+

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
BY USING ELECTRO PENUMATIC METHOD
*

.

) ( Calibration
.

.

Abstract:

The present work is studying and designing an instrument to detect Pressure by

using Electro / Penumatic Method. The other methods need some of mathematical
procedures, also calibration after a certain period of usage. This means there is a
percentage of error in their readings because of moveable mechanical parts.
Theoretical study of the known pressure measurement methods which are mostly
hydraulic and mechanical are investigated.

.
.
.
.
. .
. .

+ // //
* /
 :

:
) (P
) / ( ) ( N / m2 ) / ( ) . ( D/ Cm2 (
) . Pa
.
[].

:
:

: 1 1 1 :
( 101.3 Kpa
) ) ( 10.34m ) ( 760mm .
.


) ( 0.17 N/ m2 ) ( 0.00017 Kpa
.

: 1 1 2 :
:
:

.
.

:

)(U
[] .
- :
1 2 1 :
 ) (

.

. .

1 2 2
) ( Bellows
) ( .

:
P1 h1
P2 h2
P3 h3

Pn hn

) (P ) (h .
[].

-2 :

: 2 1 :


[] .

.
) (

) ( R ) (V ). (I

) . ( Variable Resistance

) ( ) ( .

) ( ) (

.
.
.
.

- :
) ( -:
. ) (U ) (Cm )(,Cm ).(
. ).(Mercury
. ) (.
. .
. .(D.C Source 12V-6A) .
. ).(Pressure Source
. ).(AVO-meter
. .
 ) ( ) (

- :

.
) (D.C Source
.

- :

. -:
)P = . g . h . (g/Cm2
-:
: )(13.6 g/Cm3
:g )(acceleration
:h ).(U-tube
) ( ) (h
) (R1 ) (I1 ) .(P ) (
) (h ) (R2 ) (I2
).(P

) (1 ) ( h ) ( R1 ) (I1 ).(P
)h2(Cm )h1(Cm )h(Cm )R1( )I1 (mA )P(g/Cm2
 15 15 0 31 49.3 P0
16 14 2 31.5 48.3 27.2
17 13 4 32.5 47.2 54.4
18 12 6 33.5 45.8 81.6
19 11 8 34 44.6 108.8
20 10 10 34.5 43.8 136
21 9 12 35.6 42.7 163.2
22 8 14 36.6 41.8 190.4
23 7 16 37.3 40.5 217.6
24 6 18 38.3 39.5 244.8
25 5 20 39 38.5 272

)h =h2 - h 1 ( C m -:
: h1
: h2

) (2 ) (h ) (R2 )(I2 ).(P

P(g/Cm
)h(Cm )h1(Cm )h(Cm )R2( )I2 (mA 2
)
15 15 0 31 49.3 P0
16 14 2 30.8 50.8 27.2
17 13 4 30.5 52 54.4
18 12 6 30 53.5 81.6
19 11 8 29.5 54.3 108.8
20 10 10 29 55.5 136
21 9 12 28.5 56.8 163.2
22 8 14 28.4 57.8 190.4
23 7 16 27.8 59 217.6
24 6 18 27.5 60.2 244.8
25 5 20 27 61.4 272
) () () () () (
)(.

-4 :

) Transfer
( Function . ) ( 10 .
) ( R1 , R2 ) (E ) (
) (U-tube )(P
) (
) (Amplifier ) ( ) (I )(
) (4 ) (T ) (Shaft
) (Valve )(
.
) (T.F.
) (Feedback-:
1
K1 K 2 G . 2
) ( s JS + FS + K
= T .F . =
)P ( s 1
1+ K1 K 2 G. 2
JS + FS + K
:
: . )(s
: . )P(s
: .K1
: K 2 .
:G .

JS2
: .

: FS .
: K .

) ( ) Closed loop
[] (control system ) (
) (Block diagram ) (Ogata
[].

-5 :

)
( -:
.1 ) (Linear .
 . ) (
.
.
.

300
250
200
)P (g/cm2

150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

)h (cm

) ( ) (P ).(h

300 300
250 250
)P (g/cm2

200
)P (g/cm2

200
150
150 100
100 50
50 0
0 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
26 27 28 29 30 31 32
)R2 ( )R1 (

) ( ) (P )(R2 ) ( ) (P )(R1

300 300
250 250
)P (g/cm2

)P (g/cm2

200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
)I2 (mA )I1 (mA
 ) ( ) (P )(I2 ) ( ) (P )(I1
.

)1-D.C Source (E
2-Amplifier Feedback
3-Field Coil
4-D.C Motor
5-Valve
R1 R2
e i
E T J

Measuring Device Amplifier D. C. Gear Load

Motor Train

) ( .
 !

P1 +
E( I(s T( 1 (
_ P K K JS2 + FS+K

P2

Feedback
K
.( )

1
K1 K 2 G .
(s ) JS2 + FS + K
T .F. = =
P (s ) 1 + K1 K 2 G .
1
JS 2 + FS + K
P: Pressure (g/cm2)
E: Voltage .... (V)
I: Current . (A)
T: Torque .... (N.m)
: Angular displacement of the motor shaft (radians).
J: Moment of inertia (slug. ft2).

1- e =K1( P1- P2) P1 + P E(S)

_ K1
E(s) = K1 (P1(s)-P2(s))
P2
V .Cm 2
Where K1: Potentiometer bridge constant. ( )
g

2- I = G . e
E(S) I(S)
I (s) = G . E(s) G
A
Where G: Voltage signale amplifier ( )
V
3- T = K2 . i
T(s) = K2 . I(s) I(S) T(S)
K2
 N.m
Where K2: Motor torque constant.. ( )
A
4- Total Torque = Acceleration Torque + Friction Torque + Load Torque
Tt = Ta + Tf + TL
= J// + f + k T(S) (S)
T(s) = JS2 (s) + FS (s) + K (s) 1
2
2
T(s) = (s) (JS + FS + K) JS +FS+K

(s) 1
=
T(s) JS 2 + FS + K

Where (s) : Angular displacement of the motor shaft (radians).

T(s) : Total motor torque . (N .m)

5- P2 = Kv. P2(S) (S)

g Kv
Where Kv: feedback constant ( )
Cm 2 . rad.

( )

" " . -
.

2- Sirohi, R.S. & Radha, H.C., " Mechanical Measurement ", A Halsted Press, 1983 .

3- Dieter, G.E. " Engineering Design- A material And Processing Approach", Mc Graw-Hill,
Inc, 1985.

4- Tikhonov O.N. and Dambovsky,V.V. " Automatic Process Control " , General Egyptian
Book Organization, Cairo , 1973 .
5- Ogata, K. " Modern Control Engineering " , Prentice - Hall, Inc . , N. J. , 1970 .