CS523S: Operating Systems Fred Kuhns ()

 Embedded system over view

 Characteristic of embedded system

 Steps for Design an Embedded System

 Many Implementation Choices

 Embedded system technologies

 Moor’s Law

 Examples of embedded system

 Interact (sense, manipulate, with the external world)

 Operation is Time Constrained latency, throughput

 Other constraints: power, size, weight, heat, reliability

 Increasingly high-performance (DSP) & networked

 Specification

 Modeling

 Design space exploration and partitioning

 Synthesis and optimization

 Validations

 Implementation
Embedded System Design Flow

1- Specification

Includes the function and tasks required for the

Environ system with clear descriptions and accurate for
-ment
each job far from the ambiguity
2- Modeling

In this of perception and imagination of the system with the

rearrangement of the phase and which is to create a sample
entity steel model and entity code
3- Design space exploration and partitioning

There two types of designing

a- Homogeneous
where the jobs are divided by the system designer
b- Heterogeneous
where is the division of function in the previous
phase when forming models
4- Synthesis and optimization

The jobs are grouped together to be tested

in the in the subsequent phases as the
process of improving the design in general.
5- Validations

DSP Code

The design are tested through a simulation ,

environments in order to ensure that the
system function s are required of it full
6- Implementation

In which the final stage of manufacture of

embedded system and system building is t he last
form and then tested in practical
IV- Many Implementation Choices
 Microprocessors
 Domain-specific processors
Speed Power
◦ DSP Cost
◦ Network processors
◦ Microcontrollers
 ASIPs(Application-Specific
Instruction-Set Processors)
 Reconfigurable SoC (System On

Chip)
 FPGA(Field Programmable

Gate Array)
ASIC (Application –Specific _ Integrated - Circuit)
 Full-Custom
High Low
Volume
ASIC Hardware Embedded System

The Application Specific Integrated Circuit is a unique

type of IC that is designed with a certain purpose in mind.
This type of ICs are very common in most hardware
nowadays since building with standard IC components
would lead to big and bulky circuits
ASIC Features
Area: 4.6 mm x 5.1 mm
Speed: 20 MHz @ 10 Mcps
Power: 16 mW - 120 mW
(mode dependent) @ 20 MHz, 3.3 V
Avg. Acquisition Time: 10 ms to 300
ms

 A direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) receiver ASIC

 ASIC Issues
 Good:
◦ High performance custom peripherals
◦ Multiple Heterogeneous Cores
◦ Integrated A/D, D/A, timers …
◦ Low Cost, High performance on-chip communication
◦ Low Part Cost in Volume

 Bad:
◦ Very expensive ($5-$75M/design)
◦ Very High Risk (Several total failure points)
FPGA Filed Programmable Gate Arrays

An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is also a type of

IC, but it does not have the programming built into it during
the production. As the name implies, the IC can be
programmed by the user as long as he has the right tools
and proper knowledge.

FPGA advantage: performance of

parallel hardware with the flexibility
of software
 Design goal: Construct an implementation with desired functionality
 Key design: simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics
◦  Design metric

◦ A measurable feature of a system’s implementation

◦ Optimizing design metrics is a key challenge
◦
 Common metrics
Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost
NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time monetary cost for
designing the system
oTotal cost = NRE cost + unit cost * # of units
per-product cost = total cost / # of units = (NRE cost / # of units) + unit cost
• Example
– NRE=$2000, unit=$100
– For 10 units
– total cost = $2000 + 10*$100 = $3000
– per-product cost = $2000/10 + $100 = $300

oSize: the physical space required by the system

operformance: the execution time or throughput of the system
oPower: the amount of power consumed by the system
oflexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy
NRE cost
oTime-to-prototype: the time needed to build a working version of the system
oTime-to-market: the time required to develop a system to the
point that it can be released and sold to customers
oMaintainability: the ability to modify the system after its initial release
oCorrectness/Safety/Testability/Manufacturability,
O many more
 Time required to develop a product to the point it can be sold to customers
 Market window
◦ Period during which the product would have highest sales
 Average time-to-market constraint is about 8 months
 Delays can be costly

Revenues ($)
Time (months)
Design Issues

 Complex Systems!
◦ How to get it working?
 (on time, on budget)
 Need for abstraction and design reuse
◦ How to test it?
 Real Time Physical Embedding
◦ Does it meet constraints?
◦ Design Budgeting: Power, Size, Cost, Reliability
◦ What are the exploitable design options?
VII-Examples of embedded system
Moors Law