BIO511 GENETICS

PRACTICAL 5: CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS

Group members:

1. Siti Farah Wahida (2014773321)

2. Muhammad Izzul Amin Bin Ahmad Bahrin (2014507917)
3. Nur Imani Binti Yusoff (2014937517)
4. Nurul Iman Amani Bt Che Awang (2014179961)

Lecturer : Puan Ernie Eileen Rizlan Ross

Date of Experiment: 9th November 2017

Date of submission: 23rd November 2017

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RESULTS

Part A: Coloured and white beans

Observed Deviation
Classes Expected (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) (O-E)

Coloured 277 269.5 7.5 56.25 0.2087

White 262 269.5 -7.5 -56.25 0.2087

2 value 0.4174

df: 2-1 = 1

Part B: Dice

Observed Deviation
Classes Expected (E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) (O-E)

1 12 10 2 4 0.4

2 8 10 -2 4 0.4

3 9 10 -1 1 0.1

4 10 10 0 0 0

5 11 10 1 1 0.1

6 10 10 0 0 0

2 value 1.0
df: 6-1 = 5
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From the data collected, chi square analysis is calculated using the formula. The
significance of the 2 value is determined by using the critical 2 value with significant level
of 0.05 that is obtained from Statistical Tables. While the number of degree of freedom is
determined by using the formula df=n-1, where n is the number of possible outcome. If the
calculated 2 value is smaller than the critical value of 0.05 level of significance with the
appropriate degree of freedom, it can be say that the deviation is attributed to chance alone and
the data confirms the null hypothesis. If the value is bigger than the critical value, it can be say
that the deviation cannot be attributed to chance alone and the dat not conform to the null
hypothesis.

In the practical, Part A the 2 value is 0.4174 and the degree of freedom is 1. Based on
the significant table (at the critical value 0.05 and degree of freedom =1), the 2 value obtained
is smaller than the table. Therefore, it can be concluded that the deviation is contributed to
chance alone and the data supported the null hypothesis.

In the practical, Part A the 2 value is 1.0 and the degree of freedom is 5. Based on the
significant table (at the critical value 0.05 and degree of freedom =1), the 2 value obtained is
smaller than the table. Therefore, it can be concluded that the deviation is contributed to chance
alone and the data supported the null hypothesis.
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DISCUSSION
The chi square analysis is a statistical test that is used to determine if the data is good
or non-biased. If statistics show the data is biased this means that somehow the data is far
different from what is expected and something is causing the difference beyond just normal
chance occurrences.

The critical value is the maximum value of chi-square that will allow you to accept the
null hypothesis. It shows that there is no significant difference between the data observed and
the data expected. Any small differences would be due to random chance.

In addition, the degrees of freedom must be detrermined. The value represents the sum
of the squared deviations for all of the possible categories. The more categories considered
increases the chance for random error; therefore, the critical value for chi-square must increase
as the degrees of freedom increase.

In general, if the probability of getting the observed deviation from the expected results
by chance is greater than 0.05 (5%) the null hypothesis is acepted. In other words, there is really
no difference in the ratios between what was observed and what was expected.

Based on the experiment, the null hypothesis states that there is no substantial statistical
deviation (difference) between observed values and the expected values. In other words, the
results or differences that do exist between observed and expected are totally random and
occurred by chance alone. The nul hypothesis will be evaluated back by the analysis using the
chi sqare.

If the null hypothesis is supported by the analysis, the assumption is that mating is
random and normal gene segregation and independent assortment occurred. This is the normal
phenomenon during meiosis and it is supporting the Mendels Principle of Random Segregation
and Independent Assortment.

Furthermore, if the null hypothesis is not supported by the analysis, it is concluded that
the deviation between what was observed and the expected values were is very far apart and
showing that something non-random must be occurring. Some possible explaination are the
genes are not randomly segregating because they are sex-linked or linked on the same
chromosome and inherited together
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CONCLUSION

In the practical A, since the observed chi square value (0.4174) is less than this critical
value (3.841), so the null hypothesis is accepted. This show that this data are consistent with
the hypothesis of 9.3.3.1 phenotypic ratio. The observed numbers are consistent with those
expected under Mendels law. While in the practical B, since the observed chi square value
(1.0) is less than this critical value (11.070), so the null hypothesis is accepted. This show that
this data are consistent with the hypothesis of 9.3.3.1 phenotypic ratio. The observed numbers
are consistent with those expected under Mandels law.
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REFERENCES

Biologycorner.com. Corn Genetics and Chi Square Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/corn_chi_key.html on 20/11/2017.

McClean. P,. (2000). The Chi-Square Test. Retrieved from

https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel4.htm
on 20/11/2017.

McClean. P,. (2000). Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. Retrieved from

https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel3.htm
on 20/11/2017.

Topic 5: Genetics 5a. Chi-Square Analysis of Data. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://ed.fnal.gov/arise/guides/bio/5-Genetics/5a-GeneticsChiSquareAnalysis.pdf
on 20/11/2017.

UNIT 7: MENDELIAN GENETICS CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:
www.wfisd.net/cms/lib/TX01000557/Centricity/.../CHISQUAREPPTgenetics.ppt
on 20/11/2017.
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