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Combined Piled-Raft Foundation (CBRF), Safety Concept
Combined Piled-Raft Foundation (CBRF), Safety Concept
SAFETY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
There are no standards and no design rules for Combined Piled-Raft Foundation
available up to now. The investigation of this problem is just at the beginning.
The common reliability approach for the elaboration of a safety concept for
Combined Piled-Raft Foundation is proposed and future tasks are set.
1 INTRODUCTION
1
Institut fr Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie i. Gr., Universitt Leipzig
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bearing capacity of the piles will be fully used. Since 1984 the following projects
have been built or designed:
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Actually no standards and no definite design strategies are available for the design
and the computation of the Combined Piled-Raft Foundation, so additional
research based on measurements, model tests, and numerical computer
simulations is necessary. It is certain that in the technical and economical sense
the new foundation technology of Combined Piled-Raft Foundation is just at the
beginning of an interesting development.
Some investigations for the design of Combined Piled-Raft Foundation have been
published [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. These reports can be considered as a basis for
further research.
2 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
The purpose of the current research is to investigate the safety concept for
different parts of Combined Piled-Raft Foundation.
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represented by means of the reliability index. This safety level needs to be
accepted by the public.
With the analysis of piled and raft foundations and aspects of the interaction, their
synthesis should be obtained. The available design methods can be investigated
for a new safety and design concept, which should not contradict the current one.
The new concept for Combined Piled-Raft Foundation should ensure the same
reliability level as the existing foundation types and describe the transformation
from piled foundation through Combined Piled-Raft Foundation to pure raft
foundation. If in the future more knowledge of Combined Piled-Raft Foundation
is available, they should be included in the codes.
3 SAFETY CONCEPT
The German code DIN 1054 Permissible Loads on Foundation Soils shows how
strong foundation soil could be loaded in the case of piled and raft foundations.
The code uses the global safety factor which depends on the limit state, the
occurrence probability of the load and the type of foundation. The -factors vary
from 1.05 to 2.0. The upper fractile values of the load are multiplied by global
safety factor. These design values of the load are compared with the expected
resistance (see Figure 3.1.1).
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fR (R)
fR (R), fS (S)
f S (S)
mS S q R q = S q mR R, S
where:
R - resistance
S - action or load (expected action)
Sq - upper fractile value of the load
Rq - lower fractile value of the resistance
f - probability density function
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3.2 Safety Concept for the Combined Piled-Raft Foundation
x Z
fR (R)
f S (S) ( - 1) x S q
mS Sq Rq mR
Load
SLimit,SLS
SLimit,ULS
mR, CBRF
mR, Piles mR, Slab
Settlement
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Here, one can see the mean load settlement curves for:
the sum of the piles,
the slab,
the Combined Piled-Raft Foundation (combination of the piles and the
slab).
Combined Piled-Raft Foundation shall be designed for expected value of the
settlement slimit,ULS for ULS and for slimit,SLS for SLS.
The distance between the mean value of the resistance (mR) and the mean value of
the load (mS) can be defined as x Z , where is the reliability index and Z is
the total standard deviation obtained from the variations of load and resistance.
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Mean value of the resistance is calculated with mS and Z:
m R = mS + Z = mS + ( S2 + R2 , Slab + R2 , Piles )
The distribution of the bearing capacity mR on mR, Slab and mR, Piles corresponds to
load-settlement curves and defines the bearing capacity of the piles and slab and
their design. The design of piles and slab is finally derived from these input data.
with
mR , Friction ( s) = U t m ( s)
mR , Pressure ( s) = A m p ( s)
R , Friction ( s) = U t ( s)
R , Pressure ( s) = A p ( s)
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whereby
s - settlement
mR , Pile ( s) - mean value of pile bearing capacity
R , Pile ( s) - standard deviation of pile bearing capacity
mR , Friction ( s) - mean value of the part of pile bearing
capacity (skin friction)
R , Friction ( s) - standard deviation of the part of pile bearing
capacity (skin friction)
mR , Pressure ( s) - mean value of the part of pile bearing
capacity (point pressure)
R , Pressure ( s) - standard deviation of the part of pile bearing
capacity (point pressure)
m ( s) - mean value of skin friction
( s) - standard deviation of skin friction
m p ( s) - mean value of point pressure
p ( s) - standard deviation of point pressure
U - circumference of pile shaft
t - the length of the pile
A - the area of the pile tip
Generally, the mean value and standard deviation for each settlement depend on
both mean value and standard deviation of pile skin friction and point pressure
p, and on ratio pile skins surface / pile tips surface.
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3.4 Determination of Partial Safety Factors for CBRF
Accordingly to [10, 11], it is possible to consider the partial safety factor of the
resistance R as independent of the partial safety factor of the load S , if values of
sensitivity factors S, R are given.
Rq
S Sq
R
mS + ~S S mR + ~R R
~S = 0,7
~R = -0,8 (see [11, 12]),
whereby
mR = mR , Pile + mR ,Slab
R = R , Pile 2 + R ,Slab 2
Rq , Slab Rq , Pile
S Sq +
R , Slab R , Pile
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whereby
The estimation R,Slab = 1 and R,Pile = 0.4 are very rough. In future research the
real sensitivity factors R should be obtained by Level II Methods of the
reliability analysis (e. g., FORM - First Order Reliability Method) for possible
ratios R Slab / R Pile .
Accordingly to ENV 1991, Part 1 [11] reliability index = 3.83 is used for design
life equals 50 years.
3.5 Conclusions
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solution to this problem should be elaborated with the use of additional data of the
variation of soil properties.
4 LITERATURE
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[7] R. W. Cooke; Piled Raft Foundations on stiff clays-A contribution to
design philosophy, Geotechnique (UK), Vol. 36, No. 2, Mar. 1986, pp.
169-203
[8] J. Hooper; A observation on the behaviour of a Piled Raft Foundation
on London clay., Proceedings, Instit Civil Engr, part 2 (UK), Vol. 55,
Dec. 1973, pp. 855-877
[9] P. Clancy, M. F. Randolph; An approximate analysis procedure for
Piled Raft Foundations., International J. Num. & Anal. Methods in
Geomechn (UK), Vol. 17, No. 12, Dec. 1993, pp. 849-869
[10] General Principles on the Specifications of Safety Requirements for
Structures, 1981, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin
[11] ENV 1991 Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Part 1: Basis
of Design, August 1994
[12] ISO 2394 General Principles on Reliability for Structures, May 1994
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