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Lecture-10-11
Signal Flow Graphs
3
Fundamentals of Signal Flow Graphs
Consider a simple equation below and draw its signal flow graph:
y ax
The signal flow graph of the equation is shown below;
a
x y
R1 ( s ) Y1 ( s)
R2 ( s ) Y2 ( s )
Signal-Flow Graph Models
r1 and r2 are inputs and x1 and x2 are outputs
a11 x1 a12 x2 r1 x1
a21 x1 a22 x2 r2 x2
r1 x1
r2 x2
Signal-Flow Graph Models
x1 ax0 bx1 cx 2 f
c
x2 dx1 ex 3 x0 x1 x2 g x3 x4
a d h
x3 fx0 gx 2
x4 hx 3 b e
Construct the signal flow graph for the following set of
simultaneous equations.
There are four variables in the equations (i.e., x1,x2,x3,and x4) therefore four nodes are
required to construct the signal flow graph.
Arrange these four nodes from left to right and connect them with the associated
branches.
A forward path is a path from the input node to the output node. i.e.,
X1 to X2 to X3 to X4 , and X1 to X2 to X4 , are forward paths.
A feedback path or feedback loop is a path which originates and terminates on
the same node. i.e.; X2 to X3 and back to X2 is a feedback path.
Terminologies
A self-loop is a feedback loop consisting of a single branch. i.e.; A33 is a self
loop.
The gain of a branch is the transmission function of that branch.
The path gain is the product of branch gains encountered in traversing a path.
i.e. the gain of forwards path X1 to X2 to X3 to X4 is A21A32A43
The loop gain is the product of the branch gains of the loop. i.e., the loop gain
of the feedback loop from X2 to X3 and back to X2 is A32A23.
Two loops, paths, or loop and a path are said to be non-touching if they have
no nodes in common.
Consider the signal flow graph below and identify the following
a) Input node.
b) Output node.
c) Forward paths.
d) Feedback paths (loops).
e) Determine the loop gains of the feedback loops.
f) Determine the path gains of the forward paths.
g) Non-touching loops
Consider the signal flow graph below and identify the following
a) Input node.
b) Output node.
c) Forward paths.
d) Feedback paths.
e) Self loop.
f) Determine the loop gains of the feedback loops.
g) Determine the path gains of the forward paths.
Input and output Nodes
a) Input node
b) Output node
(c) Forward Paths
(d) Feedback Paths or Loops
(d) Feedback Paths or Loops
(d) Feedback Paths or Loops
(d) Feedback Paths or Loops
(e) Self Loop(s)
(f) Loop Gains of the Feedback Loops
(g) Path Gains of the Forward Paths
Masons Rule (Mason, 1953)
The block diagram reduction technique requires successive
application of fundamental relationships in order to arrive at the
system transfer function.
On the other hand, Masons rule for reducing a signal-flow graph
to a single transfer function requires the application of one
formula.
The formula was derived by S. J. Mason when he related the
signal-flow graph to the simultaneous equations that can be
written from the graph.
Masons Rule:
The transfer function, C(s)/R(s), of a system represented by a signal-flow graph
is;
n
Pi
C( s ) i 1
i
R( s )
Where
R( s )
= 1- (sum of all individual loop gains) + (sum of the products of the gains
of all possible two loops that do not touch each other) (sum of the
products of the gains of all possible three loops that do not touch each
other) + and so forth with sums of higher number of non-touching loop
gains
i = value of for the part of the block diagram that does not touch the i-
th forward path (i = 1 if there are no non-touching loops to the i-th path.)
Systematic approach
28
Example#1: Apply Masons Rule to calculate the transfer function of
the system represented by following Signal Flow Graph
Therefore, C P1 P2
1 2
R
There are three feedback loops
1 L1 L2 L3
P1
P2
1 L1 L2 L3 L4 L1L3 L1L4 L2 L3 L2 L4
1 G2 H 2 H 3G3 G6 H 6 G7 H 7
G2 H 2G6 H 6 G2 H 2G7 H 7 H 3G3G6 H 6 H 3G3G7 H 7
34
Example#2: continue
Eliminate forward path-1
1 1 L3 L4
1 1 G6 H 6 G7 H 7
2 1 L1 L2
2 1 G2 H 2 G3 H 3
35
Example#2: continue
Y (s) P1 1 P2 2
R( s )
36
Example#3
Find the transfer function, C(s)/R(s), for the signal-flow
graph in figure below.
Example#3
There is only one forward Path.
3
Pi
C( s ) i 1
i
P1 1 P2 2 P3 3
R( s )
Example#4: Forward Paths
L1 A32 A23
L5 A76 A67
L2 A43 A34 L9 A72 A57 A45 A34 A23
L6 A77
L3 A54 A45 L10 A72 A67 A56 A45 A34 A23
L7 A42 A34 A23
L4 A65 A56
L8 A65 A76 A67
Example#4: two non-touching loops
L1 L3 L2 L4 L3 L5 L4 L6 L5 L7 L7 L8
L1 L4 L2 L5 L3 L6 L4 L7
L1 L5 L2 L6
L1 L6 L2 L8
L1 L8
Example#4: Three non-touching loops
L1 L3 L2 L4 L3 L5 L4 L6 L5 L7 L7 L8
L1 L4 L2 L5 L3 L6 L4 L7
L1 L5 L2 L6
L1 L6 L2 L8
L1 L8
From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models
Example#5
H1
H3
H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G2 X2 G3 X3 G4 C(s)
H2
H3
From Block Diagram to Signal-Flow Graph Models
Example#5
H1
R(s) 1 E(s) G1 X1 G2 X2 G3 G4 X3 1 C(s)
H2
H3
P1 G1G2G3G4 ; 1 1
C ( s) G1G2G3G4
G
R( s ) 1 G1G2G3G4 H 3 G2G3 H 2 G3G4 H 1
Example#6
X1 Y1
G1
R(s) + + C(s)
E(s)
X +
2
G2
Y2
-1
X1 G1 Y1
-1
-1 1
R(s) 1 E(s) C(s)
1 1 1
X2 G2 Y2
-1
-1
Example#6
-1
X1 G1 Y1
-1 1
R(s) 1 E(s) -1 C(s)
1 X2 1 Y2 1
G2
-1 -1
7 loops:
3 2 non-touching loops :
Example#6
-1
X1 G1 Y1
-1 1
R(s) 1 E(s) -1 C(s)
1 X2 1 Y2 1
G2
-1 -1
Then: 1 2G 2 4G1G 2
4 forward paths:
p1 ( 1) G1 1 1 1 G2
p2 ( 1) G1 ( 1) G 2 1 2 1
p3 1 G2 1 3 1 G1
p4 1 G 2 1 G1 1 4 1
Example#6
We have
C( s ) pk k
R( s )
G2 G1 2G1G2
1 2G2 4G1G2
Example-7: Determine the transfer function C/R for the block diagram below
by signal flow graph techniques.
The signal flow graph of the above block diagram is shown below.
Because the loops touch the nodes of P1, Hence the control ratio T = C/R is
hence
1
V1( s ) I1( s ) I1( s )R
Cs
CsV1( s ) CsV 2 ( s ) I1 ( s )
V2 ( s ) I1 ( s ) R
Cs
Cs R
V1 (s ) I1 (s ) V2 (s )
Design Example#2
F M 1s 2 X 1 k1 ( X 1 X2) 0 M 2s2 X 2 k1 ( X 2 X1 ) k2 X 2
Design Example#2
Design Example#2
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END OF LECTURES-10-11