch (m) (9. p/
-oigh, -olgh) mi (f) (9. -osa,pl -onna) month 6lonn drinks r6iteas (m) (9. -tls, p/ -tis) statement
pa9e mile (m) (pl -lte) mile olc (p/ -o, nios meqs{) bod ra$onto reasonable,reosonably
leis(ifiif (p/ -01o,nios leisci|ilo) lazy milis (pi Jse,nios mils)sweet or6iste oronge t|'th rcody
feithreqs (m) (9. -rls, pl -tls) toilet minic (nios minice)freguent osclolonnopens rfoff (t (9. rioloch,pl -ochoJrule
leithscql(m) f9. leithsc6il,p/ -to) mise me 6stdn (m) (9. -6in,p/ "6ln) hotel rlochtqnoch(p/ -oJessentio/
excuse mo my llnne did
llo,tht6id (f) (9. -e,pl -i) boll m6 bigge biggest poic6od (m) (9. -61d,pl -6ld) packet t6 (+ lenition,with odj) too
ligeqnn /ets moch ea y p6fic ff) (9. -e,pl lonno') potk, field rclmh (+ Ienition)befote
ligthe let m6lde pius p6irtolmseqrthqport-time rolnnt some
liofo fluent moill (f) O..e) delay Palsre (n) (pl -ti) child tothoj (m) (9. -oh, pl -on) bicycle
liteor (m) (9. -ft,pl -|l) litrc m& (pl -o) big peonn (m) (9. pinn, p/ pinn) pen rud (m) (9. -o.,pl -ol) thing
lltlr (, (9. -reoch,pl -reqchq)letter m6r6n much,plenty petl (fl @.-e)footboll firn (m) (9. ttln, pl r'!,ln) sectet
( gs,
lblslin m) lodgin occommodation muid we peitreal (t -ril) petrol ttnoi (m) (pl -lthe) secrctory
l6n (m) (9.l6in) lunch m(ineonn teaches ploso (m) (pl -ai) piece
lorg seeking m0fnteoir (m) (9. -oro,pl -i) teacher plr''lEt (n) (9. -nit, pl .ith) pidue so (+ lenition) in the
It smoller/smollest muintl( (f) (9. -e) parents,inhabitants plngln (fl (9. -e,pl -i) penny so bhoile ot horne

J70 lrlsHngllrh trocohrldry , 7I

 sogort (m) (9. -oirt,pl-aful)p est
saibhir (pl -e, nios salbhre)rich
soff6od(m) (9. -id,pl -ekDsolod
solonn (m) (9. -oinn) salt
somhrodh (m) (9. -qidh,p/-oi)
summer
sootrc(f)holiday
solol(m) (g.sooil) life
sqor (p/ -o, nlos soolre) free
sAsto sotisfied
scomofl (m) (9. -qill,pl -o,lll)cloud
sconn6n(mJ(9. -din,pl -Ain)film
scaf(m) (9.sc6ll,p/ -to) *ory, news
sciotta (m) (pl -o'i) skitt
scoil (f) (9. -e,pl -eonno,)school
scriobh writing, to w te
scriobhonnwfites
seqllqi (m) chaiet
56 he
se six
seocht seven
seochtoln(f) (9. -e,p/ -i) lveek
seqn oio
seqrbh (p/ -o, nios sirbh)b,tter
seic(m) (pi -eqnno)chegue
seinm ploying
seinneonnp/oys(music)
seirbhis (f) (9. -e,pl -i) sewice
seisl0n(m) (p/ -riin) session
seo thts
seolodh(m) (p/ seoltoi)oddrcss
seomro (m) (pl. -i) room,
somto suite sittrngroom
shuighsot
si she
siqd they
sibh you (plurol)
sin tiat
172
slnn(e)we
sioc (m) (9. seaco) frost
siopd (m) (9. -i) a shop
siopod6freocht(f) (9. -o)shopping
slocrc (m) sugor
shifnlr(m) (9. -6010,pl-i) caryenter
slttl walking,to wolk
sldlnte f) heo/th
sl6intl0ll (9. -rilo,nios sl6lnti0lo)
healthy
sfoghd6n(m) (9.-din,pl .6ln) a cold
slot o yotd (measurement)
sli (f) (pl sltte) woy
sfi bheotho occupotion (woy of life)
slios (m) (9. sleoso,p/ sleoso)slice
sluo (m) (plsluo'it) crowd
smoofneomh thinking,thought,ideo
smooinlonn (or) thinks(of)
sn6mh swimming
socrqionnoffonges
socr! (m) (p/. -uithe) ornngement
socroionnsiossett/esdown
solqs(m) (9. -ols,p/ soilse)/ight
sirt (+ genitive)kind of
spelsioltqspecro,
sp0n69 (f) (9. -6ige,pl 'o')spoon
s"dl,id(f) G. -e,pl -ennno) street
sroichint reoching
stoldeor (m) (9. -Afi) study
stoighre (m) stairs
st6isi6n (m, (9. -6in,pl -oin)
station
sti0rth6ir (m) (9. -6m,pl-i) director
subh (f) (9. suibhe)jom
slil (f) G.'e, pl 'e) eye
suionn sits
suigh (suionn)sit
suim f) (9. -eJtnterest
sulmi0il (p/ -rilo,nios suimirilo) ttr,cht (f) (9. -o) tempenturc
intercsting thqll over
suip6or (m) (9. '6ir, pl -alt) suppel theos south
thios be/ow
t6 ,s thiqr west
tdbhochtoch (p/ -q, nios thoir eost
tdbhochtoi) important thuoidh no.th
tobhqrfqidh lv, give thuqs obove
tqe (m.)tea thug gave
tqgonn comes $cead h) @..atd,p/ .6id) trcket
togtho come timpep;ll (+ genitive) orcund
toisteol (m) (9. -til) travel tine (f) fire
toiithl (f) expeience tinn sick,sore
toitnionn le p/eoses tinnos (m) (9. -nls) sickness,poin
tolonh (f) (9.toloimh or tol0n) /ond liomflint diving,to d ve
tqmofl (9. -olll) whiie,shott petiod tit (f) (9. -e, pltiotths) countty
tqobh (m) (9. tqoibh, p/ -onno) side titlm dry
topo, fost, quick t6gonn .o,ses,builds,totes
tot come roil (f) @.rolo) wi
tqr 6ls ofter tiosc Ao/noch becouse
tort (m) (9. -a) thirst torsdh (m, (p/ todhoi) rcsult,ftuit
tdthor possiveof td tosolonn begins
te hot tosoithe begun
teoch (m) (9. ti, p/ tithe) house tosqch (m) (9. tosoigh) front
teqch t6bhqlme publichouse tosit beginning
teocht corning tr6 (f) (pl -nno) beach
teqchtolreocht (t messoge tt6thn6no (m) (pl -nt!,) aftenoon,
teongo (f) (pl -cho,)longuage eveningfup to nightfoll)
t6onn goes tmidisi6ntq troditionol
teas (m) (9. -o,)heat tmo(hto exhausted
teostos (m) (9. -ois, pl -dis) diploma timhse (f) (p/ -si) petiod of time
teqstoionn is wonting treomcho directions
teqstoionn 6 (somebody)wants tri thrce
tigh 90 triocha thtrty
teilof6n (m) (9. -6in,p/ -6ln) ttitu three (of people)
telephone t0, tuso you
tellifis (f) (9. -e) te/evision tuoisceort (m) (9. -cirt) notthen oreo
tEip (D G. -e,pl -eo,nno.)tope tugann giyes
liirHngllshvo<ohrlory 373
 tuig undeqtond
tuigeqnn understands
tuilleodh nore
tuiRe (f) tiredness
tulrsedch (p/ -o, nios tuhsi) tired
tuiscint f) (9. tuisceono)
undeEtanding, to understond
to,s(m) (9. titls) beginning
uoine green
uott (f) (9. -e,pl -ean6) hour
uolreontq sometimes
ubh (f) (9. ulbhe,pl uibheocho)egg
itdoltfis (m) (9. -6is) outhotity
uile ol,
uimhlr (t (9. uimhreoch,pl
uimhreocho)number(ond sizeof
shoes,clothes)
uisce (rn) woter (ulsc beotho
whiskey)
ltll (n) (9. tlll, pl tllo) opple
vtncoll (m) (pli) uncle
tr (pl -n, nios ute) ftesh
utlw (m) (9. -Air,pl -6lr) floor
6s6ldonnuses
osdld use,using
English-Irishvocobulory
This glossary of English words has beencompilcd ftom a variety of lists of
common English words and cross-checkedwith word frequenciesin hish.
Many words given in the book have also beenincluded. Thc abbreviations
are (m) for masculine and (f) for feminine; (g.) for genitive and (pl.) for
plural. The endingsto be added are marked with a hlphen. Note that we
have followed the practice in dictionaries of Irish of sometimesincluding
a constant part of the word after the hlphen when the degreeof change
warrants that. For instance the plural of am time is amanta and it is
suf6cient to note pl. -aata. However in the caseof piiste child we have
plural piisti and it is necessaryto give pl. -ti, carrying over the t, rather
than jusc-i, wbich is not clcar enough.

obility ctlmas (m) (9. -oils) announcementfitgto (n) (pl. -ol)

obleto ln onn. 6bolto
obout (concerning)lool; (otound)
timpeoff
occeptsgloconn fe
accommodationl6lslln
occountcunt6 (m) (9. -ols, p/..ois)
ocquaintancesithne (f)
od (of padioment) ocht (m)
(9.-d,pl.-annn)
acttongnlomh (m) (9. gnimh,
pl. -ortho)
octivitygntomhoiodf (fl (g.s,pl.ai)
oddressscolodh(rn)(9.seolto,
pl. seoltol)
oge ools (m) (9. -e,pl. -ednno)
agreesoontolonn (le with)
aI ser (m),(9.oet)
a/ive bo
amountmld(m)
onimolnlnmhi(m) (9.olnmhlthe,
pLolnmhlthe,
onswe(fter'igm (m) (pl. -ol)
onybody ehne
onything dcdo
apattment&Mn (m)(9.{ln,p,.{ln)
appointment coinre (m) (pl. colnfi)
oreo cllntgf (m) (9. -olr, pl. -dir)
oround (orcund sixo'cloc*) thqrt al
arrcngementsrc,crtt(m) (9. -ohhe, p,.
-ulthe)
ott ealoln (f) Q. -e,p/. eololono)
os/<s(osts for) iorrqnn, flotolonn
de inquiresof
at og
ottending09 freostolol
authorityt totas(m) (9..61s,p/. -dis)
autumnf6mh6I(m)(9.-oli,pl.{i|,)
availableot i6il (withti is)
bod<(of person)
drolm(n) (9.
dromo,pl dromonno);(ofhead)
c6lon chlnn;(ofbuilding
etc)col

3 74 Englbh-t.khrccobuhry 375
 bad olc, dono, droch-(ptefixto
noun,tokeslenition)
bonkbonc (m) (9. boinc,pl boinc)
boslcbun0sach
beoch ttA (f), (pl. -nnd)
beout,ful6lqinn (nios 6ille)
beerbeolr f) (9. beorqch)
beginninglost
beginningt(ts(m)
begirstosoionn
beingbhelth
bel,eves creldeonn
bicyclerclhor (m) (9. -o,lr,pl. -oit)
big m6r (nios m6 bigge)
b/ac[ dubh
D,uegorm
boot b6d (n) (9. b6id, pl. bAid)
body cotp (m) (9. cofup,pl. coitp)
bookleobhor (m) (9. -oft,pl. -ott)
born (wos born) rugodh
bottom bun (m) (g.buin, p/. -qnnq);
(of pe6on) t6ln (f)
(9. -t6no, p/.t6nocho)
box bosco (m) (p1..i)
boy buocholll (9. -ollo,p/. -i)
breo*fost bricfeostq (m)
breols brlseonn
brightgeol (nlos gll brighter)
brotherdeorthdt (m) (9.-6r,pl eochq)
brcwn donn
build/ngfollgneqmh (m) (9. -nimh,
p/..ntmh)
busbus (m) (p/.-onnc)
businessgn6 (m) (pl. -thdi)
buysceonnoionn
coi/sgloonn (or)
cot co.|.(m) (9.colrr,pl.collfi):
gluoistedn (m) (9. -6in,pl. -6in)
376
cotd cafto (m) (pl. -i)
corc aire (m)
cosecAs(m) (9. ciris,p/. c6sonno)
centre16r(m) (9.16fi,pl.16lr),olso
l6rphointe;(bu,/ding)ldrionod (m)
@. -oid, pl. -o'id)
centuryExpressed by 'hundrcd'ol
'age' qv.:the nineteenthcentwy
on nqo0 hqoivc6qd d6og, the
twentiethcentuy onfichl! hqols
certoinclnnt
cho,rcqthooir(f) (9. -eqch,
p/. -eqcho)
chonge (lthriJ (m) (9- othmithe, pL
othruithe); (money)briseodh(m)
qirgid, s6inse'iil(f) (9.s6inse6lq)
cheap soor
chld leonbh (rn) (9. llnbh,pl
leonol); pAiste (m) (p/. -ti)
church(building) saipol (m) (q. -611,
d.-aiD; hstitution) e{q,lois(f)
@ .-ep, t.-i )
cttycothoir f) (9. cothroch,
pi. cothrocho)
c/ossrong (m) (9. -o,pi. -onno)
c/eorsoil6ir
clockclog (m) (9.cloig,p/.cloig)
c/oseto gdr to
c/osesd0nqnn
clothinggddoch(m) (g..slgh)
cloudsr,smdl (m) (9.-oill,p/.-olll)
c/ubclub (m) (p/.-onno)
coot c6t! (m) (pl. -i)
cold fuor
collecting hoiliiJ
collectionboili0ch6n(m) (9. -Ah,
p/. -6in);cnuosqch(m) (9. -oigh,
pl. -qigh)
college colitiste (m) (pl. -fi)
colout doth (m) (9. -o,pl. -onno.)
comestogqnn
comingteqcht
committee coiste (m) (pl. -li)
community pobol (m) (9. -oil,
pl.'o,il)
comp any (comm.) comhlnchL
(m) (9. -dchto, pl. -nchtoi); (soc)
comhluodqr(9. -oir)
complointgen;dn (m) (9. -din,pl.{lin)
completeiomlan
computerriomhoire (n) (pl.-ri)
condition colnnioll (m)
@..ill,pl..eho)
congrotulotionscomhghoirdeos (m)
@. -dts)
control snocht (m) (9. -o)
cost costos (m) (9. -qis, p/. -ois)
costscosnoionn
country lit (l) (9. -e,pl.liottho)
county cotfioe (m) (p/.contqetho)
coursectrsd (m) (pl. ctrsoi)
coutt (law) ctitt (f) (9. -e, pl -eonno)
culturc culttu (m) (9. -iir, pl. -itit)
cup cupfln (m) (9.'irin, pl. -6ln)
customn6s (m) (9. nitis,pl -onno)
damoge dochat (m) (9. -o,ft)
donce damhsa (m) (pl. -i,), rlnce (m)
(pl.-ci)
dorkdorcho
doughter inion (f) (g. lnine,
p/. -qcho,clonn inion)
doy 16(m),(g.lge,pl.loethqntd)
deod molbh
death b6s (n) (9. bitls)
decisioncinneodh (m) (9. -nnidh),
also soc:r!!offongement (m)
(9-socmithe,p/. socruithe)
depaftmentrcinn (f),(9. -e,
p/. mnnqJ
developmentfotbo'ht (f) (g. -ortho)
diory dio,lann(f) (9. -olnne,pl -o)
dictionory focl6|J (m)
(9..6to,pl..i)
differencedlJfiocht (f) (9. -o,pl. .o'i)
differcnt dllrl0tl
difficult deoco'lr(nios deocrc more
difficult)
difficulty deo(Iochr (f) (9. -o',pl. .oi);
in difficulty. I bponc
dinner dlnn6o; (m) (9. -efi, pl. -en)
direct direoch
disc diosco (m) (pl. -q,i):olso
dlothdhloscocompoctdisc
disco dlosr,6 (m) (pl. -rno)
doctor dochtitiJ (m) (9. -ttm, pl. -i)
doesd6onqnn
dog modm (m) (pl. -oi)
doingd6onomh
done deonto
door dorgs (m) (9. -sls, pl. -dls)
doubtqmhros (m) (9. -ois,)
d nk deoch (f) (9.di,p/. -onno)
d nking6l
drinks6lonn
driving tlomfilnl (f) G. .6no)
dry tlrlm
duringle linn, or feodh
eorlyluoth
easyfurosto (nios fuso)
eotinglthe
eotsftheonn
edlcotion oldeqchos (m) (9. -ols)
emoil riomhphost (m)
(9. -phoist,p/. -phoist)
emptyfolomh
EnglltlFldrhvocqbuhry 377
 end del(g'dh (m) (9. -tidh, pl. -ti)
enoughd6thqin, 90 leor
entertoinment slomsoiocht (f) G. -o)
equiomenttlqlqmh (m) (9. {imh)
essento, riochtonoch
eveningtr6thn6no (m)
(p,. trdthn6nto,)
event 6c6id (f) @. -e,pl. -i)
evety gach (beforc noun)
evidenceflonqise (f,)
examination *.iJdt (m) (9. -ollhe,
pl. -uithe)
examplesom?lo (m) (pl. -oi)
exce,/entor fheobhqs (with ti is)
exhibitiontoispedntqs(n) (9-.ots,
pl. -ois)
expensiyedoor
experiencetnlthi (f)
exploinsminionn
explonotion minit (m) (9- -lthe,
pL -ithe)
eye s|!|tl(fl @. -e, pl.a)
foceoghqidh (r) (9. -e,
p/. oghoidheqnno)
focility 6ris(f) (9. -e,pl. -snno)
fod fi.tc (f) (g. -e,pl. -i)
fomily t3s,ghlo,ch(n) (9. -olgh,
p/.-qigh)
fomousc6iliriil
form fetm (f) (9. -e,pl. -g,cho)
formerfeirmeoir(m) (9. -eom,
pt.'i)
fother nthdt (m) (9. -ot,
pl. qithreocho.)
fear eoglo (f), fditios (m) (9. -ls)
field pfiitc (f) (9.-e,p/.-eonno),
(of odivitl ftimse (n) (pl. -sl)
378
figure flglitt (m) (9. -tm, pl. -l)
file (fot infomotion) comhod (rn)
(9. -o,ld,pl. -old)
film *ann6n (m) (9. -6h, p/. -6ln)
finger m&t (f) (9. mlre, pl. -o)
finishesJiochnoionn
firc tine (f) (pl.tinte)
floor utltu (m) (9. -Afi)
fluency ltofaclft (f) (9. -a)
followsleondnn
fool blo,(m) (pl. hlonno)
foot trolgh (m) (pLtrolthe)
footbo pell (m) (9.-e)
fot .to
force f6ts;o,(m) (pl. f6rsol); f6rsal
ormlho omed forces
fotgetting .t&tmod (m) (9. -old)
fom fofim (f) (9. -e,pl.-eficho):
(= shape)cruth (m) (9. -o, pl -onnd)
foftnight colcis (f) (9. -e)
ftee soor: (ftee of charge)soor in
olsce
fresh ir
ftiend cam (m) (pl. co'lrde)
from 6
Frort tosdch (m) (9. tosoigh)
fulll6n
gome clulche (m) (pl. -chi)
gotden go;ifdin (m) (pl. -l)
getsup eirionn
getsfiolghonn
getting fail
g collln (n) (pl. collini)
gives(to) tugonn (do)
goestonn
goes(to) tonn (go/chulg/do dti)
goesowayimionn
going dul
goodmofth (nlosfeofr better)
got falghte
govenment rlo,llos (m)
(9. -ols,pl. -ois,
gtossf6al (n) (9. f6L)
greot (praising sth) lontorch
qrcen glos (of plants): uolne
(of manufadured things)
grey lloth
grcup gr(tpo (m) (pl. -ol): (of people)
dreom (m)
han gruolg (f) (9. -e)
holf leg,th (m)
hond l6mh (f) (9. ldlmhe,p/. -o)
host6xogy
head cf,nn (m) (9. clnn, p,. cinn)
heolrh sl6tnte (f)
heorsclolseonn
heoft ctoi (m) (pl. -the)
heovyliom
helpscobhroionnle, cuidionn le
high ntd
hill cnoc (m) (9. cnolc, pL cnoic)
histoty srah (f) (9.-e)
holiday sE.olrc(m)
home(to go horne)obholle;ot
horne so bholle; oway frcm home
6 bholle
hoped&hc (m) (9.-ols);e.9.In t6
d6ch6ogom=Ihope
hot te (nlos teo)
hotel 6sl6n (n) (9.-Ain,pl -6ln)
hou ua|, (fl @. -e,pl. -eonto)
houseteoch (m) (9.ti, p/.tithe)
hurnidmeirbh
humourgrcp,nn(m) (9.grlnn)
hundred ceod (m) (9. caid,,
p/. c6odto)
hurry deilh (f) (g. -fp)
rdeasmoolneomh(m) (9. -n|mh,
p/. -nte)
important t6bhochtoch
improyernentfobhos (m) (9. -als)
ini
industty tions/col (m) (9. -o;il,pl. -oil)
information eolo6 (m) (9. -ols)
inside istigh
interest sulm (t (9. -e), speis (f.)
@.-e);(money)G(n) (9. its)
tnterestingsp6isi6il,suimi0il
internotionolidirn6isirintq
into lsteoch
ii ls, t6
issuesee guestion,result
job posr h) @. polsr, pl. poist)
jouney lwo6 (m) (9. -ois, pL -ois)
joy 6tho5 (n) (9.-als)
kind dneAl h) @.-611, pl. -ocho)
lnolvs t6 o fhios dg x
lokeloch (m) (9. -o, pl. -o)
lond tabmh (m/f) (m9. tololmh,
f9. tolon, pl. toilte)
lane(ubon) l6no, (m) (pl. -i): (rural)
b6hhrin (m) (pl. -i)
language tflngo (f) (pl. tedngocho)
loptop computer.iomholre gloine
lorye, big m6t (niot m6 bigqet)
lost (weeketc) so calte (oftet
noun)
/afe deqnoch
Engllsh-I.bh\rocohdqty 379
 low dli (n) (pl. dlithe)
leaflet hileog (f) (9. -eoige,
p,. -eogo,)
learning foghlaim (f)
/eornsfoghlqimionn
leavingimqcht
ledure l6scht (m) (9. -a, pl. -ai)
leduter l6o(,hftttu (m)
@."&a,pt..i)
left (ovet) l6gthd
/e9 cos (f) (9. coise,p/. coso)
/etterlitir f) (9. litreoch,
p/.litreucho)
/eveileibhCol(m) (9.-6i1,p/.-6il)
(= standard) coighdedn (m),
@.-Ain,pl.-6in)
/,fe beotho (f) (p/. -oi); sool (m)
f9. sqoll)
light (in weigh) eadrcm
light (i.e.sourceof light) solos(m)
(9. -ois,pl. soilse)
/ikes(so./ikessth.)is moith le x y;
toitnionn y le x
line line (f) (pl.linte)
listening eisi.3ocht (f) (9. -o)
/ivesmoileqnn, (ilvesin) c6noionn i
/ocalditi!ll
iong fqdo (nios foide ionger)
lookingfot (dg,lotg
lorviseol
lunch litn (m) (9. -6i^, pl. -itin)
magazineitit (f) (g.itise,pl. -i)
mokedononn
man feo;t(m) (g.fit, pl.fit)
manogementboinistiocht (f) G. -o.)
monogerbqinisteoir (m)
(9.'eorc, pl. -i)
38 0
morketmorgddh (m) (9. -o'idh,
pl.-oi)
maffiage p6sodh (m) (9. p6sto,
p6stoi)
maffied p6sls
mattet Seequestion;olso (phys.)
6bhot (m) (9. -o,it, pl. -niI)
meaning bri (f) (pl. brion nq); oiso
citll (f) (9. c6llle, pl. -o)
meeting (event) (ulnnliJ (m)
(9. -nnithe,p/. -nnithe);(meeting
so) og buolodh le
meetsbuqileonnle, costqrx qr y
membet bnll (n) (9. bnlll,
p/. bqill)
memory cuimhne (m)
mile mile (m) (pl. milte)
milftbolnne (m)
mind intinn (f) (9. -e)
mrnuten6im6od (m) (9. -6id,
. -aid)
minokebottn (m) (9. -0in,p/--iln)
mobile phonef6n p6co (m)
momentSeeminute
money oirgetd (m) (9. -gid)
month mi (f), @.mloso,pl. mionno)
moming maidin (f) (9. -e, p/. -eochd)
mothet m6,tho:it(f) (9.-or,
p/, mdithreochq)
mouth b6ol (m) (9.b6i1,p/. beil,)
music ceol (m) (9. ceoil)
nome o,lnm(m) (pl. q,inmneqchq)
need96 (m)
neighbour cor.hotso, (f) (9. -n,
pt. -no)
newnuo
newssc6ql;nuqcht (broadcast)
newspoperp6ipeor nuochtq;
nuocht6n
next (weeketc.) (on tseochtoln seo
chugoinn)(ofternoun)
nicedeqs
night oiche (f) (pl. -onto,)
no,setomnn (rn) (9. -oinn)
nose sr6n (f) (9. sr6ine, pl. -s)
note nifio,(m) (pl. -oi)
nothingddda (in negative
sentence5)
novel trs'c6ol (m) (9. -e ,
pi. 0rsc6oltoJ
numbetuimhir (D (9. uimhreoch,
pi. uimhreochc)
occupotionsli bheqtho (t (pi.slite
beotho)
offet toi(lsclnt (f) G. -ceono,pl 'i)
office oifig (f) (9. -e,pl. -i)
official oifigiflil
o/dseqn (nios sine o/der)
on (theprognmme is or) qr siol
on of
open (adjedive) oscsilte, or oscqilt
(with !6 is)
open(verb)oscloionn
opinion tuoitim (f) (9. -e,pl. -i),
boriil (fl (9. -nlo,pi. -nlocho)
order (= command) ordt (m)
(9. ordqithe,p/. orduithe);
(ornngement)od (m) (9. oird,
pl.oitd)
othereile
out of os
outsideomuigh
outwordsomqch
over (direction) that; (nr,,shed)thort
page leothonoch (m) (9. -oigh,
p/. -qigh)
papet pA|!J6or(n) (9. -6ir, p/. -6lr)
poragraph olt (m) (9. oilt, p/. qilt)
parenttuismltheolr (m) (9. -eon,
pt.-i)
potl culd (f) G. codo, p/. codqnno);
p6irt (9. p6irte,p/. pdirteqnno)
potticular ar leilh,fooi leith (ofter
noun)
patty (soc.)c6lst (f) (9. -e,pl. -i):
(pol.) pfiitti (pl. -tithe)
patient othot (m) (9. -(rit,pl. -oiil)
percentagecCdtadAn(g. -6in,
d.-ain)
period tlaimhse (f) (pl. -si)
pemission ceo.d(m) (9. -tJ)
personduine (m) (p/.doolne)
pidure pi(tllr (m) (9. -itt|l, pl. -liti()
piecepiosa(m) (pl.-ai)
ploceatit(f) (9.-e,pl. -i)
planeeitleAn(n) (9.-Ain,pi. -6in)
plote p|/6ltu(n) (pl..i)
ploy (theatre) drimo (m),
(pl. dfimai)
plays (gome) imrionn; (music)
seinneonn
plean pleo,n(m) (pl. -dnno.)
poem din (m) (9. diin, pl. -to)
point pointe (m) (pl. -ti)
police pl. (no'l p6ilini; An Gordq
Siochdno(the force),olios nq
Gordoi (piJ
policy polosq,i(n) , (pl. -so,ithe)
postt,onsuiomh (m) (9. -imh,
p/.-imh)
pound punt (m) (9.puint, p/. puint)
powercumhqcht (m) (9. -q)
English-tri3h
vocobuldry 3 8I
 procticolteicni0il reseorchtdighde (m)
procticecleochtodh (m) (9. -oidh) rcsped meas (m) (9. -o)
prolsesmolonn restourontblolqnn f) (9. -olnne,
pfesent bronntqnos (n) (9. -sis, p/. -qnno)
pl. -ois) resulttomdh (m) (9. -oidh,
prce pmghos (m) (9. -ois, p/. torthqi)
p/. -ghsonno,) right (odjedive) ceaft
priestsogort (m) (9. -oirt, p/. -qirt) tight ceaft (m) (9. citt, p/. ceorto,
privotepriobh6ldeqch e.9.cdrto doonno humon ights)
problem fadhb (f) (9. fatdhbe, riverdbhoinnf) (9. -onn,
p/. -onno) p/. qibhneocho)
processpr6iseos (rn) (9. pr6isis, rood bt*hor (m) (9. -otr,pl b6ithre)
pl proisisJ role 16l(m) (pl. r6lonna)
programme cl6r (m) (9. cl6lr, room seomrc (m) (pl. "ti);
p/, cl6ir, o/socl6rochqJ (= space)spis (m) (9. sp6is)
p.ojecttions(nqmh (m) (9. -qimh, tule rlotl (f) (9. tio'loch, p/. riqtochq)
p/. -oimh)
public poibll solotytuotg6to;l(m) (9. -oil,pl -c )
putscuireqnn
satisnedsdstq
putting cur soysdelronn
schoolscoll(f) (9. -e,p/.-eonno)
question celst (f) (9. -e,p/. -eqnno) screens{j,lltrln(m) (9. -6in,pl -6h)
guicktoPo seaforrclge (f) (pl. .gi)
guiet ciriin seotsuiochdn (m) (9. dln, pl -din)
guietnesscionqs(m) (9. -ols) sedion ro;nn6g(f) (9. -619e,pi. -69o)
seeking(o9) lorg
todio raidi6 (m) seesfeiceonn
roin bdisteoch (, (9. b6tsti) sending cur
rcte ftto (m) (9. -oi) sendsculreonn
reod5l6qn senseciall (t (9. c6ille)
readyr6idh,ullomh seNiceseftbhis (f) (9. -e,pt. -i)
reosonlAth (m) (9. -a,pl -qnno); ship long (f) (9.lolnge, pl. .a)
c(ls (t (9. -e,p/. c0iseanno) shift laine (f) ( . |Eint)
red deorg shoebr6g (n) (9. br6tge, pl. -o)
regular rioltd shop slopa (m) (pl. -i)
rclotionship gool (m) (g. gaofi) shortgeo|r (nlos 9lor1o)
rcnt cios (m) (9. -o, pl. -anno) showerclth (m) (9. ctth,
rcpott tttq'irlsr, (m) (9. -e, pl. -i); (doc) pl. cathonno)
tuorqsc6il (, (9. -dlo,pl -6lochq) showstolspednonn
stdetoobh (m) (9. tooibh, P,.'onno)
silencelost (m) (9. -o)
singingcqnodh (m)
sisterdeirfior (f) (9. -lbor, p/. 'qcho)
sitssuionn
s/eepcodlodh (m) (9. codloto)
smailbeog (nios l( smolier)
socio,s6isioltq
societypobol (n) (9. 'oil, p/. 'oil.);
(= orgonizotion) cumonn (m)
(9. -qinn,p/. -oinn)
soft boq
so/utionrGiteoch(m) (9. lgh, pl.'igh)
uolleontq
Sometimes
sonmoc (m) (9. mic, P,.mlc, clqnn
mhoc)
song tmhfin (m) (9. -61n,p/. -6in,
sott Seekind,tyqe
speakercolnteoir (m) (9. '@to, pl 'l)
specio,spelslolto
spott sp6tt (m) (9. sp6ltt)
springeormch (m) (9. -oigh,
pl..oigh)
staff Seeteam
stoge(theot.)st6itse (m) (pl.'ls,i),
ot this stoge = 09 on bPolnte seo
stondsseosonn
stote (po,.)st6t (m) (9. st6it,
pi. st6it); (phys.)stoid (f) @. -e,
-eonno,
stoysfononn
stonecloch f) (9. cloiche,P/.'o)
story*&l (m) (9. sc6il, P/.sc6alto)
streetsldiid (f) (9. .e, Pl. 'eonnq)
studentmoc l6lnn (m) (9. mic l6inn'
pi. mic l6lnn)
study(activity)*.onde{f @) (9.'eV'
pl. -eir); (room)seomm stoid6il
subject6bh (m) (9. -oir,p,. 'qir)
suggestsmolqnn
surnmersomhrqdh(m) (9. -oidh,
pl. -oi)
sungriqn f) (9. 9r6lne)
sunny gr6lne (9. of g(lan sun)
supermorket ollmholgodh (m)
(9.'oidh,pl.'oi)
supper sulp6ot (m) (9. '6ir, pl. 'Elt)
support to(:oio<ht (f) o. "cr)
surecinnte
systemc6ros(m) (9.'ois, P,.'ois)
toble bo,d (m) (9. bolrd, Pi. bohd);
also tdblo (m) (pl. -oi)
tokest6gqnn, glqconn x le Y
tokingp/aceor si0l,or bun
talk co,int (f) (9. -e)
tollc (ta/ls to) lobhronn le
task,enand ctnom (m) (9. 'oim,
p/. -oim,
tosteblos (m)
tox cdin (f) (9. c6noch, p/. cdnochoJ
teo toe (m/
teochermointeolr (m) (9.'@to, pl. 'i)
teom foireonn (ll (9.foirne,
p/. foirne)
telephonel6n (m) (g.f6ln, p/.f6in),
9uth6n (m) (9.-61n,P/.-6ln)
teievisionteilifis f) (9. -e)
te,lingInslnt
tei/s Insionn(do)
,"r, 16s1711,6(rn) (pl. -al)
that, thosesin
thing rlud(m) (9. -o,Pl.oi);in some
contextsni, P,.nithe
thrnkceaponn,sileonn
this, tnese seo

J8 z Englilh-trhhtocobuby 3 83
 time om (m) (9. a, pl. -onto) wolksslolonn
tiredtuirseqch r.volbqllo (m) (9. bollai)
to do (givin ; go, go dtl chulg wontsteqstoionnx6y Grommor
index
(diredion) wotchesfeochqnn qr
toilet lelthreos(m) (9. -ris,pl. -ris) woter llsce (m) (pl. -cl)
top bwt (m) (g.boifr, pl. -o') woy beolxh (m) (9. -olgh, pL qi); sli This is an index to grammarnotesand idiomatic constructions.
town boile m6r (m) (p/.bollte (f) (pl. sllte) The fust numberin eachentry refersto the unit, the secondto the
m6m) weathet o'lms'f (f) @. -e) sectionnumberwithin the unit.
trode ceird (f) @--e,pl. -snno) websitesuiomh |tn (m) (9. suimh
troin troein (f) (9. tmenoch, lin, p/.suimh lin) odjectives oon (any, 4114
pi. tmenqchqJ week*tchLoin (f) (9. -e,pl. -i) beforenoun3/5 oois (oge)3/8
trcining olllftlnl (f) (9. -ltnd) welcomefd,ilte (f) emphosized 6/9, 18/9 dt (on)516,618,7 11,9111,12t9,
tnvel(ling) tollst3ol (m) (g. -til) wet fliuch (nios fliche wettet) followingnoun3/5, 6/5 1qB
treecronn (m) (9. cmlnn, whiletomoll (m) (9. -oill) formsmeqningmoreond most o? sitl (underwoyl 15110
p/. cminn) whitebdn 't1t9,14t1 orticle(the) 1 11,513,616,18111
t ouserstreobhsqr(m) (9. -qir, wifebeon ch6ile (f), (9. mnd celle, from nouns6/10 with prepositions5/4
pl. -o,it),btlsle (n) (pl. -tt) p,. mn6 c6ile) lenited6/5, 8/8 os (out of, ftom) 213
trysbqineqnntrioil os windgooth f) (9. gaoithe) possessive 1/4
type citredil(n) (9. -Ail,p/. -ocho); window fulnneog (f) (9. -eoige, plurolforms8/6, 8/7 becouse19/5
(p nting) cl6 (m) pl. -eogq) precededby go 6/3 b'fiiildb (maybe) 2Ol1O
winterglmhreodh (m) (9. -rldh, . -rt) referringto weother6/2
uncleardoillr with le verbolodjectives5/10, 5/11, cit? (wherel Sl9
undet f@i woman beoln(f) (9. mn6, pL mnd) 16t10 cdd?(what?)213,411'l, 1013,
understonds tuigeonn wonderionadh (m) odverbsond odverbphroses 11t6
union(trcde)ceordchumqnn(m) word foctl (m) (9. all, pl. -oll) ploce1I 1, 16I F9, 17| 1-2 c6 (who,whatl217,ttl&,716,812,
(9. -oinn,pl. -oinn) workobolr f) (9. olbre, time 514,7 19,12f7, 18110 918,9t12,11t6
univesity ollscoil (f) (9. -e, p/. oibredchd) odvice19/11 ceonn(in counting)11/5
pL .eonnq) wor,(erolbri (m) (9. olbrith, ofter 1217,18110 chuig (towatds, 1817
usets6id (f) @. -e, pl. -1) p/. olbrlthe) ag (at) 3l3,Sl 4, 5110, 7 11,1518 chun (to, towotds) 13111
useful osdideoch worlddomhan (m) (9. dn, pl dn) oge 3/8 clann (children\3l1O
writesscriobhqnn ollSl't1,11tA c6nol 1/5
volueluoch (m) (9. -q, p/. 'qnnq) on (afticlel1 11,212,214, 513, conos?how?\ '116
videotopellst6lp (f) (9. -e, yeor blloln (f) (9. bllono,pL bllonto) 5t4, 616,6t9, 6t11, 7 t6, 17 t8, copulo(is)1/3,2/1,619,8134,
pl. -eonno.) yellow blf 18/11 10t8, 14t1, 14t2, 14t4, 15t4,
view rodhorc (f) @. 'olrc, pL -olrc) young 69 (pl.6gd, nlos 6ige an- (very) 517 15t6, 1At9,',19t2,19t11,
voiceE)th (m) (9. -o, pl. -annq) younget) onn (there)518,617 20t12
onother11/4 presenttense1/3, 211,8134,
ony 4114,1517 1Afl

, 84 Gonnor Indcx l8 !
 copulo(Contd) if 19t8,20t8-9,20110 6 (fron) 1113,18110 too 11/8
conditionol 10/8,1819,19111, -in (littlel 7 l1o obligotion14l3,20113 trosno (ocross)15/7
20t12-13 initiolmutotions only13/9
posttense15/6,18/9 eclipsis216, 317, 5I 4, 515, 7I 4, os comhoir (opposlte)16/8 ulle (alll 1114
in reportedspeech19/2 17t8 ownership8/1, 8/2
in relotiveclouses 14l1 lenition1/1,1/4,3/1,315,317, verb
ln emphotic/constrostive 3110,417,\l1 tt, 615,7 14,717, possive10/10, 1816,19110 closses7/3, 1212-3,1611,
sentences 5/9, 15/4 8t8, 919,1017,1118,1516 possession 114, 312,314, 412, 18t2,20t1
counung rs 111,513,616,6111,716 4t9, 5t3,8t1,8t10 conditionol 11/1,20/1-5
money11/6,'11l7 t beforevowels1/1, 7/6 possibility
9/5, 20/3,20111 futuretense18/1-5
ordlnolnumbers 16/11 h beforevowels1/4,212,214, preference9/3, 10/10 imperotive10/2, 1611,161tFs
people13/9,15/8 6t3 prepositions,personolformsof possive forms10/10,15/1-3,
yeots3lT is moith le (/ikes)813,8f.,1011 313,t 15,516,811, 812,815, 14t6,21t4
cuid (pott, Pottion,U4, alll 4t10, 9t3, 10t4, 10t8, 1019, irregulorverbs13/2,18/4-5,
knows1416,19/4 11t1, 11t2,'t 413,1ya, 16t9, 2016
de (of, fron) 819-'10,11/5, 16/11 17t5,17t7,18t7 porticulorverbs11/10,13/4,
dnedions1612,17114 le (withl 316,416,515,811-5, probobility19/7 16t3,'t9t4
do (tot 217,412,1111-2, 13111 9t3, 916,9 111,1011,1013, pronouns 1/2,2/8, 411,511,715, posttense12l1-16
d6thoin (sufficiency) 10/5 15t11,19110 13t6,14t4-5,1StS perfecttense5/10, 13/7,
droch- (bad)6/12 likes8/3, 8/5 16t10
leoth- (haf) 4/1 quontities
8/12 precededby on, ni, 90 etc.
eile (other)11/4 locotion17l1-4 7t4, 7t7, 9t9, 13t1,13t3,
emphosis3/3, 5/9, 'l5/4 relotiveclouses4/8, 717,9 19, 1 5t3,17t7, 1at3,19t2,20tr1
md (tD 19/8, 20/8-9 17t7 presenttense7/2
laoi (under, about)914 mor (os)4/7 16-(withodj.,roo)11/8 presenthobituol9/1, 9/2,
feobhos (improvement) 6/8 m6id,mod(omount)11/6 roimh (before)7 13,1612,1716 20t9
feidir (expressing
obility)9/6 miste13/12 progressive forms4/4, 12l1
f6in (sef) 3/4 mwa (if notl 2Ol1O seo(thisl411,512,8112, 1115, with prepositions9111,1519
my,your,our,etc.'ll4, 8/11 11t6 very517,10117
go (to) 13111,1715 sin (thot)511, 512,anz, 17t7
go (that) 191'14 nd (than)9/8 s6tt lkind ofl 917 wont11/3
go leor (plenty)718 nouns surnomes 15/2 when?9/8
gender1/1 where?5/9, 13/3
holf4/13 genitivecose4/10, 5/3, 5/6, td (is)112,215,312,hl3,4lq, sno, whichof two?10/9
hopes19/9 6t11,8111,915,917,9110, 6t1, 17t7, 20t5, 20t9,2'tB whoTlwhot?217,318,418,512,
10t6,15t12-13,1718-9 with onn (there)5/7 7t6, 8t2, 9t9,9t12,11t6
| (inl 216 plurols214,18112 tor Cis(+ gen.,after) 12l8 wordorder1/8,3/5,419,615,
ldlr (between)
18/10 verbol414, 413, 9I 5, 13 18,14l S that (past, beyond)1619 13t8,14t5,lstS

t86 GrEmmor
Indcx 3 87