ALABARTA, ROSEMAE

YR/SEC: 1BPA-C

hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless,

colorless, and highly combustible diatomic gas with the
molecular formula H2. Hydrogen is also prevalent on
Earth in the form of chemical compounds such as
hydrocarbons and water.gh beta decay with a half life
of 12.32 years.

Hydrogen naturally exists as three isotopes, denoted

1H, 2H, and 3H. 1H occurs at 99.98 percent abundance
Hydrogen gas (H2) is highly flammable and will burn in
and has the formal name protium. 2H is known as
air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4
deuterium and contains one electron, one proton, and
percent and 75 percent by volume. The enthalpy of
one neutron (mass number = 2). Deuterium and its
combustion for hydrogen is -286 kJ/mol, and is
compounds are used as non-radioactive labels in
described by the equation
chemical experiments and in solvents for 1H-NMR
spectroscopy. 3H is known as tritium and contains one
proton, two neutrons, and one electron (mass number = Heavier Synthetic Isotopes
3). It is radioactive and decays into helium-3 throu
4H contains one proton and three neutrons in its
nucleus. It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. It
has been synthesized in the laboratory by bombarding
tritium with fast-moving deuterium nuclei. In this
Hydrogen is the smallest chemical element because it
experiment, the tritium nuclei captured neutrons from
consists of only one proton in its nucleus. Its symbol is
the fast-moving deuterium nucleus. The presence of the
H, and its atomic number is 1. It has an average atomic
hydrogen-4 was deduced by detecting the emitted
weight of 1.0079 amu, making it the lightest element.
protons. Its atomic mass is 4.02781 0.00011 amu. It
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in
decays through neutron emission with a half-life of 1.39
the universe, especially in stars and gas giant planets.
1022 seconds.:
However, monoatomic hydrogen is rare on Earth is rare
due to its propensity to form covalent bonds with most
elements. At standard temperature and pressure,
HISTORY: Discover by HENRY CAVENDISH
Alabarta, Rosemae
1 BPA-C
ELEMENT: Antimony (Sb)
ATOMIC NUMBER: 51
ATOMIC WEIGHT: 121.75
ISOTOPES AND RELATIVE
ABUNDANCES: There are two naturally occurring
isotopes of antimony, antimony-121 and antimony-123.
Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes
differ from each other according to their mass number.
The number written to the right of the element's name
is the mass number. The mass number represents the
number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom of the element. The number of protons
determines the Pelement, but the number of neutrons
in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation
is an isotopes
ROPERTIES: a) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Antimony is a silvery-white, shiny element that looks
like a metal. It has a scaly surface and is hard and brittle
like a non-metal. It can also be prepared as a black
powder with a shiny brilliance to it. The melting point of
antimony is 630C (1,170F) and its boiling point is
1,635C (2,980F). It is a relatively soft material that can
be scratched by glass. Its density is 6.68 grams per cubic
centimeter. A metalloid is an element that has
characteristics of both metals and non-metals.
b) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Antimony is a
moderately active element. It does not combine with
oxygen in the air at room temperature. It also does not
react with cold water or with most cold acids. It does
dissolve in some hot acids, however, and in aqua regia.
Aqua regia is a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.
It often reacts with materials that do not react with
either acid separately.
APPLICATION AND USES The most important
use of antimony is in making compounds used in the
manufacture of flame-retardant materials. Slightly more
than half of all antimony goes to this use. These include
antimony oxychloride (SbOCl), antimony pentoxide (Sb
2 O 5 ), antimony trichloride (SbCl 3 ), and antimony
trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ). These compounds are sprayed on or
added to a fabric to make it flame retardant.
HISTORY: DISCOVER The element was probably
first named by Roman scholar Pliny ( A.D. 23-79), who
called it stibium. Muslim alchemist Abu Musa Jabir Ibn
Hayyan (c. 721-c. 815) probably first called it
antimony anti ("not") and monos ("alone"). The name
comes from the fact that antimony does not occur
alone in nature. Alchemists used secret codes to write
about much of their work, so modern scholars do not
know a great deal about how antimony was used. The
first detailed reports about antimony were published in
1707 when French chemist Nicolas Lemery (1645-1715)
published his famous book, Treatise on Antimony.