DD3 PDF

I HC QUC GIA TP.
H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
THIT K TH NGHIM V X L S LIU

(Data Analysis and Design of Experiment)
PGS. TS. Trnh Vn Dng

B mn: Qu trnh v thit b CN Ha Sinh hc Thc phm
X L S CP S LIU TH NGHIM
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trinhvandung190361
03.10.2017 2
Thit k th nghim &X l s liu MS: CH3309
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1. Mt s khi nim c bn
2. Trnh t thc hin
3. Kim
tra s tng thch ca mu vi lut phn b chun

4. V d
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1. Mt
s khi nim

X l s b kt qu o v quan st l:
- Tin cc bc x l tip
p theo t
hiu
qqu cao
- C s xy dng v s dng s ph thuc thc nghim mt cch
chnh xc
- Cn s dng phng php phn tch thng k mt cch chnh xc
kt qu
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1. Mt
s khi nim

Ni dung:
- nh gi tin cy ca dng c, phng php, tay ngh
- Loi
L i b saii s th
h
- Xc nh khong tin cy ca s o
-Lp
p bngg p
phn b xc sut:
+ Bin ri rc: bng phn phi xc sut
+ Bin lin tc: hm phn b xc sut
- Kim tra s tng thch ca mu vi lut phn b chun
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1. Mt
s khi nim

Cn thc hin:
- Tnh cc c trng ca i lng ngu nhin
- Kim
nh gi thit
thng
k
- Kim nh s ph hp kt qu o vi phn phi chun v vic xc
nh cc thng s phn phi:
+ Nu gi thuyt ny l khng th chp nhn, cn xc nh lut phn
phi no m d liu thc nghim tun theo
+ Nu
N tha mn gi thit thi x l theo lut
l t phn b chun
ch n
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1. Mt
s khi nim

Khi kim nh gi thit trong qu trnh x l s b d liu thc
nghim, nhm gii quyt cc vn sau:
-Sng lc sai s th (nhm)
ca cc quan st
-c lng tin cy ca cc gi tr o c
Kim tra s tng hp gia vic phn phi kt qu o lng vi
-Kim
lut phn phi chun
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2. Trnh t
thc
hin

Thc hin cc bc sau:
-Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phngg p
php
p v ngi
g thc
hin

-S ln o (cc tiu)
-Loi b sai s th
-Xc
Xc nh khong tin cy ca php o
-Lp bng phn phi xc sut
-Xy dng ng phn b
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2. Trnh t
thc
hin

1.Tm R = xMax xMin
n khi n 100
2.S khong bin i ca chui: k
1 3 , 221 log
l n khi n 100
3. Chiu di ca mi khong ring tng phn theo cng thc: R
k
4. Ghi li chui bin th mi khong thu c, kim tra: n
i
i n
5. Xy dng chui bin ri rc:

- Bng phn phi
- Hm phn phi
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2. Trnh t
thc
hin

6. Xy dng th tch ly tn s - tn s ng vi bng s
7. Tm hm pphn b xc sut thc nghim
g trnh byy trn th
8. Xc nh cc c trng xc sut ca mu (Mode, Median): M0, Me
9.Tnh cc i lng cn li: W W p
i i 1 i
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2.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
kim tra dng c, phng php, tay ngh ca nhn vin:
-Dng chun 2 (Khi bnh phng)
-Loi b sai s ca dng c, ha cht,
phng php, tay ngh
C th kim tra bng cch so snh vi cc chun:
2 (Khi bnh phng)
-2
-Student
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Kim tra bng chun 2 :
Cch tnh 2 cho mi mc ch k trn l khc nhau:
- kim nh chnh xc cch tnh 2 theo biu thc thng
thng;
-
ki
kim nh
h s ttun
theo
th llut
t phn
h b chun,
h 22 ttnh
h th
theo
Pearson;
- kim nh tnh ng nht ca dy phng sai mu, 2 tnh theo
Bartlet;
Trong 2 c tra t mt bng
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
chnh xc c cung cp bi:
-nh sn xut dng c o
-phng php phn tch c s dng 2
fS
Trong chnh xc thc t Sn th: 2
n
2
Khi dng chun hai pha vi xc sut P, tra bng tm
2
P v 2
P
0 , 5 0 , 5
2 2
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Nu
2 P T2 2 P th chnh xc t yu cu
0,5 0,5
2 2
Ngc li:
T2 2 P th chnh xc khng t yu cu;
0 , 5
2
2 P T2 th chnh xc vt tri chnh xc yu cu;

0,5
2
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Mt cn phn tch c = 0,0002 g
Sau mt thi gia s dng, xc nh c: Sn = S5 = 0,0008 g.
Chic
cn ny b coi l xung
cp cha, Nu chn P trn 0,98?
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Pearson ngh cch kim nh theo chun 2
khi tp hp mu trong khong 50 150
Xp
xp cc s o theo th t tng dn:
x1 x2 .... xk
n1 n2 .... nk
ni
Tnh xc s t pi
c sut
N

2
k
ni N pi
2
T
i 1 N pi
Tra 2p, f ng vi f = k 3
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Nu: 2T < 2p,f2 th tp hp mu tun theo lut phn b chun;
Nu: 2T > 2p,f2 thi khng tun theo lut phn b chun;

0,01 0,05 0,1 0,5 0,9 0,95 0,99
f
1 0,0002 0,0039 0,0158 0,455 2,71 3,84 6,64
2 0,0201 0,103 0,211 1,39 4,61 5,99 9,21
3 0,115 0,352 0,584 2,37 6,25 7,81 11,3
4 0,297 0,711 1,06 3,36 7,78 9,49 13,3
5 0,554 1,15 1,61 4,35 9,24 11,1 15,1
6 0,872
, 1,64
, 2,2
, 5,35
, 10,6
, 12,6
, 16,8
,
7 1,24 2,17 2,83 6,35 12,0 14,1 18,5
8 1,65 2,73 3,49 7,34 13,4 15,5 20,1
9 2,09 3,33 4,17 8,34 14,7 16,9 21,7
10 2 56
2,56 3 94
3,94 4 87
4,87 9 34
9,34 16 0
16,0 18 3
18,3 23 2
23,2
11 3,05 4,57 5,58 10,3 17,3 19,7 24,7
12 3,57 5,23 6,3 11,3 18,5 21,0 26,2
13 4,11 5,89 7,04 12,3 19,8 22,4 27,7
14 4 66
4,66 6 57
6,57 7 79
7,79 13 3
13,3 21 1
21,1 23 7
23,7 29 1
29,1
15 5,23 7,26 8,55 14,3 22,3 25,0 30,6
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Khi c k phng sai mu Si2 nh s i = 1, 2, 3, ....., k
Phng sai Si2 c s bc t do fi = ni 1
T tnh phng sai ti sinh Sts2
k
ii
f S 2
Sts2 i 1
k
Trong
o g : f
i 1
i
k k
f ts f i ni k
i 1 i 1
k
f ts Sts2 f i Si2
i 1
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2.1.1 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Theo Bartlet: k
2
2,303 f ts lg Sts f i lg Si
2
T
2 i 1
B
1 k
1 1 C
1
3k 1 i 1 f i f ts
vi bc t do f = k 1 nu fi > 2
Nh vy: 2T < 2p, f2 th dy phng sai mu

l ng
nht,
tc l cc phng sai mu thuc cng mt phng sai tng qut;
2T < 2p,
p f2 th dyyp
phngg sai khng
g ngg nht;;
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Kim tra bng chun Student:
1) T bng s liu tnh x v Mx
x Mx
2) Tnh chun Student: tT n.
Sx
3) Tra t,f
f
4) Kt lun kim tra
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Khi kim tra pH meter nh dung dch chun c pH = 9,0
Thu c
kt q qu:
8,7; 9,2; 9,1; 9,0; 9,4; 9,6; 9,7; 8,9; 8,8; 8,7; 9,8; 9,3; 9,8; 8,8
Ta c n=14.
Liu ng h o pH c li h thng khng?
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
So snh kt qu o t hai dng c khc nhau, o cng mu:
x(1)i v x(2)i Kim tra xem kt qu o c ng k hay khng?
1) Cn
C k vng tont hc
h hai
h i mu
o
khng
kh khc
kh nhau
h
2) Xy dng mu: xi = xi(1) xi(2)
3) Tnh x v Sn ca mu mi
4) Kim tra gi thit v gi tr trung bnh H0: Mx = 0
5) Tnh chun tTN khi coi M0 = 0:
x 0 x
tTN n n
6) Tra t,f Sx Sx
7) Kt lun:
l tTN < t,f: c khc
kh nhau
h
tTN > tf: khng khc nhau
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Kt qu o bn ca vin bi sn xut theo cng ngh mi v c:
Cng ngh mi Cng ngh c
Hy nh gi hai cng
(1) (2)
xi , kg/M xi , kg/M
ngh mi v c?
1 215 220
2 217 223
3 223 220
4 210 205
5 222 230
6 217 220
7 220 207
x
8 227 218
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Hai nhn vin th nghim xc nh nng C cng mt mu axit,
sau khi x l thng k thu c kt qu sau:
Nhn Kt qu th nghim lp, Ci, % kh.l
vin TN
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 i=5
1 20 3
20,3 20 5
20,5 20 5
20,5 20 1
20,1 20 1
20,1
2 20,1 20,1 20,1 20,3 20,1
Nhn vin TN no chun chnh xc hn?

Gi thit rng sai s th v sai s h thng khi o nng axit l
khng c.
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2.1.2 Kim tra dng
g c,
, p
phng
gpphp
p o
Khi cn ba ln trn cn in t khng c trng lng, khi lng
mu sau y thu c, g: 1,7132; 1.5956; 1.6193
S i s h thng
Sai th c
l i tr
loi t trong
t khi lng
o l t i 1% trng
tr t
lng ca mu. Cn c gi tr vch chia ti thiu l 0.0001 g khng
c cp chnh xc. Hy cho kt qu cui cng ca php o trng
lng ca cn trong cc n v SI
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2.2 S ln o nh nht
S mu cn o:
-S lng mu cn o m bo chnh xc i hi v xc
sut
t cho
h trc
t
-Cn bit gi tr thc ca bnh phng lch chun x
-Gi tr thc nghim tun theo phn b chun
-S mu cn o xc nh theo:
2 2
( ) x x
n ( )
2

bit s mu cn o:
-Xc sut
tin cy P()
-Khong tin cy: (x/)
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2.2 S ln o nh nht
Khi = 0,95, () = 1,96 v = x

S th nghim cn o bng 4
2 2
( ) x x
n ( ) 1,96 3,84 4
2 2

Khii cn
tng
chnh xc ln
gp i,
i tc
l thu hp khong
tin i
cy mt na =x/2 cn s mu o l 16.
g tngg k2 ln
R rngg tngg chnh xc ln k ln th s th nghim
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2.2 S ln o nh nht
Theo quy lut, gi tr thc ca sai s trung bnh bnh phng (x)
cha bit, ch c tnh bng (Sx).
Khi dng chun Student xc nh s mu
cn
o:
t2 , f S x2 Sx
2
n t , f
2

2

Tuy nhin chun Student ph thuc vo xc sut tin cy v s
im
o f = n 1, nn cn
tnh gn
ng lin tip.

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2.2 S ln o nh nht
Trnh t tin hnh:
1) Tin hnh s b o n th nghim (s kh khn: n = 20 50)
2) Tnh trung bnh bnh phng lch
3) Xc nh chnh xc , khng cn ln hn ca dng c o
4) Tnh lch chun t thng t c (ty phng php o)
5) Tnh Nmin v thc t cn nh hn
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2.2 S ln o nh nht
Kt qu tnh lp thu c:
/Sx P=0,90 P=0,95 P=0,99
1 5 7 (4) 11
0,5 13 19 (16) 31
0,4 19 27 (24) 46
0,3 32 46 (48) 78
0,1 273 387 (384) 668
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2.3 Loi
b sai s th
loi b sai s th:
-Dngg chuan Dixon
-Dng loi b s o c lch th trong tp hp cc mu c s
lng 3 n 8
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2.1.2 Loi
b sai s th
Dng chuan Dision: Dng loi b s o c lch th trong tp
hp cc mu c s lng 3 n 8 x
Xt da
d y so theo
th th t
t tng
t dn:
d x1 < x2 < ... < xn
Th R = x1 xn g
goi la o banh ((rng)
g) cua day so.
Khi o nu nghi ng x*i nao o th tnh:
xi* xi 1
Qt
R
Neu Qt < Qtr th loai x*i;
Ng
g c lai Qt > Qtr th chon x*i;
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2.3 Loi
b sai s th
Khi n = 3, trong c hai gi tr trng nhau th khng th p dng
chun Q v lun c: Qtn = 1 > QTR.
Khi cn:

Lm th nghim b sung;
Khngg lyy ggi tr trungg bnh m lyy s trungg v;
;
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2.3 Loi
b sai s th
Trong Qtr tra trong bng sau:
n 0.90 0.95 0.99
3 0.89 0.94 0.99
4 0.68 0.77 0.89
5 0.56 0.64 0.76
6 0.48 0.56 0.70
7 0.43 0.51 0.64
8 0.40 0.48 0.58
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2.3 Loi
b sai s th
Khi n = 3, trong c hai gi tr trng nhau th khng th p dng
chun Q v lun c: Qtn = 1 > QTR.
Khi cn:

Lm th nghim b sung;
Khngg lyy ggi tr trungg bnh m lyy s trungg v;

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2.3 Loi
b sai s th
Khi o lu lng Nito trong thit b pilot (x) thu c kt qu sau
(m3/h): 1,17; 1,23; 1,35; 1,20; 1,21; 1,43; 1,73; 1,30.
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2.4 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
Trnh t t bng s o:
- Tnh trung bnh x v phn tn S2x
- Xc nh sai lch ln nht so vi gi tr trung bnh xMax
-Tnh:
xMax x
ttn
Sx
-Tra P = 1. t,f=n-1
x x
t , f S x
t , f S x ,
n
= 1,96x 2x
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2.4 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
Lp bng s liu: xp xp theo th
1 t tng dn
1) Tnh gi tr trung bnh: x x 1 x 2 x n
x i x x i
n
2) Xc
X nh
h l
lch
h mi
i ln
l o:

3) Tnh bnh phng lch: x 12 , x 22 , x n2
4)) Xc nh
lch
trungg bnh bnh pphng: g
Sx
x i2
n .n 1
5) Chn tin cy P (thng 95%)
6) Tra chun Student: vi P v n x S x t , f
7) T
Tm kh
khong
tin
ti cy
(sai
( i s):
)
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2.5.1 Bngg p
phn b xc sut
Khi : S kin x1 x2 xk
Tn s n1 n2 nk nk = n
Khi s mu
kh ln (n > 30)
1) Khong thay i ( bnh) ca X: R = xMax xMin
n 6 k 12
2) S khong cch: k
1 log 2 n 1 3, 2 lg n
R
3) Khong cch mt phn c chn:
k
Gi tr thng ln cn gi tr no
Nh nu xi l s nguyn th d cng l s nguyn
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
Lp bng xc sut:
Bin xi x1 x2 . xk
Tn sut n1 n2 . nk
Tn sut tng i, Pi=ni/n p1 p2 . pk
Tn sut tch ly tng
W1 = p1 W2 = w1 + p2 . Wk = Wk-1
k 1 + pk
i, Wi = wi-1+ pi
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
Cho bng s liu thc nghim:
61,2 61,4 60,2 61,2 61,3 60,4 61,4 60,8 61,2 60,6
61,6 60,2 61,3 60,3 60,7 60,9 61,2 60,5 61,0 61,4
61,1 60,9 61,5 61,4 60,6 61,2 60,1 61,3 61,1 61,3
, 61,3
60,3 , 60,6
, 61,7
, 60,6
, 61,2
, 60,8
, 61,3
, 61,0
, 61,2
,
60,5 61,4 60,7 61,3 60,9 61,2 61,1 61,3 60,9 61,4
60,7 61,2 60,3 61,1 61,0 61,5 61,3 61,9 61,4 61,3
61,6 61,0 61,7 61,1 60,9 61,5 61,6 61,4 61,5 61,2
61,6 61,3 61,8 61,1 61,7 60,9 62,2 61,1 62,1 61,0
61,5 61,7 62,3 62,3 61,7 62,9 62,5 62,8 62,6 61,5
62,1 62,6 61,6 62,5 62,4 62,3 62,1 62,3 62,2 62,1
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2.1 Bngg p
phn b xc sut
Gi tr ban u x0 c sut:
x0 = xMin 0,5
xk = xMax + 0,5
Lp bng bin i
Khong bin
(xi1 , xi) (x0 , x1 ) (x1 , x2 ) (xk 1 , xk )
Tn sut n1 n2 nk
* * *
Trung v (xi1 , xi) x1 x2 xk
Tn sut tng i P i p1 p2 pk
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2.1 Bngg p
phn b xc sut
Lp bng bin i Bin xi x1 x2 . xk
Tn sut n1 n2 . nk
Tn sut tng i, Pi=ni/n p1 p2 . pk
Tn sut tch lyy tngg
W1 = p1 W2 = w1 + p2 . Wk = Wk-1 + pk
i, Wi = wi-1+ pi
P W
1
x0 x1 x2 xk1 xk x x0 x1 0 Xk1 x
k x
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
60,0 - 60,3
60,3 - 60,6
60,6 - 60,9
60,9 - 61,2
61,2 - 61,5
61,5 - 61,8
61,8 - 62,1
62,1 - 62,4
62,4 - 62,7
62,7 - 63,0
Khong bin Tng
Bin xi 60,15 60,45 60,75 61,05 61,35 61,65 61,95 62,25 62,55 62,85 615
Tn sut ni 3 6 9 18 29 16 2 10 5 2 100
Tn sut tng
0,03 0,06 0,09 0,18 0,29 0,16 0,02 0,1 0,05 0,02 1
i ui = ni/n
Tn
sut
tch ly
0,03 0,09 0,18 0,36 0,65 0,81 0,83 0,93 0,98 1 1
Wi = Wi1 + pi
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
03
0.3
0.24
0 18
0.18
0.12
0.06
0
60 60.6 61.2 61.8 62.4 63
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
0.3
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.06
0
60 60 6 61.2
60.6 61 2 61.8
61 8 62.4
62 4 63
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
xi 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
ni 1 11 35 58 145 175 225 179 105 48 12 6
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
xi 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 38855
ni 1 11 35 58 145 175 225 179 105 48 12 6 1000
Pi 0,001 0,011 0,035 0,058 0,145 0,175 0,225 0,179 0,105 0,048 0,012 0,006 ,
1,0
k=11
0,25
0,25
0,2 0,2 Series2
Series1
Series3
0,15 0,15
S
er
i
i
0,1
0,1
0,05
0,05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
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php
p o
03
0.3
0.3
0.24
0.24
0.18
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0.12
0.06 0.06
0 0
0 16 32 48 64 80 0 16 32 48 64 80
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
xi 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5 15 17,5 20 22,5 25 27,5 10310
ni 48 167 218 189 164 102 50 27 21 9 5 1000
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2.1.3 Xc nh
khongg tin cy
y ca p
php
p o
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
xi 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5 15 17,5 20 22,5 25 27,5 10310
ni 48 167 218 189 164 102 50 27 21 9 5 1000
0.3
0.24
0.18
0 12
0.12
0.06
0
0 6 12 18 24 30
03.10.2017 51
21:03

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I HC QUC GIA TP.

THIT K TH NGHIM V X L S LIU

PGS. TS. Trnh Vn Dng

5. Xy dng chui bin ri rc:

Khi dng chun hai pha vi xc sut P, tra bng tm

2 P T2 th chnh xc vt tri chnh xc yu cu;

Nh vy: 2T < 2p, f2 th dy phng sai mu

2 20,1 20,1 20,1 20,3 20,1

Nhn vin TN no chun chnh xc hn?

Khi = 0,95, () = 1,96 v = x

0,2 0,2 Series2

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