Code of Practise PDF

Code of Practice
Electricity transmission and distribution

asset management
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
February 2009
Code of Practice - Electricity transmission and distribution asset management
CONTENTS
1 PREFACE...............................................................................................................................................4
2 APPLICATION AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................5
3 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................6
4 DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................................................7
5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..................................................................................................11
5.1 Application.................................................................................................................................11
5.2 General ........................................................................................................................................11
5.2.1 Materials .............................................................................................................................11
5.2.2 Environmental Considerations .................................................................................11
5.2.3 Thermal Ratings ..............................................................................................................12
5.2.4 Short Circuit Ratings.....................................................................................................12
5.2.5 Mechanical Loading Conditions...............................................................................12
5.2.6 Electrical Service Conditions and Physical Environment.............................12
5.2.7 Prevention of Unauthorised Access.......................................................................12
5.2.8 Installation .........................................................................................................................12
5.2.9 Water Crossings..............................................................................................................12
5.2.10 Records...............................................................................................................................12
5.3 Overhead Lines ........................................................................................................................13
5.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................13
5.3.2 Conductor Tensions ......................................................................................................13
5.3.3 Structures and Footings ..............................................................................................13
5.3.4 Facade Mounted Cables...............................................................................................13
5.3.5 Safety Clearances...........................................................................................................13
5.3.6 Overhead Service Lines ...............................................................................................15
5.4 Underground Cables..............................................................................................................16
5.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................16
5.4.2 Installation .........................................................................................................................16
5.4.3 Parts of an Underground Cable Installed Above Ground..............................16
5.4.4 Underground Service Lines........................................................................................16
5.5 Substations................................................................................................................................17
5.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................17
5.5.2 Substation Electricity Works .....................................................................................17
5.5.3 Clearances to Exposed Live Electricity Works ..................................................17
5.5.4 Structural Design of Buildings and Roofed Enclosures................................17
5.5.5 Kiosk Type Substations ...............................................................................................18
5.5.6 Ground Type Substations ...........................................................................................18
5.5.7 Pole Mounted Substations..........................................................................................18
5.6 Earthing and Electrical Protection...................................................................................19
5.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................19
5.6.2 Step and Touch Potentials..........................................................................................19
NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 1 of 45

6 MAINTENANCE .................................................................................................................................20
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................20
6.2 Maintenance of Overhead Lines .......................................................................................20
6.3 Maintenance of Underground Cables.............................................................................20
6.4 Maintenance of Substations...............................................................................................21
6.5 Maintenance of Protection and Earthing Systems ...................................................21
6.6 Environmental Considerations..........................................................................................21
7 SAFE ELECTRICAL WORK PRACTICES................................................................................22
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................22
7.2 Qualifications and Training ................................................................................................22
7.2.1 General Requirements..................................................................................................22
7.2.2 Employer Responsibility..............................................................................................23
7.2.3 Employees in Training..................................................................................................23
7.3 General Safety Provisions...................................................................................................23
7.3.1 Basic Safety Principles ................................................................................................23
7.3.2 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment .......................................................23
7.3.3 Hazard Control .................................................................................................................23
7.3.4 Minimum Safe Working Distances ..........................................................................24
7.3.5 Correct Labelling and Recording of Electricity Works ...................................24
7.3.6 Hazardous Electrical Occurrences or Effects ....................................................24
7.3.7 Precautions for Energisation and Re-energisation of
Electricity Works .............................................................................................................25
7.3.8 First-aid ...............................................................................................................................25
7.3.9 Protective Clothing ........................................................................................................25
7.3.10 Work in Confined Spaces............................................................................................26
7.4 Operating Work........................................................................................................................26
7.5 Access Permits ........................................................................................................................26
7.6 Work on Low Voltage Electricity Works........................................................................27
7.6.1 De-energised LV Electricity Works..........................................................................27
7.6.2 Live LV Electricity Works ............................................................................................27
7.7 Work on High Voltage Electricity Works.......................................................................27
7.7.1 De-energised HV Electricity Works .........................................................................27
7.7.2 Live HV Electricity Works............................................................................................28
7.8 Work on Overhead Lines .....................................................................................................28
7.9 Work on Underground Cables ...........................................................................................29
7.9.1 Cable identification ........................................................................................................29
7.9.2 Precautions for Work on or Near Cables..............................................................29
7.10 Access into Substations ......................................................................................................30
7.11 Work in Substations...............................................................................................................30
7.12 Tools and Safety Equipment ..............................................................................................30

Appendix: Acts, Regulations, Australian Standards, Codes and Guides

relating to the Design, Construction, Maintenance and Safe Electrical
Operation and Work Practices for Transmission & Distribution Systems ......................31
SECTION A: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

OVERHEAD LINES AND SERVICES...................................................................31
SECTION B: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO CABLES

AND SERVICES...........................................................................................................35
SECTION C: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

SUBSTATIONS ............................................................................................................36
SECTION D: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

PROTECTION AND EARTHING SYSTEMS ......................................................40
SECTION E: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO SAFE

ELECTRICAL OPERATION AND WORK PRACTICES.................................42
SECTION F: RELEVANT ACTS AND REGULATIONS............................................................43

1 PREFACE
This Code has been made available by the Department of Water and Energy without
significant amendment of the Code prepared for the Electricity Association of NSW by a
working group with representatives from the following organisations:
Energy Australia
Integral Energy
NorthPower
Great Southern Energy
Railway Services Authority
BHP
TransGrid
Advance Energy
The Code was circulated to the following groups prior to finalisation:
Consumer groups
Public/regional interests
Occupational health and safety agencies
Insurance interests
Electrical contractors
Distribution equipment suppliers and Service Providers
Network Operators
This Code has been recognised by the Director-General of the Department of Water and
Energy for the purposes of network operators licences.
The use and impact of this Code will be monitored through the Industry Safety Steering
Committee (ISSC) who may seek to revise the Code as may be appropriate from time to
time.
Comments are welcome and can be sent to the Department as follows:
Manager, Energy Networks Performance Policy

Department of Water and Energy
Level 17 Elizabeth Street
SYDNEY 2000
Note: This Code is one of a number which will apply to the design, construction
and/or maintenance of electricity works or installations. Other Codes of
Practice which may be applicable include:
- Contestable Works
- Installation Safety Management
- Service and Installation Rules
- Distribution Risk Management

2 APPLICATION AND OBJECTIVES

The Electricity Supply Act 1995 (The Act) provides the framework for promoting industry
efficiency generally through establishing a balance of competition and regulation. There is
also scope for benefit to customers as a whole in limited standardisation of infrastructure
design and service procedures which promote:
community safety,
compatibility among electricity supply systems,
economies of scale, and
freedom for buyers to exercise choice.
This Code of Practice is intended to promote common practices in electricity transmission

and distribution to embed in the States electricity supply infrastructure, its operation and
maintenance, features which are generally accepted as appropriate for meeting the needs
of the public in terms of safety, access and network impacts.
This Code of Practice aims to provide guidance as to cost effective practices and
procedures which are intended to protect the interest of customers and the public. The
Code is intended to be adopted by licence holders under The Act. There may be local
reasons for departing from or not adopting this Code in its entirety. A licence holder is
required to state its policy on the adoption of this Code in its licence compliance annual
report.
The availability of this Code will also support the streamlining of the regulatory regime
under The Act by providing guidance on achieving the minimum standard of electrical
safety to customers, the public and industry workers, contractors and their employees.
This Code shall be followed unless there is an alternative course of action which achieves
the same or better outcomes.
Being a guide, this Code does not in general stipulate prescriptive details on the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of all electrical assets, nor provide all relevant
information. Individual organisations shall produce their own detailed manuals and work
procedures where necessary, with due regard to all relevant standards which are
appended in this Code.

3 SCOPE
This Code outlines the policy and standards which apply to the design, construction,
maintenance and operation of electricity works.
The Code will apply to Network Operators, Service Providers and any of their sub-
contractors working on electricity works or operating electricity transmission or distribution
systems.
The design, construction and maintenance provisions of the Code apply to all electricity
transmission and distribution systems whether or not the system is:
out of service, or
being constructed and has never been energised.
The safe electrical operation and work practices provisions apply to work on, and
operation of, the electricity transmission and distribution system except where:
the system cannot be energised by operating work because of the absence of electrical
connections to any possible source of electricity supply, or
no person and no material or equipment not insulated for the voltage concerned, can
come near to any exposed conductor which is live or can be energised by operating
work.
This Code does not apply to railway traction overhead wiring which is regulated by the Rail
Safety Act 1993.

4 DEFINITIONS
The Act means the Electricity Supply Act 1995.
Access permit means a pre-printed form which, when issued in accordance with a
documented procedure adopted by the Network Operator, gives permission to the
recipient to work on or near to, or test, electricity works.
Approved means having appropriate organisation endorsement in writing for a specific

function.
AS means an Australian Standard, as published and amended by Standards Australia on

the date this Code comes into operation.
Authorised means has the permission of the appropriate authority in writing for the duty
concerned.
Bare in relation to a conductor means not insulated.
Cable means an insulated conductor or two or more such conductors laid together,
whether with or without fillings, reinforcements or protective coverings.
Carriageway means
that portion of a public road which is improved or designed for use by, or used
by, vehicular traffic, including any road shoulder and breakdown lane but not
including any footpath or other lateral part of the road not so improved, designed
or used, or
that portion of a defined vehicular track (whether formed or unformed) which is
ordinarily used by the public and which is located on a road reserve or on land
under the control of the Western Lands Commissioner or in a national park,
State forest or Crown land, and includes the entire width of the defined vehicular
track plus 2.5 metres on each side of the track.
Confined space means confined space as defined in The Occupational Health and
Safety (Confined Space) Regulation, 1990 (as amended).
Conductor means a wire, cable or form of metal designed for carrying electric current.
Covered Conductor means a conductor around which is applied a specified thickness of

insulating material. There are generally two types of covered conductor:
Covered Conductor (CC) where the nominal covering thickness is independent of

working voltage; and
Covered Conductor Thick (CCT) where the nominal covering thickness is

dependent on the working voltage.

De-energised means not connected to a source of electrical supply.
Earthed means electrically connected to the general mass of earth.
Electricity works means any electricity power lines or associated equipment or

electricity structures that form part of a transmission or distribution system.
Employee means a worker in the employment of an employer (whether under a contract

of employment or apprenticeship) and includes a contractor or sub-contractor, and a
person employed by a contractor or sub-contractor, who carries out work for an employer.
Employer means a Network Operator or Service Provider, as the case may be.
Exposed conductor means an electrical conductor, approach to which is not prevented

by a barrier of rigid material or by insulation which is adequate under a relevant Australian
Standard specification for the voltage concerned.
Extra low voltage means voltage normally not exceeding 32 volts alternating current or
115 volts direct current.
Fire rating means the minimum period of time during which an element of a structure
may be expected to function satisfactorily while subjected to the Standard Fire Test
provided for in the Australian Building Code.
Ground type substation means a semi-enclosed, free standing substation which is

connected to a high voltage aerial line or underground cable.
High voltage or HV means a voltage normally exceeding 1,000 volts alternating or

exceeding 1,500 volts direct current.
Insulated means separated from adjoining conducting material by a non-conducting

substance which provides resistance to the passage of current, or to disruptive discharges
through or over the surface of the substance at the operating voltage, and to obviate
danger of shock or injurious leakage of current.
Insulated conductor means a conductor which is wholly covered with insulating material
in accordance with the relevant AS or equivalent.
Isolated means disconnected from all possible sources of electrical energy by the
opening of switches, withdrawal of circuit breakers, removal of fuses, links, connections
and the like and rendered incapable of being made live unintentionally.
Kiosk type substation means a totally enclosed, free-standing, self-contained

substation not designed for bodily entry and which is generally operated from door
openings.
Live means connected to a source of electrical supply or subject to hazardous induced or

capacitive voltages.
Low voltage or LV means voltage exceeding 32 V a.c. / 115 V d.c. but not exceeding
1000 V a.c. / 1500 V d.c.

Maximum design temperature means the maximum temperature which the conductors
may reach under the influence of load current (excluding fault current), ambient
temperature of the air and solar radiation.
Near means a situation where there is a reasonable possibility of a person, either directly
or through any conducting medium, coming within the relevant safe working distances
specified in this Code.
Network Operator means a Network Operator as defined by The Act.
Neutral conductor means a conductor of a Low Voltage system which is earthed at its
origin.
Nominal voltage (U) means the AC (phase to phase RMS) or DC voltage by which a
system of supply is designated.
Operating Work means work involving the operation of switches, the opening or closing
of links or other connections intended for ready removal, the removal or replacement of
fuses, proving that electricity works is de-energised and the earthing and short-circuiting of
electricity works.
Overhead line means any aerial conductor or conductors with associated supports,
insulators and other apparatus erected, or in the course of erection, for the purpose of the
transmission, distribution or conveyance of electrical energy.
Other cable systems means, telecommunications and control cables, aerial earthed
cables or electrolysis drainage cables attached to or crossing a Network Operators
overhead line or otherwise in the proximity of the overhead line.
Pole mounted substation means a substation mounted on one or more poles.
Premises means any house, building or structure including the land associated with it.
Protective equipment means equipment which is intended to isolate the active

conductors of a circuit if an electrical fault occurs.
The Regulation means the Electricity Supply (Safety and Network Management)
Regulation 2008.
Road means any thoroughfare ordinarily used by vehicular traffic.
Safe means not posing a risk to life, health or property.
Screened cable means that the insulation covering the conductor cores is covered by a
conducting or semi conducting material which is connected to a neutral or earth.

Service line means the part of an electricity distribution system that forms the
terminating span of an electric line which:
is constructed or designed or ordinarily used for the supply of electricity at low

voltage, and
is intended to supply electrical energy to a customer either from a main or
directly from the premises or structure of the Network Operator.
Service Provider means a Service Provider as defined in the Code of Practice -

Contestable Works.
Substation or Electrical station means any premises or place in which high voltage
supply is converted, controlled or transformed.
Supply means supply of electricity.
Underground cable means a cable which is placed under the ground and may include
portions which are erected above the ground.
Voltage means a potential difference between conductors and between conductors and
earth.

5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

5.1 Application
This section of the Code applies to all electricity works placed into service on
or after the recognition of this Code by the Department of Water and Energy
and to any part of an electricity works which is upgraded, renewed or
replaced after that commencement.
Electricity works in service prior to the commencement of this Code are
covered by the regulation or law in force at time of their construction.
5.2 General
All electricity works shall be designed to be safe for the electrical conditions
likely to be experienced during service and the physical environment in which
they will operate, taking into account acceptable risk management
techniques.
[Note: When purchasing new equipment, it is considered prudent to take into
account Australias possible response to international trends to change the
supply voltages of 220V and 240V to 230V.]
The documents referred to in the appendices to this Code should be
considered for the design and construction of electricity works. Where there
are variations between the documents referred to in Appendices A, B, C, D
and E, and this Code, the Code is to take precedence.
5.2.1 Materials
All materials used for electricity works, their components, conductors,

accessories and support structures shall ensure safe operational
performance.
5.2.2 Environmental Considerations
The design, construction and installation of electricity works shall take into
consideration environmental issues and concerns. Factors to consider
include, but are not limited to:
the promotion of energy efficiency,

the efficient use of non-renewable resources,
the use of renewable resources,
the social impact of new projects, and community concerns,
the minimisation of environmental damage, including visual impacts,
tree management programmes,
a reduction in and the correct disposal of waste products, and
the consideration of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) issues.

5.2.3 Thermal Ratings
The thermal capacity of electricity works shall be sufficient to pass the

electrical load for which they are designed, without reduction of mechanical
properties to a level below that which provides safe operational performance.
5.2.4 Short Circuit Ratings
The electricity works shall be of sufficient capacity to pass short circuit

currents which will enable the correct operation of protective devices so that
a fault is cleared without reduction of mechanical properties to a level below
that which provides safe operational performance.
5.2.5 Mechanical Loading Conditions
The electricity works shall have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand

anticipated mechanical stresses due to environmental and electrical service
conditions.
5.2.6 Electrical Service Conditions and Physical Environment
In determining the electrical service conditions and the physical environment

under which the electricity works will operate, due and reasonable care shall
be given to the consideration of extremes that may occur, the likelihood of
their occurrence and the associated risk.
5.2.7 Prevention of Unauthorised Access
All electricity works with exposed live parts shall be so designed and
constructed that unauthorised access to any person is prevented as far as is
reasonably practicable.
5.2.8 Installation
Electricity works shall be installed in accordance with relevant standards.
5.2.9 Water Crossings
Water crossings (overhead and underground) shall be designed,

constructed, installed and maintained in a manner that complies with the
requirements of the appropriate authorities, including the installation and
maintenance of appropriate signage.
5.2.10 Records
All design, construction, operation and maintenance records that are relevant
to safety shall be kept in an accessible form.

5.3 Overhead Lines
5.3.1 General
Overhead lines shall be designed and constructed to:
have insulation appropriate for the nominal voltage,

carry the electrical load currents for which they are designed,
allow the passage of electrical short circuit currents which will enable the
correct operation of protective devices,
ensure they are structurally secure for the environmental and service
conditions for which they are designed,
maintain safe clearances,
ensure that safe operational performance will occur, and
prevent unauthorised access to the electricity works.
This includes overhead service lines, insulated and covered cable systems.
5.3.2 Conductor Tensions

The conductors for use with overhead lines shall be designed to withstand
the mechanical loads over the designed operational life, without failure.
5.3.3 Structures and Footings
The structures and footings for use with overhead lines shall be designed to
withstand the mechanical loads over the designed operational life, without
failure. Due consideration shall be given to the environmental conditions
likely to be experienced during service.
5.3.4 Facade Mounted Cables
Cables and accessories used for facade mounting shall be constructed with
suitably insulated conductors and be manufactured to be durable for the
environmental service conditions likely to be experienced.
5.3.5 Safety Clearances
Overhead lines and other cable systems shall be designed to maintain safety
clearances to the ground and buildings or structures under the environmental
and electrical service conditions determined for the line.

5.3.5.1 Clearances to Ground of Exposed and Insulated Conductors

Overhead lines, excluding service lines, other cable systems and aerial
lines within substations, shall have all conductors located so that the
distances to ground in any direction from any position to which any part of
such conductors either sag at maximum design temperature or move as a
result of wind pressure which could reasonably be expected to occur at
the location of the overhead line, are not less than the distances specified
in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Over the Over land other Over land which due
Nominal system voltage (U) carriageway than the to its condition is not
(Volts) of roads carriageway of traversable by
(mm) roads (mm) vehicles (mm)
Exposed or insulated U < 1 000
OR
Insulated conductor with earthed 5 500 5 500 4 500
screen U > 1 000
Insulated conductor without an 6 000 5 500 4 500
earthed screen U > 1 000
Exposed or covered conductor
1 000 < U < 33 000 6 700 5 500 4 500
33 000 < U < 132 000 6 700 6 700 5 500
132 000 < U < 220 000 7 500 7 500 6 000
220 000 < U < 330 000 8 000 8 000 6 700
330 000 < U < 500 000 9 000 9 000 7 500
5.3.5.2 Clearances to Ground of Insulated Service Lines
Aerial service lines and other cable system shall have the line located so
that the distances to ground in any direction from any position to which
any part of such lines either sag at maximum design temperature or move
as a result of wind pressure which could normally prevail, are not less than
the distances specified in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Service line and other cable systems location Distance from ground any direction
(mm)
Over the centre of each carriageway of a public road 5 500
Over any part of a Freeway, Primary Arterial Rd or Highway 5 500
Over any part of a carriageway of a public road (other than 4 900
the centre)
Over a vehicular crossing of a footway in a public road 4 500
(other than a residential driveway)
Over land which is not associated with a residential dwelling 4 500
which is likely to be used by vehicles
Over a vehicular crossing of a footway in a public road for a 3 000
residential driveway and any other part of a footway
Over land which is, or likely to be, used by vehicles and is 3 000
associated with a residential dwelling
Land not likely to be used by vehicles 2 700

5.3.5.3 Clearances from Structures
The minimum clearance from any structure or line support (other than the
structure supporting the line) to any position an overhead conductor may
swing or sag shall be such as to prevent injury to persons or damage to
property.
The minimum clearances shall be obtained by reference to ENA C(b)1 as

amended. For service lines reference shall be made to the Code of
Practice for Service and Installation Rules.
5.3.5.4 Clearances to Conductors of Other Circuits
The arrangement of and clearances between circuits, either attached to a

common structure, unattached, in shared spans or crossing, must be
designed for the environmental and electrical service conditions likely to
be experienced in service.
Clearances to railway traction overhead wiring shall be in accordance with

the requirements of the railway owner.
5.3.5.5 Alterations to Ground Levels
Where any land above which overhead lines have been erected
undergoes a change of use that varies the ground clearances, the portions
of those overhead lines which are situated over the land shall be
reconstructed to satisfy clauses 5.3.5, 5.3.5.1, 5.3.5.2, 5.3.5.3 and 5.3.5.4
above.
5.3.6 Overhead Service Lines
Overhead service lines shall comply with the Code of Practice for Service
and Installation Rules.

5.4 Underground Cables
5.4.1 General
Underground cables shall be designed and constructed to ensure that:
they have insulation appropriate for the nominal voltage,

they will carry load currents for which they are designed,
they (and their cable screens or sheaths when applicable) will pass short
circuit currents which will enable the correct operation of protective
devices,
safe separation clearances from other services are maintained, and
safe operational performance will occur.
5.4.2 Installation
Cables shall be installed in a manner that takes into account the local
environmental and service conditions, taking into account the location of
other utilities services. Suitable precautions shall be taken during installation
and jointing that safeguard against:
the possibility of transferred earth potentials when installing cables,

the possibility of induced voltages when installing long lengths of cable
close to in-service cables,
the possibility of mechanical damage to existing cables or joints when
excavating or installing cable, and
damage to the environment.
5.4.3 Parts of an Underground Cable Installed Above Ground
Where an underground cable is located above the surface of the ground it

shall be mechanically protected to a height of 2400mm from any surface on
which a person can stand to the point where it enters the ground.
5.4.4 Underground Service Lines
Underground service lines shall comply with the Code of Practice - Service
and Installation Rules.

5.5 Substations
5.5.1 General
Substations shall be designed and constructed to ensure:
Compliance with the relevant building codes, where applicable.

Safe access and egress.
The buildings and enclosures are to be structurally secure, taking into
account the local environmental and service conditions.
The buildings and enclosures are to be secured in a manner that
ensures all reasonable care is taken to prevent entry by unauthorised
persons.
The electricity works shall have insulation appropriate for the nominal
voltage.
The electricity works shall carry electrical load currents for which they
are designed.
The electricity works shall carry short circuit currents which will enable
the correct operation of protective devices.
Safe clearances to electricity works are maintained.
Safe operational performance.
5.5.2 Substation Electricity Works
Substation plant and equipment including busbars, cables, circuit breakers

and ancillary equipment, transformers, capacitors and surge diverters shall
meet standards which will ensure safe operational performance.
5.5.3 Clearances to Exposed Live Electricity Works
Substations shall be designed to provide safe operating and working

clearances from exposed live equipment and lines.
5.5.4 Structural Design of Buildings and Roofed Enclosures
The requirements of the Building Code of Australia apply. In addition

consideration should be given to:
the provision for plant and equipment that may be installed,

the provision for ventilation requirements for plant and equipment that
may be installed,
the control of ground waters in sub-surface buildings,
the containment of insulating liquids,
the provision of fire protection,
the control of the products of explosion that may occur, and
the provision for impulse loading and forces due to short circuit
conditions.

5.5.5 Kiosk Type Substations
Kiosk type substations shall be installed in accordance with the Building

Code of Australia.
The enclosure of a kiosk type substation shall be robust and sturdy.
5.5.6 Ground Type Substations
The structures supporting aerial lines in ground type substations shall allow
for mechanical loading and for forces under short circuit conditions.
5.5.6.1 Walls and Fences
Walls and fences enclosing the substation shall:
be so arranged to prevent unauthorised entry,

display appropriate warning signs,
be suitably earthed where appropriate,
comply with the Building Code of Australia, and
provide safe horizontal and vertical clearances to any live and
exposed equipment [AS 2067 - 1984 is a guide in this regard].
5.5.7 Pole Mounted Substations
Pole mounted substations shall comply with the following:
Structures supporting aerial lines on pole type substations shall allow for
mechanical loading and forces under short circuit conditions.
All parts of supporting platforms and equipment which are mounted on or
attached to the pole or crossarms, except for conductors, are at a height
not less than in Table 3 below:
TABLE 3
Location Height above ground
(mm)
More than 500 mm from the
vertical projection of the kerb line 3 600
in the direction away from the
vehicular carriageway
Elsewhere 4 600
Any electricity works mounted below 3600mm shall not protrude more
than 200 mm from the pole and maintain a minimum of 500 mm from the
vertical projection of the kerb line, and not facilitate unauthorised climbing
of the pole.

5.6 Earthing and Electrical Protection
Earthing and electrical protection systems shall be designed and installed to

safely manage abnormal network conditions likely to be experienced, without
significant risk of injury to people or damage to property.
5.6.1 General
Earthing and protection systems shall be designed and installed to ensure:
the reliable passage of fault current,

the reliable passage of Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) load currents
to ground and/or source,
the reliable operation of circuit protection devices,
that step, touch and transfer potentials are limited to safe levels,
appropriate co-ordination with other utilities systems,
suitability for the environmental and earthing conditions,
protection against likely mechanical damage, inadvertent interference
and chemical deterioration, and
mechanical stability and integrity of connections.
5.6.2 Step and Touch Potentials
All exposed conductive material (excluding the current carrying conductors)

which is accessible to persons and which could be energised in the event of
a primary insulation failure of the circuit, shall be effectively earthed to avoid
injury from electric shock.

6 MAINTENANCE
6.1 General
All electricity works shall be maintained to ensure safety to persons and

reliability of supply, taking into account the associated risks.
The relevant documents referred to in the appendices to this Code should be

considered for the maintenance of electricity works. Where there are
variations between the documents referred to in Appendices A, B, C, D and
E, and this Code, the Code is to take precedence.
A system of maintenance shall consist of the following elements:
a list of network assets and their respective locations,

a schedule of maintenance activities based on an assessment of risk, and
a record of maintenance work carried out.
6.2 Maintenance of Overhead Lines
Overhead lines, their structures and their components shall be maintained to

be in a safe operating condition. The integrity of insulation of overhead lines
shall be maintained.
A system of maintenance for overhead lines, their structures and

components shall consider:
inspection and/or testing programmes,

maintenance programmes,
replacement programmes for components approaching the end of their
serviceable life, and
tree management programmes designed to:
ensure public safety,
minimise the risk of fires caused by contact between trees and
overhead lines,
reduce the number of interruptions to supply caused by trees, and
protect the electricity distributors assets from damage.
6.3 Maintenance of Underground Cables
Underground cable systems shall be maintained in a safe operating

condition.
A system of maintenance for underground cable systems shall consider:

maintenance programmes, and
serviceable life.

6.4 Maintenance of Substations
Substation buildings, walls, fences, enclosures, associated plant, equipment

and lines shall be maintained in a safe operating condition.
A system of maintenance for substations shall consider:

serviceable life.
6.5 Maintenance of Protection and Earthing Systems
Protection and earthing systems shall be inspected and maintained in a safe

and reliable operating condition.
A system of maintenance for protection and earthing systems shall consider:

serviceable life.
Earthing systems shall be inspected and tested at intervals commensurate

with risk of corrosion or mechanical damage to ensure that design
requirements are met.
The results of visual inspections and resistance to ground tests must be

recorded and reviewed to identify any changes in results that should
influence the frequency of inspection, tests and maintenance.
The results of visual inspections and performance tests of protection systems

shall be recorded and reviewed to identify changes that would influence the
frequency of inspections, tests, maintenance and replacements.
6.6 Environmental Considerations
The maintenance of electricity works shall take into consideration

environmental issues and concerns. Factors to consider, include, but are not
limited to:
the minimisation of environmental damage, including visual impacts,
tree management programmes,
a reduction in and the correct disposal of waste products, and
the consideration of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) issues.

7 SAFE ELECTRICAL WORK PRACTICES

7.1 General
This Section applies to work on or near exposed electricity works, for which
the Scope of this Code applies.
The relevant documents referred to in the appendices to this Code should be

considered for the operation of electricity works and work practices. Where
there are variations between the documents referred to in Appendices A, B,
C, D and E, and this Code, the Code is to take precedence.
7.2 Qualifications and Training
7.2.1 General Requirements
No work to which this Code applies shall be carried out unless the employee:
has received training which is appropriate for the type of work concerned,
and has been authorised by their employer after the training has been
satisfactorily completed,
is capable to safely perform the work required to be undertaken,
has demonstrated competency of the relevant work procedures and safety
instructions, and
has during the previous 12 months, received appropriate instruction in the
following procedures that are relevant to the nature of the work,
resuscitation,
releasing a person from live electricity works,
rescuing a person from a pole, structure or elevating work platform,
and
rescuing a person from confined space.

7.2.2 Employer Responsibility
The employer shall ensure that appropriate training courses have been
undertaken by the respective employees so they can carry out the required
tasks safely and competently. The following should be considered:
accreditation of the courses,
the relevance to the tasks to be performed,
national competency standards or industry equivalent,
the course syllabus,
the facilities for training,
assessment criteria for the issue of certificates,
a linkage between in-school and on-the-job training, and
whether the training provider has a Quality Assurance system in place and
is listed in the National Register of quality training providers for utilities.
7.2.3 Employees in Training
Employees undergoing training may undertake the work, subject to:

it being safe to perform, and
they are under continuous and close supervision of a qualified and
experienced employee.
7.3 General Safety Provisions
7.3.1 Basic Safety Principles
All HV electricity works shall be regarded as live until isolated, proved to be

de-energised, earthed and short-circuited, and an Access Permit issued
according to the Network Operators approved procedure. Alternatively
approved live line working techniques shall be used.
All LV electricity works shall be regarded as live until isolated and proved to
be de-energised, in accordance with the Network Operators approved
procedure, otherwise approved safe live working procedures shall be used.
7.3.2 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
All hazards shall be identified and the associated risks assessed, in writing,
prior to working on or near any electricity works.
The hazard identification and risk assessment system shall be regularly

audited to ensure compliance.
7.3.3 Hazard Control
Appropriate control measures shall be adopted for identified hazards, taking

into consideration the associated risks.

7.3.4 Minimum Safe Working Distances
No part of a persons body and no material or equipment not insulated for the
voltage concerned must come closer than the following minimum safe
working distances for live exposed electricity works specified in Table 4,
unless specific procedures approved by the Network Operator, including
fixing barriers or live working techniques, are utilised:
TABLE 4
Nominal Voltage (U) (Volts) Minimum Safe Working
Distance (mm)
U < 1 000 500
1 000 < U < 11 000 700
11 000 < U < 66 000 1 000
66 000 < U < 132 000 1 500
132 000 < U < 220 000 2 500
220 000 < U < 330 000 3 000
U > 330 000 4 000
7.3.5 Correct Labelling and Recording of Electricity Works
All electricity works shall be clearly identified by labels, which shall be

updated if any network alteration has taken place.
Temporary labelling and danger tags are required as a warning against

inadvertent and unauthorised operation of electricity works.
Records, diagrams, maps and the like shall be kept as to the location, type
and installation details.
7.3.6 Hazardous Electrical Occurrences or Effects
The hazardous electrical occurrences or effects which can develop on or

around electricity works are summarised under the following categories:
lightning,
induction,
transfer voltage,
voltage gradient,
line energising, and
neutral and earthing system currents.
Precautions shall be taken to avoid danger from electrical occurrences or

effects.

7.3.7 Precautions for Energisation and Re-energisation of Electricity

Works
Electricity works shall not be energised or re-energised unless:
the employees are trained and authorised to carry out the energisation or
re-energisation of the electricity works,
all work on the electricity works is complete,
all equipment (including testing equipment), plant, tools and materials are
removed,
all earths, short-circuits and equipotential bonds, if used, are removed,
appropriate checks and tests are carried out to ensure safety,
precautions are taken to ensure all persons are clear of the electricity
works, and
all relevant Access Permits are cancelled.
Re-energisation of electricity works following an unplanned outage

(protection operation) shall be carried out by trained and authorised
employees in accordance with the Network Operators approved procedures.
Consideration shall be given to:
the geographic location of the apparatus,

the need for patrol and inspection,
the time delay between the outage and the proposed try-back, and
assessment of the associated risks, including any fire ban declarations.
No electricity works shall be manually re-energised following an unplanned

outage during total fire ban periods where the electricity works or part of the
works to be re-energised is located within the total fire ban area until patrol
and inspection has confirmed the condition of the electricity works.
7.3.8 First-aid
Appropriate first-aid facilities shall be readily available for use in the event of
injury to any employee.
7.3.9 Protective Clothing
Clothing shall be worn which gives appropriate protection to the head, body,
arms, hands, legs and feet when working on or near electricity works.

7.3.10 Work in Confined Spaces
Work in a confined space shall be carried out in accordance with the Network
Operators approved procedures, and shall consider the following:
an assessment of the hazards involved,

authorisation for an employee to enter the confined space,
an atmospheric check of the confined space before entry, and
continual monitoring of the atmosphere while the confined space is
occupied, and
a suitable rescue procedure.
7.4 Operating Work
All operating work shall be in accordance with the Network Operators

approved procedures which shall ensure:
the safety of employees,

the safety of the public, and
the correct operation of the electricity works.
7.5 Access Permits
A Network Operator shall ensure that there is an approved procedure for the
issuing of access permits.
An access permit shall:
be issued and/or cancelled by an authorised person,

only give access for work on electricity works which are safe to work on,
only authorise work to begin when all employees are aware of:
the electricity works to be worked on,
the conditions under which the permit is issued (including any
special precautions), and
the existence of any remaining electrical hazards; and
be cancelled after the work to which it relates has been completed.

7.6 Work on Low Voltage Electricity Works
Work on LV electricity works, whether under live or de-energised conditions,

shall be in accordance with the Network Operators approved procedure.
7.6.1 De-energised LV Electricity Works
Work on de-energised LV electricity works shall be carried out in accordance

with the Network Operators approved procedure, with due regard to the
following:
isolating the electricity works,
taking precautions to ensure the electricity works remains de-energised,
proving the electricity works is de-energised,
clearly identifying the electricity works,
defining the safe work area where appropriate, and
taking additional precautions such as earthing and short-circuiting of
electricity works and/or live working procedures where hazardous induced
voltages are likely to occur.
7.6.2 Live LV Electricity Works
Work on live LV electricity works shall be carried out in accordance with the
Network Operators approved procedure, with due regard to the following:
that the electricity works has been identified as LV,
that suitable precautions have been taken to avoid inadvertent contact
with other live conductors or earth, and
that the employee is trained in the safe execution of the work.
7.7 Work on High Voltage Electricity Works
7.7.1 De-energised HV Electricity Works
Work on de-energised HV electricity works shall be carried out in accordance

with the Network Operators approved procedure, with due regard to the
following:
isolating the electricity works,
taking precautions to ensure the electricity works remain de-energised,
proving the electricity works are de-energised,
earthing and short-circuiting the electricity works, except for periods where
testing is in progress,
defining the safe work area where appropriate and the issue of an Access
Permit.

7.7.2 Live HV Electricity Works
Work on live HV electricity works shall be carried out in accordance with the
Network Operators approved procedure, with due regard to the following:
that the employees are trained in the safe execution of the work,
that all members of the working team are currently qualified,
that the Network Operators approved procedures are adhered to, and
that the required minimum safe approach and working distances are
maintained.
The minimum approach distances for work on live HV electricity works are
detailed in Table 5 below. These shall be observed, except where a
procedure approved by the Network Operator is adopted for work directly on
exposed conductors.
TABLE 5
Nominal Voltage (U) (Volts) Minimum Approach Distance (mm)
U < 33 000 500
33 000 < U < 66 000 700
66 000 < U < 132 000 1 200
132 000 < U < 220 000 1 700
220 000 < U < 330 000 2 200
330 000 < U < 500 000 2 600
7.8 Work on Overhead Lines
In addition to the other requirements of this Code it is necessary to:
identify the overhead line at the point where the work is carried out,
check the soundness of poles or structures, and the employee shall not
ascend a pole or structure which is found to have suffered deterioration or
damage to a degree which may cause it to collapse,
prevent the line in the course of erection from becoming energised, and
safeguard employees against hazardous electrical occurrences or effects.

7.9 Work on Underground Cables
Work on or near underground cables shall be in accordance with the

Network Operators approved procedures.
7.9.1 Cable identification
Work shall not commence on any cable unless it has been:
identified by a method approved by the Network Operator,

in the case of a low voltage cable, identified as low voltage, and
in the case of a high voltage cable, proved to be de-energised by a
method approved by the Network Operator.
7.9.2 Precautions for Work on or Near Cables
The following precautions shall be taken before working on or near cables:
Identify and safeguard against the electrical hazards that are present on
the site. These can include, but are not limited to, live electricity works,
induced voltages and transfer potentials and the potential for faults on
adjacent cables and joints.
Identify and safeguard against the physical hazards that are present on
the site. These can include, but are not limited to, lack of ventilation or
suitable lighting, dangerous gases, confined working environment, high
temperatures, traffic hazards and other services.
An employee shall not physically handle a high voltage cable while it is live
unless it is completely surrounded by an earthed sheath or screen, or
both, and precautions are taken, where necessary, to avoid danger from
induced voltages and transferred earth potentials.
An employee shall not physically handle a cable, whether sheathed or
screened or not, if its condition is suspect or doubtful unless the cable is
proved to be de-energised.
When excavating in the vicinity of live cables an approved safe working
procedure shall be used.

7.10 Access into Substations
An employee shall not enter an area in an electrical station where there are
live exposed high voltage conductors unless the employee:
is authorised to enter that area, or

is accompanied by a person who is authorised to enter that area, or
has been specifically instructed by an authorised person as to the area
that can be entered, the dangers that exist and the precautions that must
be observed.
7.11 Work in Substations
Work in substations shall be in accordance with the Network Operators

approved procedures.
7.12 Tools and Safety Equipment
The employer shall ensure that appropriate tools and safety equipment are
used:
All tools and safety equipment shall be periodically inspected and tested
to ensure their safety for use.
The employee shall use the appropriate tools and safety equipment
provided by the employer.
The employee shall inspect tools and safety equipment to check their
serviceability before use.
Any defective tools or safety equipment shall be withdrawn from service.
The employee shall not use any suspected defective tool or equipment.

Appendix: Acts, Regulations, Australian Standards, Codes and Guides

relating to the Design, Construction, Maintenance and Safe
Electrical Operation and Work Practices for Transmission &
Distribution Systems
SECTION A: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO OVERHEAD LINES

AND SERVICES
The standards and publications listed below (and any associated amendments) are
relevant to this Code but do not necessarily represent all the standards that may need to
be consulted in meeting the requirements of this Code. The publication dates for the
reference documents listed below are correct at the time of publication of this Code,
however they should be checked before use to ensure that they are still the most current
and appropriate issue, and that all associated amendments are considered.
Conductors
Conductors - Bare overhead - Hard-drawn copper AS 1746 - 1991
Conductors - Bare overhead - aluminium and aluminium AS 1531 - 1991
alloy
Conductors - Bare overhead - aluminium and aluminium AS 3607 - 1989
alloy - steel reinforced
Steel conductors and stays - Bare overhead : Galvanised AS 1222.1 - 1992
Steel conductors and stays - Bare overhead: Aluminium clad AS 1222.2 - 1992
Galvanised steel wire strand AS 2841 - 1986
Insulated Cables
Approval and test specification - Electric Cables - elastomer AS 3116 - 1996
insulated - For working voltages up to and including 0.6/1kV
Approval and test specification - Electric Cables - AS 3147 - 1992
Thermoplastic insulated - For working voltages up to and
including 0.6/1kV
Approval and test specification - Electric Cables neutral AS 3155 - 1995
screened - For working voltages up to and including 0.6/1kV
Electric cables - XLPE insulated - Aerial bundled - For AS 3560 - 1991
working voltages up to and including 0.6/1kV
Mechanical fittings for low voltage aerial bundled cables AS 3766 - 1990
Electric cables - Aerial bundled - Polymeric insulated voltage AS 3599.1 - 1988
6.35/11(12) kV and 12.7/22 (24) kV - Metallic screened
Electric cables - Aerial bundled - Polymeric insulated - AS 3599.2 - 1991
voltage 6.35/11 (12) kV and 12.7/22 (24) kV - Non-metallic
screened
Conductors - Covered overhead - For working voltages AS 3675 - 1993
6.35/11 kV up to and including 19/33kV

Insulators
Guidelines for the design and maintenance of overhead ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
distribution and transmission lines
Selection
Insulators - Ceramic or Glass - Station Post for Indoor and AS 4398.1 - 1996
Outdoor use - Voltages Greater than 1000 V AC -
Characteristics
Insulators - Ceramic or Glass - Station Post for Indoor and AS 4398.2 - 1996
Outdoor use - Voltages Greater than 1000 V AC - Tests
Insulators - Porcelain and glass for overhead power lines, AS 2947.1 - 1989
voltages greater than 1000V a.c.: Test methods
voltages greater than 1000V a.c.: Characteristics
voltages greater than 1000V a.c.: Couplings
Insulators - Porcelain and glass, pin and shackle type - AS 3608 - 1989
Voltages not exceeding 1000V a.c.
Insulators - Porcelain stay type - Voltages greater than AS 3609 - 1989
1000V a.c.
Insulators - Ceramic or glass - Station post for indoor and AS 4398.1 - 1996
outdoor use - Voltages greater than 1000V a.c. :
Characteristics
Insulators - Ceramic or glass - Station post for indoor and AS 4398.2 - 1996
outdoor use - Voltages greater than 1000V a.c. :
Tests
Insulator and Conductor Fittings
Insulator and conductor fittings for overhead power lines : AS 1154.1 - 1985
Performance and general requirements
Dimensions
Performance and general requirements for helical fittings
Connectors - Insulation piercing - For 0.6/1 kV aerial AS 4396(INT) - 1996
bundled cables

Thermal Limits
Guidelines for the design and maintenance of overhead
distribution and transmission lines ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Thermal limits
Current rating of bare overhead line conductors ESAA D(b)5 - 1988
Short Circuit Capacity
Fault ratings
Mechanical Loading Conditions
Mechanical Loading Conditions ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading
Code)
Dead and live loads and load combinations AS 1170.1 1989
Wind loads AS 1170.2 - 1989
Snow loads AS 1170.3 - 1990
Minimum design loads on structures - Commentary (Supplement AS 1170.3 Supp 1 -
to AS 1170.3 - 1990) 1990
Earthquake loads AS 1170.4 - 1993
Earthquake loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 1170.4 - AS 1170.4 Supp 1 -
1993) 1993
Conductor Tensions
General ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Calculations ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Structures and Footings
Guidelines for the design and maintenance of ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
overhead distribution and transmission lines
General
Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes AS 1289 Series
Piling - Design and installation AS 2159 - 1995
Piling - Design and installation - Guidelines (Supplement to AS AS 2159 Supp 1 - 1996
2159 - 1995)
SAA Timber Structures Code :

Design methods AS 1720.1 - 1988
Timber properties AS 1720.2 - 1990
Timber - Poles for overhead lines AS 2209 - 1994
Timber - Classification into strength groups AS 2878 - 1986
Design of steel lattice towers and masts AS 3995 - 1994
Steel structures AS 4100 - 1990
Concrete structures (and supplement) AS 3600 - 1994 (and
Supp1 - 1994)
Concrete Poles for Overhead Line and Street Lighting AS 4065 -1992
Lighting Poles and Bracket Arms - Preferred Dimensions AS 1798 - 1992
Clearances From Ground

Clearances From Structures

Guidelines for the design and maintenance of overhead ESAA C(b)1 - 1991 and
distribution and transmission lines Code of Practice for
Service and Installation
Rules
Spacing of Conductors
Guidelines for the design and maintenance of overhead ESAA C(b)1-1991
Clearances
Marking of Conductors
Air Navigation - Cables and their supporting structures - Mapping AS 3891.1 - 1991
and marking : Permanent marking of overhead cables and their
supporting structures
Air Navigation - Cables and their supporting structures - Mapping AS 3891.2 - 1992
and marking : Marking of overhead cables for low level flying
Services
The New South Wales Service and Installation Rules 1996
Joint Use of Power Poles
ESAA Model Agreement between an Electricity Supply Utility and ESAA Publication
a Communication Cable Owner
Joint use of Poles : The placement on poles of power lines HB87 - 1997 (CJC 1)
and paired cable telecommunications lines
Maintenance
Guide to tree planting and maintaining safety clearances near ISSC3
power lines
Guide to the prevention of unauthorised access EC7
Guide to the inspection, assessment and preservation of wood EC8
poles
Guide to the aerial inspection and patrol of overhead lines EC10
Guidelines for the management of electricity easements EC20
Procedures for ESI risk management EC21
Guidelines for the development of electricity systems: community EC22
and environmental considerations
Voltage Levels
Standard Voltages - Alternating (50Hz) and direct AS 2926 - 1987
Risk Management
Risk Management AS 4360 - 1995

SECTION B: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO CABLES AND

SERVICES
The standards and publications listed below (and any associated amendments) are relevant to this
Code but do not necessarily represent all the standards that may need to be consulted in meeting
the requirements of this Code. The publication dates for the reference documents listed below are
correct at the time of publication of this Code, however they should be checked before use to
ensure that they are still the most current and appropriate issue, and that all associated
amendments are considered.
High Voltage Cables

Electric cables - Polymeric insulated For working voltages 1.9/3.3
(3.6) kV up to and including 19/33 (36) kV AS 1429.1 - 1993
Electric cables - Impregnated paper insulated - working voltages up AS 1026 - 1992
to and including 33 kV
Electric Cables - for underground residential distribution systems AS 4026 - 1992
Extruded solid dielectric - 1 kV to 30 kV IEC 502 - 1994
Tests for solid electric cables 30 kV to 150 kV IEC 840 - 1988
Low Voltage Cables
Conductors in insulated electric cables and flexible cords AS 1125 - 1993
Concentric wire neutral cable - XLPE insulated - for electricity AS 1178 - 1986
supply for working voltages of 0.6/1 kV
Approval and test specification - Electric cables - Elastomer AS 3116 - 1996
insulated - for working voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV
Approval and test specification - Electric cables - Thermoplastic AS 3147 - 1992
insulated - for working voltages up to and including 0.6/1kV
Approval and test specification - Electric cables - Neutral screened - AS 3155 - 1995
For working voltages up to and including 0.6/1kV
Electric Cables - for underground residential distribution systems AS 4026 - 1992
High Voltage Cable Accessories
High voltage Cable Joints ANSI/IEEE 48 - 1990
High Voltage Cable Terminations ANSI/IEEE 404 - 1994
Separable insul. connectors for power distribution systems >1 kV AS 2629 - 1983
Continuous Cable Ratings
Calculations methods IEC 287 - 1982
Electrical installations - Selection of cables
Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV AS 3008.1 - 1989
Short Circuit Currents
Calculation of Short Circuit Currents IEC 949 - 1988
Installation
ESAA Guide to the Installation of Underground Cables C(b)2 - 1989
ESAA Guide to the Use of Separable Connectors D(b)30 - 1983
Maintenance
ESAA Guide for the Maintenance of High Voltage Paper Oil
Insulated cables and Accessories D(b)31 - 1989
Voltage Levels
Standard Voltages - Alternating (50 Hz) and direct AS 2926 - 1987
Risk Management

SECTION C: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO SUBSTATIONS
Electrical Design
Switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment for alternating AS 2067 - 1984
voltages above 1kV
Circuit Breakers and Ancillary Equipment
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical AS 1939 - 1990 (and
equipment (IP code) (and two supplements) Supp1 - 1990, Supp2 -
1990)
High voltage a.c. switchgear and control gear - Circuit AS 2006 - 1986
breakers for rated voltages above 1000 V
Switchgear Assemblies and Ancillary Equipment
High voltage a.c. switchgear and control gear - Switches and
switch-disconnectors
For rated voltages above 1 kV and less than 52 kV AS 1025.1 - 1984
For rated voltages 52 kV and above AS 1025.2 - 1989
High voltage a.c. switchgear and control gear - Disconnectors AS 1306 - 1985
(isolators) and earthing switches
High voltage a.c. switchgear and control gear - switch-fuse AS 2024 - 1991
combinations
High voltage a.c. switchgear and control gear - Common AS 2650 - 1986
requirements
A. C. metal enclosed switchgear and control gear for rated AS 2086 - 1995
voltages above 1kV and up to and including 72.5 kV
A. C. insulation-enclosed switchgear and control gear for rated AS 2264 - 1995
voltages above 1kV and up to and including 38 kV
voltages above 1 kV
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for AS 1939 - 1990 (and
electrical equipment (IP code) (and two supplements) Supp1 - 1990, Supp2 -
1990)
Insulating oil for transformers and switchgear (IEC 296) AS 1767 - 1975

Control Equipment
Low voltage switch gear and control gear :
General rules
AS 3947.1 - 1993
Switches, disconnectors, switch disconnectors and fuse AS 3947.3 - 1994
combination units
Switches, disconnectors, switch disconnectors and fuse AS 3947.3 Supp 1 - 1995
combination units - Supplement 1: Fuse-switch
disconnectors for use with aerial bundled cables
Contactors and motor starters - AS 3947.4.1 - 1995
Electromechanical contactors and motor starters
Control circuit devices and switching elements - AS 3947.5.1 - 1995
Electromechanical control circuit devices
Proximity switches
Insulating Panels
Sheets and Boards for electrical purposes
Classification and general requirements AS 1795.1 - 1983
Dimension of switchboard panels AS 1795.2 - 1983
Power Transformer
Power Transformers :
General requirements (IEC 76-1) AS 2374.1 - 1982
Temperature rise (IEC 76-2) AS 2374.2 - 1982
Insulation Levels and dielectric tests - General AS 2374.3.0 - 1982
requirements (IEC 76-3)
Insulation Levels and dielectric tests - External AS 2374.3.1 - 1982
clearances in air (IEC 76-3-1: 1987)
Tappings and connections (IEC 76-4) AS 2374.4 - 1982
Ability to withstand short circuit (IEC 76-5) AS 2374.5 - 1982
Determination of transformer and reactor sound levels AS 2374.6 - 1994
(IEC 551:1987)
Guide to the selection and use of Power Transformers AS 2421 - 1981
Dry-type power transformers AS 2735 - 1984
Loading guide for dry-type power transformers AS 3953 - 1996
Transformers for use on single wire earth return AS 2558 - 1982
distribution systems
Insulating oil for transformers and switchgear (IEC 296) AS 1767 - 1975

Bushings
Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V AS 1265 - 1990
Surge Arresters
Surge Arresters (diverters):
Silicon carbide type for a.c. systems AS 1307.1 - 1986
Metal oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems AS 1307.2 - 1996
Batteries
Stationary batteries - Lead-acid: Vented type (based on and
including the full text of IEC 896.1) AS 4029.1 - 1994
Valve regulated sealed type AS 4029.2 - 1992
Pure lead positive pasted plate type AS 4029.3 - 1993
Insulation Co-ordination
Insulation Co-ordination: Definitions, principles and rules AS 1824.1 - 1995
Application Guide AS 1824.2 - 1985
Insulation co- ordination within LV systems: Principles, IEC 664.1 - 1992
requirements and tests
Safety Clearances
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical AS 1939 - 1990 (and Supp1
equipment (IP code)(and two supplements) - 1990, Supp2 - 1990)
voltages above 1 kV
Buildings and Enclosures
Australian Building Code of Australia 1990
Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design AS 1657 - 1992
construction and installation
The use of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in
buildings Fire and smoke control AS 1668.1 - 1991
Mechanical ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality AS 1668.2 - 1991
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical AS 1939 - 1990 (and Supp1
equipment (IP code)(and two supplements) - 1990, Supp2 - 1990)
The storage and handling of flammable / combustible liquids AS 1940 - 1993
Oil containment Environmental Protection
Authority
Fire protection of electricity substations ESAA D(b)29 -1982
Electrical installations - Secondary batteries installed in
buildings: Vented cells AS 3011.1 - 1992
Sealed cells AS 3011.2 - 1992
Electrical installations - Classification of the fire and AS/NZS 3013 -1995
mechanical performance of wiring systems
Guide to the prevention of unauthorised access EC7
Electrical Installation
Safety signs for the occupational environment AS 1319 - 1994

Switchyard Structures, Footings and Foundations

Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA
Loading Code)
Dead and live loads and load combinations AS 1170.1 - 1989
Wind loads AS 1170.2 - 1989
Snow loads AS 1170.3 - 1990
Minimum design loads on structures - Commentary AS 1170.3 Supp 1 - 1990
(Supplement to AS 1170.3 - 1990)
Earthquake loads AS 1170.4 - 1993
Earthquake loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 1170.4 - AS 1170.4 Supp 1 - 1993
1993)
Design of steel lattice towers and masts AS 3995 - 1994
Steel structures AS 4100 - 1990
Concrete structures (and supplement) AS 3600 - 1994 (and Supp1
- 1994)
Maintenance
Guide to maintenance and supervision of insulating oils in AS 1883 - 1992
service
Maintenance of electrical switchgear AS 2467 - 1981
In-service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment AS 3760 - 1996
Guide to the installation, maintenance, testing and
replacement of secondary cells in buildings
Vented cells AS 2676.1 - 1992
Sealed cells AS 2676.2 - 1992
Voltage Levels
Risk Management

SECTION D: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO PROTECTION AND

EARTHING SYSTEMS
Protection
All - or - nothing electrical relays (instantaneous and timing AS 2481 - 1981
relays)
Voltage transformers for measurement and protection AS 1243 - 1982
Current transformers - Measurement and protection AS 1675 - 1986
Low voltage switchgear and control gear :
General rules AS 3947.1 - 1993
Switches, disconnectors, switch disconnectors and fuse AS 3947.3 - 1994
combination units
Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and fuse AS 3947.3 Supp 1 - 1995
combination units - Supplement 1: Fuse-switch disconnectors
for use with aerial bundled cables
Contactors and motor starters - AS 3947.4.1 - 1995
Electromechanical contactors and motor starters.
Electromechanical control circuit devices.
Control circuit devices and switching elements - Proximity AS 3947.5.2 - 1995
switches
Guide to the maintenance of protective devices for sub EC1
transmission and distribution overhead lines
Lightning Protection AS 1768 - 1991

Earthing
Switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment for AS 2067 - 1984
alternating voltages above 1kV
Substations, earthing guide ESAA EG 1 - 1995
Guide to safety in substation grounding IEEE 80 - 1986
SAA wiring rules (and one supplement) AS 3000 - 1991 (and Supp
1 - 1991)
Stay wires ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Step and touch potentials ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Switchgear assemblies and ancillary equipment for AS 2067 - 1984
alternating voltage above 1kV
ESAA - Australian Telecommunications Commission Earth
Potential Rise Code of Practice
Return High Voltage Power Lines Code of Practice.
Guide to Protective Earthing EC5
Maintenance
Switchgear assemblies & ancillary equipment - for alternating AS 2067 - 1984
voltage above 1 kV
SAA wiring rules (and one supplement) AS 3000 - 1991 (and Supp
1 - 1991)
Guide to safety in substation grounding IEEE80 - 1986
Guidelines for the design & maintenance of overhead ESAA C(b)1 - 1991
Potential Rise Code of Practice
Return High Voltage Power Lines Code of Practice
Testing
Earthing AS 3000 - 1991 (and Supp
1 - 1991)
IEEE Standard 80 - 1986
ESAA C(b) 1 - 1991
Voltage Levels
Risk Management

SECTION E: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO SAFE ELECTRICAL

OPERATION AND WORK PRACTICES
ESAA Model Agreement for Joint Use of Power Poles between an ESAA Publication
Electricity Utility and Communication Cable Owner
Guidelines for Live Line Stick Work ESAA ND/NL - 01
Guidelines for Live Line Glove and Barrier Work for Voltages up to and ESAA ND/NL - 02
Including 33000 Volts
Guidelines for Live Line Bare Hand Work ESAA ND/NL - 03
Guidelines for Use of Helicopters for Live Line Work ESAA ND/NL - 04
Guide to the manual reclosing of overhead lines EC2
Guide to high voltage live line work EC9
Guide to inspection procedures for plant and equipment EC11
Guide to working on underground cables EC12
Guide to statutory safe working requirements for work on or near high
voltage customers electrical apparatus EC13
Guide to safety equipment EC14
Guide to working on overhead lines ISSC15
Guide to safe electrical work procedure EC16
Guide to working in electrical stations EC17
Guide to the training of electricity supply workers EC18
Guide to the inspection of Customers electrical installations EC19
Guide to working on high voltage transmission lines EC23
Guide to Electricity Workers Escape and Rescue Procedures ISSC24
Elevating Work Platform Purchasing Specification and Operating
Guide ISSC25
Safe Working in a Confined Space AS 2865 - 1995
Guide for Working on Cables and Ancillary Equipment Under Induced ESAA D(b)26 -
Voltage Conditions and Transferred Earth Potentials 1991
Health and Safety at Work - Principles and Practices AS 1470 - 1986
Safeguarding of machinery - General Principles AS 4024.1 - 1996
Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices - Safety Belts and Harnesses AS 1891.1 - 1995
Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses - Selection, Use and AS 2626 - 1983
Maintenance
The Selection, Care and Use of Industrial Safety Helmets AS 1800 - 1981
Occupational Protective Footwear: Guide to Selection, Care/Use AS 2210.1 - 1994
Occupational Protective Footwear - Specification AS 2210.2 - 1994
Cranes - Safe Use - General Requirements AS 2550.1 - 1993
Cranes - Safe Use - Elevating Work Platforms AS 2550.10 -1994
Cranes (Including Hoists and Winches) - Elevating Work Platforms AS 1418.10 - 1996

SECTION F: RELEVANT ACTS AND REGULATIONS
The Acts and Regulations listed below (and any associated amendments) are relevant to
this Code but do not necessarily represent all the Acts and Regulations that may need to
Acts (State Acts unless otherwise specified)

Electricity Supply Act 1995
Electricity Safety Act 1945
Energy Services Corporations Act 1995
State Owned Corporations Act 1989
Competition Policy Reform (New South Wales) Act 1995
Energy Administration Act 1987
Electricity Legislation Amendment Act 1995
Local Government Act 1993
Public Works Act 1912
Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983
Clean Air Act 1961
Clean Waters Act 1970
Roads Act 1993
Traffic Act 1909
Construction Safety Act 1912
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979
Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991
Environmental Offences and Penalties Act 1989
Ozone Protection Act 1989
WorkCover Administration Act 1989
Bush Fires Act 1949
Noise Control Act 1975
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
Sustainable Energy Development Act 1995
Pollution Control Act 1970
Trade Practices Act (Federal Act) 1974
Heritage Act 1977
Soil Conservation Act 1938
Waste Disposal Act 1970
Wilderness Act 1987

Regulations
Electricity (Tree Preservation) Regulation 1995
Electricity Supply (Safety Plans) Regulation 1997
Electricity Supply (General) Regulation 1996
Electricity Supply (Licence Compliance Advisory Board) Regulation 1996
Occupational Health and Safety (Committees in Workplaces) Regulation 1984
Occupational Health and Safety (Fumigations and Pesticides) Regulation
Occupational Health and Safety (Pest Control) Regulation 1988
Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handling) Regulation 1991
Occupational Health and Safety (Notification of Accidents) Regulation 1990
Occupational Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulation 1989
Occupational Health and Safety (Noise) Regulation 1996
Occupational Health and Safety (Asbestos Removal Work) Regulation 1996
Occupational Health and Safety (Confined Spaces) Regulation 1990
Occupational Health and Safety (Carcinogenic Substances)(Transitional) 1994
Regulation
Occupational Health and Safety (Hazardous Substances) Regulation 1996
Electricity (Corrosion Protection) Regulation 1993
Electricity (Installation Safety) Amendment Regulation 1997
Electricity (Equipment Safety) Regulation 1994
Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 1994
Energy Services Corporations (Savings and Transitional) Regulation 1996
Various State Environmental Planning Policies -
Various Sydney Regional Environmental Plans -
Town and Country Planning (General Interim Development) Ordinance -
Threatened Species Conservation (Savings and Transitional) Regulation 1996

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Code of Practice

Electricity transmission and distribution

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 1 of 45

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 2 of 45

Appendix: Acts, Regulations, Australian Standards, Codes and Guides

SECTION A: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

SECTION B: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO CABLES

SECTION C: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

SECTION D: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO

SECTION E: STANDARDS, CODES AND GUIDES RELATING TO SAFE

SECTION F: RELEVANT ACTS AND REGULATIONS............................................................43

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 3 of 45

The Code was circulated to the following groups prior to finalisation:

Comments are welcome and can be sent to the Department as follows:

Manager, Energy Networks Performance Policy

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 4 of 45

2 APPLICATION AND OBJECTIVES

This Code of Practice is intended to promote common practices in electricity transmission

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 5 of 45

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 6 of 45

Approved means having appropriate organisation endorsement in writing for a specific

AS means an Australian Standard, as published and amended by Standards Australia on

Bare in relation to a conductor means not insulated.

Covered Conductor means a conductor around which is applied a specified thickness of

Covered Conductor (CC) where the nominal covering thickness is independent of

Covered Conductor Thick (CCT) where the nominal covering thickness is

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 7 of 45

De-energised means not connected to a source of electrical supply.

Earthed means electrically connected to the general mass of earth.

Electricity works means any electricity power lines or associated equipment or

Employee means a worker in the employment of an employer (whether under a contract

Exposed conductor means an electrical conductor, approach to which is not prevented

Ground type substation means a semi-enclosed, free standing substation which is

High voltage or HV means a voltage normally exceeding 1,000 volts alternating or

Insulated means separated from adjoining conducting material by a non-conducting

Kiosk type substation means a totally enclosed, free-standing, self-contained

Live means connected to a source of electrical supply or subject to hazardous induced or

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 8 of 45

Network Operator means a Network Operator as defined by The Act.

Pole mounted substation means a substation mounted on one or more poles.

Protective equipment means equipment which is intended to isolate the active

Road means any thoroughfare ordinarily used by vehicular traffic.

Safe means not posing a risk to life, health or property.

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 9 of 45

is constructed or designed or ordinarily used for the supply of electricity at low

Service Provider means a Service Provider as defined in the Code of Practice -

Supply means supply of electricity.

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 10 of 45

5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

All materials used for electricity works, their components, conductors,

5.2.2 Environmental Considerations

the promotion of energy efficiency,

NSW Department of Water and Energy, February 2009 Page 11 of 45

5.2.3 Thermal Ratings

The thermal capacity of electricity works shall be sufficient to pass the

5.2.4 Short Circuit Ratings

The electricity works shall be of sufficient capacity to pass short circuit

5.2.5 Mechanical Loading Conditions

The electricity works shall have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand

5.2.6 Electrical Service Conditions and Physical Environment

In determining the electrical service conditions and the physical environment

5.2.7 Prevention of Unauthorised Access

Electricity works shall be installed in accordance with relevant standards.