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Calculus Concepts and Applications Paul A Foerster PDF
Calculus Concepts and Applications Paul A Foerster PDF
C o n c e p t s an d Ap p l i c a t i o n s
Second Edition
Solutions Manual
P a u l A. F o e r s t e r
Project Editor: Josephine Noah
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 12 11 10 09 08
ISBN: 978-1-55953-657-8
Contents
iii
Overview
This Solutions Manual contains the answers to all problems in Calculus: Concepts and
Applications. Solutions or key steps in the solutions are presented for all but the simplest
problems.
In most cases the solutions are presented in the form your students would be expected to
use. For instance, decimal approximations are displayed as exact answers using ellipsis
format for a mathematical-world answer, then rounded to an appropriate number of
decimal places with units of measurement applied for the corresponding real-world
answer. An answer such as f(3) = 13.7569... 13.8 cm indicates that the precise answer,
13.7569... , has been retained in memory in the students calculator without round-off for
possible use in subsequent computations. The ellipses indicate that the student chooses not
to write all the digits on his or her paper.
Because the problems applying to the real world may be somewhat unfamiliar to both you
and your students, fairly complete solutions are presented for these. Often commentary is
included over and above what the student would be expected to write to further guide your
evaluation of students solutions, and in some cases reference is provided to later sections
in which more sophisticated solutions appear. Later in the text, the details of computing
definite integrals by the fundamental theorem are omitted because students are usually
expected to do these numerically. However, exact answers such as V = 8/3 are presented
where possible in case you choose to have your students do the algebraic integration.
Solutions are not presented for journal entries because these are highly individual for each
student. The prompts in most problems calling for journal entries should be sufficient to
guide students in making their own responses.
Where programs are called for, you may use as a model the programs in the Instructors
Resource Book. Check the publishers Web page (see the address on the copyright page of
this manual) for further information on programs for specific models of the graphing
calculator.
If you or your students find any mistakes, please report them to Key Curriculum Press by
sending in the Correction/Comment Form in the back of this book.
Paul A. Foerster
v
Chapter 1Limits, Derivatives, Integrals, and Integrals
50
Q6. h (5) = 25 Q7. y = ax2 + bx + c, a 0
40
Q8. y=x Q9. y = |x| 30
Q10. Derivative 20
10
1. a. Increasing slowly b. Increasing fast x (s)
2. a. Increasing fast b. Decreasing slowly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.02 106.3703
48
x
1.03 105.5200
6
r(6) is undefined.
t
5 8.7 10 Q5. 100 Q6. sin (/2) = 1
Q7. 366 days Q8. Derivative
The range is 0 y 32.5660 .
Q9. Definite integral Q10. f (x) = 0 at x = 4
b. Using the solver, x = 8.6967 8.7 s.
1. a.
c. By counting squares, distance 150 ft. v (t )
The concept used is the definite integral.
v(5.01) v( 4.99) 20,000
d. Rate = 3.1107K
5.01 4.99
About 3.1 (ft/s)/s t
The concept is the derivative. 30
The rate of change of velocity is called
acceleration. b. Integral 5(0.5v(0) + v(5) + v(10) + v(15) +
v(20) + v(25) + 0.5v(30)) = 5(56269.45) =
10. a.
281347.26 281,000 ft
v (t)
10 The sum overestimates the integral because
the trapezoids are circumscribed about the
region and thus include more area.
c. The units are (ft/s)(s), which equals feet, so
5
the integral represents the distance the
spaceship has traveled.
d. Yes, it will be going fast enough, because
t
1 2 3 4 5
v(30) = 27,919.04 , which is greater than
27,000.
2. a. v(t) = 4 + sin 1.4t
b. v(4) = 9.3203 9.3 ft/s
v (t )
Domain: 0 t 4 5
1 x
Concave down Concave up
1 3 Inscribed trapezoids Circumscribed trapezoids
Underestimates integral Overestimates integral
Review Problems 5
d. t = 2: 3.25 m/s
The line is tangent to the graph. Zooming in by
t = 18: 8.75 m/s
a factor of 10 on the point (3, 2) shows that the
t = 24: 11.5 m/s
graph becomes straighter and looks almost like
Her velocity stays constant, 7 m/s, from 6 s
the tangent line. (Soon students will learn that
to 16 s. At t = 24, Mary is in her final sprint
this property is called local linearity.)
toward the finish line.
5
b. Time (s)
f (x ) (ft) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6
5.8
5
4.2
T 7 = 5(2.5 + 5 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 25 + 20 + 5) =
4 462.5
Trapezoidal rule probably underestimates the
3 integral, but some trapezoids are inscribed and
some circumscribed.
2
1
T7. Concept: derivative
2.8 3.2 x (s)
Speed (ft/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 25
5.8 = 12 + 4 7 4.2 = 12 4 7 15
4 = 0.8 4 = 0.8 10
= 0.2 = 0.2 5
d. 4(3 + ) 7 = 5 +
Time (s)
12 + 4 7 = 5 +
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4 =
= 14 Slope 1.8 (ft/s)/s
There is a positive value of , namely 14 , for (Exact answer is 1.8137 .)
each positive value of , no matter how small Name: acceleration
is. T8. The roller coaster is at the bottom of the hill at
e. L = 5, c = 3. . . . but not equal to 3 is 25 s because thats where it is going the fastest.
needed so that you can cancel the (x 3) The graph is horizontal between 0 and 10 seconds
factors without dividing by zero. because the velocity stays constant, 5 ft/s, as the
roller coaster climbs the ramp.
Chapter Test
T9. Distance = (rate)(time) = 5(10) = 50 ft
T1. Limit, derivative, definite integral, indefinite
integral T10. T5 = 412.5; T50 = 416.3118 ;
T100 = 416.340219
T2. See the text for the definition of limit.
T3. Physical meaning: instantaneous rate T11. The differences between the trapezoidal sum and
the exact sum are:
T4.
y For T5: difference = 3.8496
6 For T50: difference = 0.03779
For T100: difference = 0.009447
3 The differences are getting smaller, so Tn is
getting closer to 416.349667 .
x
2 5
8 10 + 2 0
1. a. f (2) = = 2
22 0
No value for f (2) because of division by zero.
x
b. 2.7 3
x f (x)
There appears to be no limit, because the graph
1.997 2.994
cycles infinitely as it approaches x = 3.
1.998 2.996
1.999 2.998
2 undefined Problem Set 2-2
2.001 3.002 Q1. Q2.
y y
2.002 3.004 8
2.003 3.006 x
Yes, f (x) stays close to 3 when x is kept
close to 2, but not equal to 2. x 1
3
c. To keep f (x) within 0.0001 unit of 3, keep
x within 0.00005 unit of 2. To keep f (x)
Q3. Q4.
within 0.00001 unit of 3, keep x within y y
0.000005 unit of 2. To keep f (x) arbitrarily x
close to 3, keep x within 12 that distance 4 2 2
of 2.
d. The discontinuity can be removed by
x
defining f (2) to equal 3. 6
4
2.
g (x ) Q5. Q6. Trapezoidal rule
3 y
2 4
x
3 x
1
g (x )
Q7. Counting squares
2 Q8. Slope of the tangent line
Q9. Instantaneous rate of change
x Q10. B
3
1. See the text for the definition of limit.
2. f (x) might be undefined at x = c, or might have a
The limit seems to be 2. value at x = c that is different from the limit.
3.
3. Has a limit, 3 4. Has a limit, 2
h (x )
5. Has a limit, 3 6. Has a limit, 5
2 7. Has no limit 8. Has no limit
9. Has a limit, 7 10. Has a limit, 20
x 11. Has no limit 12. Has no limit
3 13. lim f ( x ) = 5. For = 0.5, 0.2 or 0.3.
x 3
x 3
c=2
x x
26. a. 2 4
y
Q4. Q5.
8 y y
1
x
x 1
x
2
1 = 2.00025 2 = 0.00025 h
2 = 2 1.99975 = 0.00025
g
x
Largest number is 0.00025. 2
e. L = 9, c = 2, = 0.001, = 0.00025
lim f ( x ) = 10, lim g( x ) = 4, and lim h( x ) = 6
d (t ) d ( 4) 3t 2 48 x 2 x 2 x 2
27. a. m(t ) = = lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) + lim h( x ), Q .E.D .
t4 t4 x 2 x 2 x 2
b. Removable discontinuity at x = 4.
m (t )
x f (x)
30
1.96 9.9640
1.97 9.9722
1.98 9.9810
t
4
1.99 9.9902
2.00 10
c. Limit = 24 ft/s
3(t 4)(t + 4) 2.01 10.0102
d. m(t ) = = 3t + 12, if t 4
t4 2.02 10.0209
3t + 12 = 24.12 t = 4.04 2.03 10.0322
3t + 12 = 23.88 t = 3.96 2.04 10.0439
Keep t within 0.04 s of 4 s.
All these f (x) values are close to 10.
5. 8. lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 + 3 x 6
x 1 x 1
y
5 = lim x 2 + lim 3 x lim 6
y1 x 1 x 1 x 1
Limit of a sum
y1 y2
y2 = lim x lim x + 3 lim x 6
x 1 x 1 x 1
x Limit of a product,
1
limit of a constant
lim y1 = 2, lim y2 = 1.5, and lim y1 y2 = 3 = (1)(1) + 3(1) 6 Limit of x
x 1 x 1 x 1
2(1.5) = 3, lim y1 lim y2 = lim y1 y2 = 1 3 6 = 8
x 1 x 1 x 1
10
x x
5 1
53 3(52 ) 4(5) 30
f ( 5) =
55
125 75 20 30 0 ( 1)3 4( 1) 2 2( 1) + 3
= = f ( 1) =
0 0 ( 1) + 1
( x 2 + 2 x + 6)( x 5)
f ( x) = = x 2 + 2 x + 6, x 5 1 4 + 2 + 3 0
x5 = =
0 0
lim f ( x ) = 52 + 2(5) + 6 = 41
x 5
( x 9 x + 3 x + 5)( x 2)
3 2 9
f ( x) =
x2
x
= x 9 x + 3 x + 5, x 2
3 2
1
lim f ( x ) = 2 3 9(2 2 ) + 3(2) + 5 = 17
x 2
f (x )
Q7. (x + 6)(x 1) Q8. 53
Q9. 120 Q10. 103
12
1. a. Has left and right limits
8
1 b. Has no limit
x c. Discontinuous. Has no limit
2
c. Discontinuous. No f (3)
3. a. Has left and right limits
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous x
x
6
4. a. Has left and right limits 2
b. Has a limit
c. Continuous 17. Answers may vary. 18. Answers may vary.
f(x)
5. a. Has no left or right limit f (x )
b. Has no limit 10
c. Discontinuous. No limit or f (2) 5 x
6. a. Has left and right limits
2
b. Has a limit x
c. Continuous (Note that the x-value 5 is not at 2
the discontinuity.)
7. a. Has left and right limits 19. Answers may vary. 20. Answers may vary.
b. Has a limit f (x ) f(x)
b. Has no limit
c. Discontinuous. No limit x x
1
9. a. Has left and right limits 3
b. Has a limit
c. Discontinuous. No f (c) 21. Discontinuous at x = 3
10. a. Has left and right limits 22. Discontinuous at x = 11
b. Has no limit 23. Discontinuous at x = /2 + n, where n is an
integer
c. Discontinuous. No limit, no f (c)
24. Nowhere discontinuous
11. Answers may vary. 12. Answers may vary.
25.
f (x ) f (x )
f (x )
3
2
1
x
x x 2
3 4
Discontinuous because lim f ( x ) = 2 and f (2) = 3
x 2
2
1
x
f (2)
2
x
x
2
5 Discontinuous because g(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2
3
x
2
x
2
Discontinuous because s(x) has no limit as x
approaches 2 from the left (no real function b. lim d ( x ) = 3, lim+ d ( x ) = 3. Limit = 3.
values to the left of x = 2) x 2 x 2
28. Continuous.
p (x ) 34. a.
h ( x)
3
1 2
x x
2 1
40
39. (32)k = 3k 3
k = 1/2. 90
u (x )
44. a. f (x )
1 x
3
4
40. k + 5 = (1) k 2 1
k = 5/2
b. f (x) seems to approach 4 as x approaches 1.
v (x )
c. f (1.0000001) = 1.0000001 + 3 + 10 13
5 4.0000001, which is close to 4.
d. There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0. You
x
1
must get x much closer to 1 than x =
1.0000001 for the discontinuity to show up.
45. For any value of c, P(c) is determined by addition
41. a. b 1 = a(1 2)2 b 1 = a and multiplication. Because the set of real
b. a = 1 b = 0. Continuous at x = 1. numbers is closed under multiplication and
addition, P(c) will be a unique, real number for
f (x )
any real value x = c. P(c) is the limit of P(x) as
x approaches c by the properties of the limit of a
1 1 x product of functions (for powers of x), the limit
of a constant times a function (for multiplication
a = 1, b = 0 by the coefficients), and the limit of a sum (for
the individual terms). Therefore, P is continuous
c. For example, a = 1 b = 2. Continuous for all values of x.
at x = 1. 46. a. lim |sgn x| = 1 but f (0) = 0
x0
f (x ) lim f ( x ) f (0), so discontinuous
x0
b.
1 x g(x )
1
3
e.g., a = 1, b = 2
x
2
lim g( x ) = 2 x f (x)
x
3. Answers may vary. 4. Answers may vary. 1004 2.00099
f (x ) f (x ) 1005 2.00099
1006 2.00099
x All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 unit
2 of 2. lim f ( x ) = 2 means that you can keep
x
x
2
f (x) arbitrarily close to 2 by making the value
of x arbitrarily large. y = 2 is a horizontal
5. Answers may vary. 6. Answers may vary. asymptote.
f (x ) f (x ) 8. a.
7
g (x )
x x 1
x
5 /2
7. a. f (x )
b. lim g( x ) = , lim + g( x ) =
2 x / 2 x / 2
x The limit is infinite because |g(x)| can be kept
3
arbitrarily far from zero. You cant say
lim g( x ) = because the left and right
x / 2
x g(x) 2
1.5717 1106.5 1
x
1.5716 1244.2
10
1.5715 1421.1
All of these f (x) values are less than 1000. b. There is a compromise number (bigger than
lim + g( x ) = means that arbitrarily far 1, but finite) that wins. (The exact limit is e.)
x / 2
g(x) can be kept arbitrarily far from zero in the 11. The limit is infinite. y is unbounded as x
negative direction by keeping x close enough approaches infinity. If there were a number E
to 2 on the positive side. such that log x < E for all x > 0, then you could
The line x = 2 is a vertical asymptote. let x = 102E so that log x = log 102E = 2E, which
9. a. is greater than E, which was assumed to be an
r (x ) upper bound.
3
12. Wanda, heres what happens to a fraction when
2 the denominator gets close to zero: 01.1 = 10,
0.0001 = 10, 000, 0.00001 = 100, 000. The answers
1 1
f (1)
14. a. Work = force distance. Because a definite
integral measures the y-variable times the
8
x-variable, it represents work in this case.
f (4) x
b. By the trapezoidal rule, T10 = 24.147775 1 c 4
and T100 = 24.004889 . The units are
foot-pounds. 2. IVT applies on [0, 6] because f is a polynomial
function, and polynomial functions are
c. The integer is 24. continuous for all x.
d. By experimentation, T289 = 24.001003 and f (0) = 8, f (6) = 0.224
T290 = 24.000998 . There is a value x = c in (0, 6) for which
D = 290 f (c) = 1.
15. Length = 100 sec x = 100/cos x Using the intersect or solver feature,
Length > 1000 100/cos x > 1000 c = 5.8751 , which is between 0 and 6.
cos x < 0.1 (because cos x is positive) f (x )
x > cos1 0.1 (because cos is decreasing) 0 c6 x
0.224
x > 1.4706289
/2 1.4706289 = 0.100167
x must be within 0.100167 radian of /2.
The limit is (positive) infinity. 8
b.
g (x ) 15
20 f
10
r
x
3 5
g
x
19
3
4 3 3 3 3 continuous lim f ( x ) = 1
x 2
5 1 1 1 1 continuous lim f ( x ) =
x 2
c. i. ii. lim+ f ( x ) =
y y
x 2
lim f ( x ) = 2
x
c. f (x) = 6 2 x
lim f ( x ) = 6
x
x x
1 2
f (x) = 5.999 = 6 2 x
2 x = 0.001
iii. iv. log 0.001
y y x=
log 2
x = 9.965...
x f (x)
x x
3 4 10 5.999023
20 5.999999046
v. vi.
y y
30 5.99999999907
f (6) All of these f (x) values are within 0.001 of 6.
L d. g(x) = x 2
lim g( x ) =
x0
x x
5 6 g(x) = 106 = x 2
x2 = 10 6
vii. x = 10 3
y
5 x g(x)
x 0.0009 1.2345 106
1
2 0.0005 4,000,000
0.0001 1 108
b. Limit: none
c. Discontinuous T12. lim f ( x ) = k 2 2
x 2
T8. lim f ( x ) = 2 + k
x 2 +
y
4k = 2 + k
4
k = 2/3
T13. See graph in T11.
x
4 T14. a. lim T ( x ) = 20
x
From the graph, it appears that if x > 63 ft,
then T(x) is within 1 of the limit.
T9. a. b. The graph of T has a horizontal asymptote at
f (x ) g(x ) T = 20.
b. T = 20 + 8(0.97x) cos 0.5x. The amplitude of
1 the cosine factor is 8(0.97 x ). Make this
x amplitude < 0.1.
x 8(0.97c) = 0.1
0.97c = 0.0125
log 0.0125
c=
c. d. log 0.97
h(x) s (x )
c = 143.8654
1 T is within 0.1 unit of 20 whenever
1
x x x > 143.8654 .
1
1 c. The time of day would be mid-afternoon,
when the temperature of the surface is
highest.
T15. a. Use either TRACE or TABLE to show:
(0 2 5 0 + 8)(0 3) 0
T10. a. f (3) = = , d(0) = 0, d(10) = 6, d(20) = 14, d(30) = 24,
03 0 d(40) = 36, and d(50) = 50.
an indeterminate form d (20.1) d (20)
b. Average rate = =
b. lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 5 x + 8), x 3 20.1 20
x 3 x 3
14.0901 14
Definition of limit = 0.901 cm/day
x c 20.1 20
x
2
5 x
x
3 5
3 x
3
2.4
(1, f (1)) using f ( 1) as the slope. The line is
y = 2x 1.
b. Near the point (1, 1), the tangent line and the
c., d. Tangent line: y = 2.4x + 7.2 curve appear nearly the same.
c. The curve appears to get closer and closer to
f (x)
x the line.
6 d. Near point (1, 1) the curve looks linear.
7.2
e. If a graph has local linearity, the graph near
that point looks like the tangent line.
Therefore, the derivative at that point could be
said to equal the slope of the graph at that
point.
x 2 + 5x + 1 + 5 16. a. f ( x) = x 2 + 0.1 (x 1)2/3
5. f (2) = lim
x 2 x+2 f ( 1) = 12 + 0.1(1 1)2/3 = 1 + 0 = 1, Q .E .D .
( x + 2)( x + 3) The graph appears to be locally linear at
= lim =1
x 2 x+2 (1, 1), because it looks smooth there.
x 2 + 6 x 2 + 10 b. Zoom in by a factor of 10,000.
6. f ( 4) = lim
x 4 x+4
( x + 4)( x + 2)
= lim = 2
x 4 x+4 1
x3 4x2 + x + 8 6
7. f (1) = lim
x 1 x 1
1
( x 1)( x 2 3 x 2)
= lim = 4
x 1 x 1
c. The graph has a cusp at x = 1. It changes
x3 x2 4x + 6 8 direction abruptly, not smoothly.
8. f (1) = lim
x 1 x +1 d. If you draw a secant line through (1, 1) from a
( x + 1)( x 2 2 x 2) point just to the left of x = 1, it has a large
= lim =1 negative slope. If you draw one from a point
x 1 x +1
just to the right, it has a large positive slope.
0.7 x + 2 + 0.1
9. f (3) = lim In both cases, the secant line becomes vertical
x 3 x3 as x approaches 1 and a vertical line has
0.7( x 3) infinite slope. So there is no real number
= lim = 0.7
x 3 x3 equal to the derivative.
1.3 x 3 2.2 17. a.
10. f ( 4) = lim
x4 x4 f (x )
7
1.3( x 4)
= lim = 1.3 5
x4 x4
55
11. f (1) = lim =0
x 1 x + 1 x
2 + 2 3
12. f (3) = lim =0
x 3 x 3
13. The derivative of a linear function equals the b. First simplify the equation.
slope. The tangent line coincides with the graph x + 2, if x 3
f ( x) =
of a linear function. 7, if x = 3
c.
x f (x) 2
2.997 667.66
x
2.998 1001 3
2.999 2001
3.000 undefined As the x-distance between the point and 3
decreases, the secant lines (solid) approach the
3.001 1999
tangent line (dashed).
3.002 999
c. The same thing happens with secant lines
3.003 665.66 from the left of x = 3. See the graph in part b.
The difference quotients are all large positive d.
numbers on the left side of 3. On the right g ( x)
side, they are large negative numbers. For a 4
derivative to exist, the difference quotient Draw secant lines
from here.
must approach the same number as x gets
closer to 3.
18. a.
s (x )
x
3
2
x
1
1
6 cos x
6
x f. m( x ) = . By table,
x3
1
x m(x)
2.9 3.1401
c. As x approaches 1 from the left, m(x) 2.99 3.1415
approaches 1. As x approaches 1 from the 3 undefined
right, m(x) approaches 1. Because the left and 3.01 3.1415
right limits are unequal, there is no derivative
at x = 1. 3.1 3.1401
0.25 x 2 2.5 x + 7.25 2 Conjecture: The numbers are and .
19. a. f ( x ) = lim
x 3 x3 20. From Problem 19, parts b and c, the tangent line
0.25( x 3)( x 7) is the limit of the secant lines as x approaches c.
= lim Because the slope of the secant line is the average
x 3 x3
x y
5
f and g
f and f'
The graphs of f and g are the same shape,
spaced 1 unit apart vertically. The graphs of 1 x
f and g are identical! This is to be expected 1
because the shapes of the f and g graphs are
the same. 12. Answer will vary depending on calculator.
6.
13. a. Maximum area = (12.01)2 = 144.2401 in.2
y Minimum area = (11.99)2 = 143.7601 in.2
4
f
Range is 143.7601 area 144.2401.
Area is within 0.2401 in.2 of the ideal.
f
x b. Let x be the number of inches.
5 Area = x2.
The right side of 12 is more restrictive, so set
x2 = 144.02.
The function available on the grapher is y = cos x. x = 144.021/2 = 12.000833
The amplitude is 1, the period is 2, and the Keep the tile dimensions within 0.0008 in. of
shape is sinusoidal. cos 0 = 1, and the graph is at 12 in.
a high point, y = 1, when x = 0.
c. The 0.02 in part b corresponds to , and the
7. 8.
y y
0.0008 corresponds to .
f 14. The average of the forward and backwards
3 3
f' difference quotients equals
x x
4 4
1 f ( x + h) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x h)
+
f f 2 h h
1 f ( x + h) f ( x h)
=
9. 10. 2 h
y y f ( x + h) f ( x h)
5
f f = , Q .E .D .
3 2h
f'
15. a. f ( x) = x 3 x + 1 f ( 1) = 1
f x x
1 2
( x 3 x + 1) 1
f (1) = lim
x 1 x 1
x3 x x ( x + 1)( x 1)
11. The derivative for f ( x) = 2x is consistently below = lim = lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
that of the function itself. This fact implies that
= lim x ( x + 1) = 2
f ( x) does not increase rapidly enough to make the x 1
y1 y3
26.
y 1
3 1 x
g
x 29. f ( x ) = x 1/ 2 + 2 x 13
6 f ( x ) = 12 x 1/ 2 + 2, f ( 4) = 94
g'
Increasing by 9/4 y-units per x-unit at x = 4
30. f (x) = x 2 3x + 11
f (x) = 2x 3 3, f (1) = 5
Decreasing by 5 y-units per x-unit at x = 1
27. a.
y
31. f (x) = x1.5 6x + 30
10 f f (x) = 1.5x0.5 6, f (9) = 1.5
Decreasing by 1.5 y-units per x-unit at x = 9
1 x
f 32. f ( x ) = 3 x + x + 1
f ( x ) = 23 x 1/ 2 + 1, f (2) = 0.0606K
Decreasing by approximately 0.0607 y-unit per
b. The graph of f is shown dashed in part a. x-unit at x = 2
c. There appear to be only two graphs because x3
the exact and the numerical derivative graphs 33. f ( x ) = x 2 3 x + 5, f ( x ) = x 2 2 x 3
3
almost coincide.
10 t
y
Turns at t 4.8, x 9.4
1 2 3 4 5
Turns at t 2.4, x 34.8 v
Starts at t 0, x 50
x e. a = 0 when t = 1.6413 or 3.8586 .
10
When a = 0, v is at a maximum or minimum
a = v' t 2
v
30
t
b. Trace the v graph to find a(0) 32 . The 5
a
acceleration decreases because the velocity is
approaching a constant. In the real world, this
occurs because the wind resistance increases as
the velocity increases. 12. v(t) = 15t0.6 . Because v(t ) = x (t ) , x(t) must
c. The limit is 251 ft/s as t approaches infinity. have had t 1.6 in it. The derivative of t1.6 can be
The term 0.88t approaches zero as t gets very assumed to be 1.6t0.6 . So the coefficient of t 1.6
large, leaving only 1 inside the parentheses. must be 15/1.6 , or 9.375. But x(0) was 50.
d. 90% of terminal velocity is 0.9(251) = Thus, x(t) = 9.375t1.6 + 50. The derivative x(t)
225.9 ft/s. really does equal v(t). Using this equation,
Algebraic solution: x(10) = 9.375(101.6 ) + 50 = 423.225K .
251(1 0.88t ) = 225.9 0.88t = 0.1 So the distance traveled is 423.225 50 =
373.225 , or about 373 ft.
log 0.1
t= = 18.012394... 18.0 s 13. The average rate is defined to be the change in
log 0.88
the dependent variable divided by the change in
Numerical solution gives the same answer.
the independent variable (such as total distance
Graphical solution: Trace to v(t) = 225.9.
divided by total time). Thus, the difference
T is between 18 and 18.5.
quotient is an average rate. The instantaneous
e. Find the numerical derivative. rate is the limit of this average rate as the change
v(18.0123) 3.2086 , which is in the independent variable approaches zero.
approximately 10% of the initial acceleration.
dy d2y f' f x
16. y = 7x 4 = 28 x 3 2 = 84 x 2
dx dx 5
dy
17. y = 9x + x
2 5
= 18 x + 5 x 4
dx
d2y
= 18 + 20 x 3 The graph of the derivative looks like the graph
dx 2 of y = sin (x).
18. y = 10 x 2 15 x + 42
dy d2y Problem Set 3-6
= 20 x 15 2 = 20
dx dx 1.
19. m(5) = 153.4979K y
3
m(10) = 247.2100K
These numbers represent the instantaneous rate of
change of the amount of money in the account. x
The second quantity is larger because the money 10
4. h( x ) = sin x 2
Conjecture: h( x ) = 2 x cos x 2 Q9.
y = cos x
The graph confirms the conjecture. x
y
h'
1 h
Q10. C
x
5 1. a. Let y = f (u), u = g(x).
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
b. y = f [ g( x )] g( x )
5. t ( x ) = sin x 0.7 c. To differentiate a composite function,
Conjecture: t ( x ) = 0.7 x 0.3 cos x 0.7 differentiate the outside function with respect to
The graph confirms the conjecture. the inside function, then multiply by the deriva-
y tive of the inside function with respect to x.
2. f ( x ) = ( x 2 1)3
1 t
x a. f (x) = 3(x2 1)2(2x) = 6x(x2 1)2
10
t b. (x 2 1)3 = x 6 3x 4 + 3x 2 1,
so f (x) = 6x 5 12x 3 + 6x.
c. From part a, f (x) = 6x(x2 1)2 =
6. f (x) = sin [g(x)] 6x(x 4 2x 2 + 1) = 6x 5 12x 3 + 6x, so the
f is a composite function. two answers are equivalent.
g is the inside function. 3. f ( x ) = cos 3 x f ( x ) = sin 3 x 3 = 3 sin 3 x
sine is the outside function. 4. f ( x ) = sin 5 x f ( x ) = 5 cos 5 x
Differentiate the outside function with respect to
5. g( x ) = cos ( x 3 ) g( x ) = 3 x 2 sin ( x 3 )
the inside function. Then multiply the answer by
the derivative of the inside function with respect 6. h( x ) = sin ( x 5 ) h( x ) = 5 x 4 cos ( x 5 )
to x. 7. y = (cos x)3
7. a. f (x) = sin 3x. Inside: 3x. Outside: sine. y = 3(cos x)2 (sin x) = 3 cos2 x sin x
b. h(x) = sin3 x. Inside: sine. Outside: cube. 8. f ( x ) = (sin x )5
c. g(x) = sin x3. Inside: cube. Outside: sine. f ( x ) = 5(sin x ) 4 cos x = 5 sin 4 x cos x
d. r(x) = 2cos x. Inside: cosine. Outside: 9. y = sin 6 x y = 6 sin 5 x cos x
exponential. 10. f ( x ) = cos 7 x
f ( x ) = 7 cos 6 x ( sin x ) = 7 cos 6 x sin x
d
13. (cos 4 7 x ) = 4 cos3 7 x ( sin 7 x ) 7
dx x
= 28 cos3 7x sin 7x 3
d
14. (sin 9 13 x ) = 9 sin 8 13 x cos 13 x 13
dx
= 117 sin8 13x cos 13x
15. f (x) = 24 sin5/3 4x 28. y = 7 sin t + 12t1.2
dy
f (x) = 40 sin2/3 4x cos 4x 4 velocity = = 7 cos t + 14.4t0.2
dt
= 160 sin2/3 4x cos 4x Yes, there are times when the beanstalk is
16. f (x) = 100 sin6/5 (9x) shrinking. The velocity graph is negative for
brief intervals, and the y-graph is decreasing in
f (x) = 120 sin1/5 (9x) cos (9x) (9)
these intervals.
= 1080 sin1/5 (9x) cos (9x)
17. f (x) = (5x + 3)7 y and v
f (x) = 7(5x + 3)6 5 = 35(5x + 3)6 y
18. f (x) = (x + 8)
2 9
20. y = (x 2 + 3x 7) 5
y = 5(x 2 + 3x 7) 6 (2x + 3) 4 3 dV
29. a. V = r = 4r 2
= 5(2x + 3)(x2 + 3x 7) 6 3 dr
dV/dr is in (cm3/cm), or cm2.
21. y = [cos (x2 + 3)]100
y = 100 [cos (x2 + 3)]99 [sin (x2 + 3)] 2x b. r = 6t + 10
= 200x cos99(x2 + 3) sin (x2 + 3) dr
22. y = [cos (5x + 3)4]5 y = 5[cos (5x + 3)4]4 c. = 6 (not surprising!). Units: cm/min
dt
[sin (5x + 3)4] 4(5x + 3)3 5 = dV dV dr
100(5x + 3)3 cos4 (5x + 3)4 sin (5x + 3)4 d. =
dt dr dt
dy
23. y = 4 cos 5x = 4(sin 5x)5 = 20 sin 5x When t = 5, r = 40. So
dx
d2y dV
= 20(cos 5x)5 = 100 cos 5x = 4 ( 40 2 ) = 6400 .
dx 2 dr
dV
24. y = 7 sin (2x + 5) = 6400 6 = 38,400 cm 3 /min.
dy dt
= 7 cos (2x + 5)(2) = 14 cos (2x + 5) dV/dr has units cm 2, and dr/dt has units
dx
2 cm
d y cm/min, so dV/dt has units cm 2 ,
= 14[sin (2x + 5)](2) = min
dx 2
28 sin (2x + 5) which becomes cm3/min, Q.E.D. This
matches the commonsense answer that rate of
1
25. f (x) = cos 5x f (x) = sin 5x + C volume cm 3
5 change of volume is = .
time min
26. f (x) = 10 sin 2x f (x) = 5 cos 2x + C
4
27. f (x) = 5 cos 0.2x e. V = (6t + 10)3
f (x) = 5 sin 0.2x 0.2 = sin 0.2x 3
f (3) = sin 0.6 = 0.5646 and
dV
= 4 (6t + 10)2 (6) = 24 (6t + 10)2
f (3) = 4.1266 dt
dV
The line has the equation When t = 5, = 24 [6(5) + 10]2 = 38,400 .
y = 0.5646x + 5.8205 . dt
a weight suspended by a string of negligible The graph shows a good fit to the data. But there
mass is 2 L/g , where L is the length from the is a noticeable deviation in the fall and winter,
pivot point to the center of mass (actually, the here the day is slightly longer than predicted.
center of percussion) of the weight, and g is the The main reason for the discrepancy, apparently,
0.05 0.99958338541 g h
1
0.04 0.99973335466
0.03 0.99985000674
c. See the graph in part b. The lines have
0.02 0.99993333466
equations g(x) = x + 1 and h(x) = 3 x.
0.01 0.99998333341
d. Prove that lim y = 2.
x 1
Values are getting closer to 1.
x2 2
1.97 = 11.82 3
0.03
f (2) f (1.98) e. The line is tangent to the graph.
1.98 = 11.88 f. Yes, f does have local linearity at x = 3.
0.02
Zooming in on the point (3, 5.6) shows that
f (2) f (1.99)
1.99 = 11.94 the graph looks more and more like the line.
0.01 R3. a.
f (2.01) f (2) y
2.01 = 12.06 y2
0.01 50
y1
f (2.02) f (2)
2.02 = 12.12 1 x
0.02
f (2.03) f (2)
2.03 = 12.18
0.03
b. See the graph in part a.
The derivative of f at x = 2 is approximately 12. c. The y1 graph has a high point or a low point
f ( x ) f (2) at each x-value where the y2 graph is zero.
b. r ( x ) =
x2 d.
r(2) is of the form 00 . y
lim r ( x ) appears to be 12.
x 2 p
x 3 8 ( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
20
c. r ( x ) = =
x2 ( x 2) 1 t
= x 2 + 2 x + 4, x 2 p
lim r ( x ) = lim x 2 + 2 x + 4 because x 2.
x 2 x 2
Take the numerical derivative at t = 3, 6,
lim r ( x ) = 12 and 0.
x 2
p(3) 2.688 . Decreasing at about
d. The answers in parts a, b, and c are the same.
2.69 psi/h when t = 3.
f ( x ) f (c ) p(6) 1.959 . Decreasing at about
R2. a. f (c) = lim
x c xc 1.96 psi/h when t = 6.
b. f (x) = 0.4x x + 5
2 p(0) 3.687 . Decreasing at about
3.69 psi/h when t = 0.
0.4 x 2 x + 5 5.6
f (3) = lim The units are psi/h. The sign of the pressure
x 3 x3 change is negative because the pressure is
( x 3)(0.4 x + 0.2)
= lim decreasing. Yes, the rate of pressure change is
x 3 x3 getting closer to zero.
= lim (0.4 x + 0.2) = 1.4 R4. a. See the text for the definition of derivative.
x 3
b. Differentiate
1 derivative cosine
x
1
dx
R5. a. v = or x (t ).
dt
dv d2x b. The graph of the derivative is the same as the
a= or v (t ), a = 2 or x (t )
dt dt sine graph but inverted in the y-direction.
d2y Thus, (cos x ) = sin x is confirmed.
b. means the second derivative of y with c. sin 1 = 0.841470984
dx 2
respect to x. Numerical derivative 0.841470984
The two are very close!
y = 10x 4 y = 40x 3 y = 120x 2
d. Composite function
c. f ( x ) = 12 x 3 f ( x ) = 3 x 4 + C. f (x) is
the antiderivative, or the indefinite integral, f(x) = 2x sin (x2)
of f (x). dy dy du
R7. a. i. =
d. The slope of y = f ( x ) is determined by the dx du dx
value of f ( x ). So the slope of y = f ( x ) at ii. f (x) = g(h(x)) f (x) = g (h(x)) h (x)
x = 1 is f (1) = 1, at x = 5 is f (5) = 3, and iii. The derivative of a composite function is
at x = 1 is f ( 1) = 0. the derivative of the outside function with
y f f
respect to the inside function times the
5
derivative of the inside function with
respect to x.
b. See the derivation in the text. This derivation
x constitutes a proof. u must be nonzero
5
throughout the interval.
Proof:
f ( x + h) f ( x ) 3( x + h) 4 3 x 4
y1 = ex is the inverse of y2 = ln x, so y1 is a f ( x ) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
reflection of y2 across the line y = x.
3 x + 12 x h + 18 x h + 12 xh 3 + 3h 4 3 x 4
4 3 2 2
to be 1. 5
f (x )
5 T4. Amos substituted before differentiating instead
of after. Correct solution is f (x) = 7x
f (x) = 7 f (5) = 7.
x
T5. f (x) = (7x + 3)15 f (x) = 105(7x + 3)14
T6. g(x) = cos (x5) g (x) = 5x 4 sin x 5
d 1
c. Conjecture: The function is differentiable at T7. [ln (sin x )] = cos x = cot x
dx sin x
x = 0. The derivative should equal zero
because the graph is horizontal at x = 0. T8. y = 36x y = (ln 3)36x(6) = 6(ln 3)36x
f ( x ) f (0) T9. f (x) = cos (sin5 7x)
d. f (0) = lim
h0 x0 f (x) = sin (sin5 7x) 5 sin4 7x cos 7x 7
x sin 2 x = 35 sin (sin5 7x) sin4 7x cos 7x
(1)
= lim sin x T10. y = 60x 2/3 x + 25 y = 40x 1/3 1
x0 x
x sin 2 x + sin x d2y
= lim T11. y = e 9x
dy
= 9e 9x 2 = 81e 9x
x0 x sin x dx dx
Using TABLE for numerator, denominator, and
T12. y 0.6 (Function is y = 3 + 1.5x, for which
quotient shows that the numerator goes to
the numerical derivative is 0.6081 .)
zero faster than the denominator. For instance,
if x = 0.001, T13. y = 3 + 5x 1.6
1.1666 K 10 9 v(x) = 5(1.6)x 2.6 = 8x 2.6
quotient = = 0.00116 K
9.999K 10 7 a(x) = 8(2.6)x 3.6 = 20.8x 3.6
Thus, the limit appears to be zero. (The limit
Acceleration is the second derivative of the
can be found algebraically to equal zero by
displacement function.
lHospitals rule after students have studied
Section 6-5.) T14. f (x) = 72x 5/4 f (x) = 32x 9/4
f ( x ) g( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
q ( x ) =
x [ g( x )]2
10
(3 sin 2)(2 sin 2) (3 cos 2)(2 cos 2)
q ( 2 ) = =
(2 sin 2)2
1.8141 , which agrees with Problem 3.
p(2) 3.9218 Problem Set 4-2
p(x) is decreasing at x = 2 because p (2) < 0.
This fact corresponds with the graph, which 3 1/ 4
Q1. y = x Q2. y = 1/x
slopes steeply in the negative direction at x = 2. 4
f (2) g(2) = (3 sin 2)(2 cos 2) = 2.2704 dy d
So p (2) f (2) g (2). Q3. = 30(5 x 7) 7 Q4. (sin 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x
dx dx
3.
q (x )
Q5. v = 3 cos2 t sin t Q6. L = 2m + 5
6
Q7. y = sin x + C 3
Q8. y 3
x Q9. 4 ft/s Q10. B
10
1. f ( x) = x cos x f (x) = 3x 2 cos x x 3 sin x
3
t = 2 here
2
dy/dx = 8x7(3x + 7)9 + x8(9)(3x + 7)8(3)
x
= x7(3x + 7)8 (51x + 56)
3
7. z = ln x sin 3x
z = (1/x) sin 3x + 3 ln x cos 3x
8. v = e5x cos 2x v = 5e5x cos 2x 2e5x sin 2x
The geometric figure seems to be an ellipse. 9. y = (6x + 11)4(5x 9)7
5. See graph in Problem 4. y = 4(6x + 11)3(6)(5x 9)7
x = 3 cos 2.1 3 cos 1.9 = 0.54466 + (6x + 11)4(7)(5x 9)6(5)
y = 2 sin 2.1 2 sin 1.9 = 0.16618 = (6x + 11)3(5x 9)6(330x + 169)
dy y 0.16618K
= = 0.3051K
dx x 0.54466 K 10. y = (7x 3)9(6x 1)5
dy/dt 2 cos 2 y = 9(7x 3)8(7)(6x 1)5
At t = 2, = = 0.3051 K ,
dx/dt 3 sin 2 + (7x 3)9(5)(6x 1)4(6)
which agrees with the difference quotient. = (7x 3)8(6x 1)4(588x 153)
5
For any function, the chain rule gives f
d x
f ( x ) = f ( x ) ( 1) = f ( x ). 1
dx
f
For an odd function,
d d
f ( x ) = [ f ( x )] = f ( x ).
dx dx b. f (x) = 3x 2 sin x + x 3 cos x
f (x) = f (x) or f (x) = f (x), The graph in part a is correct.
and the derivative is an even function. c. The numerical derivative graph duplicates the
For an even function, algebraic derivative graph, as in part a, thus
d d
f ( x ) = f ( x ) = f ( x ). showing that the algebraic derivative is right.
dx dx
34. a.
f (x) = f (x) or f (x) = f (x),
f (x )
and the derivative is an odd function, Q.E.D.
599,128
30. f (x) = 2 sin x cos x 500,000
decreasing. 10 x + 9
8. y =
Problem Set 4-3 5x 3
10 (5 x 3) (10 x + 9) 5 75
Q1. 1066x1065 y = =
(5 x 3) 2 (5 x 3)2
Q2. f (x) = 12x5 + C
(8 x + 1)6 dz
Q3. y = 3x2 sin x + x3 cos x 9. z =
(5 x 2 ) 9 dx
Q4. dy/dx = sin (x7) 7x6 = 7x6 sin (x7) 6(8 x + 1)5 (8) (5 x 2) 9 (8 x + 1)6 (9)(5 x 2)8 (5)
Q5. f (x) = 0 (derivative of a constant) =
(5 x 2)18
Q6. 54e9t (8 x + 1) 5 (120 x + 141)
Q7. See the text for the definition of derivative. =
(5 x 2)10
Q8. Instantaneous rate of change at a given x
( 4 x 1) 7 dA
Q9. (x 3)4(x 3 + 2x) = 3(x 3)4(x 1) 10. A = 4
(7 x + 2) dx
Q10.
7( 4 x 1)6 ( 4) (7 x + 2) 4 ( 4 x 1) 7 4( 7 x + 2)3 ( 7)
4 y
=
( 7 x + 2 )8
28( 4 x 1) ( 7 x + 2)3 [(7 x + 2) ( 4 x 1)]
6
=
x ( 7 x + 2 )8
4
28( 4 x 1)6 ( 7 x + 2)3 (3 x + 3)
=
( 7 x + 2 )8
84( 4 x 1)6 ( x + 1)
=
x3 3 x 2 sin x x 3 cos x ( 7 x + 2)5
1. f ( x ) = f ( x ) =
sin 2 x
3 3 3
sin x ex 3 x 2 e x sin x e x cos x
11. Q = Q =
x4 4 x 3 cos x + x 4 sin x sin x sin 2 x
2. f ( x ) = f ( x ) =
cos x cos 2 x ln x 4
12. r =
cos3 x cos x
3. g( x ) =
ln x 4 x 3 (1/ x 4 )cos x (ln x 4 )( sin x )
r =
3 cos 2 x ( sin x ) ln x cos3 x (1/ x ) cos 2 x
g ( x ) =
(ln x )2 ( 4 cos x )/ x + (ln x 4 ) sin x 4 cos x + x ln x 4 sin x
= =
3 ln x sin x cos 2 x (cos3 x )/ x cos 2 x x cos 2 x
=
(ln x )2 d
13. (60 x 4 / 3 ) = 80 x 7/3
sin 5 x dx
4. h( x ) =
e3 x d
14. (24 x 7/ 3 ) = 56 x 10/3
5 sin 4 x cos x e 3 x sin 5 x 3e 3 x dx
h ( x ) =
(e 3 x ) 2 Problems 1522 and 2526 can be done using either
5 sin x cos x 3 sin 5 x
4
the power rule or the quotient rule.
=
e3 x 12 36
sin 10 x 15. r ( x ) = = 12 x 3 r ( x ) = 36 x 4 = 4
5. y = x3 x
cos 20 x
51 867
10 cos 10 x cos 20 x + 20 sin 10 x sin 20 x 16. t ( x ) = 17 = 51x 17 t ( x ) = 867 x 18 = 18
y = 2
x x
cos 20 x
1 y' 1 y
f (x )
x x
f 1 1
5 y
f'
3 x
33. Answers will vary.
1 x
f ( x) changes faster and faster as x approaches
3, shooting off to negative infinity as x
approaches 3 from the negative side and to
positive infinity as x approaches 3 from the
positive side. Note that the rates are
symmetrical about x = 3. Q10. C
d. There is a relative minimum at x = 4 and a 1. f (x) = tan 5x f (x) = 5 sec2 5x
relative maximum at x = 2. 2. f (x) = sec 3x f (x) = 3 sec x tan x
2 2 6(2) + 8 y = sec x7 y = 7x6 sec x7 tan x7
f ( 2 ) = =0 3.
(2 3)2
4. z = tan x9 z = 9x8 sec2 (x9)
4 2 6( 4) + 8
f ( 4 ) = =0
( 4 3)2
34.3 ft/radian. 1 x 2
(34.2551K) = 0.5978 ft/degree
180 [Because sin y = (opposite leg)/(hypotenuse), put
c. y = 535 x = tan 1 53.5 = 1.55210 x on the opposite leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
y = 10 sec2 1.55210 = 28632.5 Adjacent leg = 1 x 2 , and cos y =
y is increasing at about 28,632.5 ft/radian. (adjacent)/(hypotenuse).]
opposite side y
34. a. tan x = = 10. y = cos 1 x cos y = x sin y y = 1
adjacent side 500 1 1
y = 500 tan x, Q.E.D. y = = , Q .E .D .
sin y 1 x2
b. dy/dt = 500 sec2 x dx/dt
c. dx/dt = 0.3 rad/s
At y = 300, x = tan 1 (300/500) = 0.5404 1
1 x 2
dy/dt = 500 (sec2 0.5404)(0.3) y
= 500(1.36)(0.3) = 204 ft/s x
35. a. y = sin x + C
b. y = 12 cos 2 x + C [Because cos y = (adjacent leg)/(hypotenuse), put
c. y = 13 tan 3 x + C x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the hypotenuse.
d. y = 14 cot 4 x + C Opposite leg = 1 x 2 , and sin y =
e. y = 5 sec x + C (opposite)/(hypotenuse).]
36. Answers will vary. 11. y = csc 1 x csc y = x csc y cot y y
1 1
y = = if x > 0
csc y cot y x x2 1
Problem Set 4-5
If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV (see Fig-
Q1. sin x = cos x Q2. cos x = sin x ure 4-5d). So both csc y and cot y are negative,
Q3. tan x = sec x 2
Q4. cot x = csc2 x and thus their product must be positive.
Q5. sec x = sec x tan x Q6. csc x = csc x cot x y =
1
, Q .E .D .
Q7. f (1) is infinite. Q8. f (3) is undefined. | x | x2 1
Q9. f (4) = 1 Q10. f (6) = 0
1. See Figure 4-5d. 2. See Figure 4-5d. x
1
3. See Figure 4-5d. 4. See Figure 4-5d. y
5. The principal branch of the inverse cotangent x 2 1
function goes from zero to so that the function
will be continuous. [Because csc y = (hypotenuse)/(opposite leg), put
6. There are no values of the inverse secant for x x on the hypotenuse and 1 on the opposite leg.
between 1 and 1, so the inverse secant function
y =
1
=
1
2 =
1
, Q .E .D .
x sec 2 y
x 1 + ln 2 x (
x (1 + ln 2 x )
)
csc 2 y
1+ x 2
(1+ x2
)
1 + ln2x
ln x
1 + x 2 y
1 1
y
x
x x 1
17. y = sec 1 sec y = sec y tan y y =
[Because cot y = (adjacent leg)/(opposite leg), 3 3 3
put x on the adjacent leg and 1 on the opposite 1 1
y = = , if x > 0
leg. Hypotenuse = 1 + x 2 , and csc y = 3 sec y tan y 2
3 (
x
3 x 9) / 3
(hypotenuse)/(opposite).]
Problems 1318 are shown done from scratch, as If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant II, where both
in Example 1. If students practice doing them this sec y and tan y are negative. So their product is
way, they will not be dependent on memorized positive.
formulas. Problem 13 shows how an alternate 3
y =
solution could be found using the formulas and the 2
chain rule. |x| x 9
13. y = sin 1 4x sin y = 4x cos y y = 4
4 4
y = =
x
x 2 9
cos y 1 16 x 2 y
3
1
4x
x x
y 18. y = csc 1 csc y =
10 10
1 16x 2
1
csc y cot y y =
Alternate solution by application of the formula: 10
1 4 1 1
y = sin 1 4 x y = 4= y = =
2
1 (4 x ) 1 16 x 2 10 csc y cot y x x 2 100
10
14. y = cos 1 10x cos y = 10x 10 100
10 10 If x < 0, then y is in Quadrant IV, where both
sin y y = 10 y = = csc y and cot y are negative. So their product is
sin y 1 100 x 2 positive.
10
1
y =
1 100x 2 | x | x 2 100
y
10x
x
10
15. y = cot 1 e 0.5x cot y = e 0.5x y
csc 2 y y = 0.5e 0.5x x 2 100
0.5e 0.5x 0.5e 0.5x 0.5e 0.5x
y = = 2 =
( )
1+ ex
2 For Problems 1924, a solution is shown using the
csc y
1+ ex
appropriate formula.
19. y = cos 1 5x2
1 + ex 1 10 x
y = 10 x =
2 2
y
1
1 (5 x ) 1 25 x 4
e 0.5x 20. f (x) = tan 1 x3
1 3x 2
f ( x ) = 3 x 2
=
1 + ( x 3 )2 1+ x6
Calculus Solutions Manual Problem Set 4-5 59
2005 Key Curriculum Press
21. g(x) = (sin 1 x)2 d. Maximum is between x = 38 and 39.
1 1
g ( x ) = 2 sin x
1 x2 0.5
1 1 1
y = = = = 1.25, Q .E.D . 4
1 x 2
1 0.6 2 0.8
d
c. y = f 1 ( x ) f ( y) = x f ( y) ( y) = 1 x
dx
2
d 1 d 1
( y) = [ f 1 ( x )] = ,
dx f ( y ) dx f [ f 1 ( x )]
Q .E .D . b. f ( x) = x 2
d. f ( x) = x3 + x = 10 (x 2)(x2 + 2x + 5) = 0 15. a.
x = 2 (only)
f (x )
h(10) = 2
Because h(x) = f 1(x) and f (x) = 3x 2 + 1,
1 1 1
h (10) = = = = 113/ .
f [h(10)] f (2) 3 2 2 + 1 x
6
30. The inverse trig cofunctions, cos 1, cot 1, and
csc 1, are the ones whose derivatives are preceded
by a minus sign. ( x 6)( x + 1)
b. f ( x ) =
x6
Problem Set 4-6 16. a.
f (x )
Q1. See the text for the definition of continuity.
Q2. See the text for the definition of derivative.
2
Q3. y = 6x 2 + C Q4. cos x = sin x
Q5. dy/dx = sec2 x (
Q6. 1 | x | x 2 1 ) x
1
Q7. f (x) = 4x 3; f (x) = 12x2; f (2) = 48
Q8. dy/dx = 15x2(x3 + 1)4
x 2 ( x 1) , if x 1
Integral 5.4 (Function is y = 2 x.)
Q9. b. f ( x ) = x 1
Q10. E 5, if x = 1
1. Continuous 2. Neither 17. a.
3. Neither 4. Both f (x )
5. Neither 6. Neither
7. Both 8. Neither x
9. Neither 10. Neither 5
3
x
3
b. f ( x) = x + 2 1
f (x )
7 1
x
1
x
4
f is differentiable at x = 1.
( x 3)2 + 7, if x 2
26. f ( x ) = 3
x 2 9, if x < 4 ax + b, if x < 2
b. f ( x ) =
11 x, if x 4 For f to be continuous at x = 2,
20. a. No such function lim ( ax 3 + b) = lim+ [ ( x 3) 2 + 7]
x 2 x 2
f(x )
a 23 + b = 6 8a + b = 6 b = 6 8a
Not possible. For f to be differentiable at x = 2,
Differentiability
implies lim 3ax 2 = lim+ [ 2( x 3)] 3a 2 2 = 2
continuity. x 2 x 2
a = 1/6
x b = 6 8(1/6) b = 14/3
f (x )
6
b. No such function
21. Continuous 22. Both
x
f (x ) f (x )
2
4
f is differentiable at x = 2.
ax 2 + 10,
x
if x < 2
3 27. f ( x ) = 2
x x 6 x + b, if x 2
2
For f to be continuous at x = 2,
lim ( ax 2 + 10) = lim+ ( x 2 6 x + 6) 4 a + 10 =
23. Both 24. Neither x 2 x 2
f (x )
4 12 + b b = 4a + 18
y
For f to be differentiable at x = 2,
lim 2 ax = lim+ (2 x 6) 2 a 2 = 2 2 6
x 2 x 2
x x a = 0.5
1 /2 b = 4(0.5) + 18 b = 16
f (x )
10
x ,3
if x < 1
25. f ( x ) =
a( x 2) + b, if x 1
2
x
For f to be continuous at x = 1, 2
lim x 3 = lim[ +
a( x 2 ) 2 + b ] f is differentiable at x = 2.
x 1 x 1
1 = a(1 2) + b a + b = 1 b = 1 a
2
a/ x, if x 1
28. f ( x ) =
For f to be differentiable at x = 1, 12 bx , if x > 1
2
a = 1.5
lim ax 2 = lim+ 2 bx a 12 = 2 b 1
x 1 x 1
a = 2b 3 x
2b + b = 12 b = 4
a=24a=8 f is differentiable at x = 2/3.
f (x )
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , if 0 x 0.5
31. a. y =
10 x + k, if x > 0.5
For y to contain the origin,
x a 03 + b 02 + c 0 + d = 0 d = 0
1
For y = 0 at x = 0, y = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
0 = 3a 02 + 2b 0 + c c = 0
f is differentiable at x = 1. For y = 1 at x = 0.5, y = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
1 = 3a(0.5)2 + 2b(0.5) + c 1 = 0.75a + b
e ax , if x 1 b = 1 0.75a
29. f ( x ) =
b + ln x, if x > 1 For y = 0 at x = 0.5, y = 6 ax + 2 b
For f to be continuous at x = 1, 0 = 3a + 2b
lim e ax = lim+ (b + ln x ) e a = b Solve for a and b:
x 1 x 1
3a + 2(1 0.75a) = 0 1.5a = 2
For f to be differentiable at x = 1,
a = 4/3 b = 2
lim ae ax = lim+ (1/ x ) ae a = 1
x 1 x 1 b. For the function to be continuous,
Solve by grapher: a = 0.5671 and
b = 1.7632 lim ( 43 x 3 + 2 x 2 ) = lim + ( x + k )
x 0.5 x 0.5
6/t
3. a. x = 2 + t, y = 3 t 2
t x y
3 1 6
dy dy/dt 3t 2
2 0 1 c. = = = 1.5t
dx dx/dt 2t
1 1 2 If t = 1, dy/dx = 1.5 and (x, y) = (1, 1).
0 2 3 Line through (1, 1) with slope 1.5 is tangent
1 3 2 to the graph. See graph in part b.
2 4 1 d. x = t 2 t = x 1/ 2 y = ( x 1/ 2 )3 y = x 1.5
The name semicubical is picked because 1.5
3 5 6
is half of 3, the exponent for a cubic function.
b. The name parabola is used because the equation
y looks similar to y = x2 for a parabola.
e. By direct differentiation, dy/dx = 1.5x0.5 .
2
x
At (x, y) = (1, 1), dy/dx = 1.5 10.5 = 1.5,
3 which agrees with part c.
dy/dx = 1.5x0.5 = 1.5(t2)0.5 = 1.5t, which
agrees with part c.
5. a. The graph confirms the figure in the text.
dy 5 cos t 5
b. = = cot t
dx 3 sin t 3
dy dy/dt 2t If t = /4, x = 3 2 /2 and y = 5 2 /2.
c. = = = 2t c.
dx dx/dt 1 (x, y) = (2.121 , 3.535)
If t = 1, dy/dx = 2 and (x, y) = (3, 2). dy 5
Line through (3, 2) with slope 2 is tangent = cot = 5/3
dx 3 4
to the graph. See part b. y
d. x = 2 + t t = x 2 y = 3 (x 2)2 5
4 a 2 [1 y/(2 a)] 4 a 2 (2 a y)
x2 = =
dy /dt
y/(2 a) y
x2y = 8a3 4a2y (x2 + 4a2)y = 8a3
At t = 0, 2, , the tangent appears to
8a 3
be horizontal. At t = 2 /3, 4 /3, 8 /3, y= 2
10 /3, , there appears to be a tangent x + 4a 2
216
line but not a horizontal one. a = 3 y = 2
A numerical solution shows the following x + 36
values as t approaches 2/3: d. y = 8a 3 ( x 2 + 4 a 2 ) 1
dy 16 a 3 x
= 8a 3 ( x 2 + 4 a 2 ) 2 2 x = 2
t dy/dx dx ( x + 4a 2 )2
e. At t = /4, x = 2a tan (/4) = 2a.
2 /3 0.1 1.547849
From part d,
2/3 0.01 1.712222
dy 16 a 3 (2 a) 32 a 4
2/3 0.001 1.730052 = 2 2 = = 1/2
dx [(2 a) + 4 a ]
2
64 a 4
2/3 indeterminate
From part b,
2/3 + 0.001 1.734052 dy
= 2 cos3 ( /4) sin ( /4)
2 /3 + 0.01 1.752225 dx
2 /3 + 0.1 1.951213 = 2( 2 /2)3 ( 2 /2) = 1/2, which agrees.
At t = /4, x = 2a tan (/4) = 2a = 6 and
dy/dx seems to be approaching about 1.732 y = 2a cos2 (/4) = 2a(1/2) = a = 3.
as t approaches 2/3. A line through (6, 3) with slope 1/2 is
tangent to the graph at that point.
[The exact answer is 3, which students
will be able to prove easily with lHospitals y
10
rule after they have studied Section 6-5. Joan
Gell and Cavan Fang have shown clever
5 t = /4
trigonometric transformations that remove
the removable discontinuity and lead to the x
same answer. These are 15 10 5 0 5 10 15
dy/dx:
dy 2 sin 1.5t sin 0.5t 11. a. x = cos t + t sin t
= y = sin t t cos t
dx 2 sin 1.5t cos 0.5t
The grapher confirms the figure in the text.
= tan 0.5t if dx/dt 0 [Note: In the derivation of these equations
As t 2 /3, dy/dx tan( /3) = 3 . from the geometric definition of involute,
10
b. dx/dt = cos t
2 30
The graph seems to move over 1 unit to the right
dy/dt = sin t each cycle. Thus, if t increases by 2, x increases
2 30
by 1. The equations are thus
At t = 5,
x = t/(2 ) + 0.5 sin t, y = 3 + 2 cos t
dx/dt = cos = 3 /4 = 1.3603K The graph here duplicates the one in the text.
2 6
y
dy/dt = sin = /4 = 0.7853K 5
2 6
c. The slope of the circular path is dy/dx.
At t = 5,
x
dy /4
= = 1 / 3 = 0.5773K 10
dx 3 /4
x
1
1. x 3 + 7y 4 = 13 3x 2 + 28y 3y = 0
3x 2
y =
28 y 3
ii. (x = cos 6t, y = sin t) 15 x 4
2. 3x 5 y 4 = 22 15x 4 4y 3y = 0 y =
4 y3
1 y
1
3. x ln y = 104 1 ln y + x y = 0
y
x
y ln y
1 y =
x
4. y = 213 p xy + yex = 0 y = y
ex
16. cos xy = xy
(sin xy) (y + xy) = y + xy
10 y x 4 72x 2 + 2x 2y 2 + 72y 2 + y 4 = 96
Differentiate the simplified equation
implicitly.
x 4x 3 144x + 4xy 2 + 4x 2y dy/dx
10 + 144y dy/dx + 4y3 dy/dx = 0
(4x y + 144y + 4y3) dy/dx = 4x3
2
+ 144x 4xy 2
dy x 3 + 36 x xy 2
c. x = 6 sec t y = 6 tan t = 2
dx x y + 36 y + y 3
dy 6 sec t tan t tan t
= = At x = 8: (4 + y2)(196 + y2) = 1200
dx 6 sec 2 t sec t 784 + 200y2 + y4 = 1200
At x = 10, t = sec (10/6).
1
y 4 + 200y 2 416 = 0
tan [sec1 (10/6)] = 8/6. 200 41664
Choose the negative value because y < 0. y2 = = 2.058806 K or
dy 10/6 2
= = 1.25, 202.0
dx 8/6 y = 1.4348542 (No other real solutions)
which agrees with part b, Q.E.D. At (8, 1.434), dy/dx = 1.64211 .
27. a. x 3 + y 3 = 64 3x 2 + 3y 2 dy/dx = 0 At (8, 1.434), dy/dx = 1.64211 .
dy/dx = x2/y2 Both answers agree with the moderately steep
x = 0: y 3 = 64 y = 4 negative and positive slopes, respectively.
dy/dx = 0/16 = 0
y
The tangent is horizontal (see the next graph). 5
x = 2: 8 + y 3 = 64 y 3 = 56
y = 3.8258 x
10
W
D
1200 in.2
L
y
120 200
dL dW
Know: . Want: .
dt dt
7. a. Let L = length. Let W = width. Let H = depth dL dW
(meters). LW = 1200 W + L =0
dt dt
dW dL W
Know: = 0.1 m/s; = 0.3 m/s.
dW
=
dL
=
1
W2
dL
dt dt dt 1200/W dt 1200 dt
dH
Want: . 1
dt b. 2 = W 2 (6) W = 20 in.
LWH = 20 1200
dL dW dH L = 60 in.
WH + L H + LW =0
dt dt dt
dt 2
L + W2 dt dt dt 3 3
16 ft3/min = 50.2654
At L = 60 and W = 20, Volume is decreasing at about 50.3 ft3/min.
dD 1
= [60(6) + 20( 2)] 13. a. Let = angular velocity in radians per day.
dt 20 + 60 2
2
2 2
320 E = , M =
= = 1.6 10 = 5.0596 K 365 687
4000 d
= E M = 2
1 1
Diagonal is increasing at about 5.06 in./min. =
dt 365 687
11. a. Let h = depth of water. Let r = radius of water 644
at surface. Let V = volume of water. = 0.008068K 0.00807 rad/day
dh dV 250755
Know: = 5 m/h. Want: . 1
b. T =
dt dt 1 1
= 778.7422 K
1
V = r 2 h 365 687
3 778.7 days
r 3 3
By similar triangles, = r= h The next time after 27 Aug. 2003 when the
h 5 5 two planets will be closest is 779 days later,
2
1 3 3 3
V = h h = h on 14 Oct. 2005 (or 15 Oct., if the planets
3 5 25 were aligned later than about 6:11 a.m. back
dV 9 2 dh on 27 Aug. 2003). Because the actual orbits
= h
dt 25 dt of Earth and Mars are not as simple as
dV 81 previously assumed, the actual closest
At h = 3, = = 16.2 = 50.8938K
dt 5 distances are not always the same. In fact, the
3
50.9 m /h. approach on 27 Aug. 2003 was the closest
dV dh one in nearly 60,000 years! Nor is the period
b. i. Know: = 2 m3/h. Want: .
dt dt between close approaches quite so simple.
dV 9 dh dh 25 dV The next close approach will actually be on
= h 2 =
dt 25 dt dt 9h 2 dt 30 Oct. 2005, not 15 Oct.
dh 50 c. By the law of cosines,
= = 0.1105K
dt 144 D 2 = 932 + 1412 2 93 141 cos
0.11 m/h at h = 4 m
D = 28530 26226 cos million mi
dh
ii. as h 0 m dD 26226 sin d
dt d. =
dV dt 2 28530 26226 cos dt
c. i. Know: = k h.
26226
dt 1 1
dV 2 sin
= 0.5 at h = 4 k = 0.25 365 687
dt = million mi/day
2 28530 26226 cos
dV
= 0.25 h
1, 000, 000 26226
dt 1 1
2 sin
dV 365 687
ii. = 0.25 0.64 = 0.2 m 3 /h =
dt 24 2 28530 26226 cos
at h = 0.64 m
1, 092, 750, 000
1 1
sin
dV
= 0.2 at h = 0.64 m 365 687
iii.
dt = mi/h
28530 26226 cos
dh 25
= (0.2) = 0.4317K To find out how fast D is changing today,
dt 9 (0.64)2
first determine how many days after 27 Aug.
0.43 m/h
2003 it is today, then multiply that number
12. Let h = altitude. Let r = radius. Let V = volume d 1 1
by = 2 to find , then
of cone. dt 365 687
dh dr dV
Know: = 6 ft/min; = 7 ft/min. Want: . substitute into the previous expressions.
dt dt dt
3
The graph is not a sinusoid. The high and low f (x) = 7x6 ln 3x + x 7 = 7x6 ln 3x + x6
3x
points are not symmetric.
ii. g(x) = sin x cos 2x
14. As B moves from negative values of x to positive g(x) = cos x cos 2x 2 sin x sin 2x
values of x, the length of AB decreases to about
iii. h(x) = (3x 7)5(5x + 2)3
0.56 unit, then begins to increase when the x-
h(x) = 5(3x 7)4(3) (5x + 2)3
value of point B passes about 0.3.
+ (3x 7)5(3)(5x + 2)2(5)
Let l = length of AB.
dx dl = 15(3x 7)4(5x + 2)2(5x + 2
Know: = 2 units/s. Want: . + 3x 7)
dt dt
dl = 15(3x 7)4(5x + 2)2(8x 5)
l = e 0.8 x + x 2 iv. s(x) = x8e x s(x) = x8e x + 8x7e x
dt
d. f (x) = (3x + 8)(4x + 7)
= (e 0.8 x + x 2 ) 1/ 2 2 x + 0.8e 0.8 x
1 dx dx
2 dt dt i. f (x) = 3(4x + 7) + (3x + 8)(4) = 24x + 53
ii. f (x) = 12x2 + 53x + 56
0.8e 0.8 x + 2 x
= f (x) = 24x + 53, which checks.
e 0.8 x + x 2
x
1
1
x
1
x m(x) 1
y(0) = = 1 , which agrees with the
0.997 3.40959 1 02
0.998 3.41488 graph.
1 1
0.999 3.42019 y(1) = = , which is infinite.
1 undefined 11 2 0
1.001 3.43086 The graph becomes vertical as x approaches 1
1.002 3.43622 from the negative side. y(2) is undefined
because y(2) is not a real number.
1.003 3.44160
R6. a. Differentiability implies continuity.
R9.
20
x
z 1
70
x
2 1 2
2 x
T9. f (x) = mx + b 5
25
x
2 30
x
T24. Answers will vary.
1
T18. y = x 7/3 y 3 = x 7
3y 2y = 7x 6
7x 6 7 x 6 7 7
y = 2 = = x 614 / 3 = x 4 / 3
3y 3 ( x 7/ 3 ) 2 3 3
This answer agrees with y = nxn 1. 4/3 is
7/3 1.
dy = (0.5x 1)6 dx y = (2/7)(0.5x 1)7 + C 7 3 6
31. 4. 9 x dx = x + C
32. dy = (4x + 3) 6 dx y = ( 1/20)(4x + 3) 5 + C 2
33. dy = sec2 x dx y = tan x + C 5. cos x dx = sin x + C
dy = csc x cot x dx y = csc x + C
sin x dx = cos x + C
34. 6.
35. dy = 5 dx y = 5x + C
4 cos 7x dx = 7 sin 7x + C
4
36. dy = 7 dx y = 7x + C 7.
37. dy = (6x2 + 10x 4) dx y = 2x3 + 5x 2 4x + C
20 sin 9 x dx = 9 cos 9 x + C
20
38. dy = (10x2 3x + 7) dx 8.
y = (10/3)x3 (3/2)x 2 + 7x + C
5e dx = 0.3 e + C
0.3 x 5 0.3 x
9.
39. dy = sin5 x cos x dx y = (1/6) sin6 x + C
dy = sec7 x tan x dx = sec6 x(sec x tan x dx)
2e dx = 200e + C
40. 0.01 x 0.01 x
10.
y = (1/7) sec7 x + C
4m
41. a. y = (3x + 4)2(2x 5)3
y = 2(3x + 4)(3)(2x 5)3
11. 4 m dm =
ln 4
+C
8.4 r
+ (3x + 4)2 3(2x 5)2 2
= 6(3x + 4)(2x 5)2[2x 5 + 3x + 4]
12. 8.4 r dr =
ln 8.4
+C
1
dy = 6(3x + 4)(2x 5)2(5x 1) dx 13. ( 4v + 9)2 dv = ( 4v + 9)2 ( 4 dv)
4
b. dy = 6(7)( 3)2(4)( 0.04) = 60.48 1
= ( 4 v + 9) 3 + C
c. x = 1 y = (7)2( 3)3 = 1323 12
x = 0.96 y = 1383.0218
1
14. (3 p + 17)5 dp = (3 p + 17)5 (3 dp)
y = 1383.0218 ( 1323) 3
1
= 60.0218 = (3 p + 17) 6 + C
18
d. 60.48 is close to 60.0218 .
1
42. a. y = sin 5x dy = 5 cos 5x dx 15. (8 5 x )3 dx = (8 5 x )3 ( 5 dx )
5
b. dy = 5 cos (5 /3) 0.06 = 0.15 1
= (8 5 x ) 4 + C
c. x = /3 y = sin (5 /3) = 3 /2 20
= 0.86602 (20 x ) dx = (1) (20 x ) (dx )
4 4
16.
x = /3 + 0.06 y = 0.679585565 1
= (20 x ) 5 + C
5
d d
h ( x ) = f ( x ) dx + g( x ) dx.
( x + 5) dx = ( x + 15x + 75x + 125) dx
2 3 6 4 2
23. dx dx
1 7 By the definition of indefinite integral applied
= x + 3x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C twice to the right side of the equation,
7
h (x) = f (x) + g (x).
(x
6)2 dx = ( x 6 12 x 3 + 36) dx
3
24. By the definition of indefinite integral applied in
1 the other direction,
= x 7 3x 4 + 36x + C
7
h( x ) = [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx
sec x tan x dx = e +C
sec x sec x
25. e By the transitive property, then,
26. e
tan x
sec 2 x dx = e tan x + C [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx = f ( x ) dx + g( x ) dx,
Q .E .D .
sec x dx = tan x + C
2
27.
36. Calvin says x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.
csc x dx = cot x + C
2
28. Phoebe checked this by differentiating:
d
tan
1 8 ( x sin x + cos x + C )
29. 7
x sec 2 x dx = tan x + C
8 dx
= 1 sin x + x (cos x) sin x + 0 = x cos x
cot
1
30. 8
x csc 2 x dx = cot 9 x + C
9 By the definition of indefinite integral, she knew
csc
that Calvin was right.
31. 9
x cot x dx = csc8 x (csc x cot x dx )
37. a.
1
= csc9 x + C C v (t)
9
sec
1.5 12.25
32. 7
x tan x dx = sec 6 x (sec x tan x dx )
2.5 16.25
1
=sec7 x + C 3.5 22.25
7
Sum: 50.75
33. v (t) = 40 + 5 t = 40 + 5t1/ 2
Integral 50.75
10 3/ 2
D(t ) = ( 40 + 5t 1/ 2 ) dt = 40t + t +C b.
3
c v (t)
10 3/ 2
D (0) = 0 0 = 40 0 + 0 +CC=0
3 1.25 11.5625
10 3/ 2 1.75 13.0625
D (t) = 40t + t
3 2.25 15.0625
D (10) = 505.4092... 505 ft 2.75 17.5625
34. a. f (x) = 0.3x 2 + 1 3.25 20.5625
T100 = 9.300135
3.75 24.0625
b. g( x ) = (0.3 x 2 + 1) dx = 0.1x 3 + x + C Sum: 101.8750
Integral (101.8750)(0.5) = 50.9375
c. As shown in Figures 5-3c and 5-3d, the 3. 3 x dx 4. 2 x dx
Riemann sum with six increments has 1 1
smaller regions included above the graph and
smaller regions excluded below the graph, so c f (c) c f (c)
the Riemann sum should be closer to the 0.75 0.43869 0.75 0.59460
integral.
0.25 0.75983 0.25 0.84089
d. Conjecture: Exact value is 51. 0.25 1.31607 0.25 1.18920
By the trapezoidal rule with n = 100,
0.75 2.27950 0.75 1.68179
integral 51.00045, which agrees with the
conjecture. 1.25 3.94822 1.25 2.37841
e. The integral is the product of v (t) and t, and 1.75 6.83852 1.75 3.36358
thus has the units (ft/min)(min), or ft. So the 2.25 11.84466 Sum = 10.04849
object went 51 ft. Average velocity = 51/3 = 2.75 20.51556 R6 = (0.5)(10.04)
17 ft/min. Sum = 47.94108 = 5.024249
38. Answers will vary. R8 = (0.5)(47.94)
= 23.97054
Problem Set 5-4 2 1
x
4
7. tan x dx
0.4
L4 = 0.73879 , U 4 = 1.16866
Q9. If a + b = 5, then a = 2 and b = 3.
M 4 = 0.92270 , T4 = 0.95373
Q10. No M4 and T4 are between L4 and U4, Q.E.D.
3
10/x dx:
4 6
1. 1
x 2 dx 2.
2
x 3 dx 8.
1
L4 = 9.5, U 4 = 12.8333
c f (c) c f (c)
M 4 = 10.89754 , T4 = 11.1666
1.25 1.5625 2.25 11.390625 M4 and T4 are between L4 and U4, Q.E.D.
1.75 3.0625 2.75 20.796875 5
= (4.5/n2)(n + 1)(2n + 1)
4 4
U100 = (4.5/1002)(101)(201) = 9.13545, which
x x
is correct.
1 1 e. Using the formula, U1000 = 9.013504 ,
which does seem to be approaching 9
11. a. h (x) = 3 + 2 sin x
n + 1 2n + 1
For an upper sum, take sample points at x f. Un = 4.5
equals 1, /2, 2, 3, 4, and 6. n n
= 4.5(1 + 1/n)(2 + 1/n)
b. For a lower sum, take sample points at x
As n approaches infinity, 1/n approaches zero.
equals 0, 1, 3, 4, 3/2, and 5.
Un approaches 4.5(1 + 0)(2 + 0),
c. U6 = 1[h (1) + h (/2) + h (2) + h (3) + h (4) which equals 9, exactly!
+ h (6)] = 21.71134 2
L 6 = 1[h (0) + h (1) + h (3) + h (4) + h (3/2)
+ h (5)] = 14.53372
15. 0
x 3 dx
Find an upper sum using the sample points
12. Programs will vary depending on the type of
1 2/n, 2 2/n, 3 2/n, . . . , n 2/n.
grapher used. See the program in the Programs
Un = (2/n)(1 2/n)3 + (2/n)(2 2/n)3
for Graphing Calculators section of the
Instructors Resource Book. + (2/n)(3 2/n)3 + + (2/n)(n 2/n)3
4 = (2/n)4(13 + 23 + 33 + + n 3)
13. a. For 1
x 2 dx, the program should give the
= (2/n)4[(n/2)(n + 1)]2
values listed in the text. = 4/n2 (n + 1)2 = 4(1 + 1/n)2
b. L100 = 20.77545, L500 = 20.955018. lim Un = 4(1 + 0)2 = 4
n
Ln seems to be approaching 21.
c. U100 = 21.22545, U500 = 21.045018. Problem Set 5-5
Un also seems to be approaching 21.
10 t
f is integrable on [1, 4] if Ln and Un have the Q1. x 2/2 + 2x + C Q2. +C
same limit as n approaches infinity. ln 10
d. The trapezoids are circumscribed around the Q3. cot x + C Q4. csc x cot x
region under the graph and thus contain more 5(ln x ) 4
Q5. +C Q6.
area (see left diagram). For rectangles, the x
triangular part of the region that is left out y
has more area than the triangular part that is
added, because the triangles have equal bases
but unequal altitudes (see right diagram). x
1 2
y y
Trapezoid Rectangle
includes leaves out
more area. more area. Q7. Answers may vary. Q8. Answers may vary.
y y
5
x x
1 x
x
3 3 2
x
2
14. a. dx
0
Q9. No limit (infinite) Q10. D
U 100 = 9.13545, L100 = 8.86545
1. See the text for the statement of the mean value
Conjecture: Integral equals 9 exactly.
theorem.
b. The sample points will be at the right of each
2. See the text for the statement of Rolles
interval, 1 3/n, 2 3/n, 3 3/n, . . . ,
theorem.
n 3/n.
16 1 f (x )
m= =5
2 (1)
1
g (x) = 4x3 x
0 c
4c = 5 c = 3 5 / 4 = 1.077K
3
74357.5K 1000
b. Average rate is = 200 200
50 c is outside
(0, 2).
c is in
(0.5, 2).
1467.150 $1,467.15 per year.
100 100
c. d (t) = ln (1.09)1000(1.09)t
d (0) $86.18 per year t t
d (50) $6,407.96 per year 0.5 1 2 c? 0.5 1 c? 2
1
x
1 2
x
x
5
a c b
18. Michel Rolle (1652 1719) lived in France. 27. f (x) = 1 (x 3)2/3 28. f ( x ) =
Sources will vary. x 3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
19. f (x) = x 2 4x 20. f (x) = x 2 6x + 5 x2
f (1) = 3 0 f (2) = 3 0 f is not differentiable f is not continuous or
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is not true. at x = 3. differentiable at 2.
f (2) = 0, but 2 is not f (3) = 0, but 3 is not Conclusion is Conclusion is
in the interval (0, 1). in the interval (1, 2). not true. not true.
f (x ) f (x ) f (x) never equals 0. There is no point at x = 2
x to draw the tangent line.
x
0 1 f (x )
1 2 f (x )
1 1
3
x
3
1 3
x
No point of
21. f (x) = x 4x f (x) = x 6x + 5
2 2 2 4 tangency
22.
f (2) = 4 0 f (4) = 3 0
x 3 7 x 2 + 13 x 6
Conclusion is not true. Conclusion is true. 29. g( x ) =
f (2) = 0, but 2 is not in f (3) = 0, and 3 is in x2
the open interval (0, 2). the interval (1, 4). ( x 2)( x 2 5 x + 3)
= = x 2 5 x + 3, x 2
f (x ) f (x ) x2
1 1
x c x Thus, g is discontinuous at x = 2, and the
0 2 1 4
hypotheses of the mean value theorem are not
met. The conclusion is not true for [1, 3],
because the tangent line would have to contain
(2, g (2)), as shown in the left graph. The
conclusion is true for (1, 5), because the slope of
23. f (x) = x 2 4x 24. f (x) = |x 2| 1 the secant line is 1, and g (x) = 1 at x = 3, which
f (3) = 3 0 f is not differentiable is in the interval (1, 5). See the right graph.
at x = 2. g (x ) g (x )
Conclusion is true. Conclusion is not
3 3
true.
f (2) = 0, and 2 is in f (x) never equals 0. 1 2 3 x 1 2 x
3 5
the interval (0, 3).
f (x ) f (x )
c x
0 3 1
x 30. h (x) = x 2/3 h (x) = (2/3)x 1 / 3
1 3 h is differentiable for all x 0.
3 h (0) would be 0 1/3 = 1/(01/3) = 1/0, which is
infinite. The hypotheses of the mean value
theorem are met on the interval [0, 8], because
25. f (x) = 1/x 26. f (x) = x [x] the function need not be differentiable at an
f (0) does not exist. f is discontinuous at endpoint. The hypotheses are not met on [ 1, 8],
1 and 2. because the point x = 0 where h is not
Conclusion is Conclusion is differentiable is in the open interval ( 1, 8). To
not true. not true. see if the conclusion of the mean value theorem
3 x 3, if x 3
31. a. f ( x ) = x m (x) x m (x)
x + 3, if x < 3
f (x ) 3.0 2 5.5 16.5
3.5 6.8333 6.0 1
6 4.0 1 6.5 6.833
x 4.5 16.5 7.0 2
3
5.0 no value
b. f is continuous at x = 3 because the right and The difference quotient is positive when x is
left limits both equal 6. f is not differentiable less than 5 and negative when x is greater
at x = 3 because the left limit of f (x) is 1 than 5.
and the right limit is 3. d. In the proof of Rolles theorem, the left limit
c. f is not differentiable at x = 3, which is in (1, 6). of the difference quotient was shown to be
The secant line has slope 11/5. The tangent line positive or zero and the right limit was
has slope either 1 or 3, and thus is never 11/5. shown to be negative or zero.
d. f is integrable on [1, 6]. The integral equals The unmentioned hypothesis is
41.5, the sum of the areas of the two trapezoids differentiability on the interval (a, b). The
shown in this diagram. function f is differentiable. Because there is a
f (x ) value of f (5), both the left and right limits
15
of the difference quotient must be equal. This
number can only be zero, which establishes
6
the conclusion of the theorem. The
4 conclusion of Rolles theorem can be true
x even if the hypotheses arent met. For
1 3 6
instance, f (x) = 2 + cos x has zero derivatives
every units of x, although f (x) is never
32. a. f (t) = number of miles in t hours
equal to zero.
t = number of hours driven
For the mean value theorem to apply on f ( 4.5) f (2) 5.5 4
34. a. m = = = 0.6
[a, b], f must be differentiable on (a, b) and 2.5 2.5
continuous at t = a and t = b. g (x) 4 = 0.6(x 2)
b. The 60 mi/h equals the slope of the secant g (x) = 0.6x + 2.8
line. Therefore, there must be a tangent line Your graph should agree with Figure 5-5m.
at some value t = c in (a, b) with slope equal
b. f (x) = 1 sin x
to 60. This tangent lines slope is the
instantaneous speed at t = c. Therefore, the Using the solver feature, f (c) = 0.6 at
speed was exactly 60 at some time between c = 2.0406 , 2.9593 , and 4.0406 ,
t = a and t = b, Q .E.D . all of which are in (2, 4.5).
2.9093 1.5959 3.9906 0.7958 Any other function f for which f (x) = 0 differs
from g (x) by a constant. Thus the antiderivative
2.9593 1.6081 4.0406 0.8081
of zero is a constant function, Q.E.D.
3.0093 1.5958 4.0906 0.7960
38. f (x) = (cos x + sin x)2, and g (x) = sin 2x
3.0593 1.5589 4.1406 0.7602
3.1093 1.4979 4.1906 0.7022 y
k x f ( x)
1 4.25 2.0615528
2 4.75 2.1794494 x x
3 5.25 2.2912878
4 5.75 2.3979157 10. Answers will vary.
5 6.25 2.5
6 6.75 2.5980762 Problem Set 5-7
7 7.25 2.6925824 Q1. 1
6 x6 + C Q2. 18 (3 x + 7) + C
1 6
1 1 1
b. h(u)u and h(u + u)u are terms in a lower 1. x dx = x 3
2
= (64) (1) = 21
1 3 1 3 3
sum and an upper sum, respectively, because 5
5
1 4 1 1 609 1
h(x) is increasing. 2. x 3 dx = x = (625) (16) = = 152
h(u)u < A(u + u) A(u) < h(u + u)u 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
3 3
1 (sec x tan x + sin x ) dx = sec x cos x
3. (1 + 3 x )2 dx =
(1 + 3 x )3 16.
0
2 9 2 0
1 1 1
= (1000) ( 125) = 125 =2 1 + 1 = 1.5
9 9 2
ln 4 ln 4
4 1 2x 1 2 ln 4 1 0
e 2 x dx = = e = 7.5
4
1 17. e e
4. (5 x 2) dx = (5 x 2)3
2
0 2 0 2 2
1 15 1
ln 3
ln 3
=
1
[5832 (343)] =
6175 1235
= = 411
2 18. e x dx = e x = e ln 3 + e 0
0 0
15 15 3 3
1 2
8 8 = +1 =
60 x dx = 36 x = 36(32 1) = 1116
2/3 5/ 3
5. 3 3
1 1 2 1 4 2
4 4
19. sin 3 x cos x dx =
4
sin x
24 x
1 1
6. 3/ 2
dx = 9.6 x 5/ 2 = 9.6(32 1) = 297.6
1 1
=
(sin 4 2 sin 4 1) = 0.045566 K
1
8 8 4
7. 5 dx = 5x = 40 10 = 30 3 3
1
2 2 20. (1 + cos x ) 4 sin x dx = (1 + cos x )5
50
3 5 3
50
8. 20
dx = x
20
= 50 20 = 30 1 1
= (1 + cos 3)5 + [1 + cos(3)]5 = 0
5 5
0 0
1 3 3 2
9. ( x 2 + 3 x + 7) dx =
x + x + 7x or: Integral equals zero because an odd function is
2 3 2 2 integrated between symmetric limits.
= 0 + 6 14 =
8 32 2 0.2 0.2
= 10 1
3 3 3 21. cos 3 x dx = sin 3 x
0.1 3 0.1
0 0
1 3 1
10. ( x 2 + 4 x + 10) dx =
x + 2 x 2 + 10 x = (sin 0.6 sin 0.3) = 0.0897074 K
3 3 3 3
0.4
= 0 (9 + 18 30) = 21 0.4
1
22. sin 2 x dx = cos 2 x
1 1 1 2
0 0
11. 4 x + 5 dx = ( 4 x + 5)1/ 2 ( 4 dx )
1 4 1 1
= (cos 0.8 cos 0) = 0.1516466K
1 2 1
1 13 1 2
= ( 4 x + 5)3/ 2 = (27 1) = =4 5 5
3
4 3 1
3
6 3 3 23. 5
( x 7 6 x 3 + 4 sin x + 2) dx = 2 2 dx
0
1 5
12. 2 x + 10 dx = (2 x + 10) (2 dx ) 1/ 2
= 2( 2 x ) = 20 0 = 20
3 2 3 0
1 1
cos x dx
3
1 2 1
= (2 x + 10)3/ 2 = (64 8) =
56
= 18
2 24. (cos x + 10 x 3 tan x ) dx = 2
1 0
2 3 3 3 3 3 1
= 2 sin x = 2 sin 1 2 sin 0 = 1.682941K
0
13. 4 sin x dx = 4 cos x = 4( 1) + 4(1) = 8 1
2
0 0 25. x dx has no value because y = x 2 has a
1
/2 /2
14. / 2
6 cos x dx = 6 sin x
/ 2
= 6(1) 6( 1) = 12 vertical asymptote at x = 0, which is within the
interval.
2
or: Integral of an even function between 26. x dx has no value because the integrand is
symmetric limits. 2
(sec x + cos x ) dx
2 3 6 x 1
15.
/6
x
/3
= tan x + sin x = 3 + 3 /2 1/ 3 1/2 5 7
-5
/6
g( x ) dx.
1
1
then f ( x ) dx <
a a
7 x
Converse:
0
b b
f ( x ) dx < g( x ) dx,
8 x
12
If
a a
= 12 + 13 = 25 y
3
c g
34. a
f ( x ) dx cannot be determined. f
x
c c 2
g( x ) dx cannot be determined.
0
35. f ( x ) dx +
a a
b 4
1 3
36. [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx = 40. x 2 dx = x +C
a 1 3 1
b b
a
f ( x ) dx + g( x ) dx = 7 + 12 = 19
a
1 1
= ( 4 3 ) + C (13 ) C = 21
3 3
37.
The two Cs will always cancel, so it is not
y
necessary to write them.
f (3) = 7
y = f(x )
Problem Set 5-8
Q1. 30x2.4 + C
y = f' (x)
Q2. 30(42.4 1) = 805.72
x
Q3. y = 1/ 1 x 2
5 10
Q4. f (x) = 3x2 sin x + x3 cos x
Q5.
f (x ) and f' (x )
38.
f
y f (1) = 8
1 f' x
8 1
y = f (x )
50 5 dx
dt x
2
t
1 t=a t=b
b. dA = y dx = 10e0. 2x dx
dy = v dt = (55 + 12t0.6 ) dt 2 2
b
c. 10e 0.2 x dx = 50e 0.2 x = 50e 0.4 50
(55 + 12t
0
b. Displacement = 0.6
) dt 0
2
10e
a
1
d. 0.2 x
dx = 24.59123K
1
(55 + 12t
0
0.6
) dt = 55t + 7.5t 1.6
0 0 The region is approximately a trapezoid with
= 55 + 7.5 0 0 = 62.5 mi height 2 and bases 10 and y(2). y(2) =
2 2 14.9182 , so the area of the trapezoid is
1
(55 + 12t 0.6 ) dt = 55t + 7.5t 1.6
1
2/2(10 + 14.9182) = 24.9182 .
4.
= 110 + 22.735 55 7.5 70.2 mi y ( x, y )
2 2
1 1
55t
b
+ 7.5t 1.6 0 = 300 (6 x x 2 ) dx = 3 x 2 x 3 = 3 6 2 6 3 = 36
0 3 0 3
55b + 7.5b = 300 1.6
The area of the circumscribed rectangle is 6 9 =
b 4.13372 4.134 h 54. The area of the parabolic region is two-thirds
y
this area.
300 5. a. dA = [x + 2 (x2 2x 2)] dx
The top and bottom of the strip are not
horizontal, so the area of the strip is slightly
x different from dA. As dx approaches zero, the
4.134 differences in height at different values of x in
the strip become smaller, so the difference
between dA and the area of the strip gets
e. v(4.13372) = 55 + 12(4.13372)0.6 =
smaller.
83.1181 . At the end of the trip, you were
going about 83 mi/h. b. y1 = y2 x + 2 = x 2 2x 2
2. 0 = x 2 3x 4 0 = (x 4)(x + 1)
v x = 4 or x = 1
4 4
1 3
( x 2 + 3 x + 4) dx = x 3 + x 2 + 4 x
10 ( t, v ) 1 3 2 1
dv
1 3 3 2
= 4 + 4 + 44
t 3 2
( 1)3 + ( 1)2 + 4 ( 1)
10 1 3
dy = v dt = 15e 0.1t dt 3 2
125
20 20 = = 20.83333K
0
15e 0.1t dt = 150e 0.1t
0
= 150e 2 + 150 6
c. R100 = 20.834375 (Checks)
= 129.6997 ft
dx 20 (x, T )
( x, y ) dx
2 x x
4 0.5 1
1000
8.
F
( x, F ) dT
T
30
10 30
dx
x
5 dH = C dT
= (0.016T 3 + 0.678T 2 + 7.45T + 796) dT
dW = 50 cos 30
x dx
20 H= (0.016T 3 + 0.678T 2
10
10 10 + 7.45T + 796) dT
1000
50 cos x dx = sin x
0 20 20 0 = 0.004T 4 + 0.226T 3 + 3.725T 2
30
1000 1000 1000 + 796T 10 = 3240 + 6102 + 3352.5
=
sin sin 0 =
2 + 23880 + 40 226 372.5 7960
= 318.3098 = 21,576 Btu
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives b. (2000)(21576) = 43,152,000 Btu
318.313 , which is close to the answer found The property is the integral of a constant
using integration.
5, which confirms the graphical solution.
2000 C dT .
10 dA = (y 0) dx = (x2 + 6x 5) dx
11. a. P 5 5
1
A= ( x 2 + 6 x 5) dx = x 3 + 3 x 2 5 x
1 3 1
(x , P )
125 1 2
1000 = + 75 25 + 3 + 5 = 10
dx 3 3 3
x
0 100 200
14. y
(x, 0) x
b. dC = P dx = (100 + 0.06x ) dx 2
2 3
b b
C= 0
(100 + 0.06 x 2 ) dx = 100 x + 0.02 x 3
0
1 1
As a check, A= ( x 2 + x + 6) dx = x 3 + x 2 + 6 x
2 3 2 2
200 200
100
(100 + 0.06 x 2 ) dx = 100 x + 0.02 x 3
100
= 9 +
9
2
8
+ 18 2 + 12 = 20
3
5
6
= 100(200) + 0.02(2003) 100(100)
0.02(1003) = 150000 15. 4
y
(x , y ) (0, y )
Thus, P dx = P dx + P dx,
0 0 100
which shows that the sum of integrals with
the same integrand applies. x
12. Using trapezoids, the area is approximately 2
10(0/2 + 38 + 50 + 62 + 60 + 55 + 51 + 30 +
3/2) = 3475 ft2. The fundamental theorem cannot The graph intersects the y-axis at y = 1
be used because the function is specified only by and y = 4.
data, not by an equation whose antiderivative can x = (y 1) ( y 4) = 0 y = 1, 4, which
be found. confirms the graphical solution.
Plan of attack for area problems: dA = (0 x) dy = (y 1) ( y 4) =
Do geometry to get dA in terms of sample (y2 + 5y 4) dy
4
point (x, y). 4
1 5
A= ( y 2 + 5 y 4) dy = y 3 + y 2 4 y
Do algebra to get dA in terms of one variable. 1 3 2 1
(x, y )
(0, y )
x x
1 (x, 0) 5 5
1
5 5
A=
2
(1.5 x 2 + 6) dx = 0.5 x 3 + 6 x
2
1
A= (5 + 4 y y 2 ) dy = 5 y + 2 y 2 y 3
1 3 1 = 4 + 12 4 + 12 = 16
125 1 20.
= 25 + 50 + 5 2 = 36
3 3 y
17.
y 5 (x, y1 )
(x, y2)
x
2
0 5
x (x, y2 )
1 4
4 3
4 4 A= (0.8 x 2 + 4 x ) dx = x + 2x2
1 3 15
A= ( x 2 + 3 x + 4) dx = x 3 + x 2 + 4 x 0 0
1 3 2 1
500 2
= + 50 + 0 0 = 16
64 1 3 5 15 3
= + 24 + 16 + 4 = 20
3 3 2 6 21.
18. y
y
(x, y1 )
10
2
(x, y1)
4 x x
2 0 5
(x , y 2 )
(x, y2 )
The graphs intersect at x = 0 and x = 5.
dA = (y1 y2) dx = (2e0. 2x cos x) dx
The graphs intersect at x = 2 and x = 4.
5 5
2x + 7 = x 2 4x 1 x 2 2x 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0 x = 2, 4, which confirms
A=
0
(2e 0.2 x cos x ) dx = 10e 0.2 x sin x
0
1
A= ( x 2 + 2 x + 8) dx = x 3 + x 2 + 8 x
2 3 2
(x, y2 )
64 8
= + 16 + 32 4 + 16 = 36
3 3 (x, y1 )
x
19. 1
y (x , y 2 )
6
2 2
x A= 0
(e 2 x sec 2 x ) dx = 0.5e 2 x tan x
0
1 4
A= ( x 3 3 x 2 + 4) dx = x x3 + 4x
y 1 4 1
4
1 3
(x 1 , y ) = 48+8 1+ 4 = 6
( x 2 , y) 4 4
1 26.
x
2 2 y
(x, y2 )
The graphs intersect at y = 1 and y = 4. 2
Write y = x + 3 as x = y 3. (x, y1 )
x
y 3 = y 2 + 6y 7 y 2 5y + 4 = 0 1 8
(y 1)(y 4) = 0 y = 1, 4, which confirms
the graphical solution.
dA = (x2 x1) dy = (y2 + 5y 4) dy The graphs intersect at x = 1 and x = 8.
4 4 x 2/3 = (x + 1)1/2 + 1 x = 1, 8 numerically,
( y
1 5
A= 2
+ 5 y 4) dy = y 3 + y 2 4 y which confirms the graphical solution.
1 3 2 1
Or x2/ 3 1 = (x + 1)1/ 2 (x2/ 3 1)2 = x + 1.
=
64 1 5
+ 40 16 + + 4 = 4
1 Write t = x1/ 3, so (t2 1)2 = t3 + 1
3 3 2 2 t4 t3 2t2 = t2(t + 1)(t 2) = 0
24. t = 0, 1, 2 x = t3 = 0, 1, 8.
y
But x = 0 is extraneous from the irreversible step
5
of squaring both sides. So x = 1, 8.
(x2 , y) (x1 , y) dA = (y 2 y 1) dx = [(x + 1)1/2 + 1 x 2/3] dx
x
8
8
A= 1
[( x + 1)1/ 2 + 1 x 2 / 3 ] dx
8
5 2 3
= ( x + 1)3/ 2 + x x 5/ 3
3 5 1
The graphs intersect at y = 5 and y = 5.
Write y = 2x 1 + 11 as x 1 = 5.5 0.5y. 96 3 1
= 18 + 8 0 +1 = 7
5 5 5
5.5 0.5y = 0.25y 2 0.5y 0.75
0.25y2 = 6.25 y = 5, 5, which confirms the 27. Wanda: You can always tell the right way
graphical solution. because the altitude of the strip should be
dA = (x1 x2) dy = (0.25y2 + 6.25) dy positive. This will happen if you take
(larger value) minus (smaller value). In this case,
5 5
1 3 25 if you slice vertically, its line minus curve
A= (0.25 y 2 + 6.25) dy = y + y
5 12 4 5 (see graph).
125 125 125 125 2
= + + = 41
y
12 4 12 4 3 line
25.
y curve
(x , y1 ) x
4
x
1 2
(x , y 2 )
For curve minus line, youd get the opposite of
the right answer. Note that if you slice
horizontally, it would be curve minus line.
The graphs intersect at x = 1 and x = 2. 28. a. Peter: Horizontal slicing would be awkward
x 3 4x = 3x 2 4x 4 x 3 3x 2 + 4 = because for some values of y the length of the
(x + 1) ( x 2)2 = 0 x = 1, 2, which strip would be given by line minus curve, but
confirms the graphical solution. in others it would be boundary minus curve,
and yet elsewhere it would be curve minus
dA = (y1 y2) dx = (x3 3x2 + 4) dx
curve. If you use vertical slices, the length
(x, y 2)
(x, y1 )
29. 1 1
y A= ( x 2 + x + 6) dx = x 3 + x 2 + 6 x
(x, ah2)
2 3 2 2
9 8 5
= 9 + + 18 2 + 12 = 20 = 20.8333K
2 3 6
x R 10 = 20.9375
h h
(x , y )
R100 = 20.834375
R1000 = 20.83334375
The graph shows the parabolic region from The Riemann sums seem to be approaching the
x = h to x = h and a strip from the graph to a exact answer.
horizontal line at y = ah2.
dA = (ah2 y) dx = (ah2 ax2) dx 32.
t (x )
h
A = ( ah 2 ax 2 ) dx = 2 ah 2 x ax 3
h
1
h 3 0 10
= 2 a h 3 h 3 = ah 3
1 4
3 3 x
Area of rectangle = 2h(ah2) = 2ah3 2 3 4
area of region ( 4/3)ah 3 2
= = , Q. E . D .
area of rectangle 2 ah 3 3 t(x) = 1 + cos x
The graph shows y = 67 0.6x and the line
2
t(x) = 0 cos x = 1
y = 7, with a circumscribed rectangle. x = + 2 n = , , 3 , 5 ,
67
y t(x) is never negative, so t(x) does not change
signs. These points are plateau points.
y=7
x
Problem Set 5-9
1 3 1 2 4 7/4
7 = 67 0.6x 2 0.6x 2 = 60 x = 10 Q1. x + x + x+C Q2. x +C
3 2 7
Rectangle has width 10 (10) = 20 and length
67 7 = 60. Area of region = 23 (20)(60) = 800. 2 1/ 3 1
Q3. y = x Q4. e 3 x + C
30. dA = sin x dx 3 3
Q5. csc x + C Q6. x 1
A=
0
sin x dx = cos x
0
= ( 1) + 1 = 2, which
Q7. See Section 5-4. Q8. mean value
is a rational number. Q9. Q10.
y y y
7 y
y = 7 cos 5x
y = cos x (x, y )
1
x x 1
x
x
4 1
/10 /10
(16 x
Plan of attack for volume problems: V= ( 4 x x 2 )2 dx = 2
8 x 3 + x 4 ) dx
Do geometry to get dV in terms of sample 1 1
4
= x3 2x4 + x5
point (x, y). 16 1
= 30.6 = 96.132
Do algebra to get dV in terms of one variable. 3 5 1
Do calculus to add up the dVs and take the limit The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives
(i.e., integrate). 96.1341 , which is close to the answer found
using integration.
1. a. dV = x 2 dy
y = 9 x2 x2 = 9 y 5. y = x 1.5 is rotated about the x-axis.
dV = (9 y) dy y
27
9 9
b. V = (9 y) dy = (9 y 0.5y )
2
0 0
= 127.2345
x
c. R100 = 127.2345 (Checks.) 9
1
2 1 4
V= (5 0.5 y)2 dy = (5 0.5 y)3 V= x 3 dx = x = 1640 = 5152.2119
0 3 0 1 4 1
250 1
, as found by integrating.
3
3. a. dV = y 2 dx = (3e 0.2 x)2 dx = 9 e 0.4 x dx dV = x 2 dy = e2y dy
5 5
9e
0.4x
dx = 22.5e 0.4x 1 2y 1
2
b.
0 0 V= e 2 y dy = e = (e 1) = 10.0359K
0 2 0 2
= 22.5 e 2 + 22.5 e0 = 61.1195
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives 7. y = x 3/4 x = y 4/ 3 is rotated about the y-axis.
61.1185 , which is close to the answer y
found using integration.
c. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so 8
slice vertically if rotating about the x-axis and
(x, y )
horizontally if rotating about the y-axis. 1
x
4. y = 4x x2 is rotated about the x-axis. 1 16
y
(x, y ) dV = x 2 dy = y 8/3 dy
8 8
3 6141
V = y 8/3 dy = y11/3 =
x 1 11 1 11
= 1753.8654
1 4
dy = y1/2
1 2
dV = ( x12 x 22 ) y dy
64
3
(x 1 , y )
y1/2
16 1 2
V= 0
y dy
64
16
= y 3/2
2 1 3 64
y = 67.0206 K =
3 192 0 3
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives V x
1
67.0341 , which is close to the answer found
using integration.
dV = ( x 22 x12 ) dy = [( 4 y) ( 4 y) 2 ] dy
9. y1 = e0.4 x and y2 = x + 1, from x = 0 to x = 3, are
= (y2 + 7y 12) dy
rotated about the x-axis. 4
Area of cross section is y22 y12 . V= ( y + 7 y 12) dy
2
3
dV = ( y22 y12 ) dx = [( x + 1) 2 e 0.8 x ] dx 4
= y 3 + y 2 12 y
1 7
3
3
V= [( x + 1) e 0.8 x ] dx 2
2
3
0
= + 36
64 63
3 + 56 48 + 9
= ( x + 1)3 1.25e 0.8 x 3
1 2
3 1
0
= = 0.523598
= 1.25e 2.4 + 1.25
64 1 6
3 3 12. y = ax2 x = (y/a)1/2, from (0, 0) to (r, h), is
= (22.25 1.25e 2.4 ) = 26.6125 ft 3 rotated about the y-axis.
y
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives h
V = 26.6127 , which is close to the answer
found using integration.
10. y1 = x1/3 and y2 = 10e 0.1 x are rotated about the (x, y )
x-axis. Only the back half of the solid is shown. x
r
y
dV = x 2 dy = (y/a) dy = ( /a)y dy
10 h h
1 1
(x, y2) V = ( /a) y dy = ( /a) y 2 = ( /a)(h) 2 0
0 2 0 2
(x, y1)
Because y = ax2, h = ar2.
x
1 1
0 8 V = ( /a)( ar 2 )2 = ar 4
2 2
Volume of circumscribed cylinder is
V c = r2h = r2(ar2) = ar4.
Thus, the volume of the paraboloid is half the
volume of the circumscribed cylinder, Q.E.D.
dV = ( y22 y12 ) dx = (100e 0.2 x x 2/3 ) dx 13. a. y = 0.3x1.5 is rotated about the x-axis.
y
8
(100e
2
0.2 x
V= x ) dx
2/3 (x, y )
0 x
0.2 x 8
= ( 500e 0.6 x ) 5/3 4
0
1.6
= ( 500e + 480.8) = 1193.3394
11. y = 4 x 1 x 1 = 4 y, and y = 4 x 22 x2 = dV = y 2 dx = (0.3x1.5 )2 dx = (0.09x3) dx
4 4
4 y , intersecting at x = 0 and x = 1, are
rotated about the y-axis. Only the back half of
V=
0
(0.09 x 3 ) dx = 0.0225x 4
0
R100 = 5.75971 0
R1000 = 5.7599971 = (x
1
2/5
2 x 11/ 5 + x 4 ) dx
Values are getting closer to V = 5.76. 0
1
14. y = 4 x 2 x = (4 y)1/2 dy = x 7/5 x 16/5 + x 5
5 5 1 81
= = 0.2892 K
Inner radius is 3 x; outer radius is 3. 7 8 5 0 280
dV = [32 (3 x)2] dy 17. Cross sections perpendicular to y-axis are squares
= {9 [3 (4 y)1/2]2} dy of edge 2x, where (x, y) is a sample point on the
= [6(4 y)1/2 4 + y] dy line in the xy-plane.
4 y
[6(4 y)
15
V= 1/2
4 + y] dy y = (15/4)x + 15
0
4
= [ 4( 4 y)3/2 4 y + 0.5 y 2 ] (x, y)
0
= (0 16 + 8 + 32 + 0 0) = 24
= 75.3982 x
15. y = 4 x2 is rotated about the line y = 5. Only 4
= 320 cm3
The circumscribed rectangular box has volume
l w h = 8 8 15 = 960 = 3V, so the pyramid
is 1/3 the volume of the circumscribed rectangular
solid, Q.E.D.
dV = [(y + 5)2 52] dx The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume
= [(9 x2)2 52] dx = (56 18x2 + x4) dx of the circumscribed rectangular box, just as the
2 volume of a cone is one-third the volume of the
V= (56 18x + x 4 ) dx
2
0 circumscribed cylinder.
= (56 x 6 x 3 + 0.2 x 5 )
2
18. Center line: y = 0.2x2
0
Upper bound: y = 0.16x2 + 1
= (112 48 + 6.4 0 + 0 0) Radius of circular cross section is 1 0.04x2.
= 70.4 = 221.168 The tip of the horn is where 0.2x2 = 0.16x2 + 1
16. Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are with x 0, which is at x = 5.
squares with side length (y2 y1). The curves dV = (1 0.04x2)2 dx
intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). = (1 0.08x2 + 0.0016x4) dx
5
V= (1 0.08x + 0.0016 x 4 ) dx
2
y
0
5
= x
0.08 3 0.0016 5
1 x + x
3 5 0
= 5 + 1 0 + 0 0
1
x 10
3
8
dV = (y2 y1)2 dx = (x1/5 x2)2 dx = = 8.3775 8.4 cm 3
3
4 1 2.2 4
1 1.2 1 1 1 3
b. V = x dx = x = 4 2.2 0 dV = bh dx = ( y2 y1 ) ( y2 y1 ) dx
0 2 4.4 0 4. 4 2 2 2
= 4.7982 3 3
= ( y2 y1 )2 dx = (2 x 2 x 2 )2 dx
The midpoint Riemann sum R100 gives 4 4
4.7981 , which is close to the answer found 3
using integration. = (2 2 x 2 )2 dx
4
c. If the cross sections were squares, they would 1 3
have twice the area of the triangles, so dV
1
V=
0 4
(2 2 x 2 )2 dx
would be twice as much and V = 4 2.2 = 3 1
9.5964 .
2.2 =
4 0
( 4 8 x 2 + 4 x 4 ) dx
ln 3
= 4 9 x 6e x + e 2x
1
dV = x 12 x dy = 12 x 2 dy
2 0
Solve y = ln x for x, to get x = e y.
= 4 9 ln 3 6 3 + 9 0 + 6
1 1
dV = 12 (e y )2 dy = 12 e 2 y dy
2 2
11 1 2y 1 1 2 1
= 7.5500 V= 2
0
e 2 y dy =
4
e = e = 1.5972 K
4 4
21. y = x2 and y = 2 x2, intersecting at x = 1. 0
Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are 23. a. Line has equation y = 12 x, 0 x 6.
equilateral triangles. Each base has length (y2 y1). b. The log has radius = 6, so the circle is
x2 + z2 = 36, or z = 36 x 2 = (36 x 2 )1/2 .
1
y c. dV = y 2z dx = x 2(36 x 2)1/2 dx
1 2
= (36 x2)1/2 (x dx)
6
V= (36 x ) ( x dx )
2 1/2
x
1 0
6
= (36 x ) ( 2 x dx )
1 2 1/2
Using properties of special right triangles, you 2 0
can find that an equilateral triangle with 1 2 6
1
r V=
for the bottom surface has radius = r and center r 3 r
(0, 0) in xz-coordinates, so the circle is x2 + z2 =
= r 3 r 3 r 3 + r 3 = r 3, Q.E.D.
1 1 4
r2, or z = r 2 x 2 . The slab at x = x0 is 3 3 3
hx 28. The graph shows slices perpendicular to x-axis
rectangular of height y = 0 , width
r with sample points (x, y) and (x, z).
2 z = 2 r 2 x 02 , and thickness dx, so y
b (x, y )
2 hx 2
dV = r x 2 dx, and
r
x
2h r
V=
r 0
x r 2 x 2 dx c (x, z )
a
h r 2
= (r x 2 )1/ 2 ( 2 x dx ) z
r 0
r
2 h 2 h 2 2 2
= (r 2 x 2 )3/2 = (0 3/ 2 r 3 ) Equation of ellipsoid is + + = 1.
x y z
3 r 0 3 r a b c
2 2 For a fixed value of x, the x-term will be
= r h
3 constant. Subtracting this term from both sides
25. A cone of radius r and altitude h can be generated of the equation gives an equation of the form
2 2
by rotating about the x-axis the line y + z = k 2 , where k2 = 1 (x/a)2.
r
y = x from x = 0 to h. b c
h Dividing both sides by k2 gives
2 2
y y + z = 1. Thus, the y- and z-radii are
(x , y ) kb kc
r
kb and kc, which have the original ratio b/c.
x
h Therefore, each elliptical cross section is similar
to the ellipse at the yz-plane, Q.E.D.
dV = yz dx
Because z = (c/b)y, dV = (c/b)y2 dx.
The ellipse in the xy-plane (z = 0) has equation
r2 2 2 2
dV = y 2 dx = x dx x + y = 1, from which y2 = (b/a)2(a2 x2).
h2 a b
h
r 2 h r 2 1
1 dV = (c/b)(b/a)2(a2 x2) dx
V= x 2 dx = 2 x 3 = r 2 h, Q .E.D .
h2 0 h 3 0 3 a
10
= (c/b)(b/a) a 3 = abc
2
= 100 y y 3
1
3 3
3 10
Note that the volume formula for a sphere is a
= 1000 (1000) + 1000 (1000)
1 1 special case of the volume formula for an
3 3 ellipsoid in which a = b = c = r, the radius of the
4 sphere.
= (1000) cm 3
3 29.
b. Formula: V = 43 r 3 = 43 10 3 = 43 (1000) cm3, 50 + 2 L
y
27. Sphere can be generated by rotating about the
y-axis the circle x2 + y2 = r2. 50
y 52
= tan (52) L = y cot (52) = y cot . 2
L 180
So each slab is dV = 2 (50 + 2 L + 50) y dx;
1
52 x
dV = 50 y + y 2 cot dx, and
180
52
19
V= 50 y k + yk2 cot
180
30 0
sin 2 x dx = 4.9348K
k =0
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
= 1, 649, 443.6 K 1, 649, 443 yd 3 . because we do not know an antiderivative for
Cost = 12 1,649,443.6 $19,793,324 sin 2 x.
8.
y
Problem Set 5-10 2
1 3 x
Q1. x + x+C Q2. 24 5
3
sec x dx = tan x + C
2
Q3. Q4. 2 sec2 x tan x
5
Q5. Answers may vary. Q6. See graph in Q5.
(ln x ) dx = 14.6673K
2
2
v
We cannot compute this integral algebraically
(t, v ) because we do not know an antiderivative for
(ln x)2.
dt t
9. a.
Si x
2
Q7. See graph in Q5. Q8. d(disp) = v dt
b
Q9. v dt
a
Q10. A
20
x
20
1.4
1. cos x dx 0.6899295233K
0.3 2
( x 3x + 5) dx = 13.5
2
2. b. (sin x)/(x) approaches 1 as x approaches zero.
1
3 c. Answers will vary depending on the grapher
2 dx 10.0988652K
x
3. used. The TI-83 gives Si 0.6 = 0.58812881
0
1.4 using TRACE or 0.588128809608 using TABLE,
4. tan x dx 1.76714178K
0.1
both of which are correct to as many decimal
1.4 1.4 places as the NBS values.
5. 0.3
cos x dx = sin x
0.3
= sin 1.4 sin 0.3 = d. By TABLE, Si x seems to be oscillating between
about 1.53 and 1.61 when x is between 20
0.6899295233 and 30. The limit is somewhere between
For the ten digits of the answer shown by these two numbers, say about 1.57. The
calculator, there is no difference between this actual limit is /2, which equals 1.570796 .
solution and the solution to Problem 1. e.
4 Si x
2
( x 3 x + 5) dx = x 3 x 2 + 5 x
4
2 1 3
6.
1 3 2 1 x
= ( 4)3 ( 4)2 + 5( 4)
1 3 20 20
3 2
(1)3 (1)2 + 5(1) = 13.5
2
1 3
3 2 The f graph is positive when x is between
There is no difference between this answer and and (as well as elsewhere), and has its
the solution to Problem 2. greatest values there, which agrees with the
300
x
Distance (in.)
2
0.5
1 0.842700792
W= 0
F dx
500
12 H= C dT
[8.44 + (9.24)( 4)
11. a. 0
(speed) dt [(2/60)/3](33 + 4 25 + 2 27 500 3
+ (10.08)(2) + (10.84)(4) + (11.48)(2)
+ 4 13 + 2 21 + 4 5 + 9)
+ (11.98)(4) + (12.36)(2)
= (1/90)(310) = 3.444 3.4 nautical miles
+ (12.68)(4) + 12.94]
b. T 6 = (1/30)(33 0.5 + 25 + 27 + 13 + 21 + 5 500
+ 9 0.5) = (268.18) = 44696.6666 K 44,697 Btu
3
= (1/30)(112) = 3.7333 3.7 nautical miles
The answers students get will vary slightly.
Review Problems
sin x dx = cos x = cos cos 0 = 2
0 0
R0. Answers will vary.
Simpsons rule does give a better R1. a. The width of each region is 4. So
approximation of the integral because S4 is
closer to 2 than is T4. T3 = (4/2)[v(4) + 2v(8) + 2v(12) + v(16)] =
2[22 + 2(26.9705) + 2(30.7846) + 34] =
16. Programs will vary depending on the type of 343.0206 . T3 underestimates the integral
grapher used. See the program in the Programs because v(t) is concave down, so trapezoids
for Graphing Calculators section of the are inscribed under the curve.
Instructors Resource Book.
b. R3 = 4[v(6) + v(10) + v(14)] = 4(24.6969 +
17. Using a Simpsons rule program, the mass of the 28.9736 + 32.4499) = 344.4821
spleen is 171.6 cm3.
This Riemann sum is close to the trapezoidal-
2 x2
18. Enter Y1 = e . A Simpsons rule program rule sum.
c. T50 = 343.9964 , and T100 = 343.9991
gives S50 = 0.5204998781 and S100 = Conjecture: The exact value of the integral
0.5204998778 . There is little difference is 344.
between the two estimations, and both are close d. g ( t) = 10t + 4t1.5
to the tabulated value.
g(16) g(4) = 344
19. a.
y
This is the value the trapezoidal-rule sums are
approaching.
R2. a. The slope of the linear function is the same
2 as the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the
slope is
1 x t f ( x) = sin x f (x) = cos x
f ( 1) = cos =
As x varies, the area beneath the curve y = 1/t At x = 1, y = sin = 0
from t = 1 to t = x varies also.
y 0 = (x 1) l(x) = x +
t0
b. Using the power formula on t 1 dt gives 0
.
1
y
l (x)
Division by zero is undefined, so this
approach does not work. f (x)
x
c. Graph Y1 = fnint(x 1, x, 1, x). (Entries may 1
1
x
5
18
iii. dy = 5 dx y = 5x + C f (x)
(x
1 3
iii. 2
8 x + 3) dx = x 4 x 2 + 3x + C g(x) = 0 x = 0 or x = 4. Interval is [0, 4].
3
g(x) = (4/3)x1/3 (4/3)x 2/3 = (4/3)x 2/3(x 1)
12e dx = 4e 3x + C g(c) = 0 c = 1
3x
iv.
At x = 0, g(0) takes the form 1/0, which is
7x
7 dx = ln 7 + C
x infinite.
v.
Thus, g is not differentiable at x = 0.
R4. a. See the text for the definition of integrability. However, the function need not be
differentiable at the endpoints of the interval,
b. See the text for the definition of definite
just continuous at the endpoints and
integral.
differentiable at interior points.
1.4
c. 0.2
sec x dx d. For a function to be continuous on a closed
interval, the limit needs to equal the function
i. U6 = 2.845333 value only as x approaches an endpoint from
ii. L6 = 1.872703 within the interval. This is true for function f
x 2 dx = x 1 = 5 1 + 11 = 4/5
secant
4 Secant R7. a. i.
1 1
4
(x + 3) 5 ( x dx )
2
ii.
x 3
4
(x
2 7
= (1/2) 2
+ 3)5 (2 x dx )
(Middle branch has the equation y = 1.4 . ( x2 ) 3
4
Point c = 4.4825 .) = (112
/ )( x 2 + 3)6 3
e. g is the linear function containing the points = (1/12)(19)6 (1/12)(12)6
(a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)). h is the function h (x) = = 3,671,658.08
f ( x) g(x). Thus, h(a) = h ( b) = 0, satisfying
one hypothesis of Rolles theorem. The other
two hypotheses are satisfied because f and g
iii. 0
(sin x 5) dx = cos x 5 x
0
are differentiable and continuous at the = cos 5 + cos 0 + 0 = 2 5
appropriate places, and a difference of ln 5 ln 5
differentiable and continuous functions also
has these properties. The c in (a, b) for which
iv. 0
4e 2 x dx = 2e 2 x
0
= 2e 2 ln 5 2e 0 = 48
x
1 5
= 8x = 80
Without loss of generality, let C = 0. 0
g(2) g(1) d. Total area = sum of two areas
g(c1 ) = = 1.862741K
2 1 f (x )
c11.5 = 1.862741
c1 = (1.862741)1/1.5 = 1.513915927
Similarly, c2 = 2.50833898 .
c3 = 3.505954424 x
4 a c b
For 1
x 1.5 dx,
0
e y dy = e y
0
= e ln 4 e 0 = 4 1 = 3
b. dW = v y dx = (1000 + 50x)(4 0.2x2) dx
R9. a. y = e , from x = 0 to x = 4, is rotated about
3
= 2.5 (e 1) = 31.0470
1.6
(x 2 , y )
5
x
1
b.
y = x10.25 x1 = y 4 f (b)
y = x2 x2 = y
dV = ( x 22 x12 ) dy = ( y 2 y 8 ) dy 1
b
1
V = ( y 2 y 8 ) dy = y 3 y 9
1
1 1 3
0 3 9 0
2
= = 0.6981K
9
[( x )
n n
T13.
a
1
2
( x 2 )2 ] dy
provided the two limits are equal. c
T3. Fundamental theorem: T14. The slope of the linear function is the same as
If f is an integrable function, and the slope of the curve at x = 1. So the slope is
found by y = x3 y = 3x2 y(1) = 3.
g( x ) = f ( x ) dx, then At x = 1, y = 1.
b y 1 = 3(x 1) y = 3x 2
a
f ( x ) dx = g(b) g( a).
y
f (x )
1.2
1 (1, 1)
x
3 c 8 1 1.2
0.1 dx = ln 0.1 + C
x 0.1
T9.
x
(4 x
1
T10. 3
+ 13)5 ( x 2 dx ) = ( 4 x 3 + 13)6 + C 1 2 1
72 b. dV = y dx dV = cos 2 x dx
4
2 2
4 x3 4 3 13 /2 1
x dx = = = 21
2
T11. V= cos 2 x dx
1 3 1
3 3 0 2
23. y = x 4 ln 3x
42. 0.2
(1/ x ) dx = ln | x |
0.2
= ln | 4 | ln | 0.2 |
y = 4x 3 ln 3x + x 4 1/(3x) 3 = ln 4 ln 0.2 = ln 20 = 2.995732
= 4x 3 ln 3x + x 3
x 1/ 2 dx 2 9 1
9
3 1/ 2
24. y = x 7 ln 5x 43. 3/ 2 = 3/ 2 x dx
4 1+ x 3 4 1+ x 2
y = 7x 6 ln 5x + x 7 1/(5x) 5 2 9
2
= 7x 6 ln 5x + x 6 = ln| 1 + x 3/ 2 | = (ln 28 ln 9) = 0.756653K
3 4 3
25. y = ln (1/x) y = 1/(1/x) (x 2) = 1/x
x 1/ 3 dx 3 8 1
8
2
26. y = ln (1/x4) y = 1/(1/x)4 (4x5) = 4/x 44. 2/3 = x 1/ 3 dx
1 2+x 2 1 2 + x 2/3 3
27. 7/x dx = 7 ln | x | + C 3 8
3
= ln | 2 + x 2 / 3 | = (ln 6 ln 3) = 1.5 ln 2
2 2
5/x dx = 5 ln | x | + C
1
28. = 1.039720
dx 1
1/(3x ) dx = 3 ln | x | + C
1
29. 45. (ln x )5 = (ln x )6 + C
x 6
ln x dx 1
1/(8x ) dx = 8 ln | x | + C
1 46. dx = (ln x )1 = (ln x )2 + C
30.
x x 2
x
31.
x2
x +5
3 dx =
1
1
3 x3 + 5
(3 x 2 dx ) 47. f ( x ) = cos 3t dt f ( x ) = cos 3x
2
x
1
= ln | x 3 + 5 | + C 48. f ( x ) = (t + 10t 17) dt
2
5
3
x5 f ( x ) = x 2 + 10 x 17
1 1
32. dx = (6 x 5 dx )
6
6 x6 4 d x
x 4
49. tan 3 t dt = tan 3 x
1 dx 2
= ln | x 6 4 | + C
6 d x
33.
x5
dx =
1
1
(6 x 5 dx )
50.
dx 1
2 t dt = 2 x
9 x6 6 9 x6
x2
1 51. f ( x ) = 3t dt f ( x ) = 2 x 3 x
2
= ln | 9 x 6 | + C
6 1
x3 cos x
g( x ) =
1 1
34. 4 dx = (4 x 3 dx ) 52. t dt g( x ) = cos x ( sin x )
10 x 4 10 x 4 0
1 3 x 5
= ln | 10 x 4 | + C 53. h( x ) = 1 + t 2 dt
4 0
sec x tan x dx
35. = ln | 1 + sec x | + C h( x ) = 3 1 + (3 x 5)2
1 + sec x
x3
sec 2 x dx
36. 1 + tan x
= ln | 1 + tan x | + C 54. p( x ) = 1
(t 4 + 1) 7 dt p( x ) = ( x 12 + 1) 7 3 x 2
cos x dx 3 3
37.
sin x
= ln | sin x | + C 55. 1
(5 / x ) dx = 5 ln | x |
1
= 5 ln 3 5 ln 1 = 5 ln 3
sin x dx sin x dx
38. = = ln | cos x | + C = 5.493061
cos x cos x
2
3 W= (600/h 30) dh
20
10
x 2 1 = 600 ln | h | 30 h
b. h( x ) = f (t ) dt h ( x ) = f ( x 1) 2x
2 20
1 = 600 ln 10 300 600 ln 20 + 600
h(2) = f (3) 4 = 1 4 = 4 = 115.8883 116 inch-pounds
58. a. By finding areas, g (0) = 6, g (1) = 2.5, This number is negative because each value of
g (2) = 0, g (3) = 1.5, g (4) = 2, g (5) = 1.5, dh is negative and F is positive, making their
product negative.
g (6) = 0.75, g (7) = 0.5, g (8) = 0.75,
e. Distance is measured in inches, force is
g (9) = 1.5, and g (10) = 2.75. measured in pounds, and we are finding their
y
product.
4
3 g
61. a. d(f ) = a + b ln f
2 0 = a + b ln 53, 10 = a + b ln 160
1
x
10 = b ln 160 b ln 53
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 10
1 b= = 9.050741...
2 ln 160 ln 53
3
a = 9.050741 ln 53 = 35.934084
4
5
d( f ) = 35.934084 + 9.050741 ln f
6
b.
2x f d cm d (part c)
b. h( x ) =
2
f (t ) dt h( x ) = f (2 x ) 2
53 0 0.1707
h(4) = f (8) 2 = (0.5)(2) = 1
N
60 1.1227 0.1508
N
59. 1000
(1/ P) dP = ln | P |
1000
= ln N ln 1000 70
80
2.5197
3.7265
0.1292
0.1131
10 10
0
0.05 dt = 0.05t
0
= 0.5 100
120
5.7461
7.3962
0.0905
0.0754
ln N ln 1000 = 0.5 140 8.7914 0.0646
N
ln = 0.5 160 10.0 0.0565
1000
N The measured distances will vary. They
= e 0.5 should be close to the calculated distances.
1000
N = 1000e0.5 1648.721 c. d ( f ) = b/f = 9.050/f. See table in part b.
1649 people d. d ( f ) is in cm/10 kHz.
e. d ( f ) decreases as f gets larger; this is
60. a. F + 30 = k/h consistent with the spaces between the
0 + 30 = k/20 k = 600 numbers getting smaller as f increases.
F + 30 = 600/h F = 600/h 30
d2 d2 d 5 5
46. (ln x 5
) = 2 (5 ln x ) = = 2 Problem Set 6-5
dx 2
dx dx x x
n
Q2. e = lim 1 + or
d 2 7x d 1
Q1. e 2.71828
47. 2 (e ) = (7e 7 x ) = 49e 7 x n n
dx dx
e = lim(1 + n)1/ n
1
48. e 5 x dx = e 5 x + C n0
5 Q3. 1 Q4. x
1
49. e 7 x dx = e 7 x + C Q5. x Q6. e
7 Q7. (ln x)/(ln b) Q8. ex
72 x e + C
x
50. 72 x dx =
2 ln 7
+C Q9.
2 sin 5 x 0
Q10. E
1. lim
1.05 x
x0 3x 0
51. 1.05 x dx = +C
ln 1.05 10 cos 5 x 10
= lim =
6e dx = 6e + C
x x x0 3 3
52.
y
e dx = 5e + C
0.2 x 0.2 x
53.
e cos x dx = e + C
sin x sin x
54. 1
1 x
e sec x dx = e + C
tan x 2 tan x
55.
e dx = x dx = 4 x + C
3 ln x 1 3 4
56. 4 tan 3 x 0
2. lim
x0 5x 0
60e dx = 60 5x dx = 150 x + C
ln 5 x 2
57. 2
12 sec 3 x 12
= lim =
x0
(1 + e ) e dx = 102 (1 + e ) + C
1 2 x 50 2 x 2 x 51 5 5
58.
y
(1 e ) e dx = 404 (1 e ) + C
1
4 x 100 4 x 4 x 101
59.
1 1 x
2 2
(e
x x
60. x
e ) dx = e + e x
0 0
2
= e + e 1 1 = 5.524391...
2
3x 5 + 2
9. lim+
ln x
20. lim
x 0 1/ x
5
x 7 x 8
15 x 4 15 3
x 1 = lim 4 = lim =
= lim+ = lim ( x ) = 0 x 35 x x 35 7
x0 x 2 x0 +
21. L = lim+ x x 0 0
e3 x x0
10. lim 2 = Form is .
1
ln x
x0 x 0 ln L = lim+ ( x ln x ) = lim+ 1
x0 x0 x
ex e 0 1
x
11. lim = lim+ = lim ( x ) = 0
x 1 5 ln x 0 x0 x 2 x0 +
ex e L = e0 = 1
= lim 1 =
x 1 5 x 5
22. L = lim+ (sin x )sin x 0 0
ln x x + 1 0 x0
12. lim 2 ln sin x
x 1 x 2 x + 1 0 ln L = lim+ sin x (ln sin x ) = lim+
x 1 1 0 x0 x0
csc x
= lim 1/(sin x ) cos x 1
x 1 2 x 2 0 = lim+ = lim+
x 2 1 x0 csc x cot x x 0 csc x
= lim =
x 1 2 2 = lim+ ( sin x ) = 0
x0
3x + 5 11
13. lim = = 26.43297K L = e0 = 1
x 2 cos x cos 2
23. L = lim (sin x ) tan x 1
x / 2
= Form is
tan x tan 2
14. lim
x 2 x2 0
. ln L = lim tan x (ln sin x )
x / 2
ln sin x 0
e x
= lim
15. lim 2 x /2 cot x 0
x x
(1/sin x ) cos x
ex = lim
= lim x /2 csc 2 x
x 2 x
ex cos x sin 2 x
= lim = = lim
x / 2 sin x
x 2
L = e0 = 1
26. L = lim (1 + ax )1/ x 1 32. Using lHospitals rule leads to
x0 sec x sec x tan x
ln (1 + ax ) 0 lim = lim
ln L = lim [1/ x ln (1 + ax )] = lim x /2 tan x x /2 sec 2 x
x0 x0 x 0
1/(1 + ax ) a tan x sec 2 x
= lim = lim
a
=a = lim = lim
x /2 sec x x /2 sec x tan x
x0 1 x 0 1 + ax
L = ea sec x
= lim , the original expression!
x /2 tan x
27. L = lim+ x 3/(ln x ) 0 0
x0
Using tan x = (sec x)/(csc x), the expression
ln L = lim+ [3/(ln x ) ln x ] = lim+ 3 = 3
x0 x0 reduces to
L = e = 20.08553...
3 sec x
lim = lim csc x = 1
x /2 (sec x )/(csc x ) x /2
28. L = lim+ (7 x )5/(ln x ) 0 0
x0
33. L = lim+ x k /(ln x ) 0 0
ln L = lim+ [5/(ln x ) ln(7 x )] x0
x0
5 ln (7 x ) ln L = lim+ [k/(ln x ) ln x ] = lim+ k = k
= lim+ x0 x0
x0 ln x L = ek
5 [1/(7 x )] 7 The graph turns out to be a horizontal line,
= lim+ =5
x0 1/ x y = ek, defined for x > 0.
L = e 5 = 148.4131...
y
y = ek
29. lim x
1 1
x0 x e 1
e 1 x
x
0
= lim x x
x 0 x (e 1) 0
ex 1 0
= lim x
x 0 1(e 1) + x e
x
0
By the definition of a power,
ex 1 0
= lim x x k /( ln x ) = ( x k )1/ln x = (e k ln x )1/ln x = e k
x 0 e 1 + xe
x
0
ex 1 g( x ) 0.3 x 2 2.7
= lim x x =
34. a. f ( x ) = =
x 0 e + e + xe
x
2 h( x ) 0.2 x 2 2 x + 4.2
g(3) = 0.3(9) 2.7 = 0,
1 1
30. lim h(3) = 0.2(9) 2(3) + 4.2 = 0, Q .E.D .
x0 x sin x
b. g (x) = 0.6x g (3) = 1.8
sin x x 0 h (x) = 0.4x 2 h (3) = 0.8
= lim
x0 x sin x 0
If g (3) or h (3) were any number other than 0, a power function is higher-order than the
the canceling of the (x 3)s in part c could natural log function.
not be done, and the ratio would almost
f ( x) xn
certainly not equal 1.8/(0.8). lim = lim x
x h( x ) x e
e. The graph shows a removable discontinuity at
(3, 2.25): nx n 1
= lim , if n 1 > 0
x e
x
f (x )
Eventually, the exponent of the power will
become zero, in which case the limit takes the
1 x
form constant/, which is 0.
3 a power function is lower-order than an
exponential function.
Using < to represent is lower-order than,
natural log < power < exponential.
35. a. For yearly compounding, m(t) = ln 3 x x 100
1000(1 + 0.06)t. For semiannual compound- b. i. lim 5 = 0 ii. lim 0.01x = 0
x x x e
ing, m ( t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/2)2t because there
e 0.3 x
are two compounding periods per year, each iii. lim =
x 100 ln x
of which gets half the interest rate.
b. m(t) = 1000(1 + 0.06/n)nt x 1
iv. lim = lim =0
x x x x
lim m(t ) = lim 1000(1 + 0.06/n) nt
n n
ex
0.2 x = lim e =
0.8 x
= 1000 lim (1 + 0.06/n) nt v. lim
x e x
n
37. Answers will vary.
Let L = lim (1 + 0.06/n) nt .
n
4 dx = ln 4 = ln 4 = 8.656170K
4 12
48. y = ln csc x
x
70.
1
1
y = (1/csc x) (csc x cot x) = cot x
(ln x ) x dx = 10 (ln x ) + C
1 1
49. y = 35 y = 0 (Derivative of a constant!) 71. 9 10
ln (e ) dx = 3x ln e dx = 3x dx = 2 x
3
53. y = csc x y = csc x cot x 74. 3x 2
+C
1
54. y = tan 1 x y =
1+ x2 75. 0 dx = C (Integral of zero is a constant.)
55. y = tan x y = sec2 x
56. y = cot x y = csc 2 x
76. cos x sec x dx = 1 dx = x + C
sec 2 x dx = 2 sec 2 x (2 dx )
1
e
1 4x 77.
57. 4x
dx = e +C
4
1
e dx = e 4 x + C = ln | sec 2 x + tan 2 x | + C
4
58. 2
1
x e dx = 4 e (4 x
3 x4 1 x4 1 x4 tan 3 x dx =
59. 3
dx ) = e +C 78.
3
tan 3 x (3 dx )
4
1
cos x e dx = e = ln | sec 3 x | + C
sin x sin x
60. (cos x dx )
3
= e sin x + C 1
79. cot 4 x dx = cot 4 x ( 4 dx )
5 4
(ln x ) 1 1
61. dx = (ln x )5 dx = (ln x )6 + C 1
x x 6 = ln | sin 4 x | + C
4
5
dx = e x ln 5 dx
x
62.
1
80. csc 5 x dx = csc 5 x (5 dx )
5
= (1/ln 5) e x ln 5
ln 5 dx 1
= ln | csc 5 x + cot 5 x | + C
5
1 x ln 5 5x
= e +C= +C 1 cos x 0
ln 5 ln 5 81. lim
x0 x 0
5x
e
dx = 5 x dx = +C sin x
x ln 5
63.
ln 5 = lim =0
x0 1
0.06 dt = 0.06t
5
= lim = 0.03 = 0.3
x x 2 0 0
L = e0 = 1
1 b. If g( x ) = a
f (t ) dt and f (x) is continuous in
a neighborhood of a, then g (x) = f (x).
2x x1
88. lim 2
x x ln x =
1 t
dt
x
2 ln 2 d x1 1
d
= lim (ln x ) = dt =
x 2x dx dx 1 t x
x 2
2 (ln 2) c. i. y = (ln 5x)3 y = (3/x)(ln 5x)2
= lim =
x 2 ii. f (x) = ln x 9 = 9 ln x f (x) = 9/x
2x iii. y = csc (ln x)
or: lim 2 = by (exponential)/(power)
x x y = csc (ln x) cot (ln x) (1/x)
89. lim (0.5 x )3/( 2 x ) 1 x2
x 2
Let L = ln (0.5x)3/(2 x) .
iv. g( x ) = 1
csc t dt g ( x ) = 2 x csc x 2
x 22x 0 3
ii. dx = 10 ln | x | 2
3/(0.5 x ) 0.5 3 x 2
= lim = = 10 ln | 3 | 10 ln | 2 |
x 2 1 2
= 10(ln 3 ln 2) = 4.054651
L = e 3/2 = 0.22313
1
iii. x 2 ( x 3 4) 1 dx = ( x 3 4) 1 (3 x 2 dx )
90. lim 3 x
1 1 3
x0 e 1 3x 1
= ln | x 3 4 | + C
3 x (e 3 x 1) 0 3
= lim 3x
x0 3 x (e 1) 0
y y = h (x )
4 10
x or t x
1 2 6 11
2
y = f (t )
4 iii.
y
f. i. y (100) 70 names; 70% remembered
y(1) = 1 name; 100% remembered 1
x
101
ii. y = 5
100 + x
y (100) = 101/(200) = 0.505 names/person
y (1) = 101/101 = 1 name/person
iii. Paula has probably not forgotten any
names as long as x y < 0.5. After b. i. f (x) = x1.4 e5x
meeting 11 people, she remembers about f (x) = 1.4x0.4 e5x + 5x1.4 e5x
10.53 11 names, but after meeting ii. g (x) = sin (e 2x) g (x) = 2e 2x cos(e 2x)
12 people, she remembers about 11.44 d ln x d
11 names. iii. (e ) = ( x) = 1
dx dx
R3. a. i. See the text for the definition of logarithm. iv. y = 100x y = (ln 100)100 x
ii. See the text for the definition of ln x. v. f (x) = 3.7 100.2 x
iii. See the text for the statement of the f (x) = 0.74 ln 10 100.2 x
uniqueness theorem.
v i . r(t) = t tan t ln r = tan t ln t
iv. See the text for the proof.
1 tan t
v. See the solution to Problem 10 in r = sec 2 t ln t +
r t
Lesson 6-3.
r = t tan t sec 2 t ln t +
tan t
b. i. e = lim (1 + n)1/ n or e = lim (1 + 1/n) n
n0 n t
ln x c. y = (5x 7)3 (3x + 1)5
ii. log b x =
ln b ln y = 3 ln (5x 7) + 5 ln (3x + 1)
1 15 15
ln x 1 y = +
c. i. y = log 4 x = y = y 5x 7 3x + 1
ln 4 x ln 4
y =
15 15
+ (5 x 7)3 (3 x + 1)5
ii. f ( x ) = log 2 (cos x ) =
ln (cos x )
5 x 7 3 x + 1
ln 2 = (120x 90)(5x 7)2 (3x + 1)4
10e
1 2 x
dx = 5e 2 x + C
f ( x ) = ( sin x ) d. i.
(cos x )(ln 2)
e sin x dx = e cos x + C
cos x
tan x ii.
=
ln 2 2
2
iii. y = log 5 9 x = x log 5 9 y = log 5 9 iii.
2
e 0.1x dx = 10e 0.1x
2
R4. a. i. 0.2
= 10e + 10e 0.2
= 4.02672 K
y
0.2x
10
10
iv. 0.2x
dx = +C
10 0.2 ln 10
e. i. The exposure is the product of C (t) and t,
x where C (t) varies. Thus, a definite integral
2 must be used.
150e 2x2 3
0.16 t
ii. E( x ) = dt = 937.5( e 0.16 x + 1) R5. a. lim 2
x 7 5 x
0
E(5) = 937.5(e 0.8 + 1) =
4x 2
516.25 ppm days E (10) = = lim =
x 10 x 5
937.5(e 1.6 + 1) = 748.22 ppm days
As x grows very large, E (x) seems to x cos x + 1
2
0
b. lim
approach 937.5. x0 e x 1
x
0
iii. E (x) = 150e 0.16 x = C (x) 2 x + sin x 0
= lim
E (5) = 67.39 ppm (or ppm days x0 ex 1 0
per day) 2 + cos x 2 + 1
E (10) = 30.28 ppm = lim = =3
x0 ex 1
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum
c. lim x 3e x 0
concentration is about 150 ppm at about x
2 hours. (These values can be found more x3
precisely by setting the numerical or = lim x
x e
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = 1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576 . Then 3x 2
= lim x
C (1.9576) = 200/(e ln 0.6) = x e
144.0332 .) 6x
= lim x
ii. C (t) = 200t 0.6t x e
C (t) = 200t 0.6t ln 0.6 + 200 0.6t 6
= lim x = 0 (Form: 6/)
x e
C (1) = 200 0.61(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70
C(5) = 200 0.65(5 ln 0.6 + 1) d. L = lim x tan (x/2 ) 1
x 1
= 24.16 < 0 ln L = lim [tan ( x/2) ln x ]
x 1
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about ln x 0
= lim
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration x 1 cot ( x/2) 0
is increasing if C (t) is positive and 1/ x 1 2
decreasing if it is negative. = lim = =
x 1 ( /2)csc x/2 /2
2
1 ii. y = x 3e2x
y = 3x 4 e2x + x 3 2e2x
From the graph, the maximum is about = x 4e2x (2x 3)
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = 1/ln 0.3 =
0.8305 , for which C (0.8305) = iii. y = cos (2x) y = sin (2x) 2x ln 2
4 ln x 4
200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092 61.1 ppm.) iv. y = log 3 x 4 = y =
Repeating the computations of part iii ln 3 x ln 3
gives C (t) > 50 for 0.409 < t < 1.473 ,
e
1.7 x
or for about 1.06 hours. b. i. dx = ( 1 / 1.7) e 1.7 x + C
In conclusion, the concentration peaks
2
sec x
sooner at a lower concentration and stays ii. sec x tan x dx
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time. = e ln 2 sec x
sec x tan x dx
ln 0.5 = 0.025t
150e 2x2 3
0.16 t
ii. E( x ) = dt = 937.5( e 0.16 x + 1)
0 R5. a. lim 2
x 7 5 x
E(5) = 937.5(e 0.8 + 1) =
4x 2
516.25 ppm days E(10) = = lim =
x 10 x 5
937.5(e 1.6 + 1) = 748.22 ppm days
As x grows very large, E(x) seems to x cos x + 1
2
0
b. lim
approach 937.5. x0 e x 1
x
0
iii. E (x) = 150e 0.16x = C (x) 2 x + sin x 0
= lim
E (5) = 67.39 ppm (or ppm days x0 ex 1 0
per day) 2 + cos x 2 + 1
E (10) = 30.28 ppm = lim = =3
x0 ex 1
f. i. From Figure 6-7d, the maximum c. lim x 3e x 0
concentration is about 150 ppm at about x
2 hours. (These values can be found more x3
precisely by setting the numerical or = lim x
x e
algebraic derivative equal to zero, solving
to get t = 1/ln 0.6 = 1.9576 . Then 3x 2
= lim x
C (1.9576) = 200/(e ln 0.6) = x e
144.0332 .) 6x
= lim x
ii. C (t) = 200t 0.6t x e
C (t) = 200t 0.6t ln 0.6 + 200 0.6t 6
= lim x = 0 (Form: 6/)
x e
C (1) = 200 0.61(ln 0.6 + 1) = 58.70
C(5) = 200 0.65(5 ln 0.6 + 1) d. L = lim x tan (x/2 ) 1
x 1
= 24.16 < 0 ln L = lim [tan ( x/2) ln x ]
x 1
C(t) is increasing at about 58.7 ppm/h
when t = 1 and decreasing at about ln x 0
= lim
24.2 ppm/h when t = 5. The concentration x 1 cot ( x/2) 0
is increasing if C (t) is positive and 1/ x 1 2
decreasing if it is negative. = lim = =
x 1 ( /2)csc x/2 /2
2
C (t )
g. Examples of indeterminate forms:
0/0, /, 0 , 00, 1 , 0,
100
R6. a. i. y = ln (sin4 7x) = 4 ln sin 7x
50
t y = 4(1/sin 7x) cos 7x 7 = 28 cot 7x
1 ii. y = x 3e2x
From the graph, the maximum is about y = 3x 4 e 2x + x 3 2e2x
60 ppm around t = 1. (Exactly, t = 1/ln 0.3 = x 4e2x (2x 3)
= 0.8305 , for which C (0.8305) = iii. y = cos (2x ) y = sin (2x ) 2x ln 2
200/(e ln 0.3) = 61.11092 61.1 iv. y = log 3 x 4 =
4 ln x
y =
4
ppm.) ln 3 x ln 3
Repeating the computations of part iii
e
1.7 x
gives C (t) > 50 for 0.409 < t < 1.473 b. i. dx = ( 1 / 1.7) e 1.7 x + C
, or for about 1.06 hours.
2
sec x
In conclusion, the concentration peaks ii. sec x tan x dx
sooner at a lower concentration and stays
= e ln 2 sec x
sec x tan x dx
above 50 ppm for a much shorter time.
ln 0.5 = 0.025t
ln x, Q .E .D . x
100 (x, F )
T18. a.
y
5 dx x
4 g
5
3
2
1 t or x
dW = F dx = 60 e0.1 x dx
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5
60e
-1
-2
W= 0.1 x
dx
f 0
-3 5
-4 = 600e 0.1x = 600(e 0.5 1)
-5 0
W 389.23 ft-lb
3 x 5
b. h( x ) = 2
f (t ) dt h ( x ) = f (3 x 5) 3, T23. Answers will vary.
h(3) = f (9 5) 3 = f ( 4) 3 = 1 3 = 3
x1 1.8 1 Problem Set 6-8
T19. ln x = 1 t t
dt, so ln 1.8 =
dt 1
Cumulative Review, Chapters 16
M4 = 0.2
1 1 1 1
+ + + = 0.58664 K 1. f ( x ) = 2x
1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7
2 3.1 2 2.9
From calculator, ln 1.8 = 0.58778 . f (3) = 5.549618K
0.2
x2 x2
2. There are about 10.0 squares, each 20 units.
T20. g( x ) = sin t dt = cos t 50
2
2
g( x ) dx 200
= cos x2 + cos 2 g(x) = 2x sin x2 10
2
d x
2 (Function is g( x ) = 2 + 0.1x + sin x, so exact
g ( x ) =
dx 2
sin t dt = 2 x sin x 2
answer is 200.)
15
T21. Let h ( x ) = f ( x ) g (x). 3. L = lim f ( x ) if and only if for any > 0, there is
x c
Then h ( a) = f ( a) g (a) = 0 and a > 0 such that if x is within units of c but
h ( b ) = f ( b ) g (b) 0. not equal to c, f ( x ) is within units of L.
h( b ) h( a )
0 4. Answers may vary.
ba
By the mean value theorem, there is a number c f (x )
4
between a and b such that
x
h( b ) h( a )
h ( c ) =
3
.
ba
h (c) 0
x + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h 3 x 3
3
= lim 4
h0
2
h
= lim(3 x + 3 xh + h 2 ) = 3 x 2 , Q.E.D.
1
x 2 dx
h0
U 6 = 0.5(1.52 + 22 + 2.52 + 32 + 3.52 + 42)
7. f (x) = f (x) = 3x 2
x3 = 24.875
f (5) = 352 = 75
13. M 10 = 20.9775
5.013 4.99 3
f (5) = 75.0001 M 100 = 20.999775
0.02 Sums seem to be approaching 21.
5.0013 4.999 3
f (5) = 75.000001 1
0.002
14. a. cos 5 x sin x dx = cos 6 x + C
6
The symmetric differences are getting closer to
75 as x gets closer to zero. b. (1/x ) dx = ln | x | + C
8. f (x) = 3 x 5 = (3 x 5) 1/ 2
1
f (x) = (3 x 5) 1/ 2 3 = 1.5(3 x 5) 1/ 2
c. tan x dx = ln | sec x | + C = ln | cos x | + C
2
f (7) = 1.5(21 5)1/2 = 1.5/4 = 0.375 = 3/8 d. sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C
9. Line with slope of 3/8 is tangent to the graph at 1
(3x 5) dx = 3 (3x 5) (3 dx )
1/ 2 1/ 2
x = 7. e.
f (x )
1 2 2
= (3 x 5)3/ 2 + C = (3 x 5)3/ 2 + C
5
8
3 3 9
4 1 3 4 64 1
3
x
15. 1
x 2 dx =
3
x
1
= = 21,
3 3
5 which agrees with the conjecture in Problem 13.
10. a. y = e 2x cos 3x 16. The graph shows a tangent line at x = c parallel
y = 2 e2x cos 3x 3e2x sin 3x to the secant line.
ln x f (x )
b. q( x ) = q ( x ) =
tan x
(tan x )/x ln x sec x
2
1 ln x
2
= 2 x
tan x x tan x sin x a c b
d2 x d
c. 2 (5 ) = [(ln 5)5 x ] = (ln 5)2 5 x
dx dx Statement:
11. For the function to be differentiable, If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
lim ( ax 2 + 1) = lim+ ( x 2 + 6 x + b) and x = a and x = b, then there is a number x = c in
x 2 x 2
lim 2 ax = lim+ ( 2 x + 6) . (a, b) such that f ( x ) =
f (b) f ( a)
.
x 2 x 2
ba
1 17. y = x9/7
4a + 1 = 8 + b and 4a = 2 a = and b = 5
2 y7 = x9
y
7y6 y = 9x 8
9x8 9x8 9 9 9
y = 6 = = x 854 / 7 = x 2 / 7 = x 9/ 71
2 7y 7( x 9/ 7 )6 7 7 7
as from the derivative of a power formula
x
2
ln L = lim ln (1 + n) 0
derivative equals 0, not x 1. Thus, x 1 is not the 1
derivative of a power, Q.E.D. n0 n
tan x ln (1 + n) 0
19. f ( x ) = 1
cos 3t dt = lim
n0 n
0
f (x) = cos (3 tan x) sec2 x 1/(1 + n)
x = lim =1
(1/t ) dt f ( x ) = 1/x, Q.E.D.
n0 1
20. f ( x ) =
1 L = e1 = e, Q.E.D.
21. Prove ln xa = a ln x for any constant a and all dx dy
x > 0. 27. Know: = 30 ft/s, = 40 ft/s
dt dt
dz
Proof: Want: when x = 200 and y = 100
Let f (x) = ln xa and g (x) = a ln x. dt
1 1 a x2 + y2 = z2
Then f ( x ) = a ax a1 = a = and dx dy dz
x x x 2x + 2y = 2z
1 a dt dt dt
g ( x ) = a = .
x x When x = 200 and y = 100, z = 50, 000 = 100 5 .
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0
f (1) = ln (1a) = ln 1 = 0 and g(1) = a ln 1 = 0 dz
2(200)( 30) + 2(100)( 40) = 2 100 5
f (1) = g (1) dt
f (x) = g (x) for all x > 0, and thus dz 20
ln xa = a ln x for all x 0, Q .E .D . = = 8.94427K ft/s
dt 5
22. x = 5 cos t, y = 3 sin t
The distance z is decreasing.
dy dy/dt 3 cos t 3
= = = cos t 5
dx dx/dt 5 sin t 5 28. 2
f (x ) dx (1/3)(0.5)(100 + 4 150 + 2 170 +
23. At t = 2, (x, y) = (5 cos 2, 3 sin 2) 4 185 + 2 190 + 4 220 + 300)
= (2.08 , 2.72). = (1/3)(0.5)(3340) = 556 23
dy 3
At t = 2, = cot 2 = 0.2745 .
dx 5 29. Area of cross section = y2
The graph shows that a line of slope 0.27 Because the end of the radius is on a line through
at point (2.08 , 2.72) is tangent to the the origin with slope r/h, y = (r/h)x.
curve. r 2
Area = [(r/h) x ]2 = 2 x 2
y h
Area
3
x
5 (x, Area)
dx x
h
a= = 1(1 + t 2 ) 2 2t = r 2 1 3 h 1 r 2 3 1
dt (1 + t 2 )2 = x = (h 0 3 ) = r 2 h, Q .E.D .
3x
e 1 0 h2 3 0 3 h2 3
25. lim 30. Answers will vary.
x 0 sin 5 x 0
3e 3 x 3
= lim =
x 0 5 cos 5 x 5
d. B = 5(7/5)24/3 = 73.78945
About 74 million
Problem Set 7-2
e. 1000 = 5(7/5)t/3 ln (1000/5) = t/3 ln (7/5)
Q1. Q2.
3 ln 200
t= = 47.24001K
y y
ln (7/5)
1
1 About 47 hours after start, so in a little less
x x
than 2 days
2. a. N = number of units of radiation from N17;
Q3. Q4. t = number of seconds
y y
x
dN /dt = kN dN / N = k dt
1 x
ln |N| = kt + C
| N | = e kt +C N = C1e kt
b. 3 1017 = C 1ek0 C 1 = 3 1017
Q5. Q6. 5.6 1013 = 3 1017e60k
y y
ln(1.866 K 10 4 ) = 60 k
x x k = 0.143103
N = 3 1017 e 0.143103Kt
c.
N
Q7. Q8. 3 1017
y y
3
x
x
t
About 5 h 47 min t
dV /dt = kV dV /V = k dt ln |V | = kt + C e. (1/2)(0.00372) = 0.00372e 0.0662277t
ln (1/2) = 0.0662277t t = 10.4661
|V | = e kt +C V = C1e kt About 10.5 hours
b. 4200 = C1e k0 C1 = 4200 6. a. dP/dt = kP
4700 = 4200e ( k )( 3) ln( 4700/4200) = 3k
k = (1/3) ln (4700/4200) = 0.037492
V = 4200e 0.037492Kt
b. dP/P = k dt ln | P | = kt + C
| P| = e kt +C P = C1e kt
c.
V
100 = C1e k0 C1 = 100
50 = 100e5750k ln 0.5 = 5750k
k = 0.0001205473
P = 100e 0.0001205473t
4200
t c. P = 100e( 0.0001205473)(4000) = 61.74301
30 30 About 61.7%
d. 48.37 = 100e 0.0001205473Kt
d. At 1 year after V = 4700, t = 9 months. ln 0.4837 = 0.0001205473t
V = 4200e ( 0.037492)(9) = 2997.116 t = 6024.939
About $3000 The wood is about 6025 years old. For 1996,
e. 1200 = 4200e 0.037492t the flood would have been 1996 (4004) =
ln (1200/4200) = 0.037492t 6000 years ago, so the wood is old enough.
t = (1/0.037492) ln (1200/4200) e.
= 33.4135
P
About 33 months from the present 100
About $15,000
t
g. The difference between $16,000 and $15,000 20,000
4000 5750
is the dealers profit.
For 5 years, as in Problem 7:
11. dy/dx = ky dy/y = k dx ln | y | = kx + C1
Annually: M = 1000(1.07)5 = $1402.55
Quarterly: M = 1000(1.0175)20 = $1414.78 | y | = e kx +C1 y = Ce kx
Monthly: M = 1000(1.00583)60 = $1417.63 y(0) = Ce k0 C = y(0) y = y0 e kx , Q.E.D.
Daily: M = 1000(1.0001917808)1825 =
$1419.02 Problem Set 7-3
Continuously (Problem 7): $1419.07
Note that compounding continuously is only Q1. Cekx Q2. (kx2)/2 + C
5 cents better than compounding daily for a Q3. kx + C Q4. cos x + C
$1000 investment in 5 years!
Q5. 1/ 1 x 2 Q6. 5 cos x
M = M 0(1 + k/n)nt
Let L = lim (1 + k/n) nt 1. Q7. tan x
n
ln L = lim [nt ln (1 + k/n)] 0 Q8.
n y' or y
t ln (1 + k/n)
= lim y
n n 1 1
x
1 2 1
t ( kn ) y'
1 + k /n
= lim
n n 2
kt Q9. lim Ln = lim Un
= lim = kt x 0 x 0
n 1 + k /n
L = ekt Q10. B
lim M = M0 e kt , which is the continuous 1. a. dM/dt = 100 S
n
compounding equation. b. S = kM dM/dt = 100 kM
1
0 = (100 C1e 0 ) C1 = 100 Make a table of M and dM/dt for various
k numbers of years. Neglect leap years.
100
M = (1 e kt ) Years M dM/dt
k
d. k = 0.02 M = 5000(1 e0.02 t) 0 0 100.00
e. 1 37865 107.57
M 10 537540 207.51
5000
20 1652980 430.60
h V = V = (14 t ) 2
2
C
ln | R hT | = t + D d. False. dV/dt = 2t 28, so the water flows
h
( h / C )t ( h / C ) D
out at 28 ft3/min only when t = 0. For
| R hT | = e e instance, at t = 5, dV/dt = 18, which
R hT = D1e ( h /C )t means water flows out at only 18 ft3/min.
T = (1/ h)[ R D1e ( h /C )t ] So it takes longer than 7 min to empty
Substitute T = 0 when t = 0. the tub.
1 e. 0 = (t 14)2 the tub is empty at
0 = ( R D1e 0 ) D1 = R
h t = 14 min.
R f.
T = [1 e ( h / C )t ]
h V
(0.04/ 2)t
c. T = (50/0.04)[1 e ]
T = 1250(1 e 0.02t )
100
d.
T t
1250 14
V
50 x
3
t
100
n = 2 dy/dx = ky 2 y 2 dy = k dx
The volume does seem to vary quadratically with 1 3
time. Because there is still fluid in the burette y = kx + C y = 3 3kx + 3C
3
when V = 0, the graph crosses the t-axis, unlike
the graphs in Problem 5 and Example 1. The k = 1, C = 3 y = 3 3 x 9
dy
d. For n > 1, = ky n y n dy = k dx M
B = (1 e kct )
dx k
( n 1)
y
= kx + C because n > 1, Use the initial condition kB = 80 when
n 1 B = 1000.
1
so y = 80 = k(1000) k = 0.08
n 1 ( n 1) ( kx + C )
Use the initial condition dB/dt = 500 when t = 0.
which has a vertical asymptote at x = C/k
From dB/dt = c (M kB), 500 = c (M 0)
because the denominator equals zero for this
c = 500/M.
point.
particular equation is
Note that the radical will involve a sign
when the root index is even (for example, B = ( M/0.08)[1 e 0.08/( 500 / M )t ]
when n is odd). B = 12.5 M[1 e ( 40 / M )t ]
For n = 2, k = 1, C = 3: y = ( x 3) 1 Assume various values of M:
y
M = 1000: B = 12500(1 e 0.04 t)
2
M = 5000: B = 62500(1 e 0.008 t )
M = 10000: B = 125000(1 e 0.004 t )
x
3
B
M = 10000
100,000
M = 5000
1
For n = 3, k = 1, C = 3: y = M = 1000
2x 6 t
250 500
y
2
125000(1 e
0.004 t
T ( x) =
2
) dt
0
x
x
3 = 125000[t + (1/0.004)e 0.004 t ] 0
dy x 1 1
d. = 2 y dy = x dx y 2 = x 2 + C ( 1)2 = (1)2 + C C = 1.5
dx 2 y 2 2
x = 5, y = 1 C = 1 12.5 = 11.5 y = 1.5 0.5x 2
2
2 x
1 3 2 1 1 2 3
x
2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
1
2
3
4
b. See the graph from part a. Both graphs have a
horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
dy 3 dy
3. a. At (3, 2), = = 0.75. c. = x (1 y)
dx (2)(2) dx
dy 1 dy
At (1, 0), = , which is infinite. = x dx
dx (2)(0) 1 y
y
1 y = x dx
2 dy
1
x ln |1 y| = 0.5x 2 + C
1 y = e 0.5 x e C
2
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
y = 1 + C1e 0.5 x (C1 can be positive or
2
2 negative.)
1 = 1 + C 1e 0 C 1 = 2
b. See the graph from part a. The figures
y = 1 2e 0.5 x
2
resemble half-ellipses.
dy x The grapher confirms the graph in part b.
c. =
As | x | , e 0.5 x 0. So y 1,
2
dx 2y
2y dy = x dx which agrees with the horizontal asymptote
at y = 1.
2 y dy = x dx
148 Problem Set 7-4 Calculus Solutions Manual
2005 Key Curriculum Press
5. 9. a.
y
y
2
1.5
(3, 2)
1
0.5 x
x
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5 (1, 2)
1.5
2
dy
b. = 0.2 xy
dx
6.
y Evidence: At (1, 1) the slope was given to
be 0.2, which is true for this differential
2
1.5
equation. As x or y increases from this
1
point, the slope gets steeper in the negative
0.5
x
direction, which is also true for this
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 differential equation. In Quadrants I and III the
0.5 slopes are all negative, and in Quadrants II
1 and IV they are all positive. (Note: The
algebraic solution is y = Ce 0.1x .)
2
1.5
2
10. a. Initial condition (0, 2)
7. y
y
2
1.5 5
1
(0, 2)
0.5
x x
5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.5 (0,2.5)
1 (0, 5)
1.5
8.
y
b. See the graph in part a with initial condition
2
(0, 5). The graph goes toward in the
1.5 y-direction instead of toward +.
1 c. If a ruler is aligned with the slope lines, the
0.5 lines that form a straight line are the ones
x
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
crossing the y-axis at 2.5 with slope 1/2.
0.5 (In courses on differential equations, students
1 will learn that the given equation is a first-
1.5 order linear equation that can be solved using
2 an integrating factor. The general solution is
y = Ce0.2 x 0.5x 2.5. For C = 0, the curve
is the line y = 0.5x 2.5, which intersects
the y-axis at (0, 2.5).)
14.11...
(1,12)
50
(1,10) (2,10)
t 6.12...
(0, 0) (5, 0)
5 4.37...
(10,4)
c. Terminal velocity occurs when dv/dt = 0. (5,2)
0 = 32.16 0.0015v2 r
v = (32.16/0.0015)1/2 = 146.424 146 ft/s
dv 62.44 62.44
= v dv = dr 1
dr r 2v r2 y' y'
x
v 2 62.44 1
= +C
2 r
For the solution through (1, 10), C = 50 Q8. 3x 2y 5 + 5x 3y 4y = 1 + y
62.44 = 12.44, so the ship starts falling Q9. continuous Q10. A
when v = 0 at r = 62.44/12.44 5. 1. a. dy = (x/y) dy
d. See the graph in part c with initial condition For (1, 3), dy = (1/3)(0.5) = 0.1666 ,
(r, v) = (1, 12). The graph levels off between so new y 3 0.1666 = 2.8333 at
4 and 5 km/s. The precise value of v can be x = 1.5.
found algebraically. For (1.5, 2.8333), dy =
v 2 62.44 (1.5/2.8333)(0.5) = 0.2647 ,
C = 72 62.44 = 9.56 = + 9.56
2 r so new y 2.8333 0.2647 = 2.5686
Because r > 0, v is never zero, so the at x = 2.
spaceship never stops and falls back.
As r approaches infinity, v2/2 approaches x y
9.56, and thus v approaches
0 3.2456
(2)(9.56) = 4.37 km/s.
0.5 3.1666
e. See the graph in part c with initial condition
1 3
(r, v) = (1, 18). The graph levels off at
v 14 km/s. Here the spaceship loses about 1.5 2.8333
4 km/s of velocity, whereas it loses 7 or 2 2.5686
8 km/s when starting at 12 km/s. Both cases 2.5 2.1793
lose the same amount of kinetic energy,
3 1.6057
which is proportional to v2 (the change in v2
is the same in both cases). The precise value The Eulers y-values overestimate the actual
of v can be found algebraically as in part d. values because the tangent lines are on the
For the solution through (1, 18), convex side of the graph and the convex side
C = 162 62.44 = 99.56. As r , is upward.
v (2)(99.56) = 14.11 km/s.
b. dy = (x/y) dy
f. See the graph in part c with initial condition
(r, v) = (2, 10). The graph levels off at y dy = x dx
about 6 km/s, so the spaceship does escape. 0.5y 2 = 0.5x 2 + C
Alternatively, note that the solution through 0.5(32) = 0.5(12) + C C = 5
(2, 10) lies above the solution through 0.5y 2 = 0.5x 2 + 5
(1, 12). The precise value of v can be found y = 10 x 2 (Use the positive square root.)
algebraically as in parts d and e. For the
solution through (2, 10), C = 50 31.22 = At x = 3, y = 10 32 = 1.
18.78. As r , v (2)(18.78) = The particular solution stops at the x-axis
6.12 km/s. because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same
14. See the Programs for Graphing Calculators
value of x, making the solution not a
section of the Instructors Resource Book.
function.
The Eulers value of 1.6057 overestimates
the actual value by 0.6057 .
Problem Set 7-5 2. a. dy = (x/y) dy
Q1. k y Q2. y = Ce3x For (1, 2), dy = (1/2)(0.5) = 0.25, so new
y 2 + 0.25 = 2.25 at x = 1.5.
Q3. 4.8 Q4. 100
For (1.5, 2.25), dy = (1.5/2.25)(0.5) =
Q5. ln |1 v| + C Q6. sec x tan x 0.3333 , so new y 2.25 + 0.3333 =
2.5833 at x = 2.
3
0 1.6071
2
0.5 1.75 1
x
1 2 1 2 3 4
1.5 2.25
You cannot tell whether the last value of y is an
2 2.5833 overestimate or an underestimate because the
2.5 2.9704 convex side of the graph is downward in some
places and upward in other places.
3 3.3912
4. dx = 0.3. Make a table showing values of dy =
The Eulers y-values underestimate the actual 0.3(dy/dx) and new y = old y + dy.
values because the tangent lines are on the
convex side of the graph and the convex side x dy/dx dy y
is downward. The error is greater at x = 0
because the graph is more sharply curved 1 3 0.9 2
between x = 0 and x = 1 than it is between 1.3 2 0.6 1.1
x = 1 and x = 3.
1.6 1 0.3 0.5
b. dy = x/y dy
1.9 0 0 0.2
y dy = x dx
2.2 1 0.3 0.2
0.5y = 0.5x 2 + C
2
2.5 2 0.6 0.5
0.5(22) = 0.5(12) + C C = 1.5
0.5y 2 = 0.5x 2 + 1.5 2.8 3 0.9 1.1
y = x 2 + 3 (Use the positive square root.) 3.1 4 1.2 2
At x = 0, y = 0 + 3 = 3 = 1.7320 . 3.4 5 1.5 3.2
The particular solution stops at the x-axis 3.7 6 1.8 4.7
because points on the circle below the x-axis
would lead to two values of y for the same 3.9 7 2.1 6.5
value of x, making the solution not a y
function. 5
4
The Eulers value of 1.6071 underestimates 3
the actual value by 0.1249 unit. 2
x
3.6 1 0.2 0.2
3.8 1 0.2 0.0 (1, 2)
4 2 0.4 0.2
c. When the graph is observed, the slope lines number when r is large enough. If
seem to follow a straight path using (0, 2.5) v1 > 2(62.44), then C is positive, making v
as an initial condition. Eulers method a positive real number for all positive
confirms this. values of r. (The asymptote is v = C .)
(In differential equations, students will learn
how to solve such first-order linears by 10. a. v(2) = 61.6831 , v(4) = 106.2850 ,
multiplying both sides by the integrating v(6) = 129.7139 , v(8) = 139.9323 ,
factor e 0.2x . The general solution is v(10) = 143.9730 , v(20) = 146.4066
y = Ce 0.2x + 0.5x 2.5. For C = 0, the These values will be overestimates because
particular solution is y = 0.5x + 2.5.) the graph is concave down (convex side up),
so the Eulers tangent lines will be above the
9. a. Using dr = 0.6, v(13.6) 0.1414 and actual graph, as in the next graph.
v(14.2) 1.2900 , so the spacecraft seems
to reverse direction somewhere between these 200 v
20 v
t
10
10 20
Actual
5.1 0.3425 t
10 20 30 40
5.2 0.1935
5.3 0.7736 For the initial condition (0, 3), the population
grows, leveling off at B = 30. For the initial
6.6 26.9706 condition (10, 40), the population drops
(9)(5.1) because it is starting out above the maximum
From 5.1 to 5.2, dy = (0.1) sustainable value (carrying capacity).
(25)(0.3425K)
= 0.5360 , indicating that the graph is still c.
taking upward steps. t B
(9)(5.2)
From 5.2 to 5.3, dy = (0.1) 0 3
(25)(0.1935K)
= 0.9672 , indicating that the graph takes 10 13.8721
a relatively large downward step. The sign 20 26.4049
change in dy happens whenever the prior 30 29.5565
Eulers y-value changes sign. The graph starts 40 29.9510
over on another ellipse representing a different
particular solution. See the graph in part b. The graph shows that
d. Eulers method can predict values that are the Eulers points and graphical solution are
outside the domain, which are inaccurate. close to each other.
condition (0, 3) to
find C1.
30 B
= 9e 0.21t
B 50
30 B = 9 Be 0.21t
30 Solve for B explicitly
B =
1 + 9e 0.21t in terms of t.
30 x (years)
At t = 20, B = = 26.4326 K .
1 + 9e 4.2 5 10
M dy
0.5 1.1 = k dx
= y( M y )
10( M 10) 24( M 24) 1 1
Eliminate k by +
y M y
dy = k dx
equating the two
See Section 9-7 for a
values of k/M.
quick way to resolve
12(M 24) = 11.0(M 10)
into partial fractions.
12M 11M = 288 110 M = 178
ln |y| ln |M y| = kx + C
Solve for M.
The differential of the
k 0.5 89 second denominator
= k= =
178 10(178 10) 1680 is dy.
0.05297 (Store this.) ln |y| + ln |M y| = kx C
Ajax expects to sell 178,000 CDs based on My
ln = kx C
this mathematical model. y
dy 89 178 y My
b. = y = e kx C = e C e kx
dx 1680 178 y
My
= e C e kx = C1e kx C1 = e C
y (thousand CDs)
200
178 y
M y = C 1ye kx
y + C 1ye kx = M
M M
y= kx =
1 + ae kx
100
1 + C1e
a = C 1, Q .E .D .
5. a. At t = 5.5, F 1.7869 2 fish left.
x (days) At t = 5.6, F 11.0738 , meaning no
50 100 fish are left.
The fish are predicted to become extinct in
The slope field has horizontal slope lines at
just over 5.5 years.
about y = 178, thus confirming M = 178.
F (fish)
M
c. The general solution is y = . Part b
1 + ae kx 1000
Substitute M = 178 and k = 89/1680 =
0.05297 and the initial condition y = 10 at
x = 0.
178 Parts c and d
10 = a = 16.8 500
1 + ae 0
178
The equation is y =
Part a, dt = 0.1
. 200
1 + 16.8e 0.05297Kx t (years)
See the graph in part b. The graph follows the 5 10
slope lines.
d. At x = 50, y = 81.3396 . b. See the graph in part a with initial condition
At x = 51, y = 83.6844 . (3, 1200), showing that the fish population
83.6844 81.3396 = 2.35447 will decrease because the initial condition is
They expect to sell about 2354 CDs on the above the 1000 maximum sustainable.
51st day. c. See the graph in part a with initial condition
e. The point of inflection is halfway between (0, 300), showing that the population rises
y = 0 and y = 178, that is, at y = 89. slowly at first, then faster, eventually
200000 15
dy = 130 dt
y(800 y) 10
5 x
250 250
y
+ dy = 130 dt
800 y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 25
6 25 Stable population at 353.5 million
7 25
8 25
dR dR
9. = k1 R = k1dt ln | R| = k1t + C
dt R 50
| R| = e e R = C1e k1t
C k1t
reduced to about 1, thus becoming in danger of because at (3, 5), dy/dx = 30 but 6y1/2 = 30.)
extinction! c.
23. See the graph in Problem 21 with initial y (3, 25)
condition (70, 30). With this many foxes and
hunters chasing rabbits, the rabbits become
extinct. At this point, the foxes have been
10
reduced to just 5. After the rabbits become
extinct, the foxes decrease exponentially x
with time, eventually becoming extinct 1 2 3
themselves.
d. At x = 2, y = 12 and y = 4.
See graph in part c.
Problem Set 7-7 A line through (2, 4) with slope 12 is tangent
Review Problems to the graph.
R0. Answers will vary. e. i. dN/dt = 100 kN
R1. P(t) = 35(0.98 t ) dN
= dt
P(t) = 35(0.98t) ln 0.98 100 kN
(1/k) ln |100 kN| = t + C
t P(t) P(t) P(t)/P(t) Using (0, 0) gives (1/k) ln 100 = C.
Substituting this value for C gives
0 35 0.7070 0.2020 (1/k) ln |100 kN| = t (1/k) ln 100.
10 28.5975 0.5777 0.2020 ln |100 kN| ln 100 = kt
20 23.3662 0.4720 0.2020 ln |1 (k/100)N| = kt
1 ( k / 100) N = e kt
P(t ) 35(0.98t ) ln 0.98 N = (100 / k )(1 e kt )
= = ln 0.98 Using (7, 600) and solving numerically
P( t ) 35(0.98t )
= 0.2020 , which is a constant, Q.E.D. gives k 0.045236.
N = 2210.6(1 e 0.045236 t)
R2. a. V = speed in mi/h; t = time in s
ii. t = 30: About 1642 names
dV
= kV
dt
(1, 10)
(1, 8)
5
(1, 9)
(2, 5)
x
x = 0.1
5 5
x = 1
x (years) x
5 10 5
dV
e. M has a local maximum at this price because = dt
charging more than the optimum price F 2V 1/2
The integral on the right is not the integral of
reduces attendance enough to reduce the total
the reciprocal function because the numerator
amount made, whereas charging less than the
cannot be made the differential of the
optimum price increases attendance, but not
denominator. A slope field gives information
enough to make up for the lower price per
about the solutions. The following graph is for
ticket.
0.5 t F = 20 ft3/min flowing in. (The dashed line
C3. a. g(t ) = 10e 0.8e shows the solution with F = 0, the original
The graph does look like Figure 7-7e. condition.) Starting with 196 ft3 in the tub, the
0.5 t 0.5 t
lim 10e 0.8e = 10e limt e volume levels off near 100 ft3. Starting below
t
100 ft3, the volume would increase toward 100.
= 10e 0.80 = 10
dy
In this case, the stable volume is above the = 0.4 dx
initial 196 ft3. y
V ln |y| = 0.4x + C
F = 40 |y| = eCe0.4 x
196
y = C1e0.4 x
5 = C 1 e 0.4(0) = C 1
F=0 y = 5e0.4 x
14 t dy
T8. = 12 y1/2 y 1/2 dy = 12 dx
dx
It is possible to antidifferentiate the left side by 2 y1/ 2 = 12 x + C
the algebraic substitution method of Problem
dP
Set 9-11, Problems 101106. The general T9. a. = kP P = Ce kt
solution is dt
F P = 3000 at t = 0 P = 3000ekt
t + C = ln ( F 2V 1/2 ) V 1/2
2 b. P = 2300 at t = 5
and the particular solution for V = 196 at t = 0 is 1 2300
k = ln = 0.05314 K
F F 28 5 3000
t 14 = ln V 1/2
2 F 2V 1/2 P(25) = 794.6
Unfortunately, it is difficult or impossible to Phoebe will not quite make it because the
solve for V. The volume will asymptotically pressure has dropped just below 800 psi by
approach F2/4, overflowing the tub if F2/4 > tub time t = 25.
capacity. or:
800 = 3000e 0.05314Kt
Chapter Test 1 800
t= ln = 24.87K
0.05314 K 3000
dy
T1. = ky Phoebe will not quite make it because the
dx
pressure has dropped to 800 just before t = 25.
T2. Solving a differential equation means finding the
T10. a. y = number of grams of chlorine dissolved
equation of the function whose derivative appears
t = number of hours since chlorinator was
in the differential equation.
started
T3. The general solution involves an arbitrary dy
constant of integration, C. A particular solution = 30 ky
dt
has C evaluated at a given initial condition.
dy
= dt
T4. 30 ky
y 1
5 ln |30 ky| = t + C
k
ln |30 ky| = kt + C 1
x 30 ky = C 2e k t
5 y = 0 when t = 0 C 2 = 30
ky = 30(1 e kt)
30
(0, 4)
y= (1 e kt )
k
The rate of escape is ky = 13 when y = 100.
T5. The concave side of the graph is up, so the So k = 0.13.
30
actual graph curves up from the Eulers tangent y = (1 e 0.13t ) = 230.7K(1 e 0.13t )
lines, making the Eulers method values an 0.13
1 4 8
= t 7t 3 + 50t 2 + 80t 0
4
= 1280 mi
4. M 100 = 1280.0384
M1000 = 1280.000384
The Riemann sums seem to be approaching 1280
x (months)
as n increases. Thus, the 1280 that was found by
purely algebraic methods seems to give the
The graph shows that the number of lilies is correct value of the limit of the Riemann sum.
expected to decrease toward 1600 (y = 16) 5.
v(t)
because of overcrowding. 200
T12. a. ( t , v ( t ))
R (roadrunners)
t
(80, 700)
8
dm
8. Numerically, the integral equals 1280. By 20. = k dt ln |m | = kt + C
m
counting, there are approximately 52 squares.
| m | = e kt +C m = C1e kt
Thus, the integral 52(25)(1) = 1300.
v( 4.1) v(3.9) (mi/min ) 21. Exponentially
9. v ( 4) = 19.9
0.2 min 22. General
v ( 4 )
v( 4.01) v(3.99)
= 19.9999
(mi/min) 23. 10000 = C1e0 C1 = 10000
0.02 min 10900 = 10000e k1
f ( x ) f (c ) k = ln 1.09 m = 10000e ln(1.09) t
10. f (c) = lim or
x c xc = 10000(1.09)t
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
f ( x ) = lim 24. False. The rate of increase changes as the amount
x 0 x
in the account increases. At t = 10,
11. v(t) = 3t 2
42t 100 v(4) = 20
+ m = 10000(1.09)10 23673.64.
12. Slowing down. v(4) < 0 and v(4) = 208 > 0 The amount of money would grow by
velocity is positive but decreasing speed is $13,673.64, not just $9,000.
42
slowing down. 25. By Simpsons rule, y dx
13. The line has slope 20, and passes through 30
2
(4, 208). The line is tangent to the graph. (74 + 4 77 + 2 83 + 4 88 + 2 90
3
+ 4 91 + 89) = 1022.
v(t)
5
200
Slope
= 20 26. By symmetric difference quotient, at x = 36
100
90 83
y = 1.75.
2( 2 )
100
27. If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous at
x = a and x = b, and if f ( a) = f ( b) = 0, then there
t is a number x = c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
0 5 10
28.
f(x)
14. Acceleration tangent
f (b )
15. At a maximum of v(t), v(t) will equal zero.
42 42 2 4 3 100
3t2 42t + 100 = 0 t = f (a )
secant
6 x
a c b
t = 3.041 or 10.958
So the maximum is not at exactly t = 3. 29.
16. v(t) = 6t 42 f(x) and f(x)
dx dy dz
17. Know: = 0.3. Want: and . 5
dt dt dt
dy dx
y = 6e 0.5 x = 3e 0.5 x = 0.9e 0.5 x f f
dt dt x
dy
At x = 2, = 0.9e 1 = 0.3310 K . 0 5 10
dt f
y
f
f
Q5. Q6.
y y
x
1 2 3 4 1
x
1
1 x
h (x) = x 6x + 12x 3
3 2 1
Q9. Q10.
Positive derivative increasing function y y
no vertex. f(x)
p.i. no p.i.
f (x ) f (x )
f(x) 0 + f(x) undef. +
x 2 x 2
4. 10.
max. no max.min.
f (x) f (x )
f' (x) + undef. f'(x ) + undef.
x 2 x 2
no p.i. no p.i.
f (x ) f (x )
f"(x ) + undef. + f"(x ) + undef. +
x 2 x 2
5. 11.
min. max. min. max.
f (x )
f (x )
f(x) undef. +
f(x) + 0 0 + 0
x 2
x 2 1 3
no p.i.
f (x )
p.i. p.i.
f(x) 0 undef. 0
f (x )
x 2
f(x) 0 + 0
6. x 1 2
no max./min.
f (x ) f (x )
f'(x ) undef.
x 2
p.i.
f (x )
f"(x ) undef. + x
x 2 2 1 1 2 3
7. 12.
no max./min. min. plateau max.
f (x )
f(x )
f(x)
f'(x) 0 + 0 + 0
x 2
x 3 1 3
p.i.
f (x )
f(x) + p.i. p.i. p.i.
x 2 f (x )
f"(x) + 0 0 + 0
8.
x 2 1 2
no max./.min.
f (x )
f (x )
f'(x )
x 2
p.i.
f (x )
f"(x) 0 +
x
x 2
3 2 1 2 3
f (x ) f (x )
f(x) + 0 f' (x ) e.p. + 0 0 + e.p.
x 2 1 x 1 2 6 7
f (x ) f(x)
f (x ) f (x )
x x
2 1 1 2 3 5 6 7
17.
14. 3
y
f(x )
f x
f'(x) 0 + + 0
3 6
x 2 3 4
f f
p.i. 3
f (x )
f"(x ) +
18.
y
4
x 3
f (x ) f f' f'
x
4 8
f'
x
4
2 3 4
19.
y
15.
4
min. max. min. f
f (x )
f(x) e.p. + 0 zero 0 e.p.
f f
x 1 1 3 5
x
4 8
no p.i.
f (x )
f(x) e.p. 0 zero 0 e.p.
x 1 1 3 5
20.
y
f (x )
4
2 f
f' x
x
4
1 1 3 5
5
25. f (x) = (x 2)3 + 1
f (x) = 3(x 2)2
x f (2) = 3(2 2)2 = 0 critical point at x = 2
1 2 3 f (x) = 6(x 2)
f (2) = 6(2 2) = 0, so the test fails.
The graph confirms a maximum at x = 2. f (x) goes from positive to positive as
x increases through 2, so there is a plateau
22. f ( x ) = sin x at x = 2.
4
f (x )
f ( x ) = cos x
4 4
f (2) = cos (2) = 0 critical point
4 4 1
x
at x = 2 2
2
f ( x ) = sin x
16 4
The graph confirms a plateau at x = 2.
2
f (2) = sin (2) = 0.6168K > 0 26. f (x) = (2 x)4 + 1
16 4
f (x) = 4(2 x)3
local minimum at x = 2
f (2) = 4(2 2)3 = 0 critical point at x = 2
f (x ) f (x) = 12(2 x)2
1
f (2) = 12(2 2)2 = 0, so the test fails.
x f (x) changes from negative to positive as
2 x increases through 2, so there is a local
1
minimum at x = 2.
f (x )
10
x
The graph confirms maximum (5, 10) and points
1 1 3
of inflection (3, 2).
40. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c; f (x) = 6ax + 2b
Maximum (3, 36), minimum (1, 28), Points of inflection at (2, 7) f (2) = 0
plateau and points of inflection (1, 4) 12a + 2b = 0
Global maximum at (3, 36) and global Maximum at (1, 61) f (1) = 0
minimum at (1, 28) 3a 2b + c = 0
a + b c + d = 61
Solving this system of equations yields
f (x) = x 3 6x 2 15x + 53.
f (x )
80 x
c
x
e.
1 2
f ( x)
(Locally
The graph confirms maximum (1, 61) and constant)
f (0.8) = 1.92
f (0.5) = 0.75
f (0.5) = 0.75 44. f (x) = 10(x 1)4/3 + 2
f (0.8) = 1.92 f (1) = 2, so f (1) is defined.
b. The slope seems to be decreasing from 0.8 40
f ( x ) = ( x 1)1/ 3
to 0.5; f (x) = 6x < 0 on 0.8 x 0.5, 3
which confirms that the slope decreases. The f (1) = 0, so f is differentiable at x = 1.
40
slope seems to be increasing from 0.5 to 0.8; f ( x ) = ( x 1) 2 / 3
f (x) = 6x > 0 on 0.5 x 0.8, which 9
40 40
confirms that the slope increases. f (1) has the form (0 2 / 3 ) or (1/0) , so
c. The curve lies above the tangent line. 9 9
f (1) is infinite.
42. Ima could notice that y = 0 at x = 0 There seems to be a cusp at (1, 2), but zooming
(or y = 3 at x = 1), so the graph could not in on this point reveals that the tangent is
possibly be a straight line with slope = 1. actually horizontal there.
43. a.
f (x ) f (x )
x
x
1
c
1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 1)3 sin + 2 = 2 = f (1)
x 1 x 1 x 1
(The limit of the first term is zero because x
bounded.)
f is continuous at x = 1. The graph shows a maximum at x 150.
f ( x ) f (1) 4
f (1) = lim Algebraically, A( x ) = 200 x.
x 1 x 1 3
[( x 1)3 sin(1/( x 1))] + 2 2 A(x) = 0 x = 150, confirming the graph.
= lim 2
x 1 x 1 x = 150 y = 200 150 = 100
1 3
= lim ( x 1) sin
2
=0 Make the total width 150 ft and length 100 ft.
x 1 x 1
(x 1)2 0 and the sine factor is bounded. (Note: The maximum area was not asked for.)
f (1) = 0 2. a. Let x = width of a room across the front,
y = depth of a room from front to back.
2.001
Domains: x 0, y 0
Minimize P (x) = 12x + 7y.
xy = 350 y = 350x 1
2
x 2 + e2 x .
D (x)
x
3.794... 1
10
r
400
x
1 5 The graph shows a maximum at r 400.
V = (1200r 3r2)
The graph shows a minimum of L(x) at x 5. V = 0 r = 0 or r = 400
128 x From graph, maximum is at r = 400.
(L2)(x) = 2x
( x 1)3 h = 600 400 = 200
128 x Maximum volume occurs with rectangle
(L2)(x) = 0 2 x = 400 mm wide (radius), 200 mm high.
( x 1)3
x = 0 (out of domain) or (x 1)3 = 64 x = 5 14. Rotating a square does not give the maximum
volume. The solution to Problem 13 gives a
By graph, L(x) is a minimum at x = 5.
counterexample. Repeating the calculations with
Shortest ladder has length L(5) = 5 5 11.18 ft. perimeter P instead of 1200 gives r = (1/3)P and
12. Let x and y be the segments shown. h = (1/6)P, showing that the proportions for
maximum volume are with radius twice the
L
y height.
15. a. Let r = radius, h = height.
5
7 x
V = r2h = (3.652)(10.6) = 141.2185
= 443.6510 cm3
C (r ) = 16r 282.437r 2 = 0
r
282.437
4.13... r=3 = 3.8126 cm
16
The graph shows a minimum at x 4.1. 141.2185
h= 2 = 9.7099 K cm.
A = 2 ( 141.2185r 2 + 2 r )
A = 2/r2(141.2185 + 2r3)
(
3 282.437 /16
)
A = 0 r3 = 70.60925 The proportions of this can are closer to those
of the normal can.
r = 3 70.60925 = 4.1332 c. If the metal for the ends can be cut without
Minimum at r = 4.1 because A goes from waste, then it takes (r + 0.6)2 to make each
negative to positive. end and (2r + 0.5)h to make the sides, so
h = 141.2815/(3 70.60925 )2 = 23 70.60925 minimize
= 8.2664 C(r) = 2(r + 0.6)2 + (2r + 0.5)h
Radius 4.1 cm, height 8.3 cm = 2 (r + 0.6)2 + 141.2185(2r + 0.5)r 2
Because height = 2 radius, height = diameter. C (r ) = 4 (r + 0.6) 282.437r 2
So minimal can is neither tall and narrow nor 141.2185r 3
short and wide. C(r) = 0 at r 3.9966 by graphing calculator.
d. Normally proportioned can is taller and C (r ) = 4 + 564.874r 3 + 423.6555r 4 > 0
narrower than minimal can. For normal can, for all r > 0, so this is a minimum point.
A = 2(3.65)(10.6) + 2(3.65)2 = Minimal can has r 3.9966 ,
326.8041 . h 8.8411 cm.
For minimal can, A = 2(4.13)(8.26) + But if the metal for the ends is cut from
2(4.13)2 = 322.014 . squares, then it takes 4(r + 0.6)2 to make each
Difference is 4.78 cm2. end and (2r + 0.5)h to make the sides, so
Percent: (4.789)(100)/326.80 = 1.465 minimize:
1.5% of metal in normal can C(r) = 8(r + 0.6)2 + (2r + 0.5)h
e. Savings = (0.06)(20 106)(0.01465)(365) = = 8(r + 0.6)2 + 141.2185(2r + 0.5)r 2
6.419 106, or about $6.4 million! C (r ) = 16(r + 0.6) 282.437r 2
141.2185r 3
16. a. C(r ) = 2r 2 k + 2rh = 2r 2 k + 282.437r 1
C(r) = 0 at r 3.6776 by graphing
C (r ) = 4rk 282.437r 2 calculator.
= 4r 2 ( kr 3 70.60925) C (r ) = 16 + 564.874r 3 + 423.6555r 4 > 0
C(r) = 0 at r = 3 70.60925/k for all r > 0, so this is a minimum point.
Minimal can has r 3.6776 ,
C (r ) = 4k + 564.874r 3 > 0 for all r > 0,
h 10.4411 .
so this is a local minimum. This is close to the normal can!
If the normal can is the cheapest to make,
17. a. Volume of cup = (2.5)2 7 = 43.75
then 3.65 = 3 70.60925/k Let r = radius of cup, h = height of cup.
k = 70.60925(3.65) 3 = 1.4520 . Minimize A(r) = r2 + 2rh.
This is reasonable because metal for the ends r 2 h = 43.75 h = 43.75r 2
is cut into circles, so some must be wasted. A(r ) = r 2 + 87.5r 1
b. Now it takes (2r)2 cm2 of metal to make each A
282.437 r
C (r ) = 0 at r = 3 3.52...
16k
A(r ) = 2r 2Vr 2 = 0 at r = 3 V /
A(r ) = 2 + 4Vr 3 > 0 for all r > 0, so this is
a minimum. x
50
x
x 3
Domain of x is 0 x 3. x
1.5ex 0.5xex.
The graph shows a maximum at x 2.1.
A (x )
4 V ( x ) = 18x 4x 3 = 0 at x = 0, 4.5 .
4.5 is out of the domain.
V (0) = V (3) = 0, V ( 4.5 ) = 20.25 =
63.6172
x
0 2 3 Maximum is at x = 4.5 , y = 9 4.5 = 4.5.
Maximal cylinder has radius = 4.5 =
The graph shows a maximum at x 2. 2.12132 and height = 4.5.
A(x) = 1.5ex 0.5ex 0.5xex = 0.5ex(2 x)
b. Maximize L(x) = 2 xy = 2 x(9 x2) =
A(x) = 0 at x = 2, confirming the graph.
18 x 2 x 3 .
A(x) > 0 for x < 2, and A(x) < 0 for x > 2,
confirming maximum point at x = 2. L (x )
V = (2a 2x 4x3)
V = 0 x = 0 or x = a/ 2 .
V is maximum at x = a/ 2. 20
r
For the cylinder of maximum volume,
1 1.957...
(cylinder radius):(paraboloid radius) = 1/ 2,
a constant. The graph shows a minimum of A(r) at endpoint
Note: This ratio is also constant (1/ 3 ) for the r = 1.957 .
cylinder of maximum lateral area, but is not Minimize A 2 (r ) = 2 (r 4 + 225r 2 ).
constant for the cylinder of maximum total ( A 2 (r )) = 2 ( 4r 3 450 r 3 ) = 0 at r = 6 112.5 =
area.
2.1971 , which is out of the domain.
25. a. x 2 + y 2 = 100, 0 x 10 A(1.9574) = 26.915 , lim+ A(r ) = .
r0
Maximize V ( x ) = x 2 y = 2x 2 100 x 2 . Minimal cone has radius = 3 7.5 = 1.9574
b. V ( x) and height = 2 r = 23 7.5 = 3.9148K .
2000 Make r 1.96 ft and h 3.91 ft.
27. a. Lateral area L(x) = 2 x y
Domains: 0 x 5 and 0 y 7
x Equation of element of cone is
0 8.16... 10 7
y = x + 7 y = 1.4 x + 7.
5
The graph shows a maximum volume at L(x) = 2x(1.4x + 7) = 2(1.4x2 + 7x)
x 8.2.
2x 3 L (x )
V ( x ) = + 4 x 100 x 2 50
100 x 2
6 x 3 + 400 x
=
100 x 2 x
0 2.5 5
200 10 6
V ( x ) = 0 at x = 0, = = 8.1649K
3 3
The graph shows a maximum of L(x) at
V(0) = V(10) = 0
x 2.5.
10 6 4000 3 L(x) = 2 (2.8x + 7)
V = = 2418.399K
L(x) = 0 at x = 2.5.
3 9
3
F (y) = 0 64 12y 2 4y 3 = 0 The graph shows a maximum A at x 500.
Solving numerically for y close to 1.8 gives 500 x, x < 600
y 1.8216 . A =
800 2 x, x > 600
Substituting y = 1.8216 gives
For x < 600, A = 0 x = 500.
x = 16 y 2 12.6816 .
For x > 600, A = 0 x = 400 (out of the
1
F(1.8216 K) = x (16 + y 2 + 4 y) domain).
3 A is undefined at the cusp, x = 600.
353.318 . Maximum at x = 500 because graph is
Maximal frustum has radii = 4 m and 1.82 m, parabola opening downward.
height 12.68 m, and volume 353.3 m3. Or: Check the critical points.
The maximal frustum contains 152.3 m3 more A(500) = 500(500) 0.5(500)2 = 125,000
than the maximal cylinder, about 75.7% more. A(600) = 500(600) 0.5(600)2 = 120,000 ft2
31. a. If f (c) is a local maximum, then Maximum area is 125,000 f t 2 at x = 500 ft.
f (x) f (c) 0 for x in a neighborhood of c. b. If x 400, then 1000 = x + 2y
For x to the left of c, x c < 0. y = 500 0.5x.
f ( x ) f (c ) If x 400, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x 400)
Thus, 0 (neg./neg.) and
xc y = 700 x.
f ( x ) f (c )
f (c) = lim 0. 500 x 0.5 x 2, x 400
x0 xc A=
For x to the right of c, x c > 0.
2
700 x x , x > 400
f ( x ) f (c )
Thus, 0 (neg./pos.) and A
150,000
xc
f ( x ) f (c )
f (c) = lim+ 0.
x0 xc
Therefore, 0 f (c) 0.
Because f (c) exists, f (c) = 0 by the squeeze
x
400
theorem, Q.E.D.
b. If f is not differentiable at x = c, then f (c) The graph shows a maximum A at the cusp,
does not exist and thus cannot equal zero. x = 400.
Without this hypothesis, the reasoning in 500 x, x < 400
A =
part a shows only that f (x) changes sign at 700 2 x, x > 400
x = c. There could be a cusp, a removable For x < 400, A = 0 x = 500 (out of the
discontinuity, or a step discontinuity at x = c. domain).
c. The converse would say that if f (c) = 0, then For x > 400, A = 0 x = 350 (out of the
f (c) is a local maximum. This statement is domain).
y = 500 0.5x. 1
x
If x 200, then 1000 = x + 2y + (x 200) 2
y = 600 x.
Q9. tan x + C Q10. B
500 x 0.5 x 2, x 200
A= 1. a. y = 4 x 2
2
600 x x , x > 200 dV = 2xy dx = 2 (4x x3) dx
A b. 0 = 4 x 2 = (2 x)(2 + x) at x = 2
150,000
2
V = 2 ( 4 x x 3 ) dx = 2 2 x 2 x 4
2
1
0 4 0
= 8 = 25.1327
x
c. y = 4 x 2 x 2 = 4 y
300
Upper bound of solid is at y = 4.
The graph shows a maximum A at x 300. dV = x2 dy = (4 y) dy
4 4
500 x, x < 200 V= (4 y) dy = (4 y 0.5y ) =
2
A =
600 2 x, x > 200
0 0
2
A(200) = 500(200) 0.5(200)2 = 80,000 ft2
0 7
Maximum area is 90,000 ft2 at x = 300 ft. 0
384
33. Answers will vary. = = 172.3387
7
d. dV = y 2 dx = x 4/3 dx
Problem Set 8-4 8 8
3 384
V = x 4/3 dx = x 7/3 = =
0 7 0 7
Q1. Q2.
y y
172.3387 , which is the same as the
volume by cylindrical shells in part c.
x x 3. The graph shows y = x2 + 4x + 3, from x = 1 to
x = 4, sliced parallel to the y-axis, with sample
point (x, y), rotated about the y-axis, showing
back half of solid only.
Q3. Q4. y
(x, y)
y y
x x
1 x
1 4
Q5. Q6.
dV = 2xy dx = 2 (x 3 + 4x 2 + 3x) dx
y y
4
V= 2 ( x + 4 x 2 + 3 x ) dx
3
x x 1
268.6061 (exactly 85.5)
5
(x, y)
2 ( y
x
2 5
V= 3
+ 10 y 2 24 y) dy
4
41.8879 exactly
40
dV = 2xy dx = 2 (x3 8x2 + 17x) dx 3
5 Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 4 and 6
V= 2 ( x 8 x 2 + 17 x ) dx and height 1 has volume (62 42) 1 =
3
2
62.83 , which is a reasonable upper bound for
117.8097 (exactly 37.5)
the calculated volume.
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 5
and height 5 has volume (52 22) 5 = 7. Figure 8-4h shows y = x3, intersecting the line
329.8 , which is a reasonable upper bound y = 8 at x = 2 and the line x = 1. Rotate about
for the calculated volume. Assuming that the the y-axis. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick
part of the solid above y = 2 could be fit into sample points (x, y) on the graph and (x, 8) on
the trough, the volume is approximately the line y = 8.
(52 22) 2 = 131.9 , which is close to the dV = 2 x(8 y) dx = 2 (8x x4) dx
2
V= 2 (8x x
calculated volume. 4
) dx
1
5. The graph shows x = y2 + 6y 5, intersecting
36.4424 (exactly 11.6)
y-axis at y = 1 and y = 5, rotated about the
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 1
x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
and height 7 has volume (22 12) 7 = 65.9 ,
which is a reasonable upper bound for the
y
5 calculated volume.
(x, y)
(0, y )
8. The graph shows y = 1/x, intersecting line y = 4
at x = 0.25 and the line x = 3, rotated about the
1
x y-axis, showing back half of solid only.
4
y
(x, 4)
y=4
(x, y )
x
5
dV = 2x (4 y) dx = 2 (4x 1) dx
V= 2 ( y + 6 y 2 5 y) dy
3
3
V= 2 ( 4 x 1) dx
1
the line x = 5. x
dV = 2 y(5 x) dy = 2 (5y y1/2 ) dy 4 8
4
V=
0.04
2 (5 y y1/2 ) dy
161.5676 exactly 51
3
7
dV = 2 y(8 x) dy = 2 (8y y5/2 ) dy
4 Circumscribed cylinder of radius 4 and height 8
V= 2 (8y y
5/2
) dy has volume (42) 8 = 402.1 , which is a
1
reasonable upper bound for the calculated
149.0012 exactly 47
3 volume.
7 14. The graph shows y = x 2, from x = 1 to x = 2,
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 1 and 4 rotated about the line x = 3, showing back half of
and height 7 has volume (42 12) 7 = solid only.
329.8 , which is a reasonable upper bound for
the calculated volume. y
(x, y )
[( x
(x, y2 )
V= 2
+ 4 x + 2)2 (1.4 x + 1)2 ] dx
0
181.0655
1 (x, y1 )
x Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 6
1 1 4
and height 3.4 has volume (62 22) 3.4 =
dV = 2(x + 1)(y2 y1) dx 341.8 , a reasonable upper bound for the
= 2 (x + 1)(6 x x 1/2) dx calculated volume.
4
V= 2 ( x + 1)(6 x x 19. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample
1/2
) dx
1 points (x, y) on the graph of y = x3 and (1, y)
on the line x = 1.
109.5368K exactly 34
13
15 y = x 3 x = y 1/3; y 1/3 = 1 at y = 1
Circumscribed hollow cylinder of radii 2 and 5 dV = ( x2 12) dy = (y2/3 1) dy
and height 4 has volume (52 22) 4 =
8
V= (y 1) dy 36.4424
2/3
263.8 , which is a reasonable upper bound for 1
the calculated volume. (exactly 11.6 ), which agrees with the answer to
17. Figure 8-4l shows y1 = x2 + 4x + 1 and y2 = Problem 7.
1.4x, intersecting at x = 0 and x = 3.3740 20. See the graph for Problem 8. Slice
(store as b). Rotate about the line x = 2. Slice perpendicular to the y-axis. Pick sample points
parallel to the y-axis. Pick sample points (x, y1) (x, y) on the graph of y = 1/x and (3, y) on the
and (x, y2). line x = 3.
dV = 2 (x + 2) (y1 y2) dx dV = (32 x 2 ) dy = (9 y 2 ) dy
= 2 (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 1 1.4x) dx 4
b V= (9 y 2 ) dy 95.0331 (exactly
V= 0
2 ( x + 2)( x 2 + 4 x + 1 1.4 x ) dx 1/ 3
30.25 ) , which agrees with the answer to
163.8592 Problem 8.
Circumscribed hollow cylinder with radii 2 and
21. The graph shows y = x1/3, from x = 0 to x = 8,
5.4 and height 4 has volume (5.42 22)4 =
rotated about the x-axis, showing back half of
316.1 , a reasonable upper bound for calculated solid only.
volume.
1
0 5 0
rotate about that line. Pick sample points
(x, y) and (x, y) on the upper and lower
= 2 ( 16 6.4) = 19.2 = 60.3185789 branches.
R8 = 19.3662109 = 60.8407460 dV = 2 ( 7 x)[y (y)] dx
R100 = 19.2010666 = 60.3219299 = 4 ( 7 5 cos t)(3 sin t)(5 sin t dt)
R1000 = 19.2000106 = 60.3186124 = 60 ( 7 5 cos t)(sin2 t) dt
Rn is approaching 19.2 as n increases. Limits of integration are t = to t = 0, as in
22. a. y = sin x from x = 0 to x = 2, rotated about part b.
the y-axis, as in Figure 8-4m. Slice parallel V 2072.6169 (exactly 210 2, using the
to the y-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on half-argument properties for sin2 t, as in
the graph. Problem 16 of Problem Set 5-9, or by using
dV = 2 xy dx = 2 x sin x dx integration by parts as in Chapter 9).
2
V= 2x sin x dx 10.9427
0
24. Answers will vary.
numerically (exactly 2 ( sin 2 2 cos 2),
integrating by parts).
b. The integrand, x sin x, is a product of two Problem Set 8-5
functions, for which the antiderivative cannot Q1. Q2.
be found using techniques known so far. y y
23. a. x = 5 cos t, dx = 5 sin t dt 16 16
y = 3 sin t, dy = 3 cos t dt
Slice parallel to the x-axis, then rotate about x x
the x-axis. Pick sample points (x, y) at the 0 4 1 4
/2
= 60 cos3 t 0 x
= 60 ( 0 1) = 60 = 188.4955 4
At x = 5, t = . At x = 5, t = 0.
0
V=
45 sin 3 t dt 188.4955
(exactly 60 ) , which agrees with the volume 1
x
found in part a. 0 2
= 6.7848 = 13.7141
c. dy = e x dx c. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + e 2 x dx dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x dx
1/5
L=
2
0
1 + e dx 6.7886 numerically
2x L=
0
1 + tan 2 x sec 2 x dx 13.7304
numerically
2. a. 5. a.
y y
9
1 1 x
x 1 6
0 3
5
b. dy = (2x 5) dx
b. L n =1
(0.6)2 + [2 0.6 n 2 0.6( n 1) ]2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + (2 x 5)2 dx
= 7.7853 6
c. dy = (2x ln 2) dx L=
1
1 + (2 x 5)2 dx 15.8617K
10
x x
0 1.5 0 4
5
b. L n =1
(0.3)2 + [tan 0.3n tan 0.3(n 1)]2 b. dy = (4 2x) dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + ( 4 2 x )2 dx
= 14.4394 4
c. dy = sec2 x dx L=
0
1 + ( 4 2 x )2 dx 9.2935K
10
1 x x
0 1.5 1 2
x
1 9
x
0 1.5
b. dy = (3x2 18x + 5) dx
b. dy = sec2 x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + sec 4 x dx
= 1 + (3 x 2 18 x + 5) 2 dx
1.5
L=
9
1
1 + (3 x 18 x + 5) dx 219.4873K
2 2 L=
0
1 + sec 4 x dx 14.4488K
10
1 x
x
0 1.5
1 e
b. dy = 2 ln x x 1 dx = 2 x 1 ln x dx b. dy = sec x tan x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + (2 x 1 ln x )2 dx dL = 1 + (sec x tan x )2 dx
1.5
e
L= 0.1
1 + (2 x 1 ln x )2 dx 7.6043 L=
0
1 + (sec x tan x )2 dx 13.7304K
c. Chords from x = 0.1 to x = 1 and from x = 1 c. The distance between the endpoints is
to x = e have combined length 7.3658 , 13.2221 , which is a reasonable lower
which is a reasonable lower bound for L. bound for L.
10. a. 13. a.
y
y 5
5
x
x
0 5 4
5
= (15 cos 2 t sin t )2 + (15 sin 2 t cos t )2 dt |sin t |
= 10 2 dt
2
0 1 + cos t
L= (15 cos 2 t sin t )2 + (15 sin 2 t cos t ) 2 dt
0
30
= 20 2 0
(1 + cos t ) 1/2 (sin t dt )
To see why the answer is so simple, = 40 2 (1 + cos t )1/2 0
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem. = 40 2 (1 1) + 40 2 (1 + 1)1/2 = 80
1/2
c. Maximum/minimum values of y are
L= 225(sin t cos t )2 (cos 2 t + sin 2 t ) dt
0 7.5 3 . Circle of radius 7.5 3 has
2 circumference 15 3 = 81.6209K .
= 7.5 0
(2 sin t cos t )2 dt
15. a.
2 y
= 7.5 0
sin 2 2t dt 4
2 /2 x
= 7.5 0
|sin 2t | dt = 7.5 4
0
sin 2t dt 4
/2
= 30 ( cos 2t )
1
= 30 (exactly!)
2 0
b. dx = (5 sin t + 5 sin 5t) dt
c. Circle of radius 5 (i.e., x = 5 sin t, y = dy = (5 cos t 5 cos 5t) dt
5 cos t) has circumference 10 = 31.4152 ,
which is close to the calculated value of L. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 =
14. a. (5 sin t + 5 sin 5t ) 2 + (5 cos t 5 cos 5t ) 2 dt
y 2
10 L=
0
(5 sin t + 5 sin 5t ) 2 + (5 cos t 5 cos 5t ) 2 dt
x 40
5
To see why the answer is so simple,
transform the radicand and use the
fundamental theorem.
2
dL = dx + dy = 2 2 =5 2 0
1 cos 4t dt (using cos ( A B))
2 1 cos 2 4t
[5(2 sin t + 2 sin 2t )]2 + [5(2 cos t 2 cos 2t )]2 dt =5 2 0 1 + cos 4t
dt
L=
2 2
|sin 4t |
0
[5(2 sin t + 2 sin 2t )]2 + [5(2 cos t 2 cos 2t )]2 dt =5 2
0 1 + cos 4t
dt
80 /4
To see why the answer is so simple, = 40 2 0
(1 + cos 4t ) 1/2 (sin 4t dt )
transform the radicand algebraically and /4
use the fundamental theorem. = 20 2 (1 + cos 4t )1/2 0
2
L = 10 0
2 2 sin t sin 2t 2 cos t cos 2t dt = 0 + 20 2 2 = 40
2
c. Maximum/minimum values of x, y are
= 10 2 0
1 cos t dt (using cos ( A B)) 3 3. Circle of radius 3 3 has circumference
32.6483 , which is close.
t = 4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = (t cos t )2 + (t sin t )2 dt
= |t | dt = t dt (because t 0) b. dy = 2 x 1/ 3 dx
4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x 2/3 dx
4
L= t dt = 0.5t 2 = 8 2 = 78.9568K
0 0
8
L= 1 + 4x
2/3
c. Circle of radius 4 = 12.5663 would have dx
1
circumference = 8 2. 8
( x + 4)1/2 x 1/3 dx
3 8 2/3
2
=
30
2 1 3
8
3 2
= ( x 2/3 + 4)3/2
2 3 1
x
0 4 = 8 8 5 5 = 11.4470 K
c. Distance between endpoints is 130 =
b. dy = 6x1/2 dx
11.4017 , which is a reasonable lower
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 36 x dx bound for L.
4 4 20. a.
(1 + 36 x )
1
L= 1 + 36 x dx = 1/2
(36 dx )
0 36 0 y
1 4 1
= (1 + 36 x )3/2 0 = (1453/ 2 1)
54 54
= 32.3153 5
= 1 + x 4 + 2 x 2 dx = (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 1 3
x
1 2 L= (1 + x 2 ) dx = x + x 3 = 12
0 3 0
2
b. dy = ( x /4 x ) dx
2
c. Distance between endpoints is 11.6123 ,
which is a reasonable lower bound for L.
dL = dx + dy = 1 + ( x /4 x ) dx
2 2 2 2 2
( x /4 + x
750
L= 2 2
) dx (because integrand > 0)
1
220 x
2 1
= x 3 /12 x 1 1 = 1 = 1.0833K 2100 0 2100
12
dx = y 1/2 dy
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = ( y + 1)1/2 dy
x
3 3
( y + 1)
2
4 4
L= 1/2
dy = ( y + 1)3/2
0 3 0
23. Outer ellipse:
x = 120 cos t, dx = 120 sin t dt =4
2
= 4.6666
y = 100 sin t, dy = 100 cos t dt 3
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 26. x 2 = y 3 x = y 1.5
2x dx = 3y2 dy 4x2 dx2 = 9y4 dy2
= (120 sin t )2 + (100 cos t )2 dt 9
2
4 y 3 dx 2 = 9 y 4 dy 2 dx 2 = y dy 2
4
L= (120 sin t )2 + (100 cos t )2 dt
0 Note that dy < 0 between (1, 1) and (0, 0):
692.5791 692.6 m y
Inner ellipse:
x = 100 cos t, dx = 100 sin t dt 4
y = 50 sin t, dy = 50 cos t dt
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 1
x
1 8
= (100 sin t ) + (50 cos t ) dt
2 2
=
8
(1 + 3.25 + 10 1) = 10.5131
3/2 3/2 dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = sin 2 t + A 2 cos 2 t dt
27 The entire ellipse is generated as t increases from
t 1
27. x = cos t, dx = (cos t t sin t ) dt 0 to 2 .
2
t 1
y = sin t, dy = (sin t + t cos t ) dt
L= 0
sin 2 t + A 2 cos 2 t dt
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 A L
1
= (cos t t sin t )2 + (sin t + t cos t )2 dt 0 4 (a double line segment)
1 1 6.283185 (= 2)
= 1 + t 2 dt
2 9.688448
The curve crosses the x-axis exactly when sin t 3 13.364893
= 0, when t is a multiple of . There are seven
crossings after the beginning, so t should run Doubling A doubles one axis of the ellipse
between 0 and 7. To check this, note that the without changing the other axis. That is why the
curve ends at (7, 0), so solve (t/) cos t = 7 length does not double when A doubles. The
with t = n (n / ) cos n = 7 reasoning is similar to that in the solution to
n cos n = 7 n = 7 0 t 7 . Problem 29.
1 7 31. The function y = ( x 2) 1 has a vertical
L=
0 1 + t 2 dt 77.6508
asymptote at x = 2, which is in the interval
The integral can be evaluated algebraically by [1, 3]. So the length is infinite. Maes partition
trigonometric substitution as in Section 9-6, of the interval skips over the discontinuity, as
giving shown in the graph.
1 + t 2 dt = t t 2 + 1 + ln t + 1 + t 2 + C.
1
2 ( ) 25
y
x
= r dt (for r 0) 1 2 3
The range 0 t 2 generates the entire circle.
2 2
32. The sample points are all of the form (n/2,
Circumference = r dt = rt = 2r, Q .E.D .
0 0 sin n), which all lie on the x-axis and therefore
29. y = A sin x, dy = A cos x dx fail to measure the wiggly bits.
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + A 2 cos 2 x dx y
Amos's sample points
A L
0 6.283185 (= 2)
The length of the curve is 40 times the length of
1 7.640395 the part from x = 0 to x = 0.25 (by symmetry),
2 10.540734 so Amos could use five subintervals of [0, 0.25]
3 13.974417 to estimate the length of half of one arch, then
dy = x dx
1
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2 dx
(x, y ) x
dS = 2x dL = 2x 1 + x 2 dx 1 3
3
S= 2x
0
1 + x 2 dx 64.1361
b. The inscribed cone of height 4.5 and radius dL = 1 + x 2 dx, from Problem 3.
3 has lateral surface area = rL =
dS = 2 x dL = 2 x 1 + x 2 dx
3 32 + 4.52 = 50.9722 , which is
3
a reasonable lower bound for S.
3
S= 2 x
1
1 + x 2 dx 28.3047K
c. S = (1 + x
2 1/2
0
) (2 x dx ) 5. The graph shows y = 1/ x = x 1,from x = 0.5 to
2 3
2 x = 2, rotated about the y-axis.
(1 + x 2 )3/2 = (10 10 1)
=
3 0 3 2
y
found numerically.
x
2. a. The graph shows y = sin x, from x = 0 to 2
x = , rotated about the x-axis.
y
(x, y )
1
x dy = x 2 dx
0
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 4 dx
2
S= 2x 1 + (3 x 2 + 10 x 8)2 dx
0
S= 2x 1 + x 4 dx 15.5181K
0.5 58.7946
6. The graph shows y = 1/x = x , from x = 0.5 to 1 9. The graph shows y = x = x 1/2, from x = 0 to
x = 2, rotated about the x-axis. x = 1, rotated about the x-axis.
y
y
2 1 (x, y )
(x, y )
x x
2 0 1
8 4
= (1.253/ 2 0.125) = 5.3304 K
3
10. The graph shows y = x3, from x = 1 to x = 2,
rotated about the x-axis, showing back half of
surface only.
(x, y )
8 y
x
0 2
dy = 3x2 dx
(x, y )
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 9 x 4 dx
dS = 2x dL = 2x 1 + 9 x 4 dx 1
x
2 1 2
S= 2 x
0
1 + 9 x 4 dx 77.3245K
dy = 3x2 dx
(x, y )
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 9 x 4 dx
x
dS = 2 y dL = 2 x3 (1 + 9x4)1/2 dx
2
3
S= 2x 3 (1 + 9 x 4 )1/2 dx
1
dy = (3x2 + 10x 8) dx 2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2
=
18 1
(1 + 9 x 4 )1/ 2 (36 x dx )
2 2
= (1 + 9 x 4 )3/ 2
= 1 + (3 x 2 + 10 x 8)2 dx 18 3 1
dS = 2 x dL
= (1453/ 2 10 3/ 2 ) = 199.4804 K
= 2 x 1 + (3 x 2 + 10 x 8)2 dx 27
Graph intersects x-axis where y = 0. 11. The graph shows y = x 4 / 8 + x 2 / 4, from x = 1
x 3 + 5x 2 8x + 6 = (x 3)(x 2 2x + 2) = 0 to x = 2, rotated about the x-axis, showing back
at x = 3. side of surface only.
1
1 2 S=
0 2 0
= 49.5 = 155.5088
dy = (x3/2 x 3/2) dx = 0.5(x3 x 3) dx 14. The graph shows y = 2x1/3, from x = 1 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing back
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.25( x 3 x 3 )2 dx half of surface only.
= 1 + 0.25 x 6 0.5 + 0.25 x 6 dx y
3
= 0.25( x + x ) dx = 0.5( x + x ) dx
3 3 2 3
dS = 2 y dL
4
x
= ( x 7 + 3 x + 2 x 5 ) dx 1 8
8
2 7
S=
8 1
( x + 3 x + 2 x 5 ) dx
2 2/3
1
2 dy = x dx
= x 8 + x 2 x 4
3 1 3
8 8 2 2 1
4 4 / 3
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 +
= 32 + 6
1 1 3 1 155 x dx
+ =4 9
8 32 8 2 2 256
= 14.4685 4 4 / 3
dS = 2 x dL = 2 x 1 + x dx
12. The graph shows y = x2, from x = 0 to x = 2, 9
rotated about the y-axis. 8
x
4 4 / 3
y
S = 2 1+ x dx
1 9
4
1/ 2
x 1/ 3 x 4 / 3 +
8
4
= 2 dx
1 9
(x, y )
1/2
8
x 4/3 + 4
3 4 1/3
=
x
x dx
0 2
2 1 9 3
dy = 2 x dx 3/2 8
= x 4/3 +
4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x 2 dx 9 1
dS = 2 x dL = 2 x 1 + 4 x dx 2
2 = (1483/2 133/2 ) = 204.0435K
x 1 + 4x
S = 2 2
dx 27
0 1 1
2 2 15. The graph shows y = x 3 + x 1 , from x = 1 to
= (1 + 4 x ) 2 1/ 2
(8 x dx ) = (1 + 4 x 2 )3/2 3 4
4 0 6 0 x = 3, rotated about the line y = 1, showing
back half of surface only.
= (173/ 2 1) = 36.1769K
6
1 y
13. The graph shows y = ( x 2 + 2)3/ 2 , from x = 0 to 9
3
x = 3, rotated about the y-axis. (x, y)
y
12
x
1 3
(x, 1)
(x, y )
1 x
0 3
4 b. i. S0,1 = 10 dx = 10x
0 0
= 10
2
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2 x 2 dx
1 2 2
4 ii. S1,2 =
1
10 dx = 10x
1
= 10
1 1
= 1 + x 4 + x 4 dx 3 3
2 16
2
iii. S2,3 =
2
10 dx = 10x
2
= 10
= x 2 + x 2 dx = x 2 + x 2 dx
1 1 4
4
4
dS = 2 ( y + 1) dL
4 iv. S3,4 =
3
10 dx = 10x
3
= 10
= 2 x 3 + x 1 + 1 x 2 + x 2 dx
5 5
1 1 1
v. S4,5 = 10 dx = 10x = 10
3 4 4 4 4
= 2 x 5 + x 2 + x + x 2 + x 3 dx
1 1 1 1 c. The two features exactly balance each other.
3 3 4 16 The area of a zone of a sphere is a function
1 of the height of the zone only, and is
x + x 2 + x 3 dx
3
3x
1 1 1
S = 2 5
+ x2 + independent of where the zone is located
1 3 4 16
on the sphere.
3
= 2 x 6 + x 3 + x 2 x 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 18. Suppose that the sphere is centered at the origin,
x
18 3 6 4 32 1 as in Problem 17. The equation of a great
5 circle in the xy-plane is x2 + y2 = r2, from
= 101 = 318.1735K
18 which y = r 2 x 2 = (r 2 x 2 )1/2 .
1 1 dy = x(r2 x2) 1/2dx
16. The graph shows y = x 3 + x 1 , from x = 1 to
3 4 dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2 (r 2 x 2 ) 1 dx
x = 3, rotated about line x = 4.
dS = 2y dL
y
9
(x, y) = 2 (r 2 x 2 )1/ 2 1 + x 2 (r 2 x 2 ) 1 dx
x
S=
r
2r dx = 2rx
r
= 4r 2 , Q .E.D .
1 3 4
19. Pick a sample point in the spherical shell at
radius r from the center. Surface area at the
dL = x 2 + x 2 dx, from Problem 15
1
sample point is 4 r2. Volume of shell is
4
approximately (surface area)(thickness).
dS = 2 ( 4 x ) dL = 2 ( 4 x ) x 2 + x 2 dx
1
dV = 4r 2 dr
4 R
R
4 4
= 2 4 x x + x x dx
2 3 2 1 1 V= 4 r 2 dr = r 3 = R 3 , Q .E .D .
4 0 3 0 3
S = 2 4 x 2 x 3 + x 2 x 1 dx
3
1 4 dV
20. V = r 3 = 4r 2 = S, Q.E.D.
1 4 3 dr
3 dV
= 2 x 3 x 4 x 1 ln | x| or: V = S dr = S by the definition of
4 1 1
3 4 4 1
dr
indefinite integral.
= 2 15 ln 3 = 94.6164 K
1 1
21. y = ax2, dy = 2ax dx
3 4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = (1 + 4 a 2 x 2 )1/ 2 dx
17. a. x 2 + y 2 = 25 y = 25 x 2 dS = 2x dL = 2x (1 + 4 a 2 x 2 )1/ 2 dx
2 1/ 2
dy = x (25 x ) dx r
S = 2 x(1 + 4a x )
2 2 1/ 2
dx
2 1
dL = dx + dy = 1 + x (25 x ) dx
2 2 2 0
r
4a
dS = 2 y dL = (1 + 4 a x )
2
2 2 1/ 2
(8a 2 x dx )
0
= 2 25 x 2 1 + x 2 (25 x 2 ) 1 dx r
= (1 + 4 a 2 2 3/2
x ) = 2 [(1 + 4 a 2 r 2 )3/ 2 1]
= 2 25 x + x dx = 10 dx
2 2
6a 2
0 6a
3 y
S=
tan 1 ( 5/4 )
dS 37, 756.5934 37, 757 ft 2
(x, y ) 4
e. Volume S = 12, 585.5311 ft 3
12
x
5
466.1307 yd3
25. From Figure 8-6m, a circle of radius L has area
L2 and circumference 2L. The circumference of
the cones base is 2R. The arc length of the
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = ( 5 sin t )2 + (3 cos t )2 dt sector of the circle of radius L must be equal to
dS = 2y dL this, so the sector is (2R)/(2L) = R/L of the
circle and has surface area S = L2(R/L) = RL,
= 2 (3 sin t ) ( 5 sin t )2 + (3 cos t )2 dt Q .E .D .
S= 0
6 sin t ( 5 sin t ) 2 + (3 cos t )2 dt 26. S = RL rl
The objective is to get the lateral area in terms of
165.7930 the slant height of the frustum, L l.
From ( x/5)2 + ( y/3)2 = 1, y = 0.6 25 x 2 .
S = R L l
r
Using the upper branch of the graph, R
dy = 0.6 x (25 x 2 ) 1/ 2 dx.
= R L l , because
l r l
= .
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.36 x 2 (25 x 2 ) 1 dx L R L
At x = 5, dL involves division by zero, which R 2 2
= (L l )
is awkward, and makes the Cartesian equation L
= R + R ( L l)
r L=
0
dL 28.8141K
R
4. a. r = 5 3 cos . The calculator graph confirms
= ( R + r)(L l) that the text figure is traced out once as
R + r increases from 0 to 2.
= 2 ( L l ), Q .E.D . 1
2 b. dA = (5 3 cos )2 d
2
2
c. dr = 3 sin d
Q1. 15x 2 14x + 4 Q2. 12(4x 9)2 dL = dr 2 + (r d )2
Q3. 3 sin2 x cos x Q4. 3 sec 3x tan 3x
x
= (3 sin )2 + (5 3 cos )2 d
Q5. e Q6. 1/x 2
2
dL = dr + (r d )
2 2 L=
0
dL 51.4511
calculated length is twice this value because
A= dA 100.5309K (exactly 32 )
the circle is traced out twice as increases 0
from 0 to 2. The calculus of this section c. dr = 16 sin d
always gives the dynamic answer as the
dL = dr 2 + (r d )2
distance traveled by a point on the curve as
increases from one value to another. This = (16 sin 2 )2 + (8 cos 2 )2 d
path length does not necessarily equal the 2
length of the curve. L=
0
dL 77.5075K
3. a. r = 4 + 3 sin . The calculator graph confirms 7. a. 5 = 5 + 5 cos . The calculator graph
that the text figure is traced out once as confirms that the text figure is traced out once
increases from 0 to 2. as increases from 0 to 2.
1
b. dA = ( 4 + 3 sin )2 d 1
b. dA = (5 + 5 cos )2 d
2 2
2 2
A= 0
dA 64.4026 (exactly 20.5) A=
0
dA 117.8097K (exactly 37.5 )
= (5 sin ) + (5 + 5 cos ) d
2 2 A= 1
dA 4.5557K
2 (exactly 16 tan 1 24 + 4 sin 2)
L= 0
dL = 40 (exactly)
c. dr = 4(sec tan + sin ) d
10
8. a. r = . The calculator graph dL = dr 2 + (r d )2
3 2 cos
confirms that the text figure is traced out once = 4 (sec tan + sin )2 + (sec cos )2 d
as increases from 0 to 2.
1
L= dL 10.9534 K
2
1 10
b. dA = 1
2 3 2 cos
2 11. r = 49 cos 2
A= 0
dA 84.2977K (exactly 12 5 ) r = 0 2 = cos 1 0 = /2 + 2 n (n an integer)
20 sin = /4 + n
c. dr = d The right-hand loop corresponds to
(3 2 cos )2
nonnegative values of the integrand,
dL = dr 2 + (r d )2 /4 /4.
1
dA = ( 49 cos 2 ) d
2 2
20 sin 10
= (3 2 cos )2 + 3 2 cos d 2
/4 /4
1
2 A= ( 49 cos 2 ) d = 12.25 sin 2
L= 0
dL 33.0744 K /4 2 /4
= 24.5
9. a.
Area of both loops is 49.
1
12. The graph of r = csc + 4 shows a closed loop
from 3.4 to 6.
1
5
increases from 0 to .
1
b. dA = (sin 3 )2 d
2 The graph passes through the pole where r = 0.
csc + 4 = 0 = csc 1 ( 4) =
A= 0
dA 0.7853K (exactly 0.25 )
sin 1 ( 0.25) = 0.2526 + 2 n or
c. dr = 3 cos 3 d [ (0.2526)] + 2 n
dL = dr 2 + (r d )2 Desired range is 3.3942 6.0305 .
= (3 cos 3 )2 + (sin 3 )2 d 1
dA = (csc + 4)2 d
2
L= dL 6.6824 K 6.0305K
10. a.
0 A=
3.3942K
dA 8.4553
1
dA = (r22 r12) d 10
2
1
= [(10 cos )2 ( 4 + 4 cos )2 ] d
2
0.841K
A=
0.841K
dA 18.8863K r = 4 + 6 cos = 0 cos = 2/3
1
= cos 1 ( 2/3) = 2.3005 + 2n
(exactly 26 cos (2/3) (4/3) 5) 1
dA = ( 4 + 6 cos )2 d
14. r1 = 5 and r2 = 5 5 cos intersect at = /2 2
and /2. The outer loop is swept out as increases from
2.3005 to 2.3005.
2.3005K
5
A1 = dA 105.0506 K
2.3005K
5
The inner loop is generated as increases from
2.3005 to 3.9826 .
3.926K
A2 = 2.3005K
dA 1.7635K
Area of the region between the loops is
1 A 1 A 2 103.2871 .
dA = (r12 r22 ) d
2 17. a.
1
= [52 (5 5 cos )2 ] d 4
2
Integrate from /2 to /2, because in Quadrants
II and III the cardioid lies outside the circle. 2
/2
A=
/2
dA 30.3650 K (exactly 50 6.25 )
1 2 1 217 3
A3 = d = 3 =
4 8 24 4 192
Area swept out for second revolution in
Quadrant I is 1 2
2.5 2.5
Area of sector is A( ) = r .
1 2 1 61 3 2
A2 = d = 3 = 1 2
2 8 24 2 192 A(1) = (5) (1) = 12.5
2
Area of region between second and third 1
revolution in Quadrant I is A3 = A2 = A(2) = (3.5355...)2 (2) = 12.5
2
13 3
= 25.1925 . 1
A(3) = (2.8867K)2 (3) = 12.5
16 2
16. The graph of r = 4 + 6 cos shows a closed loop 1
from 2.3 to 4.0. In general, A( ) = (5 1/ 2 )2 ( ) = 12.5, which
2
is independent of the value of .
=
0.005
1 + 2 d
L= 0
dL 20.2228K 20.2 kilo-mi.
From = 0.8 to = 1.88976 ,
2920
L=
1320
dL 53, 281.4120 cm
L=
1.88K
dL 56.7896 K 56.8 kilo-mi.
= 16,960.0002 cm 0.8
dy dy/d
= ( by the chain rule),
dx dx/d b. f (x) = 3x 2 18x + 30; f (x) = 6x 18
dy/d g (x) = 3x2 18x + 27; g(x) = 6x 18
tan = .
dx/d h (x) = 3x2 18x + 24; h(x) = 6x 18
tan tan
c. tan = tan ( ) = c. h (x) = 3(x 2)(x 4) = 0 at x = 2 and 4
1 + tan tan
h(2) = 6 < 0, so h has a local maximum
dy/d y at x = 2.
dx/d x x dx/d h(4) = 6 > 0, so h has a local minimum
=
dy/d y x dx/d at x = 4.
1+
dx/d x
d. g (x) = 3(x 3)2 = 0 only at x = 3.
dy dx
x y g (x) > 0 on both sides of x = 3, so this is
= d d neither a maximum nor a minimum point.
dx dy
x +y
d d e. From the graphs, each point of inflection
d. dx/d = r sin ; appears at x = 3. Because each second
dy dx derivative equals 6x 18, each one equals
dy/d = r cos x y
d d zero when x = 3.
= r cos (r cos ) r sin ( r sin )
= r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 = r2
x
Domain of x is 0 x 2.
2
Maximize V (x) = r2h = x 2y = 8 x2 x 5 .
The graph shows that V (x) has a maximum at
x 1.5.
The graph shows that f ( x ) = x 2 e x has local
minimum at x = 0, local maximum at x 2, V(x )
x 0.6.
f ( x ) = 2 xe x x 2 e x = x (2 x )e x
f ( x ) = 2e x 4 xe x + x 2 e x = (2 4 x + x 2 )e x x
f (x) = 0 at x = 0, 2 0 2
y
(x 1 , y )
1
(x 2 , y )
dV = (42 y2) dx = (16 x4) dx
x 2
0 1 V= 2
dV 160.8495 (exactly 51.2)
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)
iii. The graph shows the region described in
part i, rotated about the line y = 5,
showing back half of solid only.
x 1 = y 3 , x 2 = y 1/2
y
dV = 2 y (x 2 x 1) dy = 2 y (y 1/2 y 3) dy
1
V= dV 1.2566 (exactly 0.4 )
0
1 (x, y1 ) x
2 2
(x, y2 )
x dV = [(5 y)2 12] dx
0 1 = [(5 x2)2 1] dx
V = dV 174.2536 exactly 55
2
7
2 15
(Cylindrical shells can also be used.)
iv. The graph shows the region described in
dV = ( y12 y22 ) dx = ( x 2/3 x 4 ) dx part i, rotated about the line x = 3,
1 showing back half of solid only.
V= dV 1.2566 (exactly 0.4), which is
0
y
(x, 4)
the same answer as in part a, Q.E.D. 4
is reasonable. 1
(x, y)
c. x = t cos t dx = (cos t t sin t ) dt x
y = t sin t dy = (sin t + t cos t ) dt 0 1
The graph shows t increases from 0 to 4.
(x,1)
4 y
x
4
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 dy = sec2 x dx
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + sec 4 x dx
= (cos t t sin t )2 + (sin t + t cos t )2 dt
dS = 2 (y + 1) dL
= 1 + ( t )2 dt
4
= 2 ( tan x + 1) 1 + sec 4 x dx
L=
0
1 + 2 t 2 dt 25.7255K
S=
1
dS 20.4199K
0
R6. a. The graph shows y = x1/3 , from x = 0 to
x = 8, rotated about the y-axis, showing the
back half of the solid only. R7. a. r = dr = d
y dL = dr 2 + (rd )2 = 1 + 2 d
5 / 2
(0, y) 2
(x, y )
x
L= 0
dL 32.4706 K
1 2 1
b. dA = r d = 2 d . Area of the region
0 8
2 2
between the curves equals the area traced out
1 2/3 from t = 2 to t = 5 /2 minus the area traced
dy = x dx out from t = 0 to t = /2.
3 5 / 2 1 /2 1
dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + x 2/3 dx
1
2 A=
2 2
2 d
0 2
2 d
3 5 /2 /2
1 1
2
= 3 3
dS = 2x dL = 2x 1 + x 2/3 dx
1 6 2 6 0
3 1 3 7.5 3
= (2.53 2 3 0.53 + 0 3 ) =
2 6 6
1 + x 2/3 dx
8 1
S = 2 x
0 3 = 38.7578
1/2
x 1/3 x 4/3 + dx
8 1
= 2
0 9
Concept Problems
C1. a. The graph of (t) = 130 12T + 15T 2 4T 3 f
T2.
1
y
(x, y ) 6
Function
5
4
x
1 3
d. dS = 2 ( x 1) dL x
T6. f (x) = x 3 7.8x 2 + 20.25x 13 5
complete revolutions, so 0 6.
A= 4
12.5e 0.2 d 2
12.5e 0.2 d
6 6 4.5 2.5
= 62.5e 0.2 4 62.5e 0.2 2
L=
0
e 0.1 25.25 d = 10e 0.1 25.25
0 = 62.5(e0.9 e0.8 e0.5 + e0.4 )
= 10 25.25 (e 0.6 1) = 280.6961 = 203.7405
1 T15. Answers will vary.
T14. dA = r 2 d = 12.5e 0.2 d
2
The area between the second and third revolutions
equals the area swept out for the third revolution
1
1. V = 2 x cos x dx 3.5864 du = dx v = sin 3 x
0 3
2. f (x) = x sin x f (x) = x cos x + sin x
1 1
= x sin 3 x sin 3 x dx
3 3
3. f ( x ) dx = x cos x dx + sin x dx 1 1
= x sin 3 x + cos 3 x + C
x cos x dx = f ( x ) dx sin x dx
3 9
4.
xe u=x dv = e4x dx
4x
3. dx
= f (x) + cos x + C (by definition of indefinite
1 4x
integral) du = dx v= e
= x sin x + cos x + C 4
/2 1 4x 1 4x
= xe
5. V = 2 0
x cos x dx 4
1
4
1
e dx
= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x 0 /2 = xe 4 x e 4 x + C
4 16
= 2 2
6 xe
3 x
4. dx u = 6x dv = e 3x dx
6. V = 2 2 = 3.5864 , which is the same as
the approximation, to the accuracy shown. 1
v = e 3 x
du = 6 dx
7. The method involves working separately with the 3
= (6 x ) e 3 x (6) e 3 x dx
different parts of the integrand. The function 1 1
f (x) = x sin x was chosen because one of the 3 3
terms in its derivative is x cos x, which is the 2
= 2 xe 3 x e 3 x + C
original integrand. See Section 9-2. 3
( x + 4)e
5 x
5. dx u=x+4 dv = e 5x dx
Problem Set 9-2
1
1 11 du = dx v = e 5 x
Q1. y = x sec x + tan x
2
Q2. x +C 5
11
1 1
= ( x + 4) e 5 x + e 5 x dx
1 5 5
Q3. Q4. sin 3 x + C
3 4 1 1
y = e 5 x xe 5 x e 5 x + C
5 5 25
21 5 x 1 5 x
= e xe + C
x
25 5
1 1 2x
x = ( x + 7) e 2 x e dx
2 2
7 1 1
= e 2 x + xe 2 x e 2 x + C
2 2 4
13 2 x 1 2 x
f ( x + h) f ( x ) = e + xe + C
Q7. r(x) = t (x) Q8. lim 4 2
h0 h
x u = ln x dv = x 3 dx
3
Q9. 110/6 Q10. C 7. ln x dx
1 6 1 1 2x
= x ln 3 x x 5 dx 6x + 4e
6 6 1 2x
1 1 6 6 8e
= x 6 ln 3 x x +C
1 2x
6 36 0 +
16 e
x e u = x2 dv = ex dx
2 x
9. dx
1 3 2x 3 2 2x 3 2x 3 2x
du = 2x dx v = ex = x e x e + xe e + C
2 4 4 8
= x e 2 xe dx
2 x x
u = 2x dv = ex dx
x
5 x
2. e dx u dv
du = 2 dx v = ex x5 e x
= x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x dx
+
5x 4 e x
= x2ex 2xex + 2ex + C 20x 3 +
e x
60x 2 e x
x
10. 2
sin x dx u = x2 dv = sin x dx 120x + e x
du = 2x dx v = cos x 120 e x
= x cos x ( 2 x cos x ) dx
2 0 + e x
= x ln x x x 1 dx 0 cos x
[ f ( x)
1
Q8. V = 2
g( x )2 ] dx 5x 4 2 sin 2x
a 1
20x 3 4 cos 2x
Q9. Q10. B +
1
y
60x 2
8 sin 2x
4 1
120x + 16 cos 2x
1
120 32 sin 2x
1
x 0 + 64 cos 2x
2
x
7 u dv
2 e sin x dx
x 11. ln 3 x dx
ln 3x + x 7
= e x cos x + e x sin x + C1 1/x
1 8
8x
-----------------
e x sin x dx 1 8 x7
1
1
1 1 0 + 64 x 8
= e x cos x + e x sin x + C
2 2
1 8 1 8
= x ln 3 x x +C
e
x u dv 8 64
8. cos x dx
ex + cos x
ex
x
sin x 5 u dv
ex + cos x 12. ln 6 x dx
ln 6x + x 5
1 6
1/x 6x
= e x sin x + e x cos x e x cos x dx -------------------------
1 6x5
1
1
2 e cos x dx
x
0 + 36 x 6
= ex sin x + ex cos x + C 1
1 6 1 6
e x cos x dx = x ln 6 x x +C
6 36
1 x 1
= e sin x + e x cos x + C
ln 7 5
2 2 13. x 4 ln 7 dx = x + C (ln 7 is a constant!)
5
cos 5 7x
e 14. e 7x cos 5 dx = e +C
3x u dv
9. cos 5 x dx 7
e 3x + cos 5x
3e 3x
1 1
5 sin 5x 15. sin 5 x cos x dx = sin 6 x + C
1 6
9e 3x + 25 cos 5x
1
16. x (3 x ) dx =
2 2/3
(3 x 2 )2/3 ( 2 x dx )
1 3 2
= e 3x sin 5 x + e 3x cos 5 x 3
5 25 = (3 x 2 )5/3 + C
10
9
e 3x cos 5 x dx
25
x (ln x ) dx
4 5/2 3 2
2 + 15(2 x) 24. u dv
8
105(2 x)7/2 (ln x) 2 x3
0 +
1 4
2(ln x)/x 4x
--------------------------
1 3
2 ln x 4x
2 8
= x 2 (2 x )3/2 x (2 x )5/2 2/x
1 4
16 x
3 15 --------------------------
16 1
(2 x ) + C
7/2 2 + 16 x 3
105 1
0 64 x 4
ln x
dx = 5 ln x dx = 5 x ln x 5 x + C
5
19.
1 4 1 1 4
= x (ln x )2 x 4 ln x + x +C
4 8 32
e
7 2
20. ln 7 x
dx = 7 x dx = x +C
x (x
2 25. 3 2
+ 1) 4 dx u dv
x2 + x(x 2 + 1)4
x e
5 x2 u dv 1 2 5
21. dx 2x 10 (x + 1)
x4 + xe x 2 ----------------------------------
1
1 x2 2 5
4x 3 2e 5 x(x + 1)
-------------------------- 1 2 6
12 (x + 1)
0 +
2x 2 xe x 2
1 x2
4x 2e
-------------------------- 1 2 2 1
2 + xe x 2 = x ( x + 1)5 ( x 2 + 1)6 + C
1
10 60
0 2 e x2
x
x 2 3 dx = x 3 ( x 2 3)1/2
3
26.
1 4 x2 2 2
= x e x 2e x + e x + C u dv
2 x2 x(x 2 3) 1/2
+
1 2 3/2
2x 3(x 3)
x e
3
22. 5 x
dx u dv -----------------------------------
2
x(x 2 3) 3/2
x3 +
x 2 ex 3 3
+ 1 2
0 5/2
1 x3 5(x 3)
3x 2 3e
---------------------------
x 2 ex 3 1 2 2 2
1 = x ( x 3)3/2 ( x 2 3)5/2 + C
1 3 15
0 +
3 ex3
cos
2 u dv
1 3 1 3 27. x dx
= x 3e x e x + C cos x + cos x
3 3 sin x sin x
sin 2 0.4 x dx
plans to differentiate cos x dx and integrate 2x,
effectively canceling out what she did in the first
= 1.25 sin 0.4x cos 0.4x + 0.5x + C part. She will get
x
cos x dx = x 2 sin x x 2 sin x + x 2 cos x dx,
2
29. sec 3 x dx u
sec x +
dv
sec2 x which is true but not very useful!
sec x tan x tan x
x
2
40. cos x dx
= sec x tan x sec x tan 2 x dx Amoss choice of u and dv transforms
1 1
x 2 cos x dx into x 3 cos x + x 3 sin x dx,
= sec x tan x sec x (sec x 1) dx
2
3 3
which is more complicated than the original
= sec x tan x sec x dx + ln | sec x + tan x |
3
expression.
41. After two integrations by parts,
2 sec x dx 3
e x sin x dx
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C 1
= e x cos x + e x sin x e x sin x dx
sec x dx 3
but after two more integrations,
e sin x dx = e
1 1 x x
cos x + e x sin x + e x cos x
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2
e x sin x + e x sin x dx
30. sec 2 x tan x dx Two integrations produced the original integral
with the opposite sign (which is useful), and two
1
= (sec x )1 (sec x tan x dx ) = sec 2 x + C more integrations reversed the sign again to give
2
the original integral with the same sign (which
1
31. log 3 x dx = ln x dx is not useful).
ln 3
cos
1 1
= ( x ln x x ) + C 42. 2
x dx = (1 + cos 2 x ) dx
ln 3 2
1
= x + sin 2 x + C
= x log 3 x x+C 1 1
ln 3 2 2
v du
2 2 2
u dv = uv
which is equivalent to the answer in Problem 27 c u =a a
found using integrating by parts. b
43.
y
= (bd ac) v du
a
The quantity (bd ac) is the area of the
1
L-shaped region, which is the area of the larger
(1,1/e)
rectangle minus the area of the smaller one.
x
Thus, the integral of u dv equals the area of the
3
L-shaped region minus the area represented by the
integral of v du.
y = xe x + e x = e x(1 x)
Critical points at x = 0, 1, 3; maximum at
48. ln ax dx = (ln a + ln x ) dx
= x ln a + x ln x x + C
x = 1.
3 = x ln ax x + C
xe
x
A= dx
sin
0
7 u dv
49. x dx
= ( xe x e x )
3
0 sin 6 x + sin x
= 3e 3 e 3 + 1 = 4e 3 + 1 = 0.8008 6 sin 5 x cos x cos x
44. y = 12x2e x
Area from x = 0 to x = b is
b
= sin 6 x cos x + 6 sin 5 x cos 2 x dx
approaches 0.
lim Ab = 24 The fractions are 1/(old exponent) and
b (old exponent 1)/(old exponent). The new
45. y = ln x exponent is 2 less than the old exponent. So
dV = y2 dx = (ln x)2 dx
1
sin 7 x dx = sin 6 x cos x
5 7
V= (ln x ) dx u dv
2
6 1 4
sin 3 x dx
(ln x)2 + 1 4
1
+ sin x cos x +
2 (ln x)/x x 7 5 5
-----------------------
2 ln x 1 1 6
= sin x cos x
6 4
sin x cos x
2/x x 7 35
-----------------------
+ sin 2 x cos x + sin x dx
2 + 1
24 1 2
0 x 35 3 3
5 1 6
= x (ln x )2 2 x ln x + 2 x 1
= sin x cos x
6 4
sin x cos x
7 35
= 5 ( ln 5)2 10 ln 5 + 10 0 + 0 2 8 16
= 15.2589 sin 2 x cos x cos x + C
35 35
46. Consider u dv, and write dv = v + C. Then 50. Answers will vary.
u dv = u(v + C) (v + C) du
= uv + Cu v du C du
Problem Set 9-4
= uv + Cu v du Cu = uv v du
Thus, the constant cancels out later, Q.E.D.
Q1. uv v du
= tan x (sec x 1) dx
3
18 2
x 1 x
2
= tan x sec x dx tan
2
18 2 18
x dx
= tan x tan x dx
1 19 18
1 19
Q4. y = 1 + ln 5x Q5. sin 6 x + C
6
Q6. ln |x| + C sec
13 u dv
5. x dx
sec 11 x + sec 2 x
Q7. 11 sec 10 x sec x tan x tan x
y
1
3
x
= sec11 x tan x 11 sec11 x tan 2 x dx
= sec 11
x tan x 11 sec 11
x (sec 2 x 1) dx
Q10. D
1 11
sec x dx =
13
sec11 x tan x + sec11 x dx
12 12
1. sin 9 x dx u dv
sin 8 x + sin x
sin7
csc
100
8 x cos x cos x 6. x dx
u dv
= sin 8 x cos x + 8 sin 7 x cos 2 x dx csc 98 x
98 csc 97 x csc x cot x
+ csc 2 x
cot x
= sin 8
x cos x + 8 sin 7
x (1 sin 2 x ) dx
x cot x 98 csc
sin x dx = 9 sin x cos x + 9 sin x dx
9 1 8 8 7 = csc 98 100
x dx + 98 csc 98 x dx
cos
n
7. x dx u dv
= cos 9 x sin x + 9 cos8 x sin 2 x dx cos n 1 x cos x
+
(n 1) cosn 2 x sin x
= cos x sin x + 9 cos x (1 cos x ) dx
9 8 2
sin x
(n 1) cos x dx n
= cot x (csc x 1) dx
10 2 n cos x dx = cos x sin x + (n 1) cos x dx
n n 1 n2
= cot x cot x dx
1 11 10
11
= sin n1 x cos x + (n 1) sin n2 x cos 2 x dx = sec x tan x (n 2) sec x dx
n2 n
(n 1) sec x dx n
(n 1) sin x dx n
n 1
1 n2n2 n2
= sec x tan x + sec x dx
tan x dx = tan x tan x dx
n n2 2
9. n 1
csc x dx cot
n 6
11. 15. x dx
tan
7
= csc n2 x cot x (n 2) csc n2 x cot 2 x dx 16. x dx
1
= csc x cot x (n 2) csc x (csc x 1) dx = tan 6 x tan 4 x tan 2 x + ln | cos x | + C
n2 n2 2 1 1
6 4 2
= csc x cot x (n 2) csc x dx
n2 n 1 1 1
= tan x tan x + tan x + ln | cos x | + C
6 4 2
6 4 2
+ (n 2) csc x dx n2
1 2
17. sec 4 x dx = sec 2 x tan x + tan x + C
(n 1) csc x dx n 3 3
1 2
= csc x cot x + (n 2) csc x dx
n2 n2 18. csc x dx = csc x cot x cot x + C
4 2
3 3
19. a. y = cos x is on top; y = cos3 x is in the
csc x dx
n
middle; y = cos5 x is on the bottom.
n 1
1 n2n2 n2 b. For y = cos x, area 2.0000 .
= csc x cot x + csc x dx
n 1 For y = cos3 x, area 1.3333 .
sec x dx For y = cos5 x, area 1.06666 .
n
12.
/2 /2
u
sec n 2x +
dv
sec 2 x
c. A1 =
/2
cos x dx = sin x
/2
(n 2) sec n 3 x sec x tan x tan x sin (/2) sin (/2) = 2
3 3
1 2 cos n x dx
cos ( /2) sin ( /2) sin ( /2)
2 /2
3 3 /4 /2
2
3
2 4
= 0 + 0 + = = 1.3333
3 3
=2 0
cos n x dx + 2 /4
cos n x dx.
/4 /4
2 cos n x dx < 2 dx = (cos n x < 1) .
Observe that A3 = A1 . But 2
3 0 0 2
/2 /2 /2
A5 = /2
cos 5 x dx And 2
/4
cos n x dx < 2 /4
cos N x dx (n > N )
/2 /2 /2 /2 N
1 4
= cos 4 x sin x + cos3 x dx <2 dx < dx = cos x < .
5 /2 5 /2 /4 2 0 2 2
/2
=0+
4
5
4 4 4 2
A3 = = 2 =
5 3 5 3
16
15
So /2
cos n x dx
/4 /2
= 1.066666
4
Observe that A5 = A3 .
=2 0
cos n x dx + 2 /4
cos n x dx < .
5 /2
e.
y = (1 2 sin x + sin x ) cos x dx
2 4
y = cos100 x
+ sin x cos x dx
x 4
0.5 0.5
2 1
= sin x sin 3 x + sin 5 x + C
/2 3 5
f. Yes, lim cos n x dx = 0. /2
n /2
sin 1
n
22. ax dx = (cos ax )(sin 2 ax + 2) + C, Q .E.D .
3a
u dv
sin n 1 ax + sin ax 24. Use integration by parts, or use the technique of
1 Problem 20, as shown here.
a(n 1) sin n 2ax cos ax a cos ax
n2
+ (n 1) sin 2
ax cos ax dx
= cos ax dx sin ax cos ax dx 2
1
= sin n1 ax cos ax 1 1
a = sin ax sin 3 ax + C
a 3a
+ (n 1) sin n2 ax (1 sin 2 ax ) dx
1
= (sin ax )(3 sin 2 ax ) + C
1 3a
= sin n1 ax cos ax + (n 1) sin n2 ax dx
a 1
= (sin ax )(2 + cos 2 ax ) + C, Q .E .D .
(n 1) sin n ax dx 3a
Or: Differentiate, as in the alternate solution for
n sin n ax dx Problem 23.
1
= sin n1 ax cos ax + (n 1) sin n2 ax dx
a Problem Set 9-5
sin Q1. f (1) = 4 g(2) = 1/2
n Q2.
ax dx
Q3. h(3) = 12 Q4. t(4) = /24
1 n 1
= sin n1 ax cos ax + sin n2 ax dx Q5. p(5) = 6e5 Q6. x = 83 = 512
an n
Q7. Q8. integration by parts
1
sin 5 3 x dx = sin 4 3 x cos 3 x 5
y
15
x
4 8
sin 2 3 x cos 3 x cos 3 x + C 3
45 45
1
23. sin 3 ax dx = sin 2 ax cos ax
3a Q9. Q10. E
f'(x) and f (x )
2
+ sin ax dx (From Problem 22)
3 f
f'
1 2 1
= sin 2 ax cos ax cos ax + C x
3a 3a 1
1 3 5 6 8
1
= cos ax (sin ax + 2) + C, Q .E.D .
2
3a
3a
1 2 1
(cos ax )(2 a sin ax cos ax ) = cos x + cos3 x cos 5 x + C
3a 3 5
1
sin6 9x) cos 9x dx 14. cos 2 6 x dx = (1 + cos 12 x ) dx
2
1 1
= sin 9 x sin 3 9 x 1 1
9 9 = x + sin 12 x + C
1 1 2 24
+ sin 9 x sin 7 9 x + C
5
sec
x dx = ( tan 2 x + 1) sec 2 x dx
4
15 63 15.
4.
sin 3 10 x dx = (1 cos 2 10 x ) sin 10 x dx 1
= tan 3 x + tan x + C
3
1 1
= cos 10 x + cos3 10 x + C
csc x dx = (cot x + 1) csc x dx
6 2 2 2
10 30 16.
1
sin 3 x cos 3 x dx = sin 5 3 x + C = (cot x + 2 cot x + 1) csc x dx
4 4 2 2
5.
15
1 1 2
6. cos8 7 x sin 7 x dx = cos 9 7 x + C = cot 5 x cot 3 x cot x + C
63 5 3
1
19. tan10 x sec 2 x dx = tan11 x + C
1 1 11
= sin 5 2 x sin 7 2 x + C
10 14 1
20. cot 8 x csc 2 x dx = cot 9 x + C
sin x cos x dx = sin x (1 cos x ) cos
5 2 2 2 2 9
9. x dx
sec
x tan x dx = sec 9 x (sec x tan x dx )
10
21.
= (cos x 2 cos x + cos x ) sin x dx
2 4 6
1
= sec10 x + C
1 2 1 10
= cos3 x + cos 5 x cos 7 x + C
csc
3 5 7
22. 8
x cot x dx = csc 7 x (csc x cot x dx )
cos x sin x dx = cos x (1 sin
3 2 2 2
10. x ) sin x dx
1
= csc8 x + C
= (sin x sin x ) cos x dx
2 4 8
1 1 34. a. y = sec2 x
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2 dV = [(y + 3)2 32] dx
9 sin 3x +
1
25 cos 5x =tan 3 x + 7 tan x
3 0
1 3
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 5 x cos 3 x
5 25 = tan 3 1 + 7 tan 1 ( = 38.2049K)
3
9
+ cos 5 x sin 3 x dx b. dV = 2 (x + 3) y dx = 2 (x + 3)(sec2 x) dx
25
1 1
16
V = 2 x sec x dx + 6 sec
2 2
cos 5 x sin 3 x dx x dx
0 0
25
1 1
1 3
= 2 x tan x 2 tan x dx + 6 tan x
1
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 5 x cos 3 x + C1 0
5 25 0 0
2 1
5 3 A= (16 cos 2 + 40 cos + 25) d
= sin 5 x sin 3 x + cos 3 x cos 5 x = 0 2 0
16 16 0
/4
Because the integral finds the area above 25
= 4 + 2 sin 2 + 20 sin +
minus the area below, this calculation shows 2 0
the two areas are equal. 25
32. a. = + 2 + 10 2 + = 29.1012 ,
y
8
1 which agrees with the numerical answer.
1 1
x 36. dA = r 2 d = a 2 (1 + cos )2 d
2 2
2
1
A = a2 (1 + 2 cos + cos 2 ) d
2 0
2
1 2
a + 2 sin + + sin 2
1 1
=
1 4 2 2 4
b. A = sin 3 x dx = cos3 x cos x = 0
0 3 0 3 3 2
= a , which is 1.5 times A circle.
c. Numerically: A 1.3333 (Checks.) 2
d. A = 0 because sin3 x is an odd function 37. Answers will vary.
[sin3 (x) = sin3 x] and the integral of an
Q6. 5 sec2 5x v
Q7. y = 4 cos 4x
7
Q8. d x
unnecessary. If x has been replaced by a sin , a tan , 49
= 49 cos 2 d = (1 + cos 2 ) d
or a sec , it is assumed that is the corresponding 2
inverse trigonometric function. So is restricted to the 49 49
= + sin 2 + C
range of that inverse trigonometric function. Thus, 2 4
49 49
respectively, = + sin cos + C
2 2
a x = a |cos |, and Quadrant I or IV
2 2
49 1 x 49 1 1
= sin + x 49 x 2 + C
a 2 + x 2 = a |sec |, and Quadrant I or IV 2 7 2 7 7
49 1 x 1
x 2 a 2 = a |tan |, and Quadrant I or II = sin + x 49 x 2 + C
2 7 2
For the first two, the absolute value is unnecessary
2. 100 x 2 dx
because cos 0 and sec 0 in the respective
quadrants. For the secant substitution, if x is negative,
v
then is in Quadrant II, where tan < 0. Thus, the
radical equals the opposite of a tan , and one should
10
write x
x a = a tan
2 2 u
ln x + x 2 + a 2 for x > 0
x
Let = sin . x = 10 sin , dx = 10 cos d ,
ln x x 2 + a 2 for x < 0 10
x
100 x 2 = 10 cos , = sin 1
The second form can be transformed into the first by 10
taking advantage of the property ln n = ln (1/n). Thus,
100 x dx = 10 cos (10 cos d )
2
1
100
ln x a x
2 2
= ln = 100 cos d = 2
(1 + cos 2 ) d
x a2 x 2 2
= 50 + 25 sin 2 + C
= ln x + a 2 x 2 = 50 + 50 sin cos + C
which can be shown by rationalizing the denominator x 1 1
= 50 sin 1 + 50 x 100 x 2 + C
of the fraction and incorporating the constant ln a2 10 10 10
(or 2 ln a) into the constant of integration. Because x 1
the major focus of this section is on the correct = 50 sin 1 + x 100 x 2 + C
10 2
v v
x 2 + 16
3x
x 9x 2 1
u u
4 1
x
Let = tan . x = 4 tan , dx = 4 sec 2 d , 3x 1
4 Let = sec . x = sec ,
x 1 3
x 2 + 16 = 4 sec , = tan 1 1
4 dx = sec tan d ,
3
x 2 + 16 dx = 4 sec ( 4 sec 2 d )
9 x 2 1 = tan , = sec 1 3 x
= 16 sec d (Compare Problem 21 in
3
u
6. 16 x 2 1 dx
9 v
4x
x 16x 2 1
Let = tan . x = 9 tan , dx = 9 sec 2 d ,
9 u
x
81 + x 2 = 9 sec , = tan 1
1
9
81 + x 2 dx = 9 sec (9 sec 2 d )
Let
4x
1
1
= sec . x = sec ,
4
= 81 sec 3 d (Compare Problem 21 in 1
dx = sec tan d ,
Problem Set 9-4.) 4
81 81 16 x 2 1 = tan , = sec 1 4 x
= sec tan + ln | sec + tan | + C1
16 x 2 1 dx = tan sec tan d
2 2 1
4
1 81 81 + x 2 x
= x 81 + x 2 + ln + + C1
1
2 2 9 9 = sec tan d
2
4
1 81 81 1
= x 81 + x 2 + ln 81 + x 2 + x ln 9 + C1 = (sec 3 sec ) d
2 2 2 4
1 1
1 81 = sec tan + ln | sec + tan |
= x 81 + x 2 + ln 81 + x 2 + x + C 8 8
2 2 1
ln | sec + tan | + C
4
dx
7. dx
10.
17 x 2 2
x 121
v
v
17
x x
x 2 121
u
u
17 x 2 11
Let x/ 17 = sin . x
Let = sec . x = 11 sec ,
x = 17 sin , dx = 17 cos d , 11
x dx = 11 sec tan d ,
17 x 2 = 17 cos , = sin 1 x
17 x 2 121 = 11 tan , = sec 1
17 cos d 11
dx
= 11 sec tan d
dx
17 x 17 cos
2 =
x 2 121 11 tan
x
= d = + C = sin 1 +C
17 = sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C 1
dx x x 2 121
8. = ln + + C1
2
13 x 11 11
v
= ln x + x 2 121 ln 11 + C1
13
x = ln x + x 2 121 + C
u
x
2
13 x 2 11. x 2 9 dx
v
Let x/ 13 = sin . x = 13 sin ,
dx = 13 cos d , x
x 2 9
1 x
13 x = 13 cos , = sin
2
u
13 3
13 cos d
dx
=
13 x 13 cos
2
x
Let = sec . x = 3 sec ,
x
= d = + C = sin 1 +C 3
13 dx = 3 sec tan d,
x
x 2 9 = 3 tan , = sec 1
dx
9. 3
x2 +1
v
x 2 x 2 9 dx
u
1 = 81 sec d sec d
5 3
8
81 x 3 x 2 9 81 x x2 9 1
= x
4 27 3 8 3 3 u
2
81 x x 9 1 x2
ln + + C1
8 3 3
1 3 2 9 Let x = sin . dx = cos d,
= x x 9 x x2 9
4 8 1 x 2 = cos , = sin 1 x
81 81
ln x + x 9
2
+ ln 3 + C1
8
1 3 2 9
8
(1 x 2 )3/2 dx = cos3 (cos d )
= x x 9 x x2 9
4 8 = cos d 4
81
ln x + x 9
2
+C
1 3
8 = cos3 sin + cos 2 d
4 4
x
2 2
12. 9 x dx
1 3
= cos3 sin + (1 + cos 2 ) d
v
4 8
1 3 3
= cos3 sin + + sin 2 + C
3
4 8 16
x
1 3 3
u = cos3 sin + + sin cos + C
4 8 8
9 x2
1 3 3
= x (1 x 2 )3/2 + sin 1 x + x 1 x 2 + C
x 4 8 8
Let = sin . x = 3 sin , dx = 3 cos d ,
(x 81) 3/2 dx
3 2
14.
x
9 x 2 = 3 cos , = sin 1
3 v
x 2 9 x 2 dx
= 81 (cos cos ) d
2 4
x
Let = sec . x = 9 sec , dx = 9 sec tan d ,
= 81 cos d
81
2
cos sin 3
9
4 1
3 81 x 2 81 = 9 tan , = sec 1 x
4
cos d 2
9
=
81 81 81
+ sin 2 cos3 sin + C = (9 tan ) (9 sec tan d )
3
8 16 4
1 sec d
81 81 81
= + sin cos cos3 sin + C =
8 8 4 81 tan 2
81 81
= + sin cos (1 2 cos 2 ) + C
1
8 8 = cot csc d
81
81 1 x
= sin 1
8 3 = csc + C
81
81 x 9 x 2 2( 9 x 2 )
1 +C x
= +C
8 3 3 9 81 x 2 81
81 1 x 1
= sin x ( 2 x 2 9) 9 x 2 + C
8 3 8
x dx
18. a.
x 2 49
x
Let = tan . x = 9 tan , dx = 9 sec 2 d , v
9
x
81 + x 2 = 9 sec , = tan 1 x
9 x 2 49
9 sec 2 d 1 u
81 + x =
dx 1
= d = + C 7
2
81 sec 2 9 9
1 x
= tan 1 + C x
9 9 Let = sec . x = 7 sec ,
7
dx = 7 sec tan d,
dx
16.
25 x 2 + 1 x
x 2 49 = 7 tan , = sec 1
7
7 sec (7 sec tan d )
v
x dx
=
25x 2 + 1 x 2 49 7 tan
5x
= 7 sec 2 d = 7 tan + C = x 2 49 + C
u
1
x dx 1
b. = ( x 2 49) 1/2 (2 x dx )
2
x 49 2
5x 1 1
Let = tan . x = tan , dx = sec 2 d , = x 2 49 + C,which agrees with part a.
1 5 5
dx
19.
25 x 2 + 1 = sec , = tan 1 5 x
9 ( x 5)2
sec d
2
25x 5 sec
dx 1 1 v
= = d = + C
+1 2 2
5 5
1 1 3
= tan 5 x + C x5
5 u
x dx
17. a. 9 (x 5)2
x 2 + 25
x5
v Let = sin . x = 5 + 3 sin , dx = 3 cos d ,
3
x5
x 2 + 25 9 ( x 5)2 = 3 cos , = sin 1
x 3
3 cos d
dx
u =
5 9 ( x 5)2 3 cos
x5
= d = + C = sin 1 +C
x 3
Let = tan . x = 5 tan , dx = 5 sec 2 d ,
5 dx
20.
1
x 2 + 25 = 5 sec , = tan 1 x 36 ( x + 2)2
5
v
5 tan (5 sec 2 d )
x dx
=
x 2 + 25 5 sec 6
x+2
= 5 tan sec d = 5 sec + C u
= x + 25 + C
2 36 (x + 2)2
x+2
u
= d = + C = sin 1 +C
6 100 x 2
dx dx
21. =
x + 8 x 20
2
( x + 4)2 36 Let
x
= sin . x = 10 sin , dx = 10 cos d ,
v 10
x
100 x 2 = 10 cos , = sin 1
10
x+4
(x + 4) 2 36 8
u
3
100 x 2 dx
6
sin 1 0.8
Let
x+4
= sec . x = 6 sec 4,
= sin 1 (0.3)
10 cos 10 cos d
6 sin 1 0.8
dx = 6 sec tan d, = 100 sin 1 (0.3)
cos 2 d
x 2 + 8 x 20 = ( x + 4)2 36 = 6 tan ,
sin 1 0.8
= sec 1
x+4
6
= 50 sin 1 (0.3)
(1 + cos 2 d )
= ln x + 4 + x 2 + 8 x 20 ln 6 + C1
v
= ln x + 4 + x + 8 x 20 + C
2
x 2 + 25
x
dx dx
22. = u
x 2 14 x + 50 ( x 7)2 + 1 5
(x 7) 2 + 1 x
Let = tan . x = 5 tan , dx = 5 sec 2 d ,
x7 5
u
1 x 2 + 25 = 5 sec , = tan 1 0.2 x
4
x7
1
x 2 + 25 dx
Let = tan . x = 7 + tan , dx = sec 2 d , tan 1 0.8
1
= 5 sec 5 sec 2 d
x 2 14 x + 50 = ( x 7) 2 + 1 = sec , tan 1 (0.2 )
sec 2 d
= 25 sec 3 d
dx tan 1 (0.2 )
= = sec d
x 2 14 x + 50 sec 25 25 tan 1 0.8
= ln x 14 x + 50 + x 7 + C
2
25 6
= sec ( tan 1 0.8) 0.8 A= 5 cos 5 cos d
2 5 x = 3
x =4
= 30
25
+ ln |sec ( tan 1 0.8) + 0.8 | cos 2 d
2 x = 3
x =4
= 15
25
sec [tan 1 ( 0.2)] ( 0.2) (1 + cos 2 ) d
2 x = 3
25 x =4
ln | sec [tan 1 ( 0.2)] 0.2 | 15
= 15 + sin 2
2 2 x =3
= 26.9977
= 15 + 15 sin cos xx == 43
Numerical integration: 26.9977 (Checks.)
x 3 x =4
25. y = 3x 2 = 15 sin 1 + x 25 x 2
5 5 x =3
dL = 1 + ( y )2 dx = 1 + 36 x 2 dx 1 3
5 = 15 sin 0.8 + ( 4) 9
L= 0
1 + 36 x 2 dx
1
5
3
15 sin ( 0.6) (3) 16
v 5
= 15[sin 1 0.8 sin 1 ( 0.6)] + 14.4
1 + 36x2
15
6x
= + 14.4 = 37.9619
u
2
1 Numerical integration: A = 37.9619
(Checks.)
6 5
6x 1 1
Let = tan . x = tan , dx = sec 2 d , b. A = 25 x 2 dx
1 6 6 5 5
1 + 36 x = sec , = tan 6 x
2 1 x = 5 = /2, x = 5 = /2
/2
L =
x =5
x =0
1
sec sec 2 d
6
A = 30 /2
cos 2 d
/2
1 x =5 3 15
=
6 x =0
sec d = 15 +
2
sin 2
/2
1 1 x =5 15 15 15 15
= sec tan + ln |sec + tan | = + sin + sin ( )
12 12 x =0 2 2 2 2
1 1 5 = 15 = 47.1238
= x 1 + 36 x 2 + ln 1 + 36 x 2 + 6 x The area is (x-radius)(y-radius).
2 12 0
5 1 27. x 2 + y 2 = r 2 y = r 2 x 2 , x = 0 at y = r
= 901 + ln 901 + 30 = 75.3828K
2 12 Slice the region inside the circle perpendicular to
Numerical integration: L = 75.3828 (Checks.) the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the
3 positive branch of the circle, within the strip.
26. a. 9 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 225 y = 25 x 2
5 dA = 2 y dx = 2 r 2 x 2 dx
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample r
v r 2 x 2
x
5 Let = sin . x = r sin , dx = r cos d,
x r
x
u r 2 x 2 = r cos , = sin 1
25 x2 r
x = r = /2, x = r = /2
/2
Let
x
5
= sin . x = 5 sin , dx = 5 cos d , A = 2 /2
r cos r cos d
/2
x = 2r cos 2 d
25 x 2 = 5 cos , = sin 1
2
5 /2
Rotating instead about the x-axis is equivalent to
= r2 (1 + cos 2 ) d
/2 interchanging the a and b, giving V = 43 ab 2 .
/2
1 2
= r 2 + r sin 2 30. x 2 y 2 = 9 y = x 2 9
2 /2 Slice the region perpendicular to the x-axis. Pick
1 a sample point (x, y) on the positive branch of
= r 2 + r 2 sin + r 2
2 2 2 the hyperbola, within the strip.
1 2 dA = 2 y dx = 2 x 2 9 dx
r sin ( ) = r 2
2 5
A = r 2, Q .E .D .
2 2
A=2
3
x 2 9 dx
28. + = 1 y =
x y b 2
a x2
a b
v
a
Slice the region inside the ellipse perpendicular
x
to the x-axis. Pick sample point (x, y) on the x 2 9
positive branch of the ellipse, within the strip. u
2b 2 3
dA = 2 y dx = a x 2 dx
a
2b a
A=
a a
a 2 x 2 dx
Let
x
= sec . x = 3 sec , dx = 3 sec tan d,
3
v x
x 2 9 = 3 tan , = sec 1
3
x =5
a
x A=2 3 tan 3 sec tan d
x =3
u x =5
a 2 x 2 = 18 tan 2 sec d
x =3
x =5
x = 18 (sec 3 sec ) d
Let = sin . x = a sin , dx = a cos d, x =3
a
x = 9 sec tan + 9 ln | sec + tan |
a x 2 = a cos , = sin 1
2 x =5
18 ln | sec + tan | x =3
a
x = a = /2, x = a = /2 = 9 sec tan 9 ln | sec + tan | x =5
x =3
2 b /2
A =
a /2
a cos a cos d
=x x 2 9 9 ln
1
x+
1 2
x 9
5
/2 3 3 3
= 2 ab /2
cos 2 d = 20 9 ln 3 = 10.1124
/2 Numerical integration: A = 10.1124 (Checks.)
= ab
/2
(1 + cos 2 ) d
31. dV = 2x (2 y) dx = 4x x 2 9 dx
/2
ab
= ab + sin 2
5
2 /2
V = 4 3
x 2 9 x dx
ab ab ab ab 5
= + sin + sin ( ) = ab = 2 x 2 9 (2 x dx )
2 2 2 2 3
A = ab 5
2
= 2 ( x 2 9)3/2
Note that if a = b = r, then ab = r2, the area of 3 3
a circle. 4 256
a2 2 = 64 = = 268.0825
29. dV = x 2 dy = (b y 2 ) dy, b y b 3 3
b2 32. From Problems 30 and 31, A = 20 9 ln 3,
a2 b
256
V = (b 2 y 2 ) dy V= .
b2 b 3
b
a2 y3 128
= 2 b2 y =
4 2
a b V = 2 x A x = = 4.2192 K
b 3 3 3(20 9 ln 3)
b
x is a little more than halfway through the
4 2
V = a b region.
3
dx =
0 0 7
(1 cos 2t ) dt
11x 15 4
A = 2 ab sin 2 t dt = ab 1. + dx
x 2 3x + 2 x 1 x 2
ab 0
= 4 ln |x 1| + 7 ln |x 2| + C
= abt + sin 2t = 0 + 0 + ab( ) 0 = ab
7 x + 25
dx =
9
2 2
2. + dx
A = ab, as in Problem 28. x 2 7x 8 x + 1 x 8
With this method, you get sin 2 t dt, directly. = 2 ln |x + 1| + 9 ln |x 8| + C
=
3/2
(5 x 11) dx 7/2
With trigonometric substitution in Problem 28, 3. + dx
x2 2x 8 x + 2 x 4
you get cos 2 t dt, indirectly. 7 3
= ln | x + 2 | + ln | x 4 | + C
34. r = 0.5 dr/d = 0.5 2 2
=
dL = r 2 + ( dr/d )2 d = 0.25 2 + 0.25 d 6/5
(3 x 12) dx 9/5
4. + dx
2
x 5 x 50 x+5 x 10
= 0.5 2 + 1 d
9 6
6 = ln | x + 5 | + ln | x 10 | + C
L = 0.5 0
2 + 1 d 5 5
=
7
21 dx 7
v 5. + dx
x 2 + 7 x + 10 x + 5 x + 2
2 + 1 = 7 ln |x + 5| + 7 ln |x + 2| + C
=
8
10 x dx 2
6. + dx
u
x 2 9 x 36 x + 3 x 12
1
= 2 ln |x + 3| + 8 ln |x 12| + C
9 x 2 25 x 50
Let = tan d = sec2 d.
2 + 1 = sec , = tan 1
7. ( x + 1)( x 7)( x + 2)
dx
=
4
=6 2 3
+ +
L = 0.5 =0
sec sec 2 d x +1 x 7 x + 2
dx
=6 = 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 7| + 4 ln |x + 2| + C
= 0.5 sec 3 d
7 x 2 + 22 x 54
=0
= 0.25 sec tan + 0.25 ln | sec 8. dx
( x 2)( x + 4)( x 1)
=6
+ tan |
=
5
3 1
=0 + + dx
6 x 2 x + 4 x 1
= 0.25 2 + 1 + 0.25 ln 2 +1 + = 3 ln |x 2| ln |x + 4| + 5 ln |x 1| + C
0
4 x 2 + 15 x 1
= 1.5 36 + 1 + 0.25 ln 36 + 1 + 6
2 2
9. dx
x 3 + 2 x 2 5x 6
= 89.8589 , same as numerical
=
3
1 2
integration. + + dx
x + 3 x +1 x 2
35. See the note preceding the solutions for this = ln |x + 3| + 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x 2| + C
section. For the sine and tangent substitution,
3 x 2 + 22 x 31
the range of the inverse sine and inverse tangent
make the corresponding radical positive. For the
10. x 8x + 19 x 12 dx
3 2
=
2 4 3
secant substitution, the situation is more + + dx
complicated but still gives an answer of the same x 1 x 3 x 4
algebraic form as if x had been only positive. = 2 ln |x 1| 4 ln |x 3| + 3 ln |x 4| + C
3 x 3 + 2 x 2 12 x + 9
Problem Set 9-7
11. x 1
dx
= 3x 2 + 5x 7 +
2
Q1. (x + 5)(x 5) Q2. x 2 + 2x 15
x 1
dx
Q3. (x + 2)(x 6) Q4. x 2 + 14x + 49 5
= x 3 + x 2 7 x + 2 ln | x 1 | + C
Q5. (x + 4)2 Q6. x 2 64 2
= x 5+ 2 dx
1000 dy
3x
= 2 dt
x 2x 8 y(1000 y)
1
= x 5+
2
1
y + 1000 y dy = 2 dt
1
+ dx
x + 2 x 4
1
= x 2 5 x + ln | x + 2 | + 2 ln | x 4 | + C ln |y| ln |1000 y| = 2t + C
2 y
ln = 2t + C
4 x + 6 x + 11
2
(x
1000 y
13. dx
2
+ 1)( x + 4) y
= e 2 t + C (Note that 0 y < 1000.)
x+2
= 2
3
1000 y
+ dx
x +1 x + 4 1000 y 1000
= e 2 t C 1 = e 2 t C
1 2 x dx dx 3 dx y y
= +2 2 +
2 x2 +1 x +1 x+4 1000
1 = 1 + e 2 t C = 1 + ke 2 t ( k = e C )
= ln | x 2 + 1| + 2 tan 1 x + 3 ln | x + 4 | + C y
2 1000
y=
4 x 2 15 x 1 1 + ke 2 t
14. x 3 5x 2 + 3x + 1
dx Initial condition y = 10 when t = 0 k = 99.
1000
=
x2
3 y=
+ dx 1 + 99e 2 t
x 1 x 2 4 x 1
1 1000
= 3 ln | x 1| + ln | x 2 4 x 1| + C b. y(1) = = 69.4531 69 students
2 1 + 99e 2
Note that have heard the rumor after one hour.
x2 1/2 1/2 1000
= + , y( 4 ) = = 967.8567 968
x2 4x 1 x 2 + 5 x 2 5 1 + 99e 8
1 1 students have heard by lunchtime.
but ln x 2 + 5 + ln x 2 5 1000
2 2 y(8) = = 999.9888 1000
1 1 + 99e 16
= ln | x 4 x 1|, so the answer comes out
2
studentseveryone knows by the end of
2
the day!
the same.
c. It is quicker to analyze the original differential
4 x 2 + 18 x + 6
15. ( x + 5)( x + 1) 2 dx equation, which already refers to the derivative,
than to analyze the equation found in part a.
1000 y
1 2 Maximize y = 2 y
3
= + + 2 dx 1000
x + 5 x + 1 ( x + 1) 1
= (1000 y y ). 2
= ln |x + 5| + 3 ln |x + 1| + 2(x + 1) 1 + C 500
1
3 x 2 53 x + 245 y = (1000 y 2 yy) = 0 when y = 500.
16. x 3 14 x 2 + 49 x
dx 500
This is the maximum point because y > 0
5 3
2 for y < 500 and y < 0 for y > 500 (and
= + + 2 dx
x x 7 ( x 7) y > 0 for all t).
= 5 ln |x| 2 ln |x 7| 3(x 7) 1 + C So the rate of spreading (y) is greatest when
500 students have heard the news. This occurs
x
dx dx
17. = when
6 x + 12 x 8
3 2
( x 2)3 1000
1 500 =
= ( x 2) 2 + C 1 + 99e 2 t
2 99e 2 t + 1 = 2
1
1 dx
18. dx = e 2 t =
x 4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1 ( x + 1) 4 99
1 1
= ( x + 1) 3 + C t = ln 99 = 2.2975 hr
3 2
1 + ( N / P0 1)e 0.3t
= ln | tan | + C = be kmt
1 = be kmt
(b = 1/C3 )
p p
= ln ( x 3)2 1 + C m
= 1 + be kmt p =
m
p 1 + be kmt
= ln x 2 6 x + 8 + C At time t = 0, p = p 0.
m
x x
x3 1 2x 6
c. dx = dx p0 = m = p0 (1 + b)
2
6x + 8 2 2
6x + 8 1+ b
p (1 + b)
1
=ln | x 2 6 x + 8| + C p = 0 kmt
2 1 + be
1+ b
d. From part a, Letting K = km, p = p0 , Q .E .D .
1 1 1 + be Kt
ln | x 2| + ln | x 4| + C e. Let p denote millions of people. Then
2 2
p0 = 179.3.
1
= ln |( x 2)( x 4)| + C Substitute p(10) = 203.2.
2 1+ b
1 203.2 = 179.3
= ln | x 2 6 x + 8| + C 1 + be 10 K
2 203.2 + 203.2be10K = 179.3 + 179.3b
which is the answer in part c. This equals b(203.2e10K 179.3) = 23.9
23.9
ln | x 2 6 x + 8|1/2 + C = ln x 2 6 x + 8 + C, b=
203.2e 10 K 179.3
which is the answer from part b. So all three By substituting p(20) = 226.5 and
answers are equivalent, Q.E.D. transforming,
24. a. When the population is very much smaller 47.2
than the maximum, (m p) behaves like a b= .
226.5e 20 K 179.3
constant, and dp/dt = k(m p) p is Equating the two values of b and solving
approximately proportional to p. But when p numerically for K gives K = 0.0259109 .
is approaching m, then (m p) goes to zero, 23.9
so dp/dt = kp(m p) goes to zero. b= = 1.0630436
203.2e 0.259109... 179.3
b. dp/dt = kp(m p) = k(mp p2). So dp/dt is a 2.063036...
p = 179.3
quadratic function of p. Thus, the turning 1 + 1.063036...e 0.0259109...
point is at Check that this equation gives a good
m
p= = m/2. approximation for 1990.
2(1) 2.0630...
p(30) = 179.3
If k > 0, the graph of dp/dt versus p opens 1 + 1.0630... e 300.0259...
downward and the turning point is a = 248.4892 248.5 million people,
maximum. which is close to the actual population,
So the population grows fastest when 248.7 million.
p = m/2. 2.0630...
f. p( 40) = 179.3
c.
dp
= kp( m p)
dp
= k dt 1 + 1.0630... e 400.0259...
dt p( m p) = 268.6144 268.6 million people, which
p(m p) = k dt
dp is lower than the actual population by about
13 million people.
1/m 1/m 1+ b
g. k > 0 lim p = lim p0 = p0 (1 + b)
p
+ dp = k dt
m p t t 1 + be kt
= 179.3 (1 + 1.0630)
1 1
ln | p| ln |m p| = kt + C1 = 369.9024 369.9 million people
m m
x dx
= x sin 1 x
Problem Set 9-8 1 x2
1
Q1. integration by parts Q2. partial fractions = x sin 1 x + (1 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x dx )
Q3. x = tan or = tan1 x 2
1
Q4. x = sec or = sec1 x = x sin 1 x + 2(1 x 2 )1/2 + C
2
Q5. x = sin or = sin1 x 1
= x sin x + 1 x 2 + C
1 2
Q6. ( x + 1)8 + C
16
sec
1 u dv
5. x dx
Q7. 7 (at f (1)). Q8. 3 (at f (5)). sec 1 x 1
+
Q9. undefined Q10. B dx x
|x| x 2 1
tan
1 u dv
1. x dx
tan 1 x 1
| x|
x dx
= x sec 1 x
+
dx
1 + x2 x x2 1
dx
= x sec 1 x sgn x ( x/| x | = sgn x )
x +1
x dx
= x tan 1 x 2 x2 1
x
1 2 x dx v
= x tan 1
2 x +1 2
1 x
x 2 1
= x tan 1 x ln | x 2 + 1| + C (Checks.)
2 u
1
cot
1 u dv
2. x dx
cot 1 x + 1
x
dx
x Let = sec .
1 + x2 1
dx = sec tan d
x +1
x dx x 2 1 = tan
= x cot 1 x + 2
= sec1 x
x+
1 2 x dx
= x cot 1 sec 1 x dx
2 x +1 2
sec tan d
= x cot 1 x +
1
2
ln | x 2 + 1| + C (Checks.) = x sec 1 x sgn x tan
= x sec 1 x sgn x sec d
sec
1
A= x dx
1
csc
1 u dv 3
6. x dx = x sec 1 x sgn x ln ( x + x 2 1 )
csc 1 x +
1 1
dx x = 3 sec 1 3 1 ln (3 + 8 ) sec 11 + 1 ln 1
|x| x 2 1
= 1.930131 .
The Simpsons rule answer differs from this
| x|
x dx
= x csc 1 x + by 0.0104 , or about 0.5%.
x2 1
9. By vertical slices,
dx
= x csc 1 x + sgn x 1
x2 1 A = sin 1 x dx
0 2
v 1
= x x sin 1 x 1 x 2
x
2 0
1
1
= sin 1 0 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
u 2
/2
x2 1 By horizontal slices, A =
0
sin y dy
x tan
1
= x csc 1 x sgn x V = 2 x dx
cot 0
x sgn x csc d
= x csc 1
x tan
1 u dv
x dx
= x csc x + sgn x ln | csc + cot | + C
1 tan 1 x +
x
dx 1 2
1 + x2 2x
= x csc x + sgn x ln x + x 1 + C
1 2
x2
1 2 1
(Checks.) = x tan 1 x dx
Note: This answer can be transformed to 2 2 1+ x2
1 1
1
x sec 1 x + ln (| x | + x 2 1 ) + C. = x 2 tan 1 x 1 dx
2 2 1+ x2
4 4
1 1 1 1
7. tan 1 x dx = x tan 1 x
ln | x 2 + 1| = x 2 tan 1 x x + tan 1 x + C
1 2 1 2 2 2
V = x tan x x + tan 1 x 0
1
1 1 2 1
= 4 tan 1 4 ln 17 tan 11 + ln 2
2 2
1 17 = tan 1 1 + tan 1 1 0 + 0 0
1
= 4 tan 4 ln = 3.4478K
4 2 2 = 2 tan 1 1 = 2
4 4
Numerically, 1
tan 1 x dx = 3.4478K . 1 2
= = 1.7932 K
8. 2
Compare this with a cylinder ( r2h) minus a
cone ( r2h/3), both of radius 1 and altitude / 4,
y
/2
which has volume 2 ( / 4)/3 = 2/6 = 1.6449 ;
the volume is slightly less than V, which is
x expected because the cylinder minus the cone is
1 3 generated by rotating a line that lies below the
graph.
tanh x dx = ln (cosh x )
1 tanh 1
13.
sinh 1 1
coth = ln (cosh 3) ln (cosh 1) = 1.875547
4 4
y
14. sinh x dx = cosh x =0
4 4
sech 1
x (Note that sinh is an odd function.)
1 d sinh 5 x
15.
dx ln 3 x
csch
5 cosh 5 x ln 3 x x 1 sinh 5 x
2. =
(ln 3 x )2
y y
d cosh 6 x
coth1 16.
1
cosh1
1
x
dx cos 3 x
6 sinh 6 x cos 3 x + 3 cosh 6 x sin 3 x
1 1 x 1 1 =
tanh cos 2 3 x
sinh
y
17. x sinh x dx u
x +
dv
sinh x
1 cosh x
1 1 csch1
sech 0 + sinh x
1 1 x
= x cosh x sinh x + C
1
d
x sinh x dx
0
3. tanh 3 x = 3 tanh 2 x sec h 2 x = x cosh x sinh x
1
= cosh 1 sinh 1
dx 0
d =e 1
= 0.36787
4. 5 sec h 3 x = 15 sec h 3 x tanh 3 x
dx
1
x
2 u dv
5. cosh 5 x sinh x dx = cosh 6 x + C 18. cosh x dx
6 x2 + cosh x
2x sinh x
1
6. (sinh x ) cosh x dx = (sinh x ) 2 + C
3
2 + cosh x
2 0 sinh x
1
= csch x + C
2
2 = x 2 sinh x 2x cosh x + 2 sinh x + C
Or: (sinh x ) 3 cosh x dx = csch 2 x coth x dx
b
x 2 cosh x dx
1 1 a
= coth 2 x + C1 = (csch 2 x + 1) + C1 b
2 2 = x 2 sinh x 2 x cosh x + 2 sinh x a
1
= csch x + C
2
2
is given by the vector (h, 0) and the vertical
22. 4 cosh 1 6 x dx
force is the vector (0, v), so their sum, the
4 4
= x cosh 1 6 x [(6 x )2 1]1/2 + C tension vector, is the vector (h, v), which has
6 6 v
2 2 slope . Because the tension vector points
1 h
= x cosh 6 x 36 x 2 1 + C
3 3 along the graph, the graphs slope, y , also
23. Let x = 3 sinh t, dx = 3 cosh t dt, v
equals .
x 2 + 9 = 9 sinh 2 t + 9 = 3 cosh t, h
x b. v = weight of chain below (x, y) = s w
t = sinh 1 . v sw w
3 y = = = s
h h h
x 2 + 9 dx = 3 cosh t 3 cosh t dt
c. ds = dx 2 + dy 2 = dx 2 [1 + ( dy/dx )2 ]
= 9 cosh 2 t dt u
cosh t +
dv
cosh t
= 1 + ( y)2 dx
sinh t sinh t w w
d ( y) = ds = 1 + ( y)2 dx
h h
= 9 cosh t sinh t 9 sinh 2 t dt
d. [1 + ( y) ] d( y)
2 1/2
h dx = h x + C
w w
2
x2 + 9 x x
= 4.5 + 4.5 sinh 1 + C w
3 3 3 sinh 1 y = x+C
x h
= 0.5 x x 2 + 9 + 4.5 sinh 1 + C e. At x = 0, y = 0, so
3
w
24. Let x = 5 cosh t, dx = 5 sinh t dt, sinh 1 0 = 0 + C C = 0.
h
x 2 25 = 25 cosh 2 t 25 = 5 sinh t, w w
x f. sinh 1 y = x y = sinh x
t = cosh 1 . h h
5
dy w w
= sinh x dy = sinh x dx
x 2 25 dx = 5 sinh t 5 sinh t dt g.
dx
h
h
w
h
y = cosh x + C
= 25 sinh 2 t dt u
sinh t +
dv
sinh t
w h
1
cosh t cosh t 26. a. y = 2 when x = 0 2 = k cosh 0 + C
k
2=k+CC=2k
= 25 sinh t cosh t 25 cosh 2 t dt
4
y = 5 when x = 4 5 = k cosh + 2 k
= 25 sinh t cosh t 25 (sinh 2
t + 1) dt k
Using the solver feature of your grapher,
k 3.0668 .
1 methods could give both the weight and the
e.
1 k length.)
3
1 c. T = h 2 + v 2 ; h is constant and v is greatest
= k 2 sinh x + (2 k ) x
k 1 at the ends, so the maximum tension is at
x = 150 ft.
= (3.0668)2 sinh
3 1
sinh
3.0668 3.0668 T (150) = h 2 + [hy(150)]2
+ 4(2 3.0668)
= 9.5937 = 400 1 + sinh 2 0.3 = 400 cosh 0.3
3 = 418.1354 418.1 lb
f. L= 1
1 + ( y)2 dx h w
d. The general equation is y = cosh x + C.
3 w h
= 1 + sinh 2 ( x/k ) dx If y (0) = 100 and y (150) = 110, find h such
1
3
that y (150) y (0) = 10. Solve:
3
1 1
= cosh x dx = k sinh x h w h
1 k k 1
cosh 150 = 10, or
w h w
= k sinh + sinh = 4.5196
3 1 120 8
cosh 1 =
k k h h
27. a. The vertex is midway between the poles, By grapher, h = 901.3301... 901.3 lb.
so y = 110 ft when x = 150 ft. 28. The answers will depend on the dimensions
h w of the chain used. Note that the answer is
y = cosh x + C independent of the kind of chain. You might
w h
400 lb 0.8 show students how a heavy chain and a light
= cosh x+C chain of equal length will hang in the same
0.8 lb / ft 400
catenary if they are suspended from the same
110 = 500 cosh 150 + C
1 points.
500 Assume that the dimensions are the same as in
C = 110 500 cosh 0.3 Example 5.
1 a. Vertex: (0, 20). Supports: (90, 120).
y = 500 cosh x + 110 500 cosh 0.3 1
500 b. y = 51.78 cosh x 31.78K
The cable comes closest to the ground at 51.78K
x = 0. c. Note: To conserve class time, you might have
y (0) = 500 cosh 0 + 110 500 cosh 0.3 students plot only each 20 cm for x, as shown
= 610 500 cosh 0.3 = 87.3307 87.3 ft here for Example 5. Use the TABLE feature.
1 315 260
L=
90
cosh
51.78K
x dx c. A = 315
youter dx 260
yinner dx
90
1 315
= 51.78Ksinh x = 285.349K x
51.78K 90 = ko2 sinh + ko x + 630 x
ko 315
285.3 cm
260
The actual length should be close to this. x
+ ki2 sinh ki x 612 x
29. a. y = sinh x ki 260
dS = 2 x dL = 2 x 1 + cosh 2 x dx = 54323.2729 54,323 ft2
1
S = 2 x
0
1 + cosh 2 x dx d.
dyouter
dx
1
= sinh x, so
ko
= 5.07327 by numerical integration 315
1
5.07 ft2 L= 1 + sinh 2 x dx
315 ko
b. Cost = 2(57)(5.07327) = 578.3532
315
$578.35 315
1 1
= cosh x dx = ko sinh x
315 ko ko 315
0 e sinh x dx = e (cosh x sinh x ) + C
x x
csch (1.01) csch (0.99)
b. H(1)
0.02 The original integral reappeared with the same
= 1.11738505 . The answers differ by coefficient, so when it was added again to the left
0.0000995 , which is about 0.0089% of side, it exactly canceled out the desired integral.
the actual answer. Use the exponential form of sinh x.
2 1 x x
e x sinh x dx = e (e e x ) dx
2
32. 1
sech x dx = sin 1 ( tanh x )
1
2
= sin1 (tanh 2) sin1 (tanh 1) 1
= (e 2 x 1) dx
= 0.435990 2
2 1 1
Numerically, sech x dx = 0.435990K
1
= e2 x x + C
4 2
(Checks.) 35. a. cosh x sinh2 x
2
2 2
33. By parts: ex + e x ex e x
=
2 2
e
x u dv
sinh 2 x dx
sinh 2x + ex e 2 x + 2 + e 2 x e 2 x 2 + e 2 x
2 cosh 2x ex = =1
4 sinh 2x + ex 4 4
cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1, Q .E.D .
= e x sinh 2 x 2e x cosh 2 x + 4 e x sinh 2 x dx
b.
1
(cosh 2 x sinh 2 x ) =
1
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
3 e sinh 2 x dx x
1 tanh2 x = sech2 x
= e sinh 2 x 2e cosh 2 x + C1 e sinh 2 x dx
x x x
1 1
c. (cosh 2 x sinh 2 x ) =
2 1 sinh 2 x sinh 2 x
= e x cosh 2 x e x sinh 2 x + C
3 3 coth2 x 1 = csch2 x
By transforming to exponential form:
36. a. Substitute 2x for x in the definition of sinh x.
1 x 2 x 2 x
e x sinh 2 x dx = e (e e ) dx 1
2 b. sinh 2 x = (e 2 x e 2 x )
2
1 1 1
= (e 3 x e x ) dx = e 3 x + e x + C 1 1
2 6 2 = 2 (e x e x ) (e x + e x )
2 2
Transforming to exponential form is easier!
(Note that the two answers can be shown to be = 2 sinh x cosh x
equivalent either by transforming the first to
e. 1 + 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x
2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x 1
2 sinh 2 t dt = sinh t cosh t t + C
sinh
1
sinh 2 x = (cosh 2 x 1) 2
t dt = 0.5 sinh t cosh t 0.5t + C1
2
37. a. On the circle, u2 + v2 = 1 Slicing as in part b, the area A between the
2u du + 2v dv = 0 dv = (u/v) du. upper and lower branches of the hyperbola is
x
dL = du 2 + dv 2 = du 2 + (u/v)2 du 2 A=2 sinh
2
t dt
0
du cosh x sinh x (sinh x cosh x x) = x,
L=
cos 2 1 u2 Q .E .D .
38. a. y = sinh 1 x sinh y = x cosh y y = 1
= cos 1 u = cos 1 1 + 2 = 2
1
cos 2 1 1 1
y = = = , Q. E . D .
The curve along the hyperbola from u = 1 to cosh y sinh y + 1
2
x +1
2
u = cosh 2 has length greater than the line
segment along the horizontal axis from (1, 0) b. y = tanh 1 x tanh y = x sech2 y y = 1
1 1 1
to (cosh 2, 0). This segment has length y = 2 = 2 = , Q.E.D.
L = cosh 2 1 = 2.762 . So the length of sec h y 1 tan h y 1 x 2
the curve is greater than 2, Q.E.D. c. y = coth 1 x coth y = x
b. The area of the triangle that circumscribes the csch2 y y = 1
sector is 0.5(2 sinh 2 cosh 2) = sinh 2 cosh 2. 1 1 1
y = 2 = = ,
The area of the sector is the area of this csch y (coth y 1) 1 x 2
2
1
x
1 1
x
1
x
2
(x
2
b. (1/ x ) dx = lim
2
) dx
2 b 2
It might converge because the integrand
b 1
= lim x 1 = lim( 1/b + 1/2) = approaches zero as x approaches infinity.
b b 2 b
2
1 b. 1/ x 0.2 dx = lim x 0.2 dx
Integral converges to . 1 b 1
2 b
2. a. y = lim 1.25 x 0.8
= lim (1.25b 0.8 1.25) =
1
b 1 b
x
3
b
1/ x 1.2 dx = lim x 1.2 dx
3
1 b.
1 b 1
The integral converges to .
81 b
3. a. y = lim 5 x 0.2 = lim (5b 0.2 + 5) = 5
b 1 b
The integral converges to 5.
7. a. y
1
x
1
1
It might converge because the integrand x
approaches zero as x approaches infinity. 1
b
b. 1
(1/ x ) dx = lim (1/x ) dx
b 1
It might converge because the integrand
b
= lim ln | x | = lim (ln b 0) = becomes infinite only as x approaches zero.
b 1 b
x
0.2 11. a. y
b. 1/ x 0.2 dx = lim+ dx 1
x
0 a0 a
0 1
1
= lim+ 1.25 x 0.8 = lim+ (1.25 1.25a 0.8 )
a 0 a a 0
= 1.25
The integral converges to 1.25.
8. a. y It might converge because the integrand
becomes infinite only as x approaches 0 or 1.
b. To determine whether this converges, split the
integral into two pieces. Each piece must
1 converge in order for the integral to converge.
x
The integral can be written
1 1
1/( x ln x ) dx
0
It might converge because the integrand c 1
becomes infinite only as x approaches zero. = 1/( x ln x ) dx + 1/( x ln x ) dx
0 c
1 1
1/x x
c b
= lim 1/( x ln x ) dx + lim 1/( x ln x ) dx
1.2
b. 1.2
dx = lim+ dx +
0 a0 a a0 a b 1 c
1 c b
= lim+ 5 x 0.2 = lim+ (5 + 5a 0.2 ) = = lim+ ln | ln x | + lim ln | ln x |
a 0 a a0 a0 a b1 c
= lim+(ln |ln c | ln |ln a |)
The integral diverges. a 0
9. a. y
+ lim(ln |ln b | ln |ln c |)
b1
1 =+
For the integral to converge, both limits must
exist. Because neither exists, the integral
x
diverges.
0 1
12. a.
y
e
17. a.
b. e 0.4 x dx = lim 0.4 x
dx
2 b 2 y
b 1
0.4 x
= lim 2.5e
b 2
= lim(2.5e 0.4 b + 2.5e 0.8 ) = 2.5e 0.8
b
The integral converges to 2.5e 0.8 x
= 1.1233 . 0 1
14. a.
It might converge because the integrand seems
y to approach zero as x approaches infinity.
1 b. Integrate by parts:
xe x dx = e x ( x + 1) + C
b
0 1 x
0
xe x dx = lim
b 0 xe x dx
b
= lim e x ( x + 1) = lim [ e b (b + 1) + 1] = 1
b 0 b
It diverges because the integrand does not
(The first term is zero by lHospitals rule.)
approach zero as x approaches infinity.
Integral converges to 1.
b. (Not applicable)
18. a.
15. a. y
y
1
1
x
x
0 1 3
1 0 2
( x 1) dx
2
b. (Not applicable) b.
0
16. a. b 3
y
= lim ( x 1) 2
dx + lim+ ( x 1)
2
dx
b1
0 a1 a
b 3
= lim ( x 1) 1 + lim+ ( x 1) 1
b1 0 a1 a
1 = lim [(b 1) + (1) ] 1 1
b1
x
+ lim+ [2 1 + ( a 1) 1 ]
0 1 3 7 a1
=+
It might converge because the integrand For the integral to converge, both limits must
becomes infinite only as x approaches 3. exist. Because neither exists, the integral
7 diverges.
( x 3) dx
2/3
b.
1 19. a.
b 7
= lim ( x 3) ( x 3)
y
2/3 2/3
dx + lim+ dx
b3 1 a3 a 1
b 7
= lim 3( x 3) 1/3
+ lim+ 3( x 3)1/3 x
b3 1 a3 a 20
x
20 A = lim y 1 dy = lim ln | y|
a a a a
= lim ( ln | 1| + ln |a|) =
a
22. a. I = 1/ x
1.001
dx = lim x 1.001
dx
b
1.001
25. a. f ( x ) = 0
t x e t dt
1 b 1 b b
= lim 1000 x
b
0.001
b f (1) = lim
b 0 te t dt = lim ( te t e t )
b 0
1
= lim ( be e b b
+ 0 + 1) = 1
= lim (1000 b 0.001
+ 1000) b
b
= 1000 (converges), Q.E.D. (Using lHospitals rule on be b gives
b
I 0.999 = 1/ x 0.999 dx = lim x 0.999 dx b 1
b 1
lim be b = lim b = lim b = 0. )
1 b b e b e
b
= lim 1000 x 0.001
b 1
f (2) = lim
b 0 t 2 e t dt
= lim (1000 b 0.001 1000) b
b
= (diverges), Q.E.D.
= lim t 2 e t
b 0
+2 0
te t dt
= lim ( b 2 e b + 0) + 2(1) = 2
b. I1 =
1
1/ x dx = (see Problem 3), so I1 b
b
1
= lim t 3e t +3 t 2 e t dt
The area does not approach a finite limit. b 0 0
b
c. f ( x ) = t x e t dt u dv
Volume diverges. 0
tx + e t
d. False. The volume could approach a constant xt x1 e t
as in part b or become infinite as in part c.
= 0.000000386 b2 1 a2 a
b 3
which is less in absolute value than 0.000001. = lim (2 x /ln 2 + x ) + lim+ (2 x /ln 2 x )
b2 1 a2 a
Note, however, that the difference is negative
because the calculated value is larger than = lim (2 /ln 2 + b 2/ln 2 1)
b
b2
the tabulated value. This observation means + lim+ (2 3 /ln 2 3 2 a /ln 2 + a)
that either the tabulated value is incorrect or a 2
1
= sec 3 d = sec tan
4. x cos x dx u
x +
dv
cos x 1
2
1 sin x + ln | sec + tan | + C
0 + cos x 2
1 1
= t 1 + t 2 + ln 1 + t 2 + t + C
= x sin x + cos x + C 2 2
5. f (x) = (3x + 5) 1 f (x) = 3(3x + 5) 2
6. f (x) = (5 2x 1) f (x) = 2(5 2x) 2
20. t 2 1 dt = sec 2 1 d (sec )
1
7. (3 x + 5) 1 dx = ln |3 x + 5| + C
= sec tan 2 d = (sec 3 sec ) d
3 1 1
= sec tan + ln | sec + tan |
1
8. (5 2 x ) 1 dx = ln |5 2 x | + C 2 2
2 ln | sec + tan | + C
9. t(x) = tan5 4x 1 1
= sec tan ln | sec + tan | + C
t(x) = 5 tan4 4x (4 sec2 4x) = 20 tan4 4x sec2 4x 2 2
1 1
10. h(x) = sech3 7x = t t 1 ln t + t 2 1 + C
2
2 6 ex
1 1 0 + ex
= x + sin 2 x + C
2 4 = x3ex 3x2 ex + 6xex 6ex + C
1 1
= x + sin x cos x + C (or integrate by parts)
x e
4 x u dv
2 2 24. dx
6 x 11 x4 + e x
13. y = 4x 3 e x
x+2 12x 2 + e x
6( x + 2) (6 x 11)(1) 23 24x e x
y = = 24
e x
( x + 2) 2
( x + 2)2 +
0
e x
5x + 9
14. y = = x4 e x 4x3 e x 12x2 e x 24xe x 24e x + C
x4
5( x 4) (5 x + 9)(1) 29 1
y = = 25. f ( x ) = sin 1 x f ( x ) = = (1 x 2 ) 1/2
( x 4) 2 ( x 4) 2 1 x 2
sinh x dx
35. tanh x dx = = ln |cosh x | + C
sin
1 u dv
27. x dx cosh x
sin 1 x + 1
(1 x 2)1/2 x (Absolute value is optional.)
cosh x dx
36. coth x dx = = ln | sinh x | + C
= x sin 1 x (1 x 2 ) 1/2 ( x dx ) sinh x
(Absolute value is necessary.)
= x sin 1 x (0.5)(2)(1 x2)1/2 + C
37. y = e2x cos 3x
= x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C
y = (2e2x) cos 3x + e2x(3 sin 3x)
= e2x(2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x)
tan
1 u dv
28. x dx
tan 1 x + 1 38. y = e 3x cos 4x
1
y = (3e3x) cos 4x + e3x(4 sin 4x)
x
1 + x2
= e3x(3 cos 4x + 4 sin 4x)
1+ x
1
= x tan 1 x ( x dx )
e
2 2x u dv
39. cos 3 x dx
1 e 2x cos 3x
= x tan 1 x
+
ln |1 + x 2 | + C 2e 2x
1
2 3 sin 3x
1
4e 2x +
9 cos 3x
dx =
1/6 1/6
1
29. + dx
x2 + 4x 5 x + 5 x 1
1 1 1 2
= ln | x + 5| + ln | x 1| + C = e 2 x sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x
6 6 3 9
4 2x
dx =
1/8
1 1/8 e cos 3 x dx
30. + dx
2
x 6x 7 x + 1 x 7 9
1 1 13 2 x
= ln | x + 1| + ln | x 7| + C 9
e cos 3 x dx
8 8
1 2
= e 2 x sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + C1
1 1
31. dx = dx 3 9
x + 4x 5
2
( x + 2)2 9
e
2x
cos 3 x dx
1
= (3 sec tan d )
(3 sec )2 9 3 2x 2
= e sin 3 x + e 2 x cos 3 x + C
13 13
1
= (3 sec tan d ) = sec d
3 tan
e
3 x u dv
40. cos 4 x dx
= ln | sec + tan | + C e 3x cos 4x
+
1 1 1
= ln ( x + 2) + ( x + 2)2 9 + C1 3e 3x 4 sin 4x
3 3 1
9e 3x + 16 cos 4x
= ln x + 2 + x 2 + 4 x 5 + C
1 3 x 3
= e sin 4 x e 3 x cos 4 x
1 1
32. dx = dx 4 16
x2 6x 7 ( x 3)2 16
9
e 3 x cos 4 x dx
1
= ( 4 sec tan d ) 16
( 4 sec ) 16 2
25 3 x
e cos 4 x dx
1 16
= ( 4 sec tan d ) = sec d
4 tan 1 3
= ln |sec + tan | + C = e 3 x sin 4 x e 3 x cos 4 x + C1
4 16
e
1 1 3 x
= ln ( x 3) + ( x 3)2 16 + C1 cos 4 x dx
4 4
4 3 x 3
= ln x 3 + x 2 6 x 7 + C = e sin 4 x e 3 x cos 4 x + C
25 25
1
x = sin x sin 3 x + C
2 u dv
44. ln 8 x dx 3
ln 8x + x2
1 1 3 1 2
x 3x Or: cos3 x dx = cos 2 x sin x + cos x dx
------------------------ 3 3
1 2
1 3x 1 2
0
1 3 = cos 2 x sin x + sin x + C
9x
+
3 3
ln y = ln x ln (x + 2)
ln (x + 3) ln (x + 4) + cos x sin x dx
4
y = y[x 1 (x + 2) 1 (x + 3) 1 (x + 4) 1]
2 1
=
x
[ x 1 ( x + 2) 1 = cos x +cos3 x cos 5 x + C
3 5
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4)
1 4
(x + 3) 1 (x + 4) 1] Or: sin 5 x dx = sin 4 x cos x + sin 3 x dx
5 5
x
46. y =
1 4 8
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) = sin 4 x cos x sin 2 x cos x + sin x dx
5 15 15
ln y = ln x ln (x 1) 1 4
ln (x 2) ln (x 3) = sin 4 x cos x sin 2 x cos x
5 15
y = y[x 1 (x 1) 1 (x 2) 1 (x 3) 1]
8
x cos x + C
= [ x 1 ( x 1) 1 15
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
1 3
(x 2) 1 (x 3) 1] 55. cos 4 x dx = cos3 x sin x + cos 2 x dx
4 4
x
47. dx 1 3 3
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4) = cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + dx
4 8 8
=
2
1 3 1 3 3
+ dx = cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + x + C
x + 2 x + 3 x + 4 4 8 8
= ln |x + 2| + 3 ln |x + 3| 2 ln |x + 4| + C
1 5
56. sin 6 x dx = sin 5 x cos x + sin 4 x dx 68. xe x dx u dv
6 6 0 x + e x
1 5 1 e x
= sin 5 x cos x sin 3 x cos x 0 + e x
6 24
15
= xe x e x = 2e 2 e 2 + 0 + 1
2
+ sin 2 x dx 0
24
1 5 = 3e 2 + 1 = 0.59399
= sin 5 x cos x sin 3 x cos x
6 24 69. r(x) = xex r(x) = xex + ex
70. s(x) = xe x s(x) = xe x + e x
15 15
sin x cos x + dx
48 48 ln x + 2
71. q( x ) =
1 5 x
= sin 5 x cos x sin 3 x cos x
6 24 (1/ x ) x (ln x + 2) 1 1 ln x
q ( x ) = =
5 5 x2 x2
sin x cos x + x+C
16 16 (ln x )3 + 4
72. r ( x ) =
57. g (x) = (x + 3) 4 3
x
g (x) = 3(x4 + 3)2(4x3) = 12x3(x4 + 3)2 3(ln x )2 (1/ x ) x [(ln x )3 + 4] 1
58. f (x) = (x 1) 3 4 r ( x ) =
x2
f (x) = 4(x3 1)3(3x2) = 12x2(x3 1)3
3(ln x )2 (ln x )3 4
=
(x
+ 3) dx = ( x + 9 x + 27 x + 27) dx
4 3 12 8 4
59. x2
ln x + 2
dx
=
1 13 9 27 5
x +x + x + 27 x + C 73. dx = (ln x + 2)
13 5 x x
1
( x 1) dx = (ln x + 2)2 + C
3 4
60. 2
= (x 4x (ln x )3 + 4
x dx
12 9
+ 6 x 6 4 x 3 + 1) dx dx 4
74. dx = (ln x )3 +
x x
1 13 2 10 6 7 4 1
= x x + x x + x+C = (ln x ) 4 + 4 ln | x | + C
13 5 7 4
1
61. ( x 4 + 3)3 x 3 dx = ( x 4 + 3) 4 + C (The absolute values are optional because ln x
16 appears in the original integrand, so only
1 positive values of x can be used.)
62. ( x 3 1) 4 x 2 dx = ( x 3 1)5 + C
15 2
75. f ( x ) = e x f ( x ) = 2 xe x
2
1
( x 4 + 3) dx = x 5 + 3 x + C
3 3
63. 76. f ( x ) = e x f ( x ) = 3 x 2 e x
5
2 1 2
xe x dx = e x + C
1 77.
64. ( x 3 1) dx = x 4 x + C 2
4
3 1 3
x
x 2 e x dx = e x + C
(t
78.
65. f ( x ) = 4
+ 3)3 dt f ( x ) = ( x 4 + 3)3 3
1
x
66. h( x ) = (t 1) 4 dt h ( x ) = ( x 3 1) 4
x e
3 x2
3
79. dx u dv
5
x2 + xe x 2
1 x2
2 2x 2e
67.
1
xe x dx u
x +
dv
ex
---------------------
2
1 x2
2 xe
1 ex 0
1 x2
4e
+
0 + ex
1 2 x2 1 x2
= xe x e x
2
= 2e 2 e 2 e + e = e 2 = 7.3890 K = x e e +C
1 2 2
0 + 1 x3 cos 2 cx dx = x + C (for c = 0)
3e
ax + b
85. f ( x ) =
1 3 1 3
= x 3e x e x + C cx + d
3 3 a(cx + d ) c( ax + b) ad bc
f ( x ) = =
(cx + d ) 2
(cx + d )2
e
ax u dv
81. cos bx dx (for c, d not both 0)
e ax + cos bx (undefined for c = d = 0)
1
ae ax b sin bx 86. f (x) = (ax + b)n
f ( x ) = na( ax + b) n1
1
a 2e ax + b 2 cos bx
(for a, b not both 0, or n 1)
f (x) = 0 (for a = b = 0 and 0 n 1)
a2
e
1 ax a
= e sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx 2 ax
cos bx dx (undefined for a = b = 0 and n < 0)
b b b
a2 + b2 ax + b a b ( a/c)d
b2
e ax cos bx dx 87. cx + d dx = c + cx + d
dx
1 a ax bc ad
= e ax sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx + C1 = + ln |cx + d | + C (for c 0)
b b c c2
ax + b
a 2 b
dx = x + x+C
ax
e cos bx dx
cx + d 2d d
b a (for c = 0, d 0)
= 2 e ax sin bx + 2 e ax cos bx + C
a + b2 a + b2 (undefined for c = d = 0)
(for a, b not both 0)
( ax + b) n+1
e cos bx dx = x + C
ax
(for a = b = 0) 88. ( ax + b) n dx =
a(n + 1)
+C
(for n 1, a 0)
e
ax u dv 1
82. sin bx dx ( ax + b) dx = ln |ax + b| + C
n
e ax + sinbx a
ae ax
1
b cosbx (for n = 1, a 0)
a 2e ax +
1
2 sinbx ( ax + b) dx = b x + C
n n
(for a = 0)
b
x dx 1
1 a 89. = ( x 2 + a 2 ) 1/2 (2 x dx )
= e ax cos bx + 2 e ax sin bx x +a
2 2 2
b b 1
a2 = 2( x 2 + a 2 )1/2 + C = x 2 + a 2 + C
2 e sin bx dx
ax
2
b
x dx 1
a2 + b2 90. = ( a 2 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x dx )
b2
e ax sin bx dx a x
1
2 2 2
1 a
= e ax cos bx + 2 e ax sin bx + C1 = 2( a 2 x 2 )1/ 2 + C = a 2 x 2 + C
2
b b
(for a 0)
e ax sin bx dx (undefined for a = 0)
a b d ( a tan )
dx
= e ax sin bx 2 e ax cos bx + C 91. =
a2 + b2 a + b2 x +a
2 2
a 2 tan 2 + a 2
(for a, b not both 0)
a sec 2 d
e sin bx dx = C
ax
(for a = b = 0) = a sec
= sec d
= ln |sec + tan | + C1
sin
1
83. 2
cx dx = (1 cos 2cx ) dx
2 1 2 1
= ln x + a 2 + x + C1
1 1 a a
= x sin 2cx + C (for c 0)
2 4c = ln x 2 + a2 + x + C
sin 2 cx dx = C (for c = 0)
x
2 u dv
95. sin ax dx
x2 + sinax = x sin 1 ax
ax dx
1
2x
a cosax 1 ( ax )2
1
2 2 sinax 1
+ a = x sin 1 ax + [1 ( ax )2 ]1/2 ( 2 a 2 x dx )
1 2a
0 a3
cosax
1
= x sin 1 ax + 1 ( ax )2 + C (for a 0)
a
1 2 2 2
=
a
x cos ax + 2 x sin ax + 3 cos ax + C
a a sin 1 ax dx = C (for a = 0)
(for a 0)
1 + x dx
1
101. Let u = 1 + x .
x 2 sin ax dx = C (for a = 0)
x = (u 1)2
dx = 2(u 1) du
x
2 u dv
96. cos ax dx
2(u 1) du
x2 + cosax = = 2 du (2/u) du
1 u
2x a sinax = 2u 2 ln |u| + C
1
2 + 2 cosax
a = 2(1 + x ) 2 ln |1 + x | + C
1
0
sinax Or: 2 x 2 ln |1 + x | + C1
a3
Absolute values are optional because
1 2 2 2 1 + x > 0.
= x sin ax + 2 x cos ax 3 sin ax + C
a a a 1
102. dx Let u = 1 x .
(for a 0) 1 x
1 3 x = (1 u)2
x cos ax dx = x + C
2
(for a = 0)
3 dx = 2(u 1) du
2(u 1) du
1
97. sinh ax dx = cosh ax + C (for a 0) = = 2 du (2/u) du
a u
= 2u 2 ln |u| + C
sinh ax dx = C (for a = 0)
= 2(1 x ) 2 ln |1 x | + C
cosh ax dx = a sinh ax + C
1 Or: 2 x 2 ln |1 x | + C1
98. (for a 0)
1
cosh ax dx = x + C (for a = 0) 103.
1+ 4 x
dx Let u = 1 + 4 x .
x = (u 1)4
cos dx = 4(u 1)3 du
1 u dv
99. ax dx
cos 1ax 1 3
4(u 1) du
a
+
= = ( 4u 2 12u + 12 4/u) du
x u
1 (ax) 2 4
= u 3 6u 2 + 12 u 4 ln |u| + C
3
ax dx 4
= x cos 1 ax + = (1 + 4 x )3 6(1 + 4 x )2 + 12(1 + 4 x )
1 ( ax )2 3
4 ln 1 + 4 x + C
1
= x cos 1 ax [1 ( ax )2 ]1/ 2 ( 2 a 2 x dx )
2a 4 4 3
Or: ( x ) 2( 4 x )2 + 4 4 x 4 ln |1 + 4 x | + C1 ,
3
6u du 6u du 1+
= 2 =
u +u
3
u +1 1+ u 2
6 2 du
= 6u 6u + 6 = = du
2
du (1 + u 2 ) + (1 u 2 )
u + 1
(by long division)
1
= 2u 3 3u 2 + 6u 6 ln |u + 1| + C e. dx = du = u + C = tan ( x/2) + C
1 + cos x
= 2 x 33 x + 66 x 6 ln (6 x + 1) + C
1
108. a. sec x dx = dx
1 cos x
105. dx Let u = e x + 1.
e +1 1 + u 2 2 du
x 2
= = du
ex = u2 1 1 u2 1 + u2 1 u2
x = ln (u 2 1)
b. sec x dx =
1
1
+ du
2u du
dx = 2 1 u 1+ u
u 1 = ln | 1 u | + ln |1 + u| + C
1
2 du 1
= = du 1+ u 1 + tan ( x/2)
u2 1 u 1 u + 1 = ln + C = ln +C
(by partial fractions) 1 u 1 tan ( x/2)
= ln |u 1| ln |u + 1| + C 1 + tan ( x/2)
= ln ( e + 1 1) ln ( e + 1 + 1) + C
x x c. sec x dx = ln 1 1 tan ( x/2)
+C
1 tan ( /4) + tan ( x/2)
106. dx Let u = e x 1. = ln +C
x
e 1 1 tan ( /4) tan ( x/2)
ex = u2 + 1 = ln |tan ( /4 + x/2)| + C
x = ln (u 2 + 1) 1 1
dx = 2
2u du
u +1
d. i. 0
sec x dx = ln | tan ( /4 + x/2) |
0
= ln |tan (/4 + 1/2)| ln |tan /4|
2 du
= = 2 tan u + C = 2 tan 1 e x 1 + C
1
u2 + 1 = ln |tan (/4 + 1/2)| = 1.226191
107. a. Let t = x/2 and substitute, getting 1 1
16 4x
Problem Set 9-12 e sin 3 x dx
9
1. Answers will vary.
25 4x
e sin 3 x dx
9
1 4
Problem Set 9-13 = e 4x cos 3 x + e 4x sin 3 x + C1
3 9
Review Problems
e 4x sin 3 x dx
R0. Answers will vary. 3 4x 4
= e cos 3 x + e 4x sin 3 x + C
R1. f ( x ) = x cos x 25 25
f ( x ) = x(sin x) + (1) cos x = cos x x sin x
x cos x dx + C = f ( x ) dx x (ln x ) dx
2 u dv
c.
(ln x)2 + x
1 1 2
= (cos x x sin x ) dx 2 ln x x 2x
------------------------
ln x x
= sin x x sin x dx 1 1 2
x 2x
------------------------
x sin x dx = sin x x cos x + C 1
1
+ 2x
4 4 1 2
0
4x
x sin x dx = sin x x cos x
1 1
= sin 4 4 cos 4 sin 1 + cos 1 = 1.5566 =
1 2 1 1
x (ln x )2 x 2 ln x + x 2 + C
4
2 2 4
Numerically, x sin x dx 1.5566 K .
1 d. Slice parallel to the y-axis. Pick a sample
R2. 5x sin 2 x dx u = 5x dv = sin 2x dx point (x, y) on the graph, within the slice.
dV = 2 x y dx = 2 x(x ln x) dx
1 = 2 x 2 ln x dx
du = 5 dx v = cos 2 x
2
= 5 x cos 2 x +
1 1 2
2 2
cos 2 x (5 dx ) V = 2
1
x 2 ln x dx u
ln x +
dv
x2
5 5 1 1 3
= x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C x
----------------------
3x
2 4 1 2
1 3x
+ 1 3
0 9x
cos
30 u dv
R4. a. dx
cos 29x cosx
= sec x tan x + sec x dx sec x dx
+ 3
29 cos 28x sinx sinx
2 sec x dx 3
= cos x sin x + 29 cos x sin x dx
29 28 2
= sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
x sin x + 29 cos
= cos x (1 cos x ) dx
sec
29 28 2 3
x dx
30 cos dx 30
1 1
= sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
2 2
= cos 29 x sin x + 29 cos 28 x dx
tan
32 dx = ( tan 9 32) dx = ( tan 9 32) x + C
9
e.
cos dx 30
f. r = 9 + 8 sin
1 29
=cos 29 x sin x + cos 28 x dx 1 1
30 30 dA = r 2 d = (9 + 8 sin )2 d
2 2
1 4
b. sec 6 x dx = sec 4 x tan x + sec 4 x dx 1 /4
1
5
4
5 A=
2 0
(64 sin 2 + 144 sin + 81) d
= sec 4 x tan x + sec 2 x tan x 1 /4
5 15 =
2 0
[32(1 cos 2 ) + 144 sin + 81] d
8
+ 2
sec x dx
81 /4
= 16 sin 2 72 cos +
15 1
1 4
= sec 4 x tan x + sec 2 x tan x 2 2 0
5 15 81
8 = 4 8 36 2 + + 72
+ tan x + C 8
15 113
= + 64 36 2 = 57.4633K
tan x dx = tan x (tan x dx )
n n2 2
c. 8
= tan x (sec x 1) dx
n2 2
R6. a. x 2 49 dx
tan x tan x dx
1 n 1 n2
=
n 1
x
x 2 49
x
2 1
= sin x sin 3 x + sin 5 x + C Let = sec . x = 7 sec ,
3 5 7
dx = 7 sec tan d,
sec x dx = (tan x + 1) (sec x dx )
6 2 2 2
b. x
x 2 49 = 7 tan , = sec 1
= (tan x + 2 tan x + 1)(sec x dx )
4 2 2 7
x 49 dx
2
1 2
= tan 5 x + tan 3 x + tan x + C
5 3 = (7 tan )(7 sec tan d )
= 49 sec tan d
1
c. sin 2 7 x dx = (1 cos 14 x ) dx 2
2
1 1
= x sin 14 x + C = 49 sec d sec d
3
2 28
x5 u
Let = tan .
3 25 x 2
x = 5 + 3 tan , dx = 3 sec2 d,
x5 x
( x 5)2 + 9 = 3 sec , = tan 1 Let = sin . x = 5 sin , dx = 5 cos d ,
3 5
x
( x 5) + 9 dx 25 x 2 = 5 cos , = sin 1
2
5
4
= (3 sec )(3 sec d ) = 9 sec d
2 3
A= 2 25 x 2 dx
3
x =4
= 2
9 9
= sec tan + ln |sec + tan | + C1 5 cos (5 cos d )
2 2 x =3
x =4
9 ( x 5)2 + 9 x 5 = 25 (1 + cos 2 ) d
= x =3
2 3 3 x =4
= 25 + 12.5 sin 2 x =3
9 ( x 5) + 9 x 5
2
x =4
+ ln + + C1 = 25 + 25 sin cos x =3
2 3 3 4
x x 1
1 = 25 sin 1
+ 25 25 x 2
= ( x 5)2 + 9 ( x 5) 5 5 5 3
2
9 9 = 25 sin 1 0.8 + 4 9 25 sin 1 0.6 3 16
+ ln ( x 5)2 + 9 + x 5 ln 3 + C1 = 25(sin 1 0.8 sin 1 0.6) = 7.0948
2 2
(6 x + 1) dx (6 x + 1) dx
1
= ( x 5) x 10 x + 34
2
2 R7. a.
x 2 3x 4
=
( x + 1)( x 4)
=
5
1
9
+ ln x 2 10 x + 34 + x 5 + C + dx
x +1 x 4
2
= ln |x + 1| + 5 ln |x 4| + C
=
2
3 4
+ dx
x 1 x + 2 x 3
= 3 ln |x 1| + 4 ln |x + 2| 2 ln |x 3| + C
2
x
5 x 2 + 3 x + 45 5 x 2 + 3 x + 45
dx =
1
c. dx
x3 + 9x x ( x 2 + 9)
b. f ( x ) = sec 1 3x
= + 2
3
5 x
dx = 5 ln | x | + tan 1 + C f ( x ) =
3
=
1
x x + 9 3
|3 x | (3 x ) 1 | x | 9 x 2 1
2
y8
= 0.25e 0.5 x 1
y3 x
((y 8)/(y 3) < 0 because (0, 7) is on the 1
graph)
5
y = 3+
1 + 0.25e 0.5 x
The graph shows that solution fits slope field. b.
y
y
1
7 x
1
tan x dx
c. h(x) = x2 sech x b. tan x dx = lim
h(x) = x2 sech x tanh x + 2x sech x /2 a /2 a
d. f ( x ) = sinh 1 5x 0
5 = lim ln |sec x |
f ( x ) = a /2 a
25 x 2 + 1 = lim (ln |sec 0 | ln |sec a |) =
a /2
1
e. tanh 3 x dx = sinh 3 x dx The integral diverges.
cosh 3 x 1
1
= ln |cosh 3 x | + C
3
c. 1
x 2/3 dx
b 1
x 2/3 dx + lim+ x
2/3
(Absolute values are optional because = lim dx
cosh 3x > 0.) b 0 1 a 0 a
b 1
= lim 3 x 1/3 + lim+ 3 x 1/3
cosh
1 u dv
f. 7x dx b 0 1 a 0 a
cosh 1 7x 1
7
+
= lim [3b ( 3)] + lim+ (3 3a1/3 ) = 6
1/3
x b0 a0
49x 2 1 The integral converges to 6.
4
x | x 1| dx
= x cosh 7 x 1
7x
dx
d.
0 x 1
49 x 2 1 b 4
= lim ( x + 1) dx + lim+ ( x 1) dx
1 b1 a1
= x cosh 1 7 x ( 49 x 2 1) 1/2 (98 x dx ) 0
b
a
4
= lim x 3/2 + x + lim+ x 3/2 x
14 2 2
1 b1 3
= x cosh 1 7 x 2( 49 x 2 1)1/2 + C 0 a1 3 a
14
= lim b 3/ 2 + b 0
1 2
= x cosh 1 7 x 49 x 2 1 + C b1 3
7
+ lim+ 4 3/2 4 a 3/2 + a
2 2
g. cosh2 x sinh2 x
a1 3 3
1 1
= (e x + e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2 2 3/2 2 3/2 2 3/2
2 2 = 1 +1 + 4 4 1 +1
1 2x 1 3 3 3
= (e + 2 + e ) (e 2 x 2 + e 2 x )
2 x
16 10
4 4 = 1+ 4 +1 =
= 1, Q .E .D . 3 3
10
1 The integral converges to = 3.333K .
h. The general equation is y = k cosh x + C. 3
k
y = 5 at x = 0 5 = k cosh 0 + C
C=5k
e. 1
x p dx converges if p > 1 and diverges
3 otherwise.
y = 7 at x = 3 7 = k cosh + 5 k x
k R11. a. f ( x ) = x sin 1 x f ( x ) = sin 1 x +
3 1 x2
2 = k cosh k
k
k = 2.5269 (solving numerically)
y = 2.5269K cosh
t
+ 5 2.5269K
b. I = x sin 1 x dx u
sin 1 x
dv
x
2.5269K 1
+
1 2
y(10) = 68.5961 20
2x
1 x2
x
= 2.5269K cosh + 5 2.5269K
2.5269K x 2 dx
1 2 1 1
x = 6.6324 (solving numerically) = x sin x
b 2 2 1 x2
R10. a. 3
( x 2) 1.2 dx = lim
b 3
( x 2) 1.2 dx
x 2 dx
= lim 5( x 2) 0.2
b Let I1 = 1 x2
and x = sin .
b 3
= lim [5(b 2) 0.2 + 5] = 5 dx = cos d , 1 x 2 = cos ,
b
The integral converges to 5. = sin 1 x
1
d. ( x 3 x ) 1 dx = 3 dx Concept Problems
x x
=
1
x ( x 1)( x + 1)
dx
C1. sech x dx = 1 tanh 2 x dx
v
= +
1/2
1 1/2
+ dx
x x 1 x + 1 1
tanh x
1 1
= ln | x | + ln | x 1| + ln | x + 1| + C u
2 2
1 tanh2x
e. f ( x ) = (1 x 2)1/2
1
f ( x ) = (1 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x ) = x (1 x 2 ) 1/2 Let tanh x = sin .
2 x = tanh 1 (sin ) and = sin 1 (tanh x)
1 1
f. I = (1 x 2 )1/2 dx dx = 2 cos d = d
1 sin cos
Let x = sin .
1 tanh 2 x = 1 sin 2 = cos
dx = cos d , (1 x 2 )1/2 = cos ,
1
= sin 1 x sech x dx = cos d = d
cos
I = cos cos d = cos 2 d
= + C = sin 1 (tanh x ) + C, Q .E.D .
1 1 1
(1 + cos 2 ) d = + sin 2 + C
1
= 1
2
1 1
2 4 0
sech x dx = sin 1 (tanh x )
0
= + sin cos + C = sin 1 (tanh 1) sin 1 (tanh 0)
2 2
1 1 1 = sin 1 (tanh 1) = 0.86576948
= sin x + x 1 x 2 + C Numerical integration gives 0.86576948 ,
2 2
which agrees with the exact answer.
1
g. g( x ) = (ln x )2 g( x ) = 2 ln x C2. From sinh 2A = 2 sinh A cosh A,
x
let A = x/2, so
sinh x = 2 sinh (x/2) cosh (x/2) csch x
h. x ln x dx u
ln x +
dv
x =
1
=
1
1
x
1 2
2x
sinh x 2 sinh ( x/2) cosh ( x/2)
-------------------- 1 sech 2 ( x/2)
1
1 2x csch x =
+ 1 2 2 sinh ( x/2) cosh ( x/2) sech 2 ( x/2)
0 4x 1
sech 2 ( x/2)
sech 2 ( x/2) 2
1 2 1 = =
= x ln x x 2 + C 2 tanh ( x/2) tanh ( x/2)
2 4
sech 2 ( x/2) dx
1 1
csch x dx =
R12. For (9 x 2 ) 1/2 x dx, the x dx can be tanh ( x/2) 2
transformed to the differential of the inside = ln | tanh (x/2) | + C, Q .E .D .
2 2
function by multiplying by a constant,
csch x dx = ln |tanh ( x/2)|
1
(9 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x dx ) = (9 x 2 )1/2 + C,
1
1
2 = ln |tanh 1| ln |tanh(1/2) | = 0.49959536 K
and thus has no inverse sine. Numerical integration gives 0.49959536 .
sec 2 ( x/2) dx
1 1 1
csc x dx =
+
0 1296 sinh 6x
tan ( x/2) 2
= ln | tan (x/2) | + C, Q .E .D . 1 3 1
Or: = x cosh 6 x x 2 sinh 6 x
6 12
Let u = tan (x/2), as in Problem 107 of Problem 1 1
Set 9-11. + x cosh 6 x sinh 6 x + C
36 216
2 du 1 + u2
Then dx = 2 and csc x =
1+ u
cos
2u T3. 1
x dx u dv
1 + u 2 2 du cos 1x
1
csc x dx = +
2u 1 + u 2
1
x
x2
= (1/u) du = ln | u | + C = ln |tan ( x/2)| + C, 1
Q .E .D .
x
Confirmation: = x cos 1 x + dx
1 1 1 x2
0.5
csc x dx = ln |tan ( x/2)|
0.5
= x cos 1 x
1
2
(1 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x dx )
1 1 1
= ln tan ln tan = 0.7605K = x cos 1 x (2)(1 x 2 )1/2 + C
2 4 2
Numerical integration gives 0.7605 . 1
= x cos x 1 x 2 + C
2 sin ( x/2) cos ( x/2)
Note that tan ( x/2) =
sec x dx
3
2 cos 2 ( x/2) T4.
sin x 1 1 1
= = , so = sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x | + C
1 + cos x csc x + cot x 2 2
ln |tan ( x/2)| = ln |csc x + cot x | .
e
2x u dv
T5. cos 5 x dx
1
C4. A = 2 dx e 2x cos 5x
1 + x +
1
0 b 2e 2x 5 sin 5x
1+ x
1 1
= lim 2 dx + lim dx
1
a a 1 + x b 0
2
4e 2x + 25 cos 5x
= lim tan 1 x + lim tan 1 x
0 b
a a b 0
1 2x 2
= e sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x
= lim (0 tan 1 a) + lim (tan 1 b 0) 5 25
a b
4
= ( /2) + ( /2) = e 2 x cos 5 x dx
25
C5. Prove that f (x) = ln x is unbounded above.
29 2 x
Proof: e cos 5 x dx
25
Assume f (x) = ln x is not unbounded above. 1 2
Then there is a number M > 0 such that = e 2 x sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x + C
5 25
ln x < M for all x > 0.
Let x = eM+ 1. e
2x
cos 5 x dx
Then ln x = ln eM+ 1 = M + 1.
5 2x 2
ln x > M, which is a contradiction. = e sin 5 x + e 2 x cos 5 x + C
the assumption is false, and ln x is unbounded 29 29
above, Q.E.D.
|t
ln 0.3 1
e t ln 0.8
= 0.3 t = = 5.3955K Distance = 2
10t + 16 | dt = 41 ft
ln 0.8 0 3
v becomes negative after t0 5.40 min. 2
+ 26 = 12 ft
2
d. Displacement = 14
t0 t0
3 3
2. sup = 0
v dt = 0
(100e t ln 0.8 30) dt
2 2 1
= 151.8341 (numerically) 151.8 ft Distance = 14 + 26 = 41 ft
3 3 3
10 10
sdown = t0
v dt = t0
(100e t ln 0.8 30) dt e. a(t) = v(t) = 2t 10
a(3) = 2(3) 10 = 4 (ft/s)/s
= 51.8110 (numerically) 51.8 ft
Distance = sup + sdown = 203.6452 203.6 ft 2. a. v(t) = tan 0.2t on [10, 20]
v(t) = 0 t = 0, 5 , 10 , = 5 in
3. Displacement = sup sdown = 100.0231
[10, 20]
100.0 ft
v(t) is infinite t = 2.5 , 7.5 , ,
The displacement is positive, so Calvin is
none of which is in [10, 20].
upstream of his starting point.
10
v(t) < 0 for t in [10, 5 ). v(t) > 0 for t in
4. Displacement = 0
(100e t ln 0.8 30) dt (5, 20].
5
= 100.0231 (numerically) 100.0 ft
10 10
b. For [10, 5), displacement = 10
tan 0.2t dt
5. Distance = |v| dt = 30 | dt = 5 ln | sec | 5 ln | sec 2 | = 4.3835
t ln 0.8
|100e
0 0
Distance = 4.3835 4.38 cm
= 203.6452 (numerically) 203.6 ft 20
For (5, 20], displacement = 5
tan 0.2t dt
Problem Set 10-2 = 5 ln |sec 4| 5 ln | sec | = 2.1259
Distance = 2.1259 2.13 cm
Q1. 120 mi Q2. 25 mi/h
Q4. f (x) = 1/x
20
Q3. 1.25 h
Q5. x ln x x + C Q6. f (t) = sec2 t
c. Displacement =
10
tan 0.2t dt = 2.2576 K
1 3 2.26 cm
Q7. g(t) = sech2 t Q8. x +C 20
3
Distance = |tan 0.2t | dt = 6.5095K
1 x 10
Q9. 2 +C Q10. ln 2 e x ln 2 = 2 x ln 2 6.51 cm
ln 2
1. a. v(t) = t2 10t + 16 on [0, 6] d. Displacement = 4.3835 + 2.1259 =
v(t) = (t 2)(t 8) = 0 t = 2 or 8 s 2.2576 2.26 cm
v(t) > 0 for t in [0, 2). v(t) < 0 for t in (2, 6]. Distance = (4.3835) + 2.1259 =
6.5095 6.51 cm
b. For [0, 2), displacement
2 e. a( t) = v(t) = 0.2 sec2 t
2
= (t 2 10t + 16) dt = 14 a( 15) = 0.2 sec2 3 = 0.2040 0.20 (cm/s)/s
0 3
Distance = 14 ft
2 3. a. v(t ) = sec t 2 on [1, 11]
3 24
For (2, 6], displacement v(t) = 0 when
6 cos t = 0.5 t = 8 in [1, 11]
2
= (t 2 10t + 16) dt = 26 24
2 3
v(t) < 0 for t in [1, 8). v(t) > 0 for t in
2
Distance = 26 ft (8, 11].
3
8 24 3
16 2
t 3/2 18 dt = 14 14 ft
=
24 11 11
ln sec + tan 22
Displacement =
0 3 15
24 24 16 2
7
Distance = t 3/2 18 dt = 179 ft
24 0 3 15
ln sec + tan + 16
3 3 6. a(t ) = t 1 , v(1) = 0, on [0.4, 1.6]
= 4.7569
Distance 4.76 km
v(t ) = t 1 dt = ln t + C (t > 0); v(1) = 0 C = 0
c. Displacement = sec t 2 dt =
11
v(t ) = ln t
1.6
1 24
Displacement = ln t dt = 0.0814
0.1850 K 0.19 km 0.4
11 0.081 cm
Distance = sec t 2 dt = 9.6990 K 1.6
1 24 Distance = |ln t | dt = 0.3854
9.70 km 0.4
(t
0 12 1
5 b. Displacement = 1/2
2) dt = 1 ft
5
Distance = | t 5t + 8t 6 | dt = 31 mi
3 2
9
1 3
|t
0 12
c. Distance = 1/2
2| dt = 4 ft
1
4.5
0 + (9.8t + 2659.986 K) dt
100
Distance = sin 2t dt = 9 cm
0 116202.27 + 139997.32 256,200 m
Or: The regions where the graph is below Distance = 116202.27 +
the x-axis cancel out the regions where the 300
10
tend aav v end vav send
s (mi/h)/s mi/h mi/h mi
0 6000 400 t
0 6 10
10 8.5 6085 6042.5 416.7847
20 22 6305 6195 433.9930
s(t )
30 33 6635 6470 451.9652
40 39.5 7030 6832.5 470.9444
50
50 42.5 7455 7242.5 491.0625
60 53 7985 7720 512.5069 t
70 71 8695 8340 535.6736 0 6 10
2t, if 0 t < 6 10
v(t ) =
12, if t > 6
t 2 , if 0 t < 6 t
s( t ) = 0 6 10
12 t 36, if t > 6
36 comes from the initial condition, There are no step discontinuities in a(t), and
s(6) = 36. thus the graph of v(t) is smooth.
6
2t 6 sin t dt = t 2 + 18 cos t
6
a (t )
f.
0 3 2 3 0
2 18 18
= 36 + 2 0 2 = 36
t
0 6 10
Elevator goes 36 ft.
1 9
5 a (t )
1
c. 4 = c1/2 c + 7
t 6
0 6.2 c = 5.0892 , which is in [1, 9].
1 7
3. a. yav =
6 1
3 sin 0.2 x dx = 2.0252
That is,
1 1
a(t ) = cos t x
3 3 3 1 7
Q1. 50 mi/h Q2. 30 mi b. The rectangle has the same area as the shaded
region.
Q3. 20 min Q4. 2
Q5. No local maximum Q6. 1.5 h(x )
1 1
1. a. yav = ( x 3 x + 5) dx = (164) = 41 x
4 1 4 0.5 1.5
1 9
t
v(t ) = a dt = at + C
At t = t0, v(t) = v 0 v 0 = at0 + C
1 C = v 0 at0.
c. 2 = c
6 v(t) = at + v0 at0 = v0 + a(t t0)
t1
25 + a(t t0 )] dt
c = 4 , which is in [1, 9]. [v 0
36 vav =
t0
1 3 t1 t0
100
6. a. yav = 100(1 e t ) dt = (2 + e 3 )
1
v0 t1 + a(t1 t0 )2 v0 t0 a(t0 t0 )2
3 0 3 1 1
=
= 68.3262 t1 t0 2 2
b. The rectangle has the same area as the shaded 1
region. = v0 + a(t1 t0 )
2
v (t ) The average of v0 and v1 is
100 1 1
(v0 + v1 ) = [v0 + v0 + a(t1 t0 )]
y = 68.32... 2 2
1
= v0 + a(t1 t0 )
2
t
0 3
vav = the average of v0 and v1, Q.E.D.
14. Counterexample: In Problem 11, the cars
c. 68.3262 = 100(1 e c) acceleration is a = 6/ t .The initial velocity is
c = 1.1496 , which is in [0, 3]. v(0) = 60 ft/s; the final velocity after 25 seconds
1 k 2 is v(25) = 120 ft/s; and the average velocity is
1
7. yav = ax dx = ak 2 vav = 100 ft/s. But the average of the initial and
k 0 3 1
1 k 3 final velocities is [v(0) + v(25)] = 90 ft/s vav .
1 3
8. yav = ax dx = ak 2
k 0 4
15. a. Integral = area = 12(100 + 70)/2 + 6(40) +
1 k x
1
9. yav = ae dx = a(e k 1) 12(40 + 10)/2 = 1560
k 0 k yav = 1560/30 = 52, or $52,000
1 k Cost of inventory = 0.50(52000)/100 =
1
10. yav = tan x dx = ln | sec k |
k 0 k $260.00
11. a(t) = 6t 1/2
b. At x = 12, they may have had a single, large
v(t) = 12t1/2 + C; v(0) = 60 C = 60 sale, dropping the inventory from $70,000 to
v(t) = 12t1/2 + 60 $40,000. There is no day on which the inventory
is worth $52,000.
s(t) = 8t3/2 + 60t + s0
v(25) = 120 ft/s y (thousand dollars)
15 20 25
x (ft)
30
yav =
1/60 0
| A sin 120 t | dt
/
1120 1/60
y av = 6.5142
= 60
0
A sin 120 t dt 60 /
1120
A sin 120 t dt
5
1/120 1/60
A A
= cos 120t + cos 120t
2 0 2 1/120
10
A 2A
= ( cos + cos 0 + cos 2 cos ) =
Integral = (area of 4 rectangles, 2 trapezoids, 2
and 2 quarter-circles) 2A
2(8) + 8(10) + 7(3) + 1(2) + If yav = 110, then = 110 A = 55
7[10 + (5)]/2 + 5[5 + (3)]/2 (22) = 172.78 V.
(1)2/4 = 195.4269 The average value of one arc of
yav = 195.4269/30 = 6.5142 , or about
1 2
6.51 feet deep. y = sin x is sin x dx = , and
0 0
The volume would equal 6.5142 times the area y = sin x has a maximum value of 1. A
of the horizontal cross section times the number horizontal stretch does not affect the average
of gallons in a cubic foot. value. Write a proportion to find the maximum
17. Integral 3(16/2 + 15 + 15 + 17/2) + of a sinusoidal curve with an average value
2(17 + 20)/2 + 1(20 + 14)/2 + 3(14/2 + 10 + 2/ 110
9 + 8 + 9/2) = 139.5 + 37 + 17 + 115.5 = 309 of 110. = , so m = 55 .
1 m
yav = 309/24 = 12.875 12.9C
20. a. d = k sin x
The average of the high and low temperatures is
1 2 2 2
(20 + 8)/2 = 14C, which is higher than the =
2
dav k sin x dx
actual average. Averaging high and low 2 0
2
k2 1
x sin 2 x
temperatures is easier than finding the average by 1
=
calculus, but the latter is more realistic for such 2 2 4 0
applications as determining heating and air
2
conditioning needs. k k2
= ( 0 0 + 0) =
18. a. At x = 3, y = 81.3139 81.3 mg. 2 2
1 3 rms = k/ 2 = 0.7071K k
1
yav = 200e 0.3 x dx = (395.6202 K)
3 0 3 1 1
= 131.8734 131.9 mg b. cos 2 x = 1 2 sin 2 x sin 2 x = cos 2 x
2 2
b. k = 81.3139 , so the equation is Thus, sin2 x is a sinusoid.
y = 281.3139e 0.3(x 3 ) .
y
1 6
3
yav = 395.6202 K + 281.3139K e 0.3( x 3) dx
6 1
x
1
= (395.6202 K + 556.4674 K) = 158.6812 K 2
6
158.7 mg
c. As the graph shows, there are two times in
[0, 6] at which there are 158.7 mg. So the
1
conclusion of the mean value theorem is true, c. By symmetry across the line y = , the
in spite of the discontinuity. 2
1 1
y (mg) average of y = cos 2 x (and hence
300 2 2
y av = 158.68... 1
y = sin2 x) over [0, 2] is . Thus, the
200 2
1
average of y = k sin x is k 2 .
2 2
100 2
Two times rms = k/ 2 , as in part a.
x (h)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30
1
=
0 sin x dx (because sin x 0 in [0, ])
1 2
= cos x = 1 1
0 T = (100 x ) + 30 2 + x 2
13 12
1
dav =
(|sin x | 2/ ) 2 dx 0.094715K The graph shows a minimum T at x 72.
2
0
rms 0.0947151/2 = 0.3077 T
1. 300
50
x 100 x
C = 40(1000 x ) + 50 300 2 + x 2
100
The graph shows a minimum C at x 400
1 1
T= 50 2 + x 2 + (100 x ) (exactly x = 400).
2 5
The graph shows a minimum T at x 22 m. C
100,000
T 100
x
1000
x
100
The pipeline should be laid 600 m along the road
Algebraic solution: from the storage tanks, then straight across the
1 1
T = (50 2 + x 2 ) 1/2 2 x field to meet the well.
4 5 4.
1 2 1/2 1
T = 0 (50 + x ) x =
2
2 5 120
5x = 2(502 + x 2)1/2 400 x x
25x 2 = 4 502 + 4x 2 400
x = 100/ 21 = 21.8217K
x 3000 3
8. sin = = = x
300 x
120 + x
2 2 4000 4 70
16x2 = 9(1202 + x2)
7 x 2 = 9 120 2 x = 360/ 7 = 136.067 1 1
The walkway should go 400 136.067 T= 120 2 + x 2 + 70 2 + (300 x )2
50 130
263.9 m parallel to the street, then cross the The graph shows a minimum T at x 48 yd.
street.
The algebraic solution is easier than before T
1
Apparent
120 1
Actual path depth
of light rays
300 x
x Water Actual
2 depth
70
2
15. Answers will vary.
From Problem 11,
x 300 x Problem Set 10-5
T =
50 120 + x 2 2
130 70 2 + (300 x )2 Q1. f (x) = sin x + x cos x Q2. g(x) = x 1
By trigonometry, Q3. xex ex + C Q4. Snells law
x
sin 1 = , Q5. x
120 2 + x 2 Q6. Q7.
300 x y
sin 2 = 1
70 + (300 x )2
2
x
1
1 1
T = sin 1 sin 2
50 130
For minimal path, T = 0. Thus, Q8. Total distance
1 1
sin 1 = sin 2 Q9. Newton and Leibniz Q10. C
50 130 1
sin 1 50 1. D = t + D = 1 t 2
= , Q. E . D . t
sin 2 130 The graphs show zero derivative and local
1 1 minimum of D at t = 1, and maximum of D at
13. T = a2 + x 2 + b 2 + (k x )2
v1 v2 t = 3.
x kx 3 D or D'
T =
D
v1 a + x
2 2
v2 b + ( k x ) 2
2 D'
t
x
sin 1 = , 3
a2 + x 2
kx
sin 2 =
b 2 + (k x )2 D = 0 t 2 = 1 t = 1, confirming the graph.
1 1 Minimum is D(1) = 2, or 2000 mi.
T = sin 1 sin 2 1
v1 v2 Maximum is D(3) = 3 , or about 3333 mi.
3
For minimal path, T = 0. Thus, 2. Fuel cost per mile = k v2.
1 1 At v = 30, cost = 0.18.
sin 1 = sin 2
v1 v2 1
0.18 = k 30 2 k =
5000
sin 1 v1
= , Q .E .D . 100 2000
sin 2 v2 Driver cost is 20t = 20 = .
v v
14. a. The light rays take the minimal time to get 2000 v2 2000 v 2
C= + 100 = +
from one point to another, just as Robinson v 5000 v 50
Crusoe wanted to take the minimal time to 2000 v
C = 2 +
get from hut to wreck. v 25
y
900t 900t 600
b. G = = 2
(t + 1)(t + 9) t + 10t + 9 A
dt dt dx
dV = x2 dy = 600 k ( x 2)( x 3)
dV dy dy 0.7 dC
= x 2 = = 0 x = 2 or x = 3
dt dt dt x 2 dx
t = 1.25 s. r r 10 6 6
r
r (1.25 ) = (8 cos )i + (6 sin 0.5 ) j
r r x2 y2
= 8i + 6 j + =1
r r r 100(1 + 2 /36) 36(1 + 2 /36)
a (1.25 ) = ( 5.12 cos )i + ( 0.96 sin 0.5 ) j
r r This is the equation of an ellipse centered at
= 5.12i 0.96 j the origin with x-radius 11.2878 and
r
See the graph in part b, showing a at y-radius 6.7727 .
t = 1.25 . r 10 2 r 6 2 r
The acceleration vector points along the path d. a (t ) = cos t i + sin t j
36 6 36 6
at t = 1.25. So the object is stopped, but it r r
has a nonzero acceleration. At first glance, r (t ) + a (t )
this fact may be surprising to you! 10 2 r 6 2 r
r r r = 10 cos t i + 6 sin t j
7. a. r (t ) = 10 cos t i + 6 sin t j 36 6 36 6
6 6
r See the graph in part a, showing an elliptical
r 10 6 r
v (t ) = sin t i + cos t j path followed by the heads of the acceleration
6 6 6 6 vectors.
r r 10 r
r (t ) + v (t ) = 10 cos t sin t i e. The direction of each acceleration vector is the
6 6 6 opposite of the corresponding position vector
6 r
+ 6 sin t + cos t j
and is thus directed toward the origin.
6 6 6 r 2 r
r r Note that a (t ) = r (t ).
The graph shows the path of r + v . 36
r r r
8. a. r (t ) = (0.5t cos t )i + (0.5t sin t ) j
y
r r
v (t ) = (0.5 cos t 0.5t sin t )i
3 r
4 2
+ (0.5 sin t + 0.5t cos t ) j
5 r r
a (t ) = ( sin t 0.5t cos t )i
1
0 x r
6 12 + (cos t 0.5t sin t ) j
7 11
r r r
b. r (8.5) = 4.25 cos 8.5 i + 4.25 sin 8.5 j
8 10 r r
= 2.5585i + 3.3935 j
9
r r
v (8.5) = (0.5 cos 8.5 4.25 sin 8.5)i
r r
b. See the graph in part a, showing vectors v . + (0.5 sin 8.5 + 4.25 cos 8.5) j
r r r r
c. For r + v , = 3.6945i 2.1593 j
r r
x a (8.5) = ( sin 8.5 4.25 cos 8.5)i
= cos t sin t r
10 6 6 6 + (cos 8.5 4.25 sin 8.5) j
y r r
= sin t + cos t = 1.7600 i 3.9955 j
6 6 6 6 r r r
r (12) = 6 cos 12i + 6 sin 12 j
x = cos 2 t cos t sin t
2 r r
= 5.0631i 3.2194 j
10 6 3 6 6 r r
v (12) = (0.5 cos 12 6 sin 12)i
2 r
+ sin 2 t + (0.5 sin 12 + 6 cos 12) j
6 6 r r
= 3.6413i + 4.7948 j
y = sin 2 t + sin t cos t
2
r r
a (12) = ( sin 12 6 cos 12)i
6 6 3 6 6 r
+ (cos 12 6 sin 12) j
r r
2
+ cos 2 t = 4.5265i + 4.0632 j
6 6
an
r x=2
c. See the graph in part b, showing v(8.5), x
r r r 5
v (12), a (8.5), and a(12). The velocity
vectors point along the path as it spirals v
100
t = 1.1 v
t = 1.5
x
10
t=2 400
r r r
14. a. a (t ) = 3i + y (t ) j
r r r
v (t ) = (3t + C1 )i + ( y(t )) j
r r r
v (0) = 0i + 0 j C1 = 0
x
r r r
10 r (t ) = (1.5t 2 + C2 )i + ( y(t )) j
r r r
r r r r (0) = 0i + 0 j C2 = 0
11. r (t ) = (10 sin 0.6t )i + ( 4 cos 1.2t ) j r r r r r
r (t ) = (1.5t 2 )i + ( y(t )) j = (1.5t 2 )i + (sin x (t )) j
r r r
dL = ( dx/dt )2 + ( dy/dt )2 dt r (t ) = (1.5t 2 )i + (sin 1.5t 2 ) j
r r r
= (6 cos 0.6t )2 + (4.8 sin 1.2t )2 dt b. v (t ) = (3t )i + (3t cos 1.5t 2 ) j
2 If x = 6, t = 2.
L= dL 12.0858 ft (numerically)
0
r r
v (2) = 6i + 5.7610 K j
r
r r r
12. r (t ) = 10 cos t i + 6 sin t j
r
Speed = | v(2) | = 6 2 + 5.76 K2 = 8.3180
6 6
8.32 m/ min
dL = ( dx/dt )2 + ( dy/dt )2 dt
15. a. d = a + b cos t
10 6
2 2 t = 0: 240 = a + b cos 0 = a + b
= sin t + cos t dt t = : 60 = a + b cos = a b
6 6 6 6
2a = 180 a = 90
One complete cycle of the curve is 0 t 12, so
12 2b = 300 b = 150
L= dL = 51.0539 (numerically) 51.1 ft.
0
d = 90 + 150 cos t
r r
r r r b. r (t ) = (90 cos t + 150 cos 2 t ) i
13. a. a (t ) = 0i 32 j r
r r r r r + (90 sin t + 150 sin t cos t ) j
r
v (t ) = (0i 32 j ) dt = C1i + ( 32t + C2 ) j
r r r
v (t ) = ( 90 sin t 300 cos t sin t ) i
r
v (0) = 130i + 0 j C1 = 130 and C2 = 0 r
r r r
v (t ) = 130i 32tj + (90 cos t + 150 cos 2 t 150 sin 2 t ) j
r r
r r r v (t ) = ( 90 sin t 150 sin 2t ) i
b. r (t ) = ( 130i 32tj ) dt
r r + (90 cos t + 150 cos 2t ) j
r
= ( 130t + C3 )i + ( 16t 2 + C4 ) j r r
r r r r
r (0) = 60.5i + 8 j C3 = 60.5 and C4 = 8 v (1) = 212.1270 Ki 13.7948K j
r r r
r (t ) = ( 130t + 60.5)i + ( 16t 2 + 8) j Speed = (212.1K)2 + (13.7K)2
c. When the ball passes over the plate, x(t) = 0, = 212.5750 K 212.6 cm/s
so t = 60.5/130 = 0.4653 . At that time, r r
c. a (t ) = ( 90 cos t 300 cos 2t ) i
y(t) = 4.5346 , which is slightly above the r
strike zone. + ( 90 sin t 300 sin 2t ) j
r r r
d. At t = 0, dx/dt = 200 cos 15, a (1) = 76.2168Ki 348.5216 K j
dy/dt = 200 sin 15. r r r
r r a (1) v (1)
As in part a, v (t ) = C1i + ( 32t + C2 ) j = P(1) = r = 53.4392 K
r r | v (1)|
(200 cos 15)i + ( 32t + 200 sin 15) j r
r r r v (1)
As in part b, r (t ) = (200t cos 15)i + at (1) = P(1) r
r | v (1)|
( 16t 2 + 200t sin 15 + 3) j . r r
= 53.3266 Ki + 3.4678K j
r r r
16. a. r = (0.5t + sin t ) i + ( 4 cos 0.5t ) j
r r r 5
r r r 5 v
a (t ) = ( sin t )i + ( cos 0.5t ) j
r r r r
r a (2.5) v (2.5)
v (14) = 0.6367i 1.3139 j c. P(2.5) = r
r r r | v (2.5)|
a (14) = 0.9906 i 0.7539 j 60 sin 2.5
r = = 2.2052
Speed = | v(14) | = 1.4601 mi/h 169 120 cos 2.5
r r r
a (14) v (14) r
P(14) = r at (2.5) = P(2.5) r
v (2.5)
| v (14)| | v (2.5)|
0.3598K r r
= = 0.2464 K = 1.9791i 0.9726 j
1.4601K r r r
r an (2.5) = a (2.5) at (2.5)
r v (14) r r
at (14) = P(14) r = 5.2024 i + 10.5863 j
| v (14)|
r r r
d. v(2.5) is reasonable because its graph
= 0.1074 i 0.2217 j
r r r points alongr the path in the direction of
an (14) = a (14) at (14) motion. a(2.5) is reasonable because it points
r r toward the concave side of therpath. The
= 1.0980 i 0.5312 j
roller coaster is traveling at | v(2.5) | =
The log is speeding up at t = 14. You can tell 16.2830 ft/s. Its speed is increasing at
by the fact that rP(14) is positive,
r and thus the P(2.5) = 2.2052 ft/s2, as shown by the fact
angle between a(14) and v(14) is acute, which
r that P(2.5) r is positive, r meaning that the angle
means that at (14) points in the same direction between a(2.5) and v(2.5) is acute.
r
as v(14) . It is speeding up at 0.2464 e. The path is at a high
0.246 (mi/h)/h. r point when the
y-component of r is a maximum. This
happens when cos t = 1, or t = 0 + 2 n.
b. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 r r r
a (0 + 2 n) = 0i 12 j , pointing straight
= (0.5 + cos t )2 + (2 sin 0.5t )2 dt down.
14 Similarly, the path is at a low point when
L=
0
dL 22.7185 (numerically) cos t = 1, or t = + 2 n.
r r r
22.7 mi a ( + 2 n) = 0i + 12 j , pointing straight up,
Q .E .D .
1
Average speed (22.7185K)
14 f. dL = dx 2 + dy 2
= 1.6227 1.62 mi/h
r r r = (5 12 cos t )2 + (12 sin t )2 dt
17. a. r (t ) = (5t 12 sin t ) i + (15 + 12 cos t ) j 2
r r
v (t ) = (5 12 cos t ) i + ( 12 sin t ) j
r L= 0
dL 78.7078 (numerically)
r r r 78.7 ft
a (t ) = (12 sin t ) i + ( 12 cos t ) j r r
r r 18. Recall that |i | = | j | = 1.
r r r
b. v (2.5) = 14.6137i 7.1816 j The angle between i and i is 0, so
r r r r r r
r i i = |i ||i | cos 0 = 1.
a (2.5) = 7.1816 Ki + 9.6137K j r r
Similarly, j j = 1.
1
Displacement = ( t 3) dt = 8 ft 5
x
0 3 6
25
1
Distance = | t 3| dt = 26 ft
0 3 iii. The average of the two values of f(x) at the
R2. a. i. endpoints is 0, not 18.
v (t ) R4. a.
5
200
t 700 x x
3 700
3
s(t) = 0 t = 0 or t = 9
1 2
Let x = distance from closest point on the s(0) = 0; s(9) = 182 ; s(10) = 166
beach to the cutoff point, 0 x 10. 4 3
1
Let C = total cost of the road. Maximum displacement = 182 at t = 9.
4
C = 5(10 x ) + 13 36 + x 2 Minimum displacement = 0 at t = 0.
The graph shows a minimum C at x 2.5.
b. i. Let t = number of days Dagmar has been
C
saving, P(t) = number of pillars in
150 Dagmars account, and V(t) = real value
(in constant day-zero pillars) of money in
account after t days.
x
P(t) = 50t (assuming continuous
10 depositing)
V(t) = P(t)(0.50.005 t ) = 50t(0.50.005 t )
Let be the angle of incidence. ii. The graph shows a maximum V(t) at t
By the minimal path property, the cost is 289 days.
minimized when
V (t )
x 5
sin = = 6000
bridge length 13
x = 6 tan [sin 1 (5/13)] = 2.5
C(2.5) = 122
C(10) = 151.6047 t
500
The minimum cost is $122,000, obtained by
going 7.5 km along the beach, then cutting
V(t) =
across to the island. This path saves about
50(0.50.005 t ) + 50t[0.005(0.50.005 t )] ln 0.5
$29,600 over the path straight to the island.
V(t) = 0 1 = 0.005t ln 0.5
R5. a. i. a(t) = 6t t2, t in [0, 10] 200
t= = 288.5390 K
a(t) = 6 2t ln 0.5
a(t) = 0 t = 3 Dagmars greatest purchasing power will
a(0) = 0; a(3) = 9; a(10) = 40 be after about 289 days.
Maximum acceleration = 9 at t = 3.
R6. a. i. and ii.
Minimum acceleration = 40 at t = 10.
v
1
ii. v(t ) = (6t t 2 ) dt = 3t 2 t 3 + C
3
v(0) = 0 C = 0 a
1 Speeding up
v(t ) = 3t 2 t 3
3 Slowing down
v(t) = a(t) = t(6 t) a
r r r
v(t) = 0 t = 0 or t = 6 b. i. r (t ) = (5 cosh t )i + (3 sinh t ) j
1 r r r
v(0) = 0; v(6) = 36; v(10) = 33 v (t ) = (5 sinh t )i + (3 cosh t ) j
3 r r r
Maximum velocity = 36 at t = 6. a (t ) = (5 cosh t )i + (3 sinh t ) j
r r r
1 r (1) = (5 cosh 1)i + (3 sinh 1) j
Minimum velocity = 33 at t = 10. r r
3 = 7.7154 Ki + 3.5256 K j
r r r
1
iii. s(t ) = v(t ) dt = t 3 t 4 + C v (1) = 5.8760 Ki + 4.6292 K j
12 r r r
a (1) = 7.7154 Ki + 3.5256 K j
y 5
v
a
5 Asymptote
r
x
b. v = t3 7t2 + 15t 9 = (t 1)(t 3)2
5 10 v = 0 t = 1, 3
Particle is stopped at 1 s and 3 s.
c. v = 3t2 14t + 15 = (3t 5)(t 3)
v = 0 at t = 5/3, 3
v(0) = 9; v =
5 32 5
=1 ;
r 3 27 27
iii. Speed = | v (1) | = 25 sinh 2 1 + 9 cosh 2 1 =
v(3) = 0; v( 4) = 3
7.4804 7.48 units/min
r r Maximum velocity at t = 4, minimum
a (1) v (1) = 34 sinh 1 cosh 1 = 61.6566 K
velocity at t = 0.
The object is speeding up at t = 1, as
shown by the positive dot product and by d. v(t) = 6t 14
r r
the acute angle between a(1) and v(1). v(t) = 0 t = 7/3
r r r
r a (1) v (1) v (1) v(t) changes from negative to positive at
at (1) = r r t = 7/3, so there is a point of inflection at
| v (1)| | v (1)|
that point.
34 sinh 1 cosh 1 r
= v (1) e. At t = 7/3, the particles acceleration stops
25 sinh 2 1 + 9 cosh 2 1
r decreasing and starts increasing. Thus, the
= 1.1018 v (1) minimum acceleration is at that time.
r r
= 6.4744 i + 5.1007 j
1 7 15
f. y = v(t ) dt = t 4 t 3 + t 2 9t + C
r r r 4 3 2
( an (1) = 1.2409i 1.5751 j )
r r y(0) = 4 C = 4
r | a (1) v (1)| 61.6566 1 7 15
| at (1)| = r = y = t 4 t 3 + t 2 9t + 4
| v (1)| 7.4804 4 3 2
= 8.2423 g.
r r
at (1) points in the same direction as v(1), y (t )
as indicated by the positive dot product and
r r 4
by the acute angle between a(1) and v(1),
so the object is speeding up at about
8.24 units/min2.
1 t
iv. Distance = 0
ds 0 4
1
=
0
25 sinh 2 t + 9 cosh 2 t dt h. y(t) = v(t) = 0 when t = 1, 3.
5 7 8
= 4.5841 (numerically) 4.58 units y(0) = 4; y(1) = ; y(3) = ; y( 4) =
r r r 12 4 3
v. r (t ) + v (t ) = (5 cosh t + 5 sinh t )i Maximum y at t = 0, minimum y at t = 1.
r
+ (3 sinh t + 3 cosh t ) j 5
i. y = v = (3t 5)(t 3) = 0 at t = , 3
Note that the y-coordinate is 0.6 times the 3
5
x-coordinate, so the head lies on y = 0.6x, y changes sign at t = and at t = 3, so there
one asymptote of the hyperbola. 3
are points of inflection at these values of t.
v ( t ) = y( 4 ) y( 0 )
3
l. Displacement = sin = .
0 2
8 4
= 4 = ft So L = 182 + 252 25 18 = 499
3 3
4
1
5 dL 1
m. Distance = | v(t )| dt = 5 ft = 18 0.7 + 25 0.7
0 6 dt 499 2
1 4
1 1
n. vav = v dt = (displacement) = ft/s 3
4 0 4 3 + 25 18
4 2 30
1 1 35
o. |v|av = |v| dt = (distance) = ft/s
4 0 4 24 = 1.6545 cm/s
C2. Assume that the maximum g a human can C4. a. Let t = time since vertex of cone touched
withstand is A and that the distance from water, y = distance from vertex of cone to
New York to Los Angeles is D km. bottom of cylinder (0 y 15), h = altitude
Recall that 1 g = 9.81 (m/s)/s. of submerged part of cone, r = radius of
For the fastest trip, the passenger accelerates at submerged part of cone, and D = depth of
A g for the first D/2 km, then decelerates at A g water in cylinder.
for the last D/2 km. dy dD
Starting at rest, the velocity t seconds after Know: = 2 cm/min . Want: .
dt dt
leaving New York, when accelerating at
the maximum rate, is v(t) = A 9.81 t Volume of water is 15 72 = 735 cm3.
1
and the distance from New York is Volume of submerged part of cone is r 2 h.
1 3
s(t ) = A 9.81 t 2 .
2 Volume of submerged part of cone plus water
The passenger reaches the halfway point of is 72 D.
1
the trip when s(t ) = 1000 D (because D is km 1 2
2 49D = 735 + r h
and s is m), so the first half of the trip takes 3
1 2
t=
1000 D
seconds. By symmetry, the second 49 D = 735 + r h
9.81 A 3
5
half takes exactly as long, so the minimum time But D = h + y, and r = h, so
1000 D 12
for the trip is t = 2 seconds. 1 25
9.81 A 49 D = 735 + ( D y)3
For example, suppose that it is 4000 km from 3 144
( D y)2
New York to Los Angeles and that the human dD 25 dD dy
49 =
body can withstand A = 5 g. Then the minimal dt 144 dt dt
time is t = 2
1000( 4000)
= 571.1372 , or Find D when y = 10.
9.81(5) 25
about 9.5 min. 49 D = 735 + ( D 10)3
432
C3. Let x = distance from center along clock hand, Solving numerically gives D 15.1624 .
L = length of web, and = central angle.
dx d Substitute this for D, 10 for y, and 2 for
Know: = 0.7 cm/s; = rad/s. dy/dt.
dt dt 30
(5.1624 K)2
dL dD 25 dD
Want: at t = 10 s. 49 = +2
dt dt 144 dt
1000 csc
T ( ) =
30 60 sin
100
(sin 2 sin 2 ) 1
x
=
3 5 10
100
T( ) = (sin 2 sin 2 ) 2 T5. v = t + 60
3 25
1
(cos 4 sin cos ) Displacement = ( t + 60) dt = 1583 ft
0 3
1 3 3
Average =
2 1
( x 4 x + 5) dx = 7
5
a
at
= 16 sin 2 0.4t + 36 cos 2 0.6t dt
2
an
L= dL = 10.0932K (numerically) 10.09 mi
0
a
T20. Answers will vary.
r
T16. The tangential component at (2) has direction the
r r
opposite of v(2), so v is decreasing and the object
is slowing down at t = 2.
(Use lHospitals rule for be .)
W= ( x 3 + 6 x 2 12 x + 16) dx = 32 ft-lb
0
5.
Problem Set 11-2
2 17
Q1. 2 Q2. 10
3 10
10
15 101.4 V 1.4 dV 566.9574 K
117.6 million ft-lb So about 567 in.-lb of work is done in
(exactly 62.4 600000) compressing the gases (exactly
b. For filling the tank, the limits of 37.5 101.4 (10 0.4 1)).
integration are from 20 to 20. (Mathematically, the work is negative because
20 the force is positive and dx is negative.
20
dW = 250, 925, 288.4 K Physically, the work is negative because
250.9 million ft-lb energy is taken out of the surroundings to put
(exactly 62.4 1,280,000) into the gases. Positive work indicates that
This answer can be found quickly by lifting energy is put into the surroundings by the
the entire weight of the water through the expanding gases.)
distance the center of the sphere moves, c. Net amount of work 1504.7320
namely 120 ft. 566.9574 = 937.7746 937.8 in.-lb
W = (62.4) ( 20 3 )(120)
4 d. Carnot (kar-NO), Nicolas Lonard Sadi,
3 17961832, was a French physicist and a
= 62.4 1, 280, 000 pioneer in the field of thermodynamics.
x x
W= dW 9,134, 602 ft-lb
0
1/4 4 Q7. (mass)/(volume) Q8. (force)(displacement)
exactly (20100)(0.5) 540
9 1
Q9. Q10. B
9. a. If x is the distance between the piston and the 1 x2
cylinder head and F is the force exerted by the
1. a. The graph shows y = ln x, rotated about
hot gases, then dW = F dx.
x = 0, showing back half of solid only.
F = pA, where p is the pressure and A is the
area of the piston. y
dW = pA dx 1 (x, y)
A dx = dV x
dW = p dV 1 3
p = k 1V 1.4
slice.
m= dm = 546.75 k
= kx 1 0
dm = dV = (kx 1)(2 x ln x dx)
c. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation.
= 2 k ln x dx
3
= k(1 + x)
m= 1
2 k ln x dx 8.1419K k dm = 2 xy dx = 2 kx(1 + x)(9 x2) dx
3
(exactly 2 k(3 ln 3 2)) m= 0
dm = 105.3 k
b. Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
generating plane washers. d. The solid in part b has the largest mass.
= 5 + 2y 4. a. The graph shows y1 = x and y2 = 0.5x,
dm = dV = (5 + 2y) ( 32 x2) dy intersecting at (0, 0) and (4, 2), rotated about
= ( 5 + 2y)(9 e2y) dy the x-axis, showing back half of solid only.
ln 3
m= 0
dm 108.1103K
2
y
1
x
Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation,
generating plane washers.
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2).
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation, = kx
generating cylindrical shells. dm = dV = kx ( y12 y22 ) dx
= kx
dm = dV = kx 2 xy dx = 2 kx 2 sin x dx = kx ( x 0.25 x 2 ) dx
m= dm 36.8798K k (exactly 2 ( 2 4)k ) 16
m= k = 16.7551K k
0 3
3. a. The graph shows y = 9 x2, rotated about the b. Slice parallel to the axis of rotation,
y-axis. generating cylindrical shells.
9 y Pick sample points (x1, y) and (x2, y).
= ky 2
(x, y )
dm = dV = ky 2 2 y(x2 x1) dy
= 2 ky3(2y y2) dy
2
64
x
m = dm = k = 13.4041K k
3 0 15
5. a. Prediction: The cone on the left, with higher
Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of density at its base, has greater mass because
rotation, generating plane disks. higher density is in the larger part of the cone.
= k,
b. Set up a coordinate system with the origin
dm = k dV = k x2 dy = k ( 9 y) dy
9
at the center of the base. Slice each cone
m= dm = 40.5k
0
perpendicular to its axis, generating plane
disks.
Or: Slice parallel to the axis of rotation. Pick sample point (x, y) on the element of
dm = k 2 xy dx = 2 kx(9 x2) dx the cone, y = 6 2x.
3
m= 0
dm = 40.5 k dV = x 2 dy = ( 3 0.5y)2 dy
For the cone on the left, = 80 5y.
Or: Volume of paraboloid is half the volume dm = (80 5y) (3 0.5y)2 dy
of the circumscribed cylinder, or 6
3
m=
0
dm = 3780 oz (x, y2)
2
The graphs intersect at (1, 2) in Quadrant I. m = dm = k = 2.0943K k
0 3
Slice perpendicular to the axis of rotation, b. The graph shows the curves in part a, rotated
generating plane washers. about the x-axis, showing back half of solid
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2). only.
= kx 2, dV = ( y12 y22 ) dx y
4
dm = dV = kx2(7 10x2 + 3x4) dx
(x, y )
1
16
m = dm = k = 2.3935K k (x, y 2)
0 21
8. Rotate the region in Problem 7 about the y-axis. x
1
Slice the region parallel to the axis of rotation,
generating cylindrical shells.
Pick sample points (x, y1) and (x, y2).
= e x , dV = 2 x(y1 y2) dx = 2 x (1 x2) dx
dm = dV = 2xe x (1 x 2 ) dx
1
Pick sample points (x1, y) and (x2, y). m = 4 k r 2 sin 2 r cos r cos d
Below y = 3, disks have radius x2. 0
Above y = 3, disks have radius x1. /2
= ky
= 4 r 4 k 0
sin 2 cos 2 d
/2
For x in [0, 3], dV = x 22 dx
= (2 4 y ) dy. 2
= r 4 k 0
sin 2 2 d
(half-argument property)
For x in [3, 4], dV = x12 dx = ( 4 y) dy. /2
1 4
3 = r k (1 cos 4 ) d
m= ky (2 4 y ) dy 2
2 0
0
(half-argument property)
4
+ 3
ky ( 4 y) dy
=
1 4
r k sin 4
1
/2
=
1 2 4
r k
2 4 0 4
14 2
=1 k + 1 k = 3.6 k = 11.3097K k
15 3 c. Slice into spherical shells. Pick a sample
point on the x-axis within the shell.
(Coincidentally, this answer equals the answer
Then x is the radius of the shell and 4 x 2
to part b.)
is the area of the shell at the sample point.
11. a. The graph shows a sphere with origin at its
dV = 4 x2 dx
center.
= kx
r y
(x, y )
dm = dV = 4 kx3 dx
r
r
x m = 4 k x 3 dx = kx 4 0 = kr 4
0
r
12. Assume Earth is spherical, with radius
3960 mi = 3960 5280 12 2.54 cm =
637,300,224 cm, and slice into spherical
Slice the upper semicircular region shells with radius x and dV = 4 x2 dx.
perpendicular to the x-axis and rotate it to get 8x
plane disks. = 12 g/cm 3
637300224
Pick a sample point (x, y).
32 x 3
Equation of the circle in the xy-plane is dm = dV = 48 x 2 dx
x 2 + y 2 = r2. 637300224
= k|x|, dV = y 2 dx = (r2 x2) dx 637300224
1
r x
m = 4 k 0
x 2 r 2 x 2 dx 1
a b c
This is the equation of an ellipse with
x
x -radius a 1 ( z0 /c)2 and 3
y -radius b 1 ( z0 /c)2 .
b. Slice horizontally into plane elliptical disks. Slice the region perpendicular to the axis of
The area of the cross section is rotation, generating plane disks.
(x-radius)(y-radius) = ab(1 (z/c)2) dV = x 2 dy = (9 y) dy
= 4 (1 (z/0.5)2) = 4 (1 4z2). 9
dm = dV = 0.08 52803e 0.2 z 4 (1 4z2) dz b. Each point in a disk is about y units from the
= 0.32 52803 e 0.2 z(1 4z2) dz xz-plane, where y is at the sample point (x, y).
0.5
m=
0
dm 0.32 5280 3 1.008953K dMxz = y dV = (9y y2) dy
9
4.7525 1010 lb, or about
23,762,540 tons
M xz =
0
(9 y y 2 ) dy = 121.5
121.5
(exactly 0.32 52803 (1100e 0.1 995)) c. y V = M xz y = =3
40.5
2 4 x = z = 0 by symmetry.
c. Volume of semi-ellipsoid = abc = mi 3
3 3 The centroid is at (0, 3, 0).
3 4
Weight = 0.08 5280 2 2
2. a. + = 1 y 2 = 25 1
x y 1 2
3 x
12 5 144
49,326,507,160 lb,
1,801,427,783 lb more ( 3.8% more than Slice the ellipsoidal region above the x-axis
actual) perpendicular to the x-axis, generating plane
c disks as the region rotates.
d. V = 2 0
ab[1 ( z/c)2 ] dz Pick sample point (x, y).
dV = y 2 dx = 25 1
c 1 2
= 2ab z c( z/c)3
1 x dx
144
3 0
12
1 1 x 2 dx
= 2ab c = abc, Q .E.D .
2
3 3
4 V = 25 0 144
12
= 25 x
1 3
x = 200
432 0
Problem Set 11-4
2
This answer equals 12 52 , which is
Q1. 5 2 = 25 Q2. (11)2 = 121 3
Q3. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x expected because the volume of a (whole)
1 4
Q4. cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x ) ellipsoid is V = abc.
2 3
dM yz = x dV = 25 x 1
1 2
dM yz = x dm = 25kx 2 1
1 2
x dx x dx
144 144
12
12
M yz = 0
dM yz = 900 M yz =
0
dM yz = 5760k
900 5760k
c. x V = M yz x = = 4.5 c. x m = M yz x = = 6.4
200 900k
y = z = 0 by symmetry. y = z = 0 by symmetry.
The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0). Center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
3. a. See the graph in Problem 1. d. False. The centroid is at (4.5, 0, 0), but the
Each point in a disk is about y units from the center of mass is at (6.4, 0, 0).
xz-plane, where y is at the sample point 5. a. y = ex
(x, y), so each point has about the same
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
density.
dA = y dx = ex dx
= ky 1/3, dm = dV = k (9y 1/3 y 4/3) dy 2
9 A= e x dx = e 2 1 = 6.3890 K
m= 0
dm = 170.1375K k 0
Each point in a strip is about x units from the
93 3 y-axis, where x is at the sample point (x, y).
exactly = 9k dMy = x dA = xex dx
28 2
The center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0). 3 1
M yz = dM yz = e 4 + = 129.4292 K
d. False. The centroid is at (0, 3, 0), but the 0 4 4
center of mass is at (0, 3.6, 0). 3e 4 + 1
x V = M yz x = = 1.5373K
4. a. Slice the ellipsoid as in Problem 2. 2(e 4 1)
Each point in a disk is about x units from c. False. For the solid, x is farther from the
the yz-plane, where x is at the sample point yz-plane.
(x, y), so each point has about the same 6. a. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis.
density as at the sample point. dA = sec x dx
= kx, dV = y 2 dx = 25 1
1 2 /3
144
x dx A=
0
sec x dx = ln (2 + 3 )
= 1.3169
dm = dV = 25kx 1
1 2
144
x dx dM y = x dA = x sec x dx
/3
12 My = x sec x dx
m= 0
dm = 2827.4333K k 0
= 0.7684 (numerically)
(exactly 900 k) 0.7684 K
x A = My x = = 0.5835K
1.3169K
dA = b y dy
b from the y-axis, where x is at the sample
h point (x, y).
dA = y dx = sin x dx
dM x = y dA = by y 2 dy
b
h A= sin x dx = 2 (exactly)
M x = by y 2 dy
h 0
b
(This may be well-known by now.)
0 h
dM y = x dA = x sin x dx
h
1 b 1
= by 2 y 3 = bh 2
2 3h 0 6 My = 0
x sin x dx = 3.1415 = (exactly)
1 2
bh
1 x A = My x = , Q .E .D .
y A = Mx y = 6 = h, Q.E.D. 2
1
bh 3 (Or just note the symmetry.)
2 b. dM 2y = x2 dA = x2 sin x dx
8. a. y = x 2/3 from x = 0 to x = 8.
Slice the region vertically. Pick a sample M2y =
0
x 2 sin x dx = 5.8696
point (x, y) on the graph within the strip. (exactly 2 4)
(See the graph in part e.)
dA = y dx = x 2/3 dx 2 4
c. x 2 A = M2y x = = 1.7131
8 2
A= 0
x 2/3 dx = 19.2
10. a. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B.
b. Slice the region parallel to the x-axis so that dM 2B = y2 dA = y2B dy
each point in a strip is about y units from the H
1
x-axis, where y is at the sample point (x, y). M2B = BH 3 y 2 B dy =
03
dM x = y(8 x) dy = (8y y5/2) dy b. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
4
Mx = 0
(8 y y 5/2 ) dy = 27.4285K centroid.
dM 2c = y2 dA = y2B dy
exactly 27 3 0.5 H
7 1
M2c = y 2 B dy = BH 3
0.5 H 12
c. Set up axes with the x-axis along the base, B. M = 4 R3 sin 3 R cos R cos d
dM2B = y 2 dA = y 2 B y dy
B 0
H /2
= 4 R 5 (cos 2 cos 4 ) sin d
M2B = By 2 y 3 dy =
H
B 1 0
BH 3
0 H /2
= 4R 5 cos3 + cos 5
12 1 1
d. Use the axes in part c. The distance from the 3 5 0
centroidal axis to a sample point (x, y) is
= 4R 5 0 + 0 + = R 5
1 1 1 8
y H. 3 5 15
3
2 2
dM2 c = y H dA = y H B y dy
1 1 B 8
R 5
3 3 H r V = M r =
2 2 15 r = 0.4 R
4 3
2 H/3
1 y 3 + 5 y 2 7 Hy + 1 H 2 dy R
M2 c = B H/3 H 3 9 9 3
H 12. Assume the clay has uniform density .
B 4 5 3 7 1
= y + By BHy 2 + BH 2 y Cylinder: H = 2 RC , V = RC2 H = 2 RC3 = 1000
4H 9 18 9 0
1/3
RC =
1 500
= BH 3
cm
36
11. a. Slice into cylindrical shells so that each point 1
in a shell will be about r units from the axis. Second moment of volume = (2 RC ) RC4 = RC5
2
The altitude of a shell is a constant, H. (from Problem 11a)
dM = r2 dV = r2 2rH dr
R Second moment of mass
1
M = 2Hr 3 dr = HR 4 2/3
= RC5 = 500
500
0 2 = 14, 684.1932
1
HR 4 1
= = 2 r =
1/3
RS = 1000 RS =
2
r V M r 2
R 4 3 750
R 2 H 2 Sphere: V = cm
3
b. Slice the cone into cylindrical shells so that
8
each point in a shell will be about r units Second moment of volume = RS5
from the axis. 15
H (from Problem 11c)
The altitude of a shell is H r.
R Second moment of mass
2/3
= RS5 = 400
750
dM = r 2 dV = r 2 2r H r dr
H 8
R 15
= 15,393.3892
Mh = 2H r 3 r 4 dr = HR 4
R
1 1
0 R 10 The sphere has higher moment of mass.
1 13. a. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
HR 4 centroid.
r V = M r =
2 2 10 r = 0.3 R
1 2 dM2 = y dA = y2 B dy
R H 0.5 H
3 0.5 H
1 3
M2 = B y 2 dy = y
c. Slice the sphere into cylindrical shells so that 0.5 H 3 0.5 H
each point in a shell is about r units from the 1
axis. = BH 3 , Q.E.D.
12
The equation of the sphere is r2 + y2 = R2. (Same answer as in Problem 10b)
The altitude of a shell is 2y. b. i. B = 2, H = 12; M 2 = 288;
dM = r 2 dV = r 2 2r 2 R 2 r 2 dr stiffness = 288k
R ii. B = 12, H = 2; M 2 = 8; stiffness = 8k
M = 4
0
r 3 R 2 r 2 dr A board on its edge is 36 times stiffer.
Let r = R sin . c. i. Set up axes with the x-axis through the
dr = R cos d , R 2 r 2 = R cos centroid.
From y = 0 to y = 2, dM 2 = y2 2 dy.
r = 0 = 0, r = R = From y = 2 to y = 4, dM 2 = y2 4 dy.
2
y
By symmetry, M2 = 2 dM2 r
0
2 4
=2
0
2 y 2 dy + 2 2
4 y 2 dy = 160. f (r )
Stiffness = 160k r
ii. From y = 0 to y = 4, dM 2 = y2 1 dy. a b
From y = 4 to y = 6, dM 2 = y2 4 dy.
6 Let f(r) be the length of the strip or the sum of
By symmetry, M2 = 2
0
dM2 the lengths if the region has S-shaped parts.
4 6 Let A be the area of the region.
=2 y dy + 2 4 y dy = 448.
2 2
dMy = r dA = r f (r) dr
0 4 b
Stiffness = 448k (2.8 times stiffer!) My = a
r f (r ) dr
d. Increasing the depth does seem to increase Rotate the region about the y-axis. The strips
stiffness greatly, but making the beam very generate cylindrical shells.
tall would also make the web very thin,
dV = 2 r f (r) dr
perhaps too thin to withstand much force. b b
14. a. dA = y dx = x 3 dx
2
V= a
2r f (r ) dr = 2
a
r f (r ) dr
A= x dx = 4 = 2 M y
3
0
But My also equals r A.
b. dV = 2 x y dx = 2 x4 dx V = 2rA = (2r )( A)
= (distance traveled by centroid)(area of region),
2
V=
0
2 x 4 dx = 12.8
Q .E .D .
c. dM y = x dA = x4 dx
2 Problem Set 11-5
My = 0
x 4 dx = 6.4
Q1. centroid Q2. center of mass
The volume integral is 2 times the moment
integral. Q3. radius of gyration Q4. definite integration
6.4 Q5. indefinite integration (or antidifferentiation)
d. x A = M y x = = 1.6
4 Q6. = (mass) (volume)
e. The centroid travels 2 x = 3.2 . Q7. x1/ 2 Q8. ln | sec x + tan x | + C
(Area)(Distance traveled by centroid) = Q9. y = (x + 1)
2 1
Q10. A
(4)(3.2) = 12.8, which equals the volume. 1. a. Slice the trough face horizontally so that each
Thus, the theorem of Pappus is confirmed. point in a strip is about the same distance
15. a. Area of a small circle = r2 below the surface as at the sample point
The centroid of the small circle is its center, (x, y).
so the distance from the axis of rotation to y = 2x 4 x = (0.5y)1/4
the centroid is R. Thus, the theorem of p = k(2 y), dA = 2x dy = 2(0.5y)1/4 dy
Pappus implies dF = p dA = 2k(2 y)(0.5y)1/4 dy
V = 2 RA = 2 R( r2) = 2 2r2R
F = dF = 2.8444 K k exactly
2 128
1
b. Area of a semicircle = r 2
0 45
k
2 b. dM x = y dF = y 2k(2 y)(0.5y)1/4 dy
4 3
M x = dM x = 2.1880 K k exactly
2 256
Volume of a sphere = r
3 0 117
k
4 3
r 2.1880 K k
4 c. y F = M x y =
2r A = V r = 3 = r 2.8444 K k
1 2 3
2 r
= 0.7692 K exactly
2 10
16. Pick a closed region that does not lie on both 13
sides of the y-axis. x = 0 by symmetry.
100 y
Mx = dM x 13, 992, 028.2564 K
0
13.992 million lb-ft
(x, y ) d. y F = M x y 11.6668K ft
x = 0 by symmetry.
x
Center of pressure is at about (0, 11.67) ft.
10 e. Moment of area:
Width at y = 100 ft is 2 y = 20 ft, Q .E .D . 4
1/ 4
dM = y dA = y 40 1 y 1
1
dy
b. Slice the dam face horizontally so that each
32
point in a strip is the same distance below the 32
surface as the sample point (x, y).
dA = 2x dy = 2y1/2 dx
M= 0
dM 20, 071.5364 K
100 20.07 thousand ft3
1
A= 2 y1/2 dx = 1333 ft 2 y A = M y 16.9150 K ft
0 3
(2/3 the area of the circumscribed rectangle) x = 0 by symmetry.
c. p = k(100 y) with k = 62.4 lb/ft3 The centroid is at about (0, 16.92) ft.
dF = p dA = 2k(100 y)(y1/2) dy The centroid is different from center of
100 pressure.
1
F= dF = 53, 333 k = 3, 328, 000 f. Area below waterline:
0 3
16
Force is 3,328,000 lb, or 1664 tons. Aw = dA 548.6345K 548.6 ft 2
d. dMx = y dF = 2ky(100 y)(y1/2) dy 0
100 First moment of area below waterline:
16000000
Mx = dM x = k 16
0
1.199 million lb
c. dMx = y dF
1/ 4
4
x
= y 67(32 y) 40 1 y 1
1
dy 10
32
2400 1 1
A= dA = = 763.9437K = t3 dx = y 3 dx
10 3 t =0 3
763.9 ft2 1
= [0.25( x 4) ( x 4)1/ 3 ]3 dx
3
b. dF = p dA = k (10 | x |) 60 cos x dx x =4
1
5 F=
c. x F = M y x = 1 ft 0.2 2
9
c. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis. Then
6 slice a strip parallel to the x-axis as shown in
d. p = ky = y (because p = 60 at y = 50)
5 Figure 11-5g.
dA = 2 x dy = 2 100 y dy At sample point (x, t), p = kx2t 1.
d(dF) = p dA = kx2t 1 dx dt
t =1
12 t =1 1 2
dF = p dA =
5
y 100 y dy dF =
t=y
kx 2 t 1 dx dt =
t=y
kt dt x dx
= ( k ln t tt ==1y ) x 2 dx = k (0 ln y) x 2 dx = kx 3 dx
100
F= 0
dF = 64,000 lb (exactly)
ln 5
1
F= kx 3 dx =
k (ln 5) 4 = 1.6774 K k
12 2 0 4
e. dM x = y dF = y 100 y dy
5 9. The integrals in Problems 7 and 8 can be written
100 in the form
Mx = dM x = 3, 657,142.8K x =b t =d
0
x =a t =c
f ( x, t ) dt dx
8
(0.002 x 2 + 3 x + 500) dx = 1000 2.
(The force can also be found by slicing 0 3
parallel to the y-axis as in part a, then slicing Cost is about $2,666,667.
the strip horizontally and using a double d. Cost to dig 500 feet twice (once from
integral. In this case, the pressure at a each end) is
500
sample point (x, t) is 17
C=2 (0.002 x 2 + 3 x + 500) dx = 500 2.
p = k(20 t) 0 3
d(dF) = p dA = k(20 t) dt dx Cost is about $1,416,667.
The first integration is from t = y to t = 5. Savings is about $1,250,000!
The second integration is from x = 2 to in.
x = 2.) 4. a. velocity area has the units in.2 ,
s
c. Let (Greek letter mu) = coefficient of which is in.3/s, correct for flow rate.
friction. b. v = 4 x 2 v = 2x
10000 v changes from positive to negative at x = 0.
F = 10000 =
15491.6027K there is a maximum flow rate at the center
= 0.6455K of the pipe where x = 0.
(Or simply observe that the graph of v is
a parabola opening downward with vertex
Problem Set 11-6 at x = b/(2a) = 0.)
1 101 v(2) = 4 22 = 0, Q .E .D .
Q1. x +C Q2. 0
101 c. Slice the water in the pipe into cylindrical
Q3. x ln x x + C Q4. 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x shells.
Q5. (force)(displacement) Q6. y = 3(1 + 9x2) 1 Each point in a shell has about the same
Q7. x = 2 Q8. 2 sec2 x tan x water velocity as at the sample point x units
from the axis.
Q9. y = 9 cos 3 x Q10. D
Let F = flow rate in in.3/s.
1. Partition the interval into small subintervals dF = v dA = (4 x2) 2 x dx
of width dT so that C is about the same at any = 2 (4x x3) dx
point in a subinterval. The amount of heat, 2
shells. The velocity takes the place of the 32
M2 y = dM2 y = k = 33.5103K kg-cm 2
altitude of a shell. 0 3
5. a. 8. a. T(D) = 20 sin 2 D
F T(0) = 20 sin 0 = 0
600 T(1/4) = 20 sin /2 = 20, which checks.
b. Partition the time interval into short
increments of width dD so that T is about the
same at any time in the increment as it is at
x
5
the sample point (D, T ) .
Let H = number of degree-days.
dH = T dD = 20 sin 2 D dD
b. F has a step discontinuity at x = 2. 1/4
10
c. dW = F dx H= dH = = 3.1830 K
0
Because the graph is linear on [0, 2], the work 3.18 degree-days
equals the area of the triangle.
9. a. m = 2000 5t (mass in kilograms, time in
1
W = 2 600 = 600 in.-lb seconds)
2
b. a = F/m = 7000(2000 5t) 1
= 1400(400 t) 1
5
d. W = 2
F dx
dv 1400
c. a = =
By Simpsons rule, dt 400 t
1
1400
W (0.5)( 450 + 4 470 + 2 440 + 4 420 dv = dt
3 400 t
+ 2 410 + 4 390 + 330) v = 1400 ln | 400 t | + C
2 Assume the car starts at rest at t = 0.
= 1266 in.-lb
3 0 = 1400 ln 400 + C C = 1400 ln 400
400
2
e. Total work 600 + 1266 = 1866 in.-lb
2 v(t ) = 1400 ln
3 3 |400 t |
20
f. Yes, a piecewise continuous function such as d. v(20) = 1400 ln = 71.8106 K 71.81 m/s
this one can be integrable. See Problem 27 in 19
ds 400
Problem Set 9-10. v= = 1400 ln
6. a. Slice the solid into disks parallel to the dt 400 t
20
400
xz-plane so that each point in a disk has about s= 1400 ln dt = 711.9673K
the same density as at the sample point (x, y). 0 400 t
20
y = 4 x2 x2 = 4 y 712.0 m exactly 28000 1 19 ln
dm = dV = k x 2 dy = k (4 y) dy 19
4 10. Slice the tract parallel to the tracks so that each
m= 0
k ( 4 y) dy = 8 k g point in the strip will have about the same
value per square kilometer as at the sample
b. Each point in a disk of part a is also about the point (x, y).
same distance from the xz-plane as the sample Let v = thousands of dollars per square kilometer
point (x, y). and W = thousands of dollars the land is worth.
Let K stand for the constant. v = kx = 200x (v = 200 at x = 1)
dF = K dm y 1/2 = K k (4 y) dy y 1 / 2 dW = v dA = 200x[(4 x2) (4x x2)] dx
= K k (4y 1/2 y 1/2) dy = 800(x x2) dx
4 The curves intersect at x = 1.
32
F = dF = Kk = 33.5103K Kk 1
3 1
0
W = 800( x x 2 ) dx = 133
0 3
The land would be worth $400,000. W= dW = 71.4328K 71.4 million
Actual value is about $267,000 less. 0
1
y = cos x W= v 2r dr (0.3)(2 ) (10 + 4 12
Let v = value of land per square unit and 0 3
+ 2 15 + 4 14 + 2 13 + 4 10
W = worth of the land.
+ 2 8 + 4 5 + 2 3 + 4 2 + 1)
v = kx, dA = y dx = cos x dx
= 52.2 = 163.9911 164.0 million
dW = v dA = kx cos x dx
dollars
/2
W= dA = 1 k = 0.5707K k d. This problem is equivalent to volume by
0 2
cylindrical shells, where the value of the land
b. Slice the tract parallel to the x-axis so that per square unit takes the place of the altitude
each point in a strip will be about the same of the cylinder. It is also equivalent to the
value per square unit as at the sample water flow in Problem 4 of this problem set.
point (x, y). e. Answers will vary.
v = ky
dW = v dA = v x dy = ky cos 1 y dy 14. a. p = 100[(x 8)1/2 0.5(x 8)]
1 dF = p dA = 2p dx
W = dW = k = 0.3926 K k
0 8 = 200[(x 8)1/2 0.5(x 8)] dx
10
12.
y
F=
8
dF = 177.1236 K 177 lb
9
800 2
exactly 3 200
(x, y )
b. Average pressure = total force/total area
177.1236 K
x
= = 44.2809K 44.3 lb/ft 2
3 4
200 2
Slice the wall parallel to the ground so that exactly 3 50
each point in the slice will cost about the
same to paint per square meter. c. dMyz = x dF = 2px dx
Let r = rate in dollars per square meter and = 200x[(x 8)1/2 0.5(x 8)] dx
C = cost in dollars to paint the wall. 10
19 1602.8706 K
C= d. x F = M yz x =
35
0
177.1236 K
13. a. Let v = value of land per square kilometer, = 9.0494 ft
W = worth of the land in dollars, and Calvin should stand about 10 9.0494 ft
r = distance from center of town. 1
11 in. from the end.
Slice the city into circular rings of width dr so 2
that each point in a ring will be about r units 15. a. f (x) = 9 x2 = (3 x)(3 + x) = 0 only at
from the center. x = 3.
v = 10 3r, dA = 2 r dr 1
dW = v dA = (10 3r ) 2 r dr g( x ) = x 3 x 2 + 3 x + 9
3
3
W= 0
dW = 36 = 113.0973K 1
= ( x 3)( x + 3)2 = 0 only at x = 3.
3
113.1 million dollars
The skewness being zero reflects the
b. A f = (9 x 2 ) dx = 36
3 symmetry of this region. It is not skewed
Ag = 1 x 3 x 2 + 3 x + 9 dx = 36
3 at all.
3 3 i. For example, graph
To simplify algebraic integration, you could 1
g( x ) = x 3 x 2 3 x + 9.
use 3
3
Af = 2 (9 x ) dx
2 y
New
0 graph g
3
Ag = 2 (9 x ) dx, where the odd terms
2
0
integrate to zero between symmetrical limits.
x
Thus, the two integrals are identical. 3 3
c. The high point of f comes at x = 0.
The high point of g comes where g(x) = 0. 16. a. y = x 2
g(x) = x 2 2x + 3 = (x + 3)(x 1) dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 4 x 2 dx
g(x) = 0 x = 3 or x = 1
The high point is at x = 1. dM y = x dL = x 1 + 4 x 2 dx
d. Slice the region under the g graph parallel to 2
= x 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x dx
1 c. L = 0
1 + 4 x 2 dx = 4.6467K
3
3
exactly 1 ln ( 17 + 4) + 17
My =
3
dM y = 21.6 4
5.7577K
x A = My x =
21.6
= 0.6 d. x L = M y x = = 1.2390 K
4.6467K
36
e. False. For the symmetrical region under the e. dS = 2 x dL = 2 x 1 + 4 x 2 dx
dS = 36.1769K exactly (17 17 1)
2
graph of f, the centroid is on the line through
S=
the high point. But for the asymmetrical 0 6
region under the graph of g, the high point is f. Integral for S is 2 times the integral for My!
at x = 1 and the centroid is at x = 0.6.
17. In Problem 16, R = x = 1.2390 K and
f. False
0.6
L = 4.6467 .
Area to left =
3
g( x ) dx = 17.1072 (exactly) 2 RL = 2 (1.2390)(4.6467) = 36.1769 ,
which equals S, Q.E.D.
3
Area to right = 0.6
g( x ) dx = 18.8928 (exactly) 18. The centroid of the small circle is at its center,
R units away from the axis.
(or 36 17.1072 = 18.8928)
The arc length L of the small circle is 2r.
g. Let S stand for skewness. Surface area S = 2 R(2r) = 4 2rR
3 3
dS = x dA = x g( x ) dx
3 3
5 5
3
Problem Set 11-7
x 3 1 x 3 x 2 + 3 x + 9 dx
3
S=
3 5 3 Review Problems
R0. Answers will vary.
64 35
= 17.7737K exactly R1. Slice the region parallel to the force axis so that
7 125 each point in a strip has about the same force as
h. By symmetry, the centroid of the area under f at the sample point (x, F ) .
is on the y-axis, so x = 0. Then
dW = F dx = 30e 0.2 x dx
dS = x3 dA = x3(9 x2) dx 10
S=
3
x (9 x ) dx = 0 (odd function
3 2 W= 0
30e 0.2 x dx = 150(1 e 2 )
3
= 129.6997 129.7 ft-lb
integrated between symmetrical limits)
by h y dy = 2 by
b 1 b 3
Mx = 2
y
b. Construct axes with the origin at the vertex of 0 3h 0
the cone. An element of the cone in the xy-
7 3 1 2 b 3 1
plane has the equation y = x or x = y. = bh h 0 + 0 = bh 2
3 7 2 3h 6
Slice the water horizontally into disks so that 1
y A = y bh = M x
each point in a disk is lifted about the same 2
distance as the sample point (x, y) on the 1 2
element of the cone. bh
1
y= 6 = h, Q .E.D .
F = 0.036 dV = 0.036 x2 dy 1
bh 3
9 2 2
= 0.036 y dy
49 b. The graph shows the region under y = ex
Each disk is lifted (10 y) cm. rotated about the y-axis, showing back half of
dW = (10 y) dF solid only.
9 2
= (10 y)(0.036) y dy y
49 (x, y )
7
W= 0
dW = 3.591 = 11.2814
11.28 in.-lb 1
x
R3. a. The graph shows the region in Quadrant I 1
under the graph of y = 8 x3 rotated about
the y-axis.
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis,
y
8 generating cylindrical shells, so that each
point in a shell will be about the same
(x, y )
distance from the y-axis as the sample
point (x, y).
dV = 2 x y dx = 2 xex dx
x dM2y = x2 dV = 2x3ex dx
1
2x e
2
M2 y = 3 x
dx = 3.5401K
0
Slice the region parallel to the x-axis,
generating disks, so that each point in a disk (exactly 12 4e)
is about the same distance from the xz-plane R5. Draw axes with the x-axis at ground level and the
as the sample point (x, y). y-axis through the upper vertex of the triangle.
= ky, dV = x2 dy = (8 y)2/3 dy Slice the face of the building horizontally so that
8 the wind pressure at any point in a strip is about
m= ky(8 y) dy = 57.6 k
2/3
0
equal to the pressure at the sample point (x, y).
dA = 150
b. Slice the region parallel to the y-axis, 150
y dy
generating cylindrical shells, so that each 400
point in a shell is about the same distance
dF = p dA = 200 150(1 e 0.01y )1
1
from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y). y dy
400
= ex, dV = 2 xy dx = 2 (8x x4) dx 400
2
F= dF = 3736263.2708
2 e x (8 x x 4 ) dx = 64
0
m=
0 3.736 million lb
(exactly 30000(125 25e 4))
768
V= 2 y 4/3 dy =
= 344.6775K
operating, and r(x) = number of dollars per 0 7
foot to drill at x feet. With slices perpendicular to the x-axis,
r(x) = a bx
dV = (82 y2) dx = (64 x6) dx
r(0) = 30 a = 30 2
768
/
110000
V = (64 x 6 ) dx = = 344.6775K
50 = 30 b10000 b =
5
0 7
3
ii. With slices parallel to the y-axis,
x/10000
r ( x ) = 30
5 dV = 2 x (8 y) dx = 2 x(8 x3) dx
3 2
5
C= dx = 6965243.17K
3 8
V= y 2/3 dy = 19.2 = 60.3185K
0
Concept Problems
V= 0
2 (3 x )(8 x 3 ) dx = 52.8
8
A=
0
y1/3 dy = 12 V=
0
[9 (3 y1/3 )2 ] dy = 52.8
384 ii. The centroid is 0.8 unit from the y-axis.
M x = y 4/3 dy = = 54.8571K
0 7 V = 2 0.8 12 = 19.2
ii. Use slices parallel to the y-axis so that = 60.3185 (Checks.)
each point in a strip will be about the
iii. The centroid is 3 0.8 = 2.2 units from
same distance from the y-axis as the
the line x = 3.
sample point (x, y).
V = 2 2.2 12 = 52.8 = 165.8760
dM y = x dA = x(8 x3) dx (Checks.)
2
My = 0
(8 x x 4 ) dx = 9.6 f. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a
disk will be about the same distance from the
9.6 xz-plane as the sample point (x, y).
c. x A = M y x = = 0.8
12 dMxz = y dV = y( x 2 dy) = y y 2/3 dy
384/7 32
y A = Mx y = = = 4.5714 K
8
12 7 M xz =
0
y 5/3 dy = 96 = 301.5928K
Centroid is at (0.8, 4.5714). 96
g. y V = M xz y = =5
d. i. With slices parallel to the x-axis, 19.2
dV = 2 y x dy = 2 y 4/3 dy x = z = 0 by symmetry.
Centroid is at (0, 5, 0).
= 86.1693k 0 2 3
j. Use cylindrical shells as in part i so that each dM 2y = x 2 dV y = x 2 2 xy dx = 2 x3(2 2x2) dx
1
1 2
point in a shell will be about the same M2 y = 2 x 3 (2 2 x 2 ) dx = , not .
distance from the y-axis as the sample 0 3 3
General proof: For any paraboloid of height H
point (x, y).
and base radius R, let h = distance (along the
dM 2 = x2 dm = 2 k(8x5 x8) dx axis) from the base and r = radius. Then a
2
512 H
M2 = 2k (8 x 5 x 8 ) dx = k generating parabola is given by h = H 2 r 2.
0 9 R
= 178.7217 R2
dMbase = h dV = h r 2 dh = h ( H h) dh
k. Use vertical slices of the region so that each H
R2 h= H
point in a strip will have about the same
pressure acting on it as at the sample
Mbase =
H
h=0
( Hh h 2 ) dh
h= H
point (x, y). 2
R H 2 1 3 1 2 2
= h h = R H
p = 3 x, dA = (8 y) dx = (8 x3) dx H 2 3 h=0 6
dF = p dA = (3 x)(8 x3) dx dM2axis = r dV = r 2 rh dr
2 2
= r 2 2 r H 2 r 2 dr
F= (3 x )(8 x ) dx = 26.4
3 H
0 R
r= R
r3 r 5 dr
(Note the similarity to the integral in 1
M2 axis = 2H
part d.iii.) r =0 R2
r= R
l. F = kz 2
= 2H r 4 2 r 6
1 1 1 4
= R H
F = 26.4 at z = 1 k = 26.4 F = 26.4z 2 4 6R r =0 6
dW = F dz = 26.4z 2 dz In the original example, H = R , so the two 2
moments turned out to be equal.
W= 26.4 z 2 dz = 17.6
1 C4. a. Assume m 0.
m. Use horizontal slices so that each point in a The area of the trapezoid is
resulting disk will be at about the same b +b ma + mb
A= 1 2 h = (b a)
temperature as the sample point (x, y). 2 2
dH = CT dm = 0.3(10 y)(5.8 y2/3 dy) 1
= m( b 2 a 2 )
8
1.74(10 y)( y
2
H= 2/3
) dy = 167.04 b b b
0 1
Integrating, y dx mx dx = mx 2
= 524.7716 524.8 cal a a 2 a
C2. Let f (x) be the height of a vertical strip at x (or 1
= m(b a ) = A, Q .E.D .
2 2
combined heights if the region being rotated is 2
not convex). Let x = a and x = b be the left and The length is L = (b a) 1 + m 2 .
right boundaries of the region. b b
dV = 2 x dA = 2 x f ( x ) dx V = 2
b
x f ( x ) dx
Integrating,
a
dL
a
dx = (b a) L,
a Q .E .D .
b
dM y = x dA = x f ( x ) dx M y = a
x f ( x ) dx
The volume of the cone is W= ( 40 x 10 x 2 ) dx = 90
1 1
V = r 2 h = m2 h3 . 1
3 3 T3. y m = M xz y 200 = 3000
Integrating dV y 2 dx = m 2x2 dx, y = 3000/200 = 15 cm
h
1
m 2 x 2 dx = m 2 h 3 = V , Q.E.D. T4. The center of the circle is (8, 9) and the radius
0 3
is 7, so the circle is on just one side of the axis
The surface area is S = r r 2 + h 2 = of rotation (the y-axis). So the solid satisfies the
mh 2 1 + m 2 . hypothesis of the theorem of Pappus.
Integrating dS 2 y dx = 2 mx dx, The centroid of the circle is (8, 9), the
h displacement from the y-axis is R = 8, and the
0
2 mx dx = mh 2 S, Q.E.D. area of the circle is 49.
V = 2 RA = (2 )(8)( 49 ) = 784 =
c. Exact area of a strip:
1 1 2463.0086
A = ( mx + m( x + x ))x = yx + yx
2 2 T5. Using exponential regression,
Exact volume of frustum: F 29.9829 (1.0626)x
dW = F dx
V = ( m 2 ( x + x )2 + m 2 x ( x + x ) + m 2 x 2 )x 10
3 W=
0
F dx 412.4652 412.5 ft-lb
= m 2 x (3 x 2 + 3 x ( x ) + ( x )2 ) (By the trapezoidal rule, W 413 ft-lb.
3
Simpsons rule cannot be used because there is
= y 2 x + yyx + ( y)2 x
1 an odd number of increments.)
3
T6. a.
d. dA y dx = y dx + y dx y dx
1 y
2
1
= y dx (x, y )
2
dV y dx2
= y 2 dx + y y dx + y 2 dx y 2 dx
1
3
1
1 2
= y y dx + y dx x
3 2
Both differences contain only higher-order
Slice the region parallel to the y-axis so that each
infinitesimals.
point in a strip will be about the same distance
e. If dQ = Q leaves out only infinitesimals of from the y-axis as the sample point (x, y).
b
higher order, then dQ is exactly equal to Q. dMy = x dA = xex dx
2
a
My = xe x dx = e 2 + 1 = 8.3890 8.39 in.3
f. Reasons: 0
summation, so they can be pulled out.
M2 y = x 2 e x dx = 2e 2 2 = 12.7781
ii. The sum of all the subsegments x of 0
Chapter Test e2 + 1
x A = My x = = 1.3130 1.31 in.
T1. a. force displacement e2 1
b. mass T7. The graph shows y = x1/2 from x = 0 to x = 16,
rotated about the x-axis.
c. force
y
d. area displacement 4 (x, y )
x
e. second moment of volume 16
f. x
8
F=
0
62.4(8 y) 2 y1/3 dy W=
30
300 dr = 300 (b 30) dollars
7(0.8
n =1
n 1
) = 7 + 5.6 + 4.48 + 3.584 + L c. The first deposit is made at time t = 0, the
second at time t = 1, and so forth, so at time
Sums: 7, 12.6, 17.08, 20.664, 23.5312, t = 12, the term index is 13.
S 4 = 20.664, so the amount first exceeds d. Meg earned $93,806.90 the first year.
20 g at the fourth dose. 93806.90
APR = 100 = 9.3806 K%
1 1000000
S = 7 = 35, so the total amount
1 0.8 e. (1,000,000)(1.0075n) = 2,000,000
never exceeds 40 g. ln 2
n= = 92.7657K
The graph confirms that the partial sums of ln 1.0075
the series approach 35 asymptotically and After 93 months
first exceed 20 g at the fourth dose.
6. a. The interest rate for one month is
0.108/12 = 0.009.
40
S5 = 100 + 100(1.009) + 100(1.009)2
30 Asymptote + 100(1.009)3 + 100(1.009)4
Goes > 20 + 100(1.009)5
20 1 1.009 6
= 100 = $613.66
10
Stays > 20 1 1.009
n
b. There are six terms because the term index of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 the first term is zero.
c. 10 years equals 120 months. There will have
b. tn = Sn 7, so the sequence is 0, 5.6, 10.08, been 121 deposits after 10 years because the
13.664, 16.5312, . initial deposit was made at time 0. So there
See the graph in part a. The open circles show are 121 terms.
the partial sums just before a dose. 1 1.009121
S120 = 100 = $21,742.92
t7 = 20.6599 . The amount remains 1 1.009
above 20 g for n 7. The principal is 121(100) = $12,100.
c. See the graph in part a. The interest is 21,742.92 12,100 =
$9,642.92.
4. a. Perimeters are 16, 16 0.5 , 16(0.5), ,
7. a. Sequence: 20, 18, 16.2, 14.58, 13.122,
which is a geometric sequence with t1 = 16
and r = 0.5 . b. S 4 = 20 + 18 + 16.2 + 14.58 = 68.78 ft
1
1 0. 5 5 c. S = 20 = 200
b. S10 = 16 = 52.9203K cm 1 0.9
1 0.51/2 So the ball travels 200 ft before it comes to
rest.
P4 0 ex 1 c0 1
x 1 ex 1 c1 1
1
P3
2 ex 1 2!c2 1
2!
6. P4 is indistinguishable from f for about 3 ex 1 3!c3 1
1 < x < 0.9. 3!
7. P3(1) = 31.6666666 1 2 1 3
P4(1) = 35.0000000 P( x ) = 1 + x +
x + x + L , Q .E .D .
2! 3!
f (1) = 5e2 = 36.9452804
1 4 1 5
P4(1) is closer to f (1) than P3(1), Q.E.D. b. Next two terms: L + x + x + L
4! 5!
80 5 2 4
8. c4 = =
1 n
24 4! c. x
n=0
n!
The 5 is the coefficient in 5e2x.
The 2 is the exponential constant. d.
y
The 4 is the exponent of x in the last term. ex
S3
20 5 2 20 5 2
3 2
9. c3 = = , c2 = = , 5
6 3! 2 2!
10 5 21 5 20
c1 = = , c0 = 5 = (0! = 1) x
1 1! 0! 3
10. Conjecture:
5 2 5 160 4 5 2 6 320 4 e. The two graphs are indistinguishable for
c5 = = = , c6 = = = approximately 1 < x < 1.
5! 120 3 6! 720 9
f. Solve ex S3(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
5 2n n
11. P( x ) =
n=0
n!
x x 0.2188
Solve ex S3(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
x = 0.2237
The interval is 0.2237 < x < 0.2188 .
Problem Set 12-4 g. The ninth partial sum is S8(x).
Solve ex S8(x) = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
Q1. Q2.
y y
x 1.4648
x x Solve S8(x) ex = 0.0001 for x close to 1.
x = 1.5142
The interval is 1.5142 < x < 1.4648 .
2. a. By equating derivatives:
Q3. Q4.
y y n f (n) ( x ) f (n) (0) P (n) (0) cn
x 0 cos x 1 c0 1
1 sin x 0 c1 0
x
1
2 cos x 1 2!c2
2!
Q5. Q6. 3 sin x 0 3!c3 0
y y
1
4 cos x 1 4!c4
x 4!
5 sin x 0 5!c5 0
x
1
6 cos x 1 6!c6
6!
Q7. exponent Q8. coefficient 7 sin x 0 7!c7 0
Q9. power Q10. D 1
8 cos x 1 8!c8
8!
(1) n 1 0 sinh x 0 c0 0
c. x 2n
n=0
(2 n)! 1 cosh x 1 c1 1
d. y = cos x 2 sinh x 0 2!c2 0
y
1
S4 3 cosh x 1 3!c3
3!
cos
x 4 sinh x 0 4!c4 0
1
5 cosh x 1 5!c5
S7
5!
6 sinh x 0 6!c6 0
e. See the graph in part d, showing S7(x) (eighth 1
7 cosh x 1 7!c7
partial sum). 7!
The graphs are indistinguishable for
1 3 1 5 1 7
approximately 5.5 < x < 5.5. P( x ) = x + x + x + x + L , Q .E .D .
3! 5! 7!
f. Solve S7(x) cos x = 0.0001 for x close
c. S3(0.6) = 0.636653554
to 5.5.
sinh 0.6 = 0.636653582
x 4.5414
(Note that some solvers may give an error S3(0.6) sinh 0.6, Q.E.D.
message. In this case, zoom in by table, d. Solve S3(x) sinh x = 0.0001 for x
starting at x = 5 and using increments of 0.1; close to 1.
then x = 4.5, and increments of 0.01, and so x 1.4870
forth.) By symmetry, the interval is
By symmetry, the interval is 1.4870 < x < 1.4870 .
4.5414 < x < 4.5414 . 1 1 1
e. P ( x ) = 1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x 4 + 7 x 6 + L
g. Both functions are even. P(x) is even because 3! 5! 7!
it has only even powers of x. 1 2 1 4 1 6
= 1+ x + x + x +L
1 1 1 2! 4! 6!
3. a. S3 (0.6) = 0.6 (0.6 3 ) + (0.6 5 ) (0.6 7 )
3! 5! 7! f. Find S3(0.6) for the P series.
= 0.564642445 S3(0.6) = 1.1854648
sin 0.6 = 0.564642473 cosh 0.6 = 1.18546521
S3(0.6) sin 0.6, Q.E.D. S3(0.6) cosh 0.6, and thus the P(x)
b. sin 0.6 = 0.564642473 series seems to represent cosh x, Q.E.D.
Tail = sin 0.6 Sn(0.6)
First term of the tail is tn+1 .
g. P( x ) dx
sin 0.6 S1(0.6) = 0.0006424733 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 6
= x + x + x +L+ C
t2 = 0.000648 2 3! 4 5! 6
sin 0.6 S2(0.6) = 0.00000552660 Simplifying and letting C = 1 gives
t3 = 0.00000555428 1 1
1+ x2 + x4 + x6 + L ,
1
sin 0.6 S3(0.6) = 0.0000000276807 2! 4! 6!
t4 = 0.0000000277714 which is the series for cosh x, Q.E.D.
In each case, the tail is less in magnitude than 5. a. f (x) = ln x f (1) = 0
the absolute value of the first term of the tail, f (x) = x 1 f (1) = 1
Q .E .D . f ( x ) = x 2 f (1) = 1
c. Make | tn+1 | < 0.5 10 20. f ( x ) = 2 x 3 f (1) = 2
1 1 1
(0.6 2 n+3 ) < 5 10 21 P( x ) = ( x 1) ( x 1)2 + ( x 1)3
(2 n + 3)! 2 3
Inequality is first true for n = 8. 1
( x 1) + L
4
Use at least nine terms (n = 8). 4
1
S10(1.2) and ln 1.2 agree through the eighth P( x ) = (1) n x 2 n+1
decimal place. The values of S10(1.95) and n=0
2 n + 1
ln 1.95 agree only to one decimal place. The 1 1 1
= x x3 + x5 x7 + L
values of S10(3) and ln 3 bear no resemblance 3 5 7
to each other. b. y = tan 1 x, y = S 5(x), and y = S 6(x) (sixth
1 1 and seventh partial sums)
6. a. P( x ) = ( x 1) ( x 1)2 + ( x 1)3
2 3 y S6
1 4 K S5
( x 1) + f (x )
4 1
x
1
n tn(3) S5
S6
1 2
2 2
Both partial sums fit the graph of f very well
3 2.6666 for about 0.9 < x < 0.9. For x > 1 and
4 4 x < 1, the partial sums bear no resemblance
5 6.4 to the graph of f.
6 10.6666
The absolute values of the terms are getting Problem Set 12-5
larger as n increases. Q1. 4! = 24 Q2. 3! = 6
Q3. 4!/4 = 6 Q4. n = 3
2! 3! 4! 5! 2! 3!
2. f (u) = ln u 1
+ ( x 2 ) 4 + L
1 1 1
= (u 1) (u 1)2 + (u 1)3 (u 1) 4 + K 4!
2 3 4 1 1 1
= 1 x2 + x 4 x6 + x8 L
3. f (u) = sin u 2! 3! 4!
x x
t t + t L dt
e 1 t
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 t2 1 4 1 6 1 8
=u u + u u + u u +L 15. dt = 2
+
3! 5! 7! 9! 11! 0 0 2! 3! 4!
4. f (u) = cos u 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 1 9
= x x + x x + x L
3 5 2! 7 3! 9 4!
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= 1 u + u u + u u +L x
(3t 1) 1 (3t 1)2
x
2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 16. 1/3
ln (3t ) dt =
1/3
2
5. f (u) = cosh u
+ (3t 1)3 (3t 1) 4 + dt
1 1
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= 1+ u + u + u + u + u +L 3 4
2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
1 1
6. f (u) = sinh u = (3t 1)2 (3t 1)3
3 2 1 33 2
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 x
=u+ u + u + u + u + u +L 1 1
3! 5! 7! 9! 11! + (3t 1) 4 (3t 1)5 + L
3 4 3 35 4 1/3
7. f (u) = (1 u) 1 = 1 + u + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 + u 5 + L
1 1 1
= (3 x 1)2 (3 x 1)3 + (3 x 1) 4
8. f (u) = tan 1 u 6 18 36
1 1 1 1 1 1
= u u 3 + u 5 u 7 + u 9 u11 + L (3 x 1)5 + L
3 5 7 9 11 60
9. x sin x = x x x 3 + x 5 x 7 + x 9 L
1 1 1 1 1
17. = 1 x 4 + x 8 x 12 + x 16 L
3! 5! 7! 9! x +1 4
1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10 9 3
= x2 x + x x + x L 18. =
3! 5! 7! 9! x 2 + 3 1 + ( x 2 /3)
10. x sinh x = x x + x 3 + x 5 + x 7 + x 9 + L
1 1 1 1
= 3 1 x 2 + 2 x 4 3 x 6 + L
1 1 1
3! 5! 7! 9! 3
3 3
1 4 1 6 1 8 1 10
= x2 + x + x + x + x +L 1 4 1 6
3! 5! 7! 9! = 3 x2 + x 2 x +L
3 3
11. cosh x 3 x x
(1 t
1
1 1 1 1 19. dt = 4
+ t 8 t 12 + t 16 K) dt
= 1 + (x 3)2 + (x 3) 4 + (x 3)6 + (x 3)8 + L 0 t +1
4
0
2! 4! 6! 8! 1 5 1 9 1 13 1 17 K
1 1 1 1 = x x + x x + x
= 1 + x 6 + x 12 + x 18 + x 24 + L 5 9 13 17
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x
+ t 4 2 t 6 + K dt
3 t
9 1 1
12. cos x 2 20. dt = 2
0 t +3
2
0 3 3
1 1 1 1
= 1 ( x 2 ) 2 + ( x 2 ) 4 ( x 2 ) 6 + ( x 2 )8 L 1 1 5 1 1
2! 4! 6! 8! = 3x x 3 + x 2 x7 + 3 x9 K
3 35 3 7 3 9
1 4 1 8 1 12 1 16
= 1 x + x x + x L
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x
1 2 3 4 g (t ) dt (2 + 0.5t 0.3t ) dt
2 4
= + x x2 + x3 K e. 0 0
2! 4! 6! 8!
1 1 1 2 1 x
0.5 0.3
= + x x + x3 = 2t + t
3
t
5
2 12 240 10080 3 5 0
Alternate solution:
1
= 2x + x 0.06 x
3 5
d 1
(cos x 0.5 ) = x 0.5 sin x 0.5 6
dx 2
1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 1 2.5 1 3.5 26. a. f (1) P4(1)
= x x x + x x + L = 4 + 3(1 2) + 0.5(1 2)2
2 3! 5! 7!
1 1 1 2 1 3 0.09(1 2)3 0.06(1 2)4
= + x x + x L = 6.47
2! 2 3! 2 5! 2 7!
We must assume that the series converges for
1 2 3 4
= + x x2 + x3 L x = 1.
2! 4! 6! 8!
Multiply by 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, 4/4, and simplify. b. f (2) = c 0 = 4
0.7 f (2) = c 1 = 3
23. P4 ( x ) = 8 + 3( x 2) + ( x 2)2 f (2) = 2!c2 = 2(0.5) = 1
2!
f (2) = 3!c3 = 6(0.09) = 0.54
0.51 0.048
+ ( x 2)3 ( x 2) 4 f (4)(2) = 4!c4 = 24(0.06) = 1.44
3! 4!
= 8 + 3(x 2) + 0.35(x 2)2 c. g(x) = f (x2 + 2) P(x2 + 2)
+ 0.085(x 2)3 0.002(x 2)4 = 4 + 3(x2 + 2 2) + 0.5(x2 + 2 2)2
0.09(x2 + 2 2)3 0.06(x2 + 2 2)4
0.48 0
24. P5 ( x ) = 7 + 2( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 + ( x + 1)3 = 4 + 3x2 + 0.5x4 0.09x6 0.06x8
2! 3!
0.36 0.084 Fourth-degree polynomial:
+ ( x + 1)
4
( x + 1)5 g(x) 4 + 3x2 + 0.5x4
4! 5!
= 7 + 2(x + 1) 0.24(x + 1)2
+ 0.015(x + 1)4 0.0007(x + 1)5
(1)
1
S9 (1) = n
= 0.760459904 K x+
1
x3 +
2
x 5+
17
x 7+ L
n=0
(2 n + 1) 3 15 315
4S9(1) = 3.04183961 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 1 1
= 3.14159265 1 x + x x + L x x 3 + x 5 x 7 +L
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
The error is about 3%.
1 3 1 5 1 7
b. The fiftieth partial sum is S49(1). x x + x x +L
2! 4! 6!
4S49(1) = 3.12159465
= 3.14159265 1 3 4 5 6 7
x x + x L
The error is about 0.6%. 3 5! 7!
(It is merely an interesting coincidence that 1 3 1 5 1 7
x x + x L
although 4S49(1) differs from in the second 3 6 72
decimal place, several other decimal places 2 5 64 7
later on do match up!) x x L
15 7!
c. By the composite argument properties 2 5 1 7
x x +L
from trig, 15 15
tan tan 1 + tan 1
1 1 17 7
2 3 x L
315
tan tan 1 + tan tan 1
1 1 1 3 2 5 17 7
2 3 tan x = x + x + x + x +L
= 3 15 315
1 tan tan 1 tan tan 1
1 1 S4(0.2) = 0.202710024
2 3 tan 0.2 = 0.202710035
1 1
+ f (i )
( a)
= 2 3 =1 39. Define ai ( x ) = ( x a)i, the ith term of the
1 1 i!
1
2 3
1 1
general Taylor series. So, f ( x ) = a ( x ).
i
4
dn f ( i ) ( a) d n n 1 2 3 3 4 4
For i > n, n ai ( x ) = n ( x a)i 1. a. n xn = x + x2 + x + x
dx i! dx n =1
4 16 64 256
f (i ) ( x ) 5 5
= i (i 1)(i 2)K(i n + 1)( x a)i n = 0 + x +L
i! 1024
for x = a.
dn
tn+1 (n + 1) x n+1 4 n
b. L = lim = lim n
So n ai ( a) = 0 for i < n and i > n, and n tn n 4 n+1 nx
dx
dn x n +1 x
an ( a) = f ( n ) ( a). =lim =
dx n 4 n n 4
dn
Thus, n
dx i =0
ai ( x ) evaluated at x = a L <1
x
4
x
< 1 1 < < 1 4 < x < 4
4
dn Open interval of convergence is (4, 4).
is an ( a) = f ( n ) ( a).
dx n c. Radius of convergence = 4.
40. Brook Taylor: 16851731
xn
n2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Colin Maclaurin: 16981746 2. a. = x+ x + x + x
Sir Isaac Newton: 16421727 n =1
n
2 24 38 4 16
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz: 16461716 1
+ x5 +L
(1) n+2
1
( x 1) n+1 5 32
41. a.
tn+1
= n + 1 =
n
| x 1|
1 n +1 tn+1 x n+1 n 2n
tn (1) n+1 ( x 1) n b. L = lim = lim n +1
n n tn n ( n + 1) 2 xn
2
b. r10 = for x = 1.2 x n x
11 = lim =
9.5 2 n n + 1 2
r10 = for x = 1.95
11 x x
20 L <1 < 1 1 < < 1 2 < x < 2
r10 = for x = 3 2 2
11 Open interval of convergence is (2, 2).
c. r = lim
n
| x 1| = | x 1| lim
n
= | x 1| c. Radius of convergence = 2.
n n + 1 n n + 1
(2 x + 3) n (2 x + 3)2
d. r = 1.1 for x = 0.1
r = 1 for x = 0
3. a.
n =1
n
= (2 x + 3) +
2
r = 0.9 for x = 0.1
(2 x + 3)3 (2 x + 3) 4
r = 0.9 for x = 1.9 + + +L
r = 1 for x = 2 3 4
e. Possible conjecture: The series converges to (2 x + 3) n+1 n
b. L = lim
ln x whenever the value of x makes r < 1, and n n +1 (2 x + 3) n
diverges whenever the value of x makes r > 1.
n
f. The series should converge for r < 1. = | 2 x + 3 | lim = | 2 x + 3|
x n + 1
r = |x 1| < 1 1 < (x 1) < 1
0<x< 2 L < 1 |2x + 3| < 1 1 < 2x + 3 < 1
2 < x < 1
42. Answers will vary.
Open interval of convergence is (2, 1).
1
c. Radius of convergence = .
Problem Set 12-6 2
Q1. sin x Q2. sinh x
Q3. e x Q4. ex
8 27 x 2 n+3 (2 n + 1)!
= ( x 8) + ( x 8)2 + ( x 8)3 L = lim 2 n+1
2 6 n ( 2 n + 3)! x
64 1
+ ( x 8) 4 + L = x 2 lim = x2 0
24 n ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 )
(n + 1)3 ( x 8) n+1 n! L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
b. L = lim 3 all x.
n (n + 1)! n ( x 8) n
1
10. cosh x = x 2n
n + 1 3 1
= | x 8 | lim
( 2 n )!
n=0
n n n + 1
x 2 n+2 (2 n)!
= | x 8| 1 0 = 0 L = lim 2n
n ( 2 n + 2 )! x
L < 1 for all values of x. 1
Series converges for all values of x. = x 2 lim = x2 0
n ( 2 n + 2 )(2 n + 1)
c. Radius of convergence is infinite. L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
n
n! all x.
6. a. ( x + 2) n
4
1 n
n =1 11. e x = x
2 6 n!
= ( x + 2) + ( x + 2) 2 + ( x + 2)3 n=0
16 81 x n+1 n! 1
24 L = lim n = | x | lim = | x| 0
+ ( x + 2) 4 + L n (n + 1)! x n n +1
256
L < 1 for all x and the series converges for
(n + 1)! ( x + 2) n+1 n4
b. L = lim all x.
n (n + 1) 4
n! ( x + 2) n
(1) n n
n
4
12. e x = n!
x
= | x + 2| lim (n + 1) n=0
n
n + 1 x n+1 n! 1
L = lim = | x | lim = | x| 0
= | x + 2| lim [(n + 1) 1] = n (n + 1)! x n n n + 1
n
The series converges only for |x + 2| = 0 L < 1 for all x and the series converges for all x.
x = 2. 13. tn = xnn!
c. Radius of convergence = 0. x n+1 (n + 1)!
L = lim = | x | lim (n + 1) = | x |
n x n n! n
(1) n
7. sin x =
n=0
( 2 n + 1)!
x 2 n+1
L = for all x 0; L = 0 at x = 0.
Note that |(1)n| can be left out of the ratio. the series converges only for x = 0.
(1) n +1 1 0.00000000011111 ,
16. ln 0.1 = (0.9) n
n which is larger than the tail.
n =1
tn = (0.9)n/n 18. a. y = x2 sin 2x, from x = 0 to x = 1.5, rotated
about the y-axis.
n tn tn+1 /tn A slice of the region parallel to the axis of
rotation generates a cylindrical shell.
1 0.9 0.45 dV = 2 x y dx = 2x3 sin 2x dx
1.5
2
3
0.405
0.243
0.6
0.675
V= 0
2 x 3 sin 2 x dx
Integrate by parts.
4 0.164025 0.72 u dv
5 0.118098 0.75 x 3 + sin 2x
1
9 0.043046721 0.81 3x 2 2 cos 2x
1
15 0.0137260754 0.84375 6x + 4 sin 2x
1
35 0.0007151872 0.875 6 8 cos 2x
1
0 + 16 sin 2x
Ratio seems to approach 0.9.
V = 2 x 3 cos 2 x + x 2 sin 2 x
1 3
Proof:
2 4
(0.9) n+1 n
L = lim
1.5
+ x cos 2 x sin 2 x
3 3
n n +1 (0.9) n 0
4 8
n
= 0.9 lim = 2 cos 3 + sin 3
9 21
n +1
n
16 16
= 0.9(1) = 0.9, Q .E .D . = 4.662693947
1.5
1
17. a. P( x ) = (1) nx 2 n+1 V= 2x 3 sin 2 x dx 4.662693947
n=0
2 n + 1 0
Note that |(1)n| = 1 for all n. The answers are the same to at least nine
decimal places.
x 2 n +3 2 n + 1
L = lim 2 n+1 b. Omitting the 2 , x sin 2 x dx
3
n 2 n + 3 x
2n + 1
= x 3 (2 x ) (2 x )3 + (2 x )5
1 1
= x 2 lim = x 2 1 by lHospitals rule
n 2 n + 3 3! 5!
L < 1 x 2 < 1 1 < x < 1 1
Open interval of convergence is (1, 1). (2 x ) + L dx
7
7!
1 1 1 1 1 9 1
+ x x 11 + K
0 2! 3! 4! 5! 9 9! 11 11!
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
= x x + x x +
(1)
x 1
3 5 2! 7 3! 9 4! = n
x 2 n+1
1 n=0
(2 n + 1)(2 n + 1)!
x 11 + K
11 5! sin t
b. Ratio for is
b. t
t 2 n+2 (2 n + 1)!
y
f (x ) L = lim
1 n ( 2 n + 3)! t 2n
x
1
1 = t 2 lim = t2 0
S5 n ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 )
= x 1 0
2 Because ln is a continuous function,
L < 1 for all values of x. ln L = ln ( lim n n ) = lim ln n n
n n
Series for Si x converges for all values of x. 1 ln n ln x
The radii of convergence for both series are = lim ln n = lim = lim
n n n n x x
infinite. 1/ x
= lim by lHospitals rule
c. The third partial sum is S2(x). x 1
1 1 =0
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 (0.6)3 + (0.6)5 L = e0 = 1, Q .E.D .
3 3! 5 5!
= 0.5881296 (1) n+1
Si 0.6 = 0.5881288
23. ln x =
n =1
n
( x 1) n
The answers are quite close!
( x 1) n
d. L = lim n |tn | = lim n
n n n
| x 1| | x 1|
Tenth
y
= n
= = | x 1|
Partial Sum
1 lim n 1
n
x L < 1 |x 1| < 1 0 < x < 2
3 2 2 3
Open interval of convergence is (0, 2).
1
n
1
Si (x) 24. n xn
n=1
|x n | | x|
S9(x) is reasonably close to Si x for L = lim n = lim = | x | 0
3 < x < 3 . n nn n n
n = 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
converges. 1 1 1 1 1
4. a. S5 =
If the convergent series were not absolutely n =1
convergent, it would be called conditionally 17
convergent. =2 = 2.2833
60
e. When you show absolute convergence, you p = 1, a harmonic series.
find the partial sums of |tn|. The partial sums
n = 6 + 7 + 8 + L . The
1 1 1 1
must be increasing because |tn| is positive. b. Tail = R5 =
|tn| is decreasing because the series is n=6
5
(1/ x ) dx = lim (ln b ln 6) =
1 1 1 1 1
3. a. S5 = 2 = 1+ + + + 6 b
n 4 9 16 25
n =1 the series diverges because a lower bound is
1669 infinite.
=1 = 1.463611
3600 c. Graphing the rectangles to the left of the
n-values leads to R5 < , which does not
n
1 11 1
b. Tail = R5 = + 2 += +L
36 49 64 imply that the tail is finite.
n=6
n +1 n +1
The graph shows the tail bounded above by
d. Sn > 1000 if (1/ x ) dx > 1000 ln x =
5
(1/ x 2 ) dx = 0.2. 1
d. The terms are strictly alternating in sign, the
b. (1/ x ) dx = lim (ln b ln 1) =
1 b terms are strictly decreasing in absolute value,
and the terms approach zero for a limit as
he series |t | diverges, so the given series
n=1
n n . Thus, the series converges by the
alternating series test.
does not converge absolutely.
Or:
c. S1000 = 0.692647 , S1001 = 0.693646 ,
| Rn | < |tn+1 | for all n 1, as shown by example
ln 2 = 0.693147 in part c.
| S 1000 ln 2| = 0.0004997 , |S 1001 ln 2| = 0
lim |tn+1 | = 0 because it takes the form .
0.0004992 , |t1001| = 1/1001 = n
0.00009900 lim | Rn | = 0, and thus the series converges.
n
both partial sums are within |t1001| of ln 2.
Or: Use the ratio technique.
d. No term is left out. No term appears more
than once. 0.6 2 n+3 (2 n + 1)!
L = lim
1 1 1 1 1 1 n (2 n + 3)! 0.6 2 n+1
Series is + + + K
2 4 6 8 10 12 1
= 0.36 lim =0
= 1 + + K .
1 1 1 1 n (2 n + 3)(2 n + 2)
2 2 3 4
1 Because L < 1, the series converges.
the series converges to ln 2.
2 8. The sequence converges because lim tn = 2, a
n
Conditional convergence means that whether (finite) real number.
the series converges, and, if so, what value it The series does not converge because lim tn 0.
converges to, depends on the condition that n
n! 0.6
1
1 1 b. S4 = n
= 1.8214
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 0.6 3 + 0.6 5 = 0.564648
3! 5! n=0
e0.6 = 1.8221188
c. R 1 = sin 0.6 S1(0.6) = 0.0006424
S4 differs from e0.6 by 0.00071880 , which
R 2 = sin 0.6 S2(0.6) = 0.0000055266
is greater than t5 = 0.000648, but not much
|R1| = 0.0006424
greater. The difference is greater than t5
|t2| = 0.000648
because all subsequent terms are added, not
|R 1| < |t2|
subtracted. It is not much greater than t5
|R2| = 0.0000055266
because the subsequent terms are very small.
|t3| = 0.0000055542
|R 2| < |t3|
4
Thus, the geometric series forms an upper 3 3 3 3 K
17. = 3+ + + +
bound for the tail of the e0.6 series after n
4 16 64
n=0
term t6.
Converges because it is a geometric series with
d. Geometric series converges to common ratio 1/4, which is less than 1 in
1
0.0000648 = 0.000072. absolute value
1 0.1
3n
3 9 27
n = 1+ + + +L
e. The tail of the series after t6 is bounded by 18.
0.000072. n=0
4 4 16 64
The entire series is bounded by Converges because it is a geometric series with
S6(0.6) + 0.000072 = 1.8221128 + 0.000072 common ratio 3/4, which is less than 1 in
= 1.8221848. absolute value
e0.6 = 1.8221188
(2n + 1)! = 1! + 3! + 5! + 7! + K
So the upper bound is just above e0.6 , Q .E .D . 1 1 1 1 1
19.
1 2 3 4 5 K n=0
11. a. + + + + +
1 1 1
1 1 2 6 24 + = 1+
+ +K
n + 1 (n 1)! n +1 1
= lim
6 120 5040
L = lim =0
n n! n n n n Converges by comparison with geometric
the series converges because L < 1. series with t0 = 1 and r = 1/6
1 2 3 4 K 1 1
+ + + + = 1+1+ + + K
(3)
b. 1 1 1 1 K
1 2 6 24 2! 3! 20. n = 1 + +
n=0
3 9 27
This is the Maclaurin series that converges
to e1. Converges by the alternating series test. (Terms
n/(n 1)! n! are strictly alternating. Terms are strictly
c. L = lim = lim decreasing in absolute value. tn approaches zero
n n/n! n (n 1)!
as n approaches infinity.)
= lim n =
n
n3
n
the test fails because the limit of the ratio 8 27 64 125 K
21. =
4 + + + +
is infinite. n=2
1 15 80 255 624
2 4 8 16 K Diverges. Use the integral test.
12. a. U: + + + + b
4 10 28 82 x3
1
2 4 8 16 K dx = lim ln | x 4 1|
G: + + + + 2
4
x 1 b 4
2
3 9 27 81
= lim ln (b 4 1) 0 =
2 4 8 16 K 1
V: + + + +
2 8 26 80 b 4
The terms of U are bounded above by the Or: Compare with a harmonic series.
corresponding terms of G, and so U converges n3
1
by the direct comparison test. 4 >
n=2
n 1 n=2 n
ln (n + 2) n +1
(1) ( x 6)
40. = | x | lim lim
n= 4
n 2n n ln (n + 1) n n + 2
( x 6) n+1 n 2n 1/(n + 2) n +1
L = lim = | x | lim lim
n +1 n 1/( n + 1) n n + 2
n (n + 1) 2 ( x 6) n
1 n 1 (by lHospitals rule)
= | x 6 | lim = | x 6| 1 n +1 n +1
2 n n +1 2 = | x | lim lim = | x | 11
1 n n + 2 n n + 2
L < 1 | x 6| < 1 4 < x < 8
2 L < 1 | x | < 1 1 < x < 1
1 1 1 1 At x = 1 the series is
At x = 4 the series is + + + + K ,
4 5 6 7 ln 1 ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 K
+ + .
which is a divergent harmonic series (p-series 1 2 3 4
with p = 1). By lHospitals rule,
1 1 1 1
At x = 8 the series is + + K , ln (n) 1/n
4 5 6 7 lim = lim = 0.
n n n 1
which is a convergent alternating series.
Interval of convergence is (4, 8]. Because the terms decrease in absolute value and
approach zero for a limit, the series converges by
(1) n+1 ( x + 5)2 n
41.
n =1
2n
the alternating series test.
At x = 1 the series is
( x + 5)2 n+2 2n ln 1 ln 2 ln 3 ln 4
L = lim + + + +L .
n 2(n + 1) ( x + 5)2 n 1 2 3 4
n 1 b
ln ( x )
= ( x + 5)2 lim = ( x + 5)2 1 dx = lim (ln x )2
n n + 1 x b 2
1
1
L < 1 (x + 5)2 < 1 6 < x < 4
= lim (ln b)2 0 =
1
1 1 1 1
At x = 6 the series is + + K , b 2
2 4 6 8
which is a convergent alternating series. Thus, the series diverges by the integral test.
1 1 1 1 Interval of convergence is [1, 1].
At x = 4 the series is + + K ,
2 4 6 8
which is a convergent alternating series. 44. 5( x 3) n
5( x 3) n+1
( x + 1) n L = lim = | x 3|
42.
n =1
n2
n 5( x 3)
n
1
Hn = L , Q .E .D . Proof:
2n
Pick a number > 0.
b. The total distance the top (first) block Because L is an upper bound for tn, L + is also
overhangs the nth block is H1 + H2 + L + an upper bound.
Hn1 . So for a pile of n blocks, the top block Because L is the least upper bound for tn,
will project entirely beyond the bottom block L is not an upper bound.
if there exists an integer D > 0 such that
L < H1 + L + Hn1 = tD > L .
1 1 1 1 But the values of tn are increasing.
L + L + L +L+ L tn > tD > L for all n > D.
2 4 6 2(n 1)
(1)
n=0 1
n +1
S5 ( 4) = 27.2699118K 4. a. ln x = ( x 1) n
n =1
n
f ( 2.5+2 ) (c) 25+2 S8(0.7) = 0.356671944
b. R5 ( 4) = 4
(2 5 + 2)! f ( 9 ) (c )
(12 ) b. R8 (0.7) = (0.7 1)9
f ( x ) = cosh x 9!
1 4 4 f (9)(x) = 8!x 9
M = cosh 4 < (3 + 2 ) M = 8!(0.7) 9
2
= 40.5312 < 41 8!(0.7) 9 1
| R8 (0.7)| (0.3) 9 = (3/7)9
41 12 9! 9
| R5 ( 4) | 4 = 1.4360 K = 5.4195 10 5
12!
S5(4) is within 2 of cosh 4 in the units digit. S8(0.7) is within 6 units of ln 0.7 in the fifth
decimal place.
c. cosh 4 = 27.3082328
(Note that for ln x, the Lagrange form of the
S5(4) = 27.2699118
remainder simplifies to
cosh 4 S5(4) = 0.0383 , which is well n +1
within the 1.4360 upper bound found by 1 | x 1|
| Rn ( x )|
Lagrange form. n +1 x
For x < 0.5, the fraction |x 1|/x is greater
(2n + 1)! x
1 2 n +1
2. a. sinh x = than 1.
n=0 The Lagrange form of the remainder becomes
S9(5) = 74.2032007 infinite as n and is thus not useful.)
f ( 29+3) (c) 29+3 c. ln 0.7 = 0.356674943
b. R9 (5) = 5
(2 9 + 3)! S8(0.7) = 0.356671944
f (21)(x) = cosh x |ln 0.7 S8(0.3)| = 2.9998 10 6, which is
within the 5.4195 10 5 found by
1
M = cosh 5 < (35 + 2 5 ) Lagrange form.
2
= 121.5156 < 122 5. For sinh 2, all derivatives are bounded by cosh 2.
1
| R9 (5)|
122 21
5 = 0.001138K cosh 2 < (32 + 2 2 ) = 4.625
21! 2
1
S9(5) is within 2 units of sinh 5 in the third The general term is tn = 2 2 n+1.
decimal place. (2 n + 1)!
n
1
R4 (2) = 2 = cosh c 13. a. S10 = = 1.19753198
(2 4 + 2)! 10! 3
n =1
210
x 3 dx = lim 0.5 x 2 10 =
b
cosh c = 0.000290929K R10 <
10! 10 b
n! 2
1
lower bounds of Rn. 17. e 2 = n
100 n=0
n
1
14. a. S100 = 1.05 = 4.698244 From Example 1, S10 = 7.38899470 .
n =1
By Lagrange form, | R 10 | < 0.0004617 .
x 1.05 dx = lim 20 x 0.05 100 =
b
R100 < Use a geometric series as an upper bound.
100 b
1 11 1
20(100 0.05 ) = 15.886564 t11 = 2 and t12 = 212
11! 12!
x 1.05 dx = lim 20 x 0.05 101 =
b
R100 > t 1
101 b
Common ratio r = 12 =
20(101 0.05 ) = 15.878662 t11 6
R100 0.5(15.886564 + 15.878662) = 1 11 1
15.882613 | R10 | < 2 = 0.00006156
11! 1
S 4.698244 + 15.882613 = 1
6
20.580858 The geometric series gives a better estimate of
Error < 0.5(15.886564 15.878662) = the remainder than does the Lagrange form.
0.003950 (about two decimal places)
(1)
1 n
b. Error < 0.5 x 1.05 dx 18. e 2 = 2 n
x 1.05 dx
n n +1 n=0
n!
= 20n 0.05 20(n + 1) 0.05 S10 = 0.135379188
Solve 20n 0.05 20(n + 1) 0. 05 = 0.000005 to 211
get n = 111840.2309 . | R10 | < |t11 | = = 0.000051306
11!
Use 111,841 terms.
With a value of p such as 1.05, which is This number appears to be a better estimate of
the error. However, it represents an error of
closer to 1 than 3 is, it takes more terms
| R 10 |/S(10) = 0.03789%.
because the terms approach zero more slowly.
e2 1/S10 = 7.38665971
10
n
1 A 0.037% error for this value would be
15. a. S10 = = 1.9817928
n=0
2
+1 0.002799 , which is a worse estimate of the
The series converges because the terms of the error than that by Lagrange or by geometric
tail starting at t1 are bounded above by the series.
(In general, an error of % in1/f (x) gives a
convergent p-series with p = 2.
b maximum error of in the value of f (x).
dx = lim tan 1 x 10 =
1 b
b. R10 < 1 /100
10 x + 1
2
b
So an error of 0.03789% in 1/e2 means an
/2 tan 110 = 0.0996686 0.03789K
b error of = 0.03788K% in e 2 .)
dx = lim tan 1 x 11 =
1 b
R10 > 1 0.0003789K
11 x + 1
2
b
The value of b can be calculated efficiently Then compare the values with ln (0.5 10 10).
using the fraction part command. For a So you would need to use 349 terms.
typical grapher, b = f Part(250/(2))2. Unfortunately, even this procedure would not
be practical because the terms themselves
b. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the value
would have to be calculated to ten or more
of c is one cycle back from the value of b.
decimal places, and they are so large that each
c = b 2 = 1.32741228
term overflows most computers capacities.
Check:
sin c = 0.970528019 e. The program will have the following steps.
sin 250 = 0.970528019 (Checks.) The particular commands will depend on the
In general: grapher or computer used.
If b is in [0, /2], then c = b. Put in a value of x.
If b is in ( /2, 3 /2], then c = b. Find b, as shown in part a.
If b is in (3 /2, 2 ], then c = 2 b.
Find c, as shown in part b.
c. From Figure 12-8c, you can tell that the
Find d, as shown in part c.
value of d is a quarter-cycle ahead of the value
of c. The value of the sine is the opposite of Choose the function and sign, as shown
the corresponding value of cos d. in part c.
Calculate and display the answer.
d = + c = 0.243384039K
2 1
Check: 20. For sin 1, | Rn (1)| < | tn+1 | = 12 n+3 =
(2 n + 3)!
cos d = 0.970528019 1
sin 250 = 0.970528019 (Checks.) .
(2 n + 3)!
In general:
1
< 0.5 10 23.
c , : d = + c and sin x = cos d Set
(2 n + 3)!
2 4 2
This inequality is first true for n = 11.
c , 0 : d = c and sin x = sin d Use at least 12 terms (n = 11).
4 Using the technique in Problem 19,
c 0, : d = c and sin x = sin d 1
4 | Rn (1)| < ( /4)2 n+2 < 0.5 10 23.
(2 n + 2)!
c , : d = c and sin x = cos d
4 2 2 The second inequality is first true for n = 10.
You would save only one term by the method of
d. For x in [0, /4], both the sine and cosine
Problem 19.
series meet the hypotheses of the alternating
series test. Thus, the error in S5(x) is bounded 21. a. Apply the mean value theorem to f (x) on
by | t6 |, the first term of the tail. | t6 | is greater [a, x]. There is a number x = c in (x, a) such
for the cosine series than for the sine series. that
The maximum of | t6 | in the interval is at f ( x ) f ( a )
f (c) =
x = /4. xa
1 f (x) = f (a) + f (c)(x a), Q.E.D.
| R5 ( x )| < | t6 ( /4)| = ( /4)26+2
= 3.8980 10 13,
(2 6 + 2)! b. f ( x ) dx = f (a) dx + f (c)( x a) dx
1
which is small enough to guarantee that sin x f ( x ) = f ( a) x + f (c) ( x a)2 + C
will be correct to ten decimal places. 2
Substituting the initial condition (a, f (a))
For direct calculation, gives
1
| Rn (250)| < 250 2 n+3 < 0.5 10 10 f (a) = f (a)a + f (c)(0) + C
(2 n + 3)! C = f (a) f (a)a
2 1 n
ex = x + Rk ( x ), where
+ f ( a) f ( a)a n!
1 n=0
f ( x ) = f ( a) + f ( a)( x a) + f (c)( x a) 2 f ( k +1) (c) k +1
2 Rk ( x ) = x and c is between 0 and x.
( k + 1)!
Integrate again to get f(x).
M
| Rk ( x )| | x |k +1
f ( x ) dx = f (a) dx + f (a)( x a) dx ( k + 1)!
Because all derivatives of e x equal e x, the value of
+ f (c)( x a) dx
1 2
2 M for any particular value of x is also e x, which
is less than 3x, if x 0; or 1, if x < 0.
1
f ( x ) = f ( a ) x + f ( a)( x a) 2 3x
2 lim | Rk ( x )| < lim | x |k +1
k k ( k + 1)!
1
+ f (c)( x a)3 + C which approaches 0 as k by the ratio
6
Use (a, f (a)) as an initial condition. technique.
1 1 Because the remainder approaches zero as n
f ( a) = f ( a)a + f ( a)(0) + f (c)(0) + C approaches infinity, ex is given exactly by
2 6
C = f ( a ) f ( a ) a 1 n
ex = x , Q.E.D.
1 n=0
n !
f ( x ) = f ( a) x + f ( a)( x a) 2
2!
1
+ f (c)( x a)3 + f ( a) f ( a)a Problem Set 12-9
3!
1 Review Problems
f ( x ) = f ( a) + f ( a)( x a) + f ( a)( x a) 2 R0. Answers will vary.
2!
1 9
+ f (c)( x a) , Q .E.D .
3 R1. f ( x ) = and P( x ) = 9 + 9 x + 9 x 2 + 9 x 3 + L
3! 1 x
d. The technique is mathematical induction. y
P6
e x 2 , if x 0
22. a. f ( x ) = f
20
0, if x = 0 x
1
It is given that f (n)(0) = 0 for all n > 0.
P5
c0 = f (0) = 0
c1 = f (0) = 0
1 1
and common ratio 1.1 1. e.
0 0 2! 4!
1 1.119
S19 = 0.5(1.11 ) = 4.182460045
= t t 5 + t 9 t 13 + L dt
x
1 1 1
1 1.11
They must invest $4,182,460.05 now to 0 2! 4! 6!
make all 19 payments. 1 2 1 6 1 1
= x x + x 10 x 14 + L
R3. P(x) = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 + L 2 6 2! 10 4! 14 6!
f (x) = 7e3x f (0) = 7 c0 = 7 (Note that the series can be transformed to
f (x) = 21e3x f (0) = 21 c1 = 21
= x 2 ( x 2 )3 + ( x 2 )5 ( x 2 ) 7 + L
1 1 1 1
f (x) = 63e3x f (0) = 63 2!c2 = 63 2 3! 5! 7!
c2 = 31.5 x
1 1
f ( x ) = 189e 3 x f (0) = 189 = sin x 2 , and t cos t 2 dt = sin x 2. )
2 0 2
c3 = 189/3! = 31.5
[1 t
sums give answers, but there are no real
= 2
+ (t 2 )2 (t 2 )3 + (t 2 ) 4 L ] dt
0 values for ln x.
(| t | 1)
1 0.810
1 1 1 1 R7. a. S10 = 1000 = 4463.129088 (exactly)
= x x3 + x5 x7 + x9 L 1 0.8
3 5 7 9
0.8
g. f(3) = 5 c0 = 5 1000
b. S = 1000 n
= = 5000
f (3) = 7 c1 = 7 n=0
1 0. 8
f (3) = 6 c2 = 6/2! = 3 S S10 = 536.870912, which differs from the
f (3) = 0.9 c3 = 0.9 / 3! = 0.15 limit by about 10.7%.
f (x) = 5 + 7(x 3) 3(x 3)2 + c. Tail
0.15(x 3)3 + L d. Remainder
= (3)
R10 < x 3 dx = lim b 2 + (10 2 )
R6. a. n
( x 5) n 1 1
e.
n =1 10 b 2 2
1 1 1 = 0.005
= ( x 5) + ( x 5)2 ( x 5)3 + L
R10 > x 3 dx = lim b 2 + (112 )
3 9 27 1 1
(3) ( n+1) ( x 5) n+1 1 11 b 2 2
b. L = lim = | x 5| = 0.004132
n (3) n ( x 5) n 3
Series converges because the tail is bounded
L < 1 |x 5| < 3 2 < x < 8 above by 0.005.
Open interval of convergence is (2, 8). S = S 10 + R 10 1.197531 + 0.5(0.005 +
Radius of convergence = 3 0.004132) = 1.202098
R10 is approximately 0.5(0.005 0.004132)
(2n)! x
1
c. cosh x = 2n
= 0.0004338 , so S10 is correct to about
n=0
three decimal places.
x 2 n+2 (2 n)!
L = lim 2n 1 1 1 1
n ( 2 n + 2 )! x f. + + + +L
4 3 22 59
1
= x 2 lim = x2 0 1/(n 3 5) n3
n ( 2 n + 2 )(2 n + 1) L = lim = lim 3 =1
3
n 1/n n n 5
L < 1 for all x.
Series converges for all x, Q.E.D. (Apply lHospitals rule three times.)
the series converges because L is a positive
1 1
d. e1.2 = 1 + 1.2 + (1.2)2 + (1.2)3 real number.
2! 3! The terms of the F series begin
1
+ (1.2) + L 4
1 1 1 1
4! + + + +L .
S4(1.2) = 3.2944 (the fifth partial sum) 1 8 27 64
e1.2 = 3.32011692 Although the F series converges, its terms
Error = e1.2 S4(1.2) = 0.02571692 (after t1) are less, not greater, than the
1 corresponding terms of the S series, so
The first term of the tail is t5 = (1.2)5 =
5! the comparison test is inconclusive.
0.020736. g. 2/1! + 4/2! + 8/3! + 16/4! + 32/5! + L
The error is greater than t5, but not much = 2 + 2 + 1.3333 + 0.6666
greater.
e. + 0.2666 + L = 2 /n!
n =1
n
y S11
The terms are decreasing starting at t2, which
ln
1 can be seen numerically, above, or
x
algebraically by the fact that the next term is
1 2
S10
formed by multiplying the numerator by 2
and the denominator by more than 2.
R1 is bounded by the geometric series with
first term 2 and common ratio
The open interval of convergence is (0, 2).
1.3333/2 = 2/3.
Both partial sums fit ln well within this
n! = 10 + 10 + 5 + 1.6666K
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 k. i.
+ + +L
2 4 6 8 10 12 n=0
+ 0.4166 K + L
= + + + L
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 The tail after S0 is bounded above by the
convergent geometric series with first
The series in parentheses is the original series term 10 and common ratio 0.5. Thus, the
that converges to ln 2. So the series as series converges.
rearranged converges to 0.5 ln 2, Q.E.D.
(Other justifications are possible.)
i. |R 10000| < |t10001| = 1/10001
= 0.0000999900
Upper bound is 1/10001.
ii. (n
n =1
3
+ 5 1 ) = 1.2 + 0.325 + 0.2370 +
(1)
| R3 (2)| 2 = 0.02936 K n +1 1
8! e. ln x = ( x 1) n
n =1
n
Error is less than 0.03. | Rn(1.3) | < | tn+ 1 |
n! 3
1 For 20-place accuracy, make
b. e 3 = n
1
n=0 (1.3 1) n+1 < 0.5 10 20.
n +1
All derivatives of ex are equal to ex, so all
This inequality is first true for n = 35.
derivatives are bounded by e3 < 33 = 27.
Use at least 35 terms.
For 20-place accuracy,
50
n
27 1
| Rn (3)| 3n+1 < 0.5 10 20. f. S50 = = 1.08232064 K
(n + 1)! n =1
4
x 4 dx = lim (1/3) x 3 =
b
Use at least 34 terms (n = 33). R50 <
50 b 50
x 4 dx = lim (1/3) x 3 51 =
b
k R50 >
1 b
cosh 4 = 4 2 n + Rk ( 4), where 51
n=0
(2 n)! (1/3)(51 3) = 0.000002512
f ( 2 k + 2 ) (c ) 2 k + 2 The series converges because the sequence of
Rk ( 4) = 4 and c is between partial sums is increasing, and the tail after
(2 k + 2)!
0 and 4. S50 is bounded above by 0.000002512 .
R50 0.5(0.000002666 + 0.000002512)
M
| Rk ( 4)| 4 2 k +2 = 0.000002589
(2 k + 2)! S 1.082232064 + 0.000002589
Because all even derivatives of cosh x equal = 1.082323235
cosh x, for any value of x between 0 and 4 we Error < 0.5(0.000002666 0.000002512)
can use cosh 4 for M, and cosh 4 is less than = 0.0000000769 (about seven decimal
1 4 4 places)
(3 + 2 ) = 40.53125.
2
Use M = 41.
41 Concept Problems
lim | Rk ( 4)| < lim 4 2 k +2
k k ( 2 k + 2 )!
C1. Recall that i = 1, i 2 = 1, i 3 = i, i 4 = 1,
4 2 k +2
= 41 lim =0 so i4n = 1 and i4n+ 2 = 1 for all n.
k ( 2 k + 2 )!
1 1 1
By the ratio technique, this fraction a. cos ix = 1 (ix )2 + (ix ) 4 (ix )6
2! 4! 6!
approaches zero as k approaches infinity. 1
Therefore, because the remainder approaches + (ix )8 L
8!
zero as k approaches infinity, cosh 4 is given
i2 i4 i6 i8
= 1 x2 + x 4 x6 + x8 L
1
exactly by cosh 4 = 4 2 n , Q .E .D . 2! 4! 6! 8!
n=0
( 2 n )! 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8
= 1 x + x x + x L
2! 4! 6! 8!
(2n + 1)! 0.6
1 2n +1
d. sinh 0.6 = 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8
n=0
= 1+ x + x + x + x +L
2! 4! 6! 8!
S3(0.6) = 0.636653554 = cosh x, Q .E .D .
sinh 0.6 = 0.636653582
10 1
c6 = (9)(7.5) = 2.25
and tan 2 2 tan 1 1
= 12 120 30
2 =
5 d. y = 5 + 7x + 0x 2 7.5x 3 5.25x 4 + 0x 5
1
5 119
12 + 2.25 x 6 + L
S6(0.3) = 5 + 7(0.3) 7.5(0.3)3 5.25(0.3)4
+ 2.25(0.3)6 = 6.85661525
1
6! c T11. f ( x ) = 2 dt
0 1+ t
1 1 1
sin ( x 2 ) = x 2 ( x 2 )3 + ( x 2 )5 ( x 2 ) 7 + L
x
T5.
3! 5! 7! = (1 t 2
+ t 4 t 6 + L) dt
0
1 6 1 10 1 14
= x x + x x +L
2
1 1 1
3! 5! 7! = x x3 + x5 x7 + L
3 5 7
1
= (1) n x 4 n+2
(1)
+ 1
n=0
( 2 n 1)! = n
x 2 n+1
T6. The alternating harmonic series n=0
2n + 1
1 1 1
1 + + L converges conditionally, but (The same as tan 1 x)
2 3 4
x 2 n +3 2 n + 1
not absolutely. The condition is that the terms T12. L = lim
remain in the order presented and not be n 2 n + 3 x 2 n+1
rearranged. 2n + 1
T7. f(x) = ln x, f(1) = 0, c 0 = 0 = x 2 lim = x2 1
2n + 3
n
f (x) = x 1 , f (1) = 1, c1 = 1 L < 1 x 2 < 1 1 < x < 1
1
= x 2n d. Convergence of a series: A series converges
n=0
(2 n)! if and only if the sequence of partial sums
T18. All even derivatives of cosh x equal cosh x. converges.
Derivatives are bounded by e. Natural logarithm: See Section 3-9.
1 1 f. Exponential: ax = ex ln a
cosh 3 = (e 3 + e 3 ) < (33 + 2 3 ) = 13.5625 = M.
2 2 3. a. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
For ten-place accuracy, b. Intermediate value theorem: See Section 2-6.
13.5625 2 n+2 c. Squeeze theorem: See Section 3-8.
| Rn (3)| 3 < 0.5 10 10.
(2 n + 2)! d. Uniqueness theorem for derivatives: See
The second inequality is first true for n = 11. Section 6-3.
Use at least 12 terms (n = 11). e. Limit of a product property: See Section 2-3.
T19. a. p-series, with p = 1.5 f. Integration by parts formula: See Section 9-2.
b. 1
x 1.5 dx = lim [ 2 b 0.5 + 2(10.5 )] = 2
b
g. Fundamental theorem of calculus: See
Section 5-6.
the series converges because the integral h. Lagrange form of the remainder: See
converges, Q.E.D. Section 12-8.
(As additional information, this calculation
i. Parametric chain rule: See Section 4-7.
also proves that R1 is bounded above by 2
and thus that S is bounded above by 3.) j. Polar differential of arc length: See
Section 8-7.
c. S100 = 2.41287409
x
d. R100 <
100
x 1.5
dx 4. a. f ( x ) =
3
1 + sech t dt
2 2
e 6x + cos 3x A= 2(10 y)1/2 dy =
(10 y)3/2
1 0 10 3 0
6e 6x 3 sin 3x
= 3200/3 = 1066.6666 yd
2
1
36e 6x +
9 cos 3x (Or: Area = 2/3 of circumscribed rectangle =
(2/3)(1600) = 3200/3, etc.)
1 2
= e 6 x sin 3 x + e 6 x cos 3 x c. dF = p dA = k(40 y) 2(10y)1/2 dy
3 3
40
4 e cos 3 x dx
6x F= 0
dF = 17066.6 k lb (exactly
256,000k/15)
5 e 6 x cos 3 x dx
d. dM = y dF = y k(40 y) 2(10y)1/2 dy
1 2 40
= e 6 x sin 3 x + e 6 x cos 3 x + C1
3 3 M= 0
dM = 292, 571.4 k lb-yd
6x
e cos 3 x dx (exactly 10,240,000k/35)
1 6x 2 M 10240000 k/35 1
= e sin 3 x + e 6x cos 3 x + C e. F y = M , y = = = 17 yd
15 15 F 256000 k/15 7
By symmetry, x = 0.
1
f. cosh 5 x sinh x dx = cosh 6 x + C
Center of pressure is at 0, 17 .
6 1
7
sec
3
g. x dx
7. a. z = 30 0.5y
1 1 b. For a cross section,
= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C
2 2 A = 2xz = 2(10y)1/2(30 0.5y).
A = 101/2(60y 1/2 y 3/2)
1 1
h. (sin 5 x ) cos 5 x dx = ln | sin 5 x | + C A = 101/ 2(30y 1/ 2 1.5y1/ 2)
5
cos 7 x 1 7 sin 7 x = (101/ 2)(y 1/ 2)(30 1.5y)
i. lim = lim A = 0 30 1.5y = 0 y = 20
x0 13 x 2 x0 26 x
A is infinite y = 0.
49 cos 7 x 49
= lim = A(0) = 0
x0 26 26 A(20) = 565.6854 (exactly 400 2 )
j. L = lim (1 x )3/ x A(40) = 400
x0
3 ln (1 x ) 3 Maximum at y = 20; minimum at y = 0
ln L = lim = lim = 3
x0 x x0 1 x c. dV = 2xz dy = 101/2(60y 1/2 y 3/2) dy
L = e 3 = 0.0497 40
5. a.
dy
= 0.2 x 0.3 y + 0.3, (1, 8)
V= 0
dV = 19200 (exactly)
dx Use 19200/5 = 3840 truckloads.
10 y d. dL = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + 0.04 x 2 dx
20
L= dL = 92.9356 92.9 yd
20
r r r
8. r = (100 cos 0.03t )i + (50 sin 0.03t ) j
r r r
v = ( 3 sin 0.03t )i + (1.5 cos 0.03t ) j
r
Speed = | v | = (3 sin 1.5)2 + (1.5 cos 1.5) 2
x
10
= 2.9943 2.99 ft/s
t sin u
1
u u + L du
graph. t
u u 3! u
1 1 5 1 7
= 3
+
6. a. p = k(40 y) 0 5! 7!
b. y = 0.1x 2 x = (10y)1/2 u u + L du
t
1 3! u
1 1 4 1 6
dA = 2x dy = 2(10y)1/2 dy = 2
+
0 5! 7!
t 2 n +3 (2 n + 1)(2 n + 1)! 1 1
L = lim = x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x + C
n (2 n + 3)(2 n + 3)! t 2 n+1 2 4
3 x + 14
dx =
4
(2 n + 1) 1
= t 2 lim = t2 0 7. + dx
n ( 2 n + 3)(2 n + 3)(2 n + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x 2) x + 3 x 2
L < 1 for all values of t, and the series = ln | x + 3 | + 4 ln | x 2 | + C
1
x + x 3 + x 5 + x 7 + L dx
converges for all values of t.
sinh x 1 1 1
8. dx =
Third partial sum is x x 3! 5! 7!
1 1
= 1 + x 2 + x 5 + x 6 + K dx
S2 (0.6) = 0.6 (0.6 3 ) + (0.6 5 ) 1 1 1
3 3! 5 5! 3! 5! 7!
= 0.5881296 1 3 1 5 1 7
= x+ x + x + x + +C
| R2 | < | t3 | =
1
(0.6 7 ) = 0.0000007934 3 3! 5 5! 7 7!
7 7!
n( x 5) n
The answer is correct to within 1 in the sixth
decimal place.
9.
n =1
3n
0.6 sin u
(n + 1)( x 5) n+1 3n
Si 0.6 =
0 u
du 0.588128809 L = lim
n 3n+1
n( x 5) n
Note that this answer agrees with the third partial
1 n +1 1 1
sum to within 1 in the sixth decimal place. = | x 5 | lim = | x 5| 1 = | x 5|
3 n n 3 3
10. r = 5 + 4 cos
1
1 L < 1 | x 5| < 1 3 < x 5 < 3
dA = (5 + 4 cos )2 d 3
2 Open interval of convergence is 2 < x < 8.
2
A= dA 103.6725 103.7 ft 2 (exactly 33 )
1 1
x x
0.998 0.998
0
10. dx = lim+ dx
0 a 0 a
dV dV
11. = kV = k dt 1 1
dt V = lim+ x 0.002
a 0 0.002
ln | V | = kt + C a
60 93 3 6 3
V = 300e ( 1 / 6 0 ) t 12. f ( x) = x 2
At t = 10, V = 300e 1/6 = 253.9445 f ( 4) = 16
253.9 million gal. f ( 3.99) = 15.9201, which is within 0.08 unit
of 16.
f ( 4.01) = 16.0801, which is not within 0.08
Cumulative Review Number 2 unit of 16.
1. Derivative: See Sections 3-2 and 3-4. Thus, = 0.01 is not small enough to keep
f (x) within 0.08 unit of 4.
2. Definite integral: See Section 5-4. 10
3. Mean value theorem: See Section 5-5.
x
13. V =
2
A dx
4. f ( x ) = 3
g(t ) dt f ( x ) = g( x ) 2
[153 + 4(217) + 2(285) + 4(319) + 343]
3
tanh
1
5. 5
x sech 2 x dx = tanh 6 x + C = 2140 ft3
6
4.48 ft
There is a point of inflection at x 4.48 ft t
sin
1 u dv
L 12. x dx
sin 1 x + 1
L 1
x
x 1 x 2
c c c+
derivative. 1
= x sin 1 x + (1 x 2 ) 1/2 ( 2 x dx )
Graphical meaning: slope of tangent line 2
Physical meaning: instantaneous rate of change
= x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C
3. g( x ) = f ( x ) dx if and only if g( x ) = f ( x ). 13. Fundamental theorem of calculus
s See Section 5-6 for statement.
4. r
f (t ) dt = lim Ln = lim Un , where Ln and Un are
t 0 t 0 14. See Figure 5-5b.
lower and upper Riemann sums, respectively, x
dL 2.3516K
Chain rule
L=
7. y = (5x 3)(2x + 7)4(x 9) 0
ln y = ln (5x 3) + 4 ln (2x + 7) + ln (x 9) 16 16
y = y
5
+
8
+
1
18. a. 0
x 3/4 dx = lim+ 4 x 1/4
a0 a
5x 3 2 x + 7 x 9
= lim+ (8 4 a1/4 ) = 8
a 0
8. y = tan x 1
tan y = x, sec2 y y = 1 8 1
b. Average value = =
1 1 16 0 2
y = =
sec y 1 + tan 1 y
2
19. r = 10 cos
1 dA = 50 cos2 d
y = 1
1+ x2 A= 50 cos 2 d 13.3478
1 0.5
9. sin 7 x cos x dx = sin 8 x + C (exactly 12.5(1 + sin 2 sin 1))
8 r r
r
20. r = t 2 i + 3t 1 j
10. x 2 + 9 dx x = 3 tan r r
v = 2ti 3t 2 j
r
dx = 3 sec2 d r r r
v (1) = 2i 3 j
x 2 + 9 = 3 sec
Speed = 13 = 3.6055
= 9 sec 3 d r
Distance from origin is |r | = t 4 + 9t 2 .
9 9 r
= sec tan + ln | sec + tan | + C1 d |r | 1 4
2 2 = (t + 9t 2 ) 1/2 ( 4t 3 18t 3 )
9 x2 + 9 x 9 dt 2
x2 + 9 x
= + ln + + C1 = 7/ 10 at t = 1
2 3 3 2 3 3
Distance is decreasing at 2.2135 .
1 9
= x x 2 + 9 + ln x2 + 9 + x + C
2 2
e t dt
2
f ( x) =
0
t
= 1 t 2 + t 4 t 6 + t 8 L dt
x
1 1 1 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
0 2! 3! 4!
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
= x x + x x + x L 1
3 5 2! 7 3! 9 4! 9. Distance (0.3)[7 + 4(9) + 2(13) + 4(12) +
3
2(10) + 4(8) + 5] = 17.4, which agrees with
(1)
1
b. f ( x ) = n
x 2 n+1 Problem 8.
n=0
(2 n + 1)n!
10. v(t) = te t
x 2 n +3 (2 n + 1)n!
L = lim Distance 0.4[v(0.2) + v(0.6) + v(1) + v(1.4) +
n ( 2 n + 3)( n + 1)! x 2 n+1 v(1.8)] = 0.601474
(2 n + 1)
= x 2 lim = x2 0 2 2
n ( 2 n + 3)( n + 1)
te
t
11. Distance = dt = te t e t
L < 1 for all values of x, and thus the series 0 0
(x, y )
2 1/3 8
f ( c ) =
c =1 c =
3 27
Tangent at x = 8/27 is parallel to secant. x
2
f (x )
1
18. Height at any point in the slice is essentially the
same as at the sample point.
y
4
x
8/27 1 (x, y)
( x 2)( x + 3) dx
5x 3 x
14. a. Example: 2
1 4
= x 2 + x + 3 dx 19. dM y = x dA = x(4 x2) dx
2
= ln | x 2 | + 4 ln | x + 3 | + C
My = 0
x ( 4 x 2 ) dx = 4
2
(4 x
16
A= ) dx =
2
b. Example: 9 x 2 dx
0 3
x = 3 sin 4 3
xA = M y x = =
dx = 3 cos d 16/3 4
9 x 2 = 3 cos 20. Let H = number of calories added.
dH = C dT = (10 + 0.3T1/2) dT
(1 + cos 2 ) d
9
= 9 cos 2 d = 900
9 9
2 H= 100
(10 + 0.3T 1/2 ) dT = 13, 200 cal
= + sin 2 + C x
2 4 sin u sin x
21. a. Si x = du Si x =
9 9 u
0 x
= + sin cos + C
b. Si x = 1 u 2 + u 4 u 6 + K du
t
2 2 1 1 1
9 x 1 0 3! 5! 7!
= sin 1 + x 9 x 2 + C
2 3 2 1 3 1 5 1 7 K
=t t + t t +
3 3! 5 5! 7 7!
sec
3 u dv
15. x dx 1
sec x + sec 2 x c. Si 0.7 S1 (0.7) = 0.7 (0.73 ) =
sec x tan x
tan x 3 3!
0.68094444
= sec x tan x sec x tan 2 x dx 1
d. | R1 (0.7)| < | t2 (0.7)| = (0.75 ) =
5 5!
= sec x tan x sec x dx + sec x dx
3 0.0002801
S1(0.7) equals Si 0.7 correct to three decimal
places and is within 0.3 in the fourth
2 sec x dx = sec x tan x + sec x dx
3
decimal place.
e. See Cumulative Review Number 1,
sec
1 1
3
x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x | + C Problem 9.
2 2 r r r
22. r = (t 3 )i + (t 2 ) j
r r r r r
dy dy r
16. = ky = k dx ln | y | = kx + C v = (3t 2 )i + (2t ) j v (0.5) = 0.75i + 1 j
dx y r r r r r r
| y | = ekx+ C = ekxeC y = C1ekx a = (6t )i + (2) j a (0.5) = 3i + 2 j
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