MATEMATIK

1
Detyra t zgjidhura pregaditje pr provim

Nga: Ermon Cervadiku

[UNIVERSITETI ILIRIA]
 Elementet e algjebrs lineare-Matricat

Veprimet me matrica
Mbledhja e matricave

0 1 2 0 1 0
1. Jan dhn matricat? A , B , C
1 2 0 1 1 2
Njehsoni: b) 2A-2B+C

Zgjidhje:
0 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 4 0 1 0 3 2
1. b) 2 A 2B C 2 2 .
1 2 0 1 1 2 2 4 0 2 1 2 3 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. T kompletohet matrica vijuese?
Nse jan dhn a 21 = 4, a 32 = 5, a 13 = 3, a 23 = 6, a 12 = 7, a 31 = -2.

6 _ _ 6 7 3

A =_ 8 _ Zgjidhje: 2. A 4 8 6 .
_ 9 2 5 9
_
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Gjeni vlerat e ndryshme x,y,z,t q t vrtetojn barazimin?

2x y x 4 4 x y
b) .
z t 1 2t 2 t 3

2x y x 4 4 x y 2x y x 4 4 x y
Zgjidhje: 3. b)
z t 1 2t 2 t 3 z t 1 t 2t 3

Pr ta lehtsuar mnyrn e zgjidhjes s problemit, prej shprehjes s siprme marrim:

I) 2x x 4 x 4 ;

II) y 4 x y y 4 4 y 2 y 0 y 0 ;

III) t 2t 3 t 3 t 3;

IV) z 1 t z 1 3 z 2 .
Pra, parametrat e krkuar q e vrtetojn barazimin jan: x 4; y 0; z 2; t 3;
Prova:
2x y x 4 4 x y 24 0 4 4 4 4 0 8 0 8 0
;
z t 1 2t 2 t 3 2 3 1 2 (3) 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
 Shumzimi i matricave:

4. Matrica A sht e tipit 2x5. Sa duhet t jet numri i shtyllave t matrics B, q t ekzistoj prodhimi B A . Po numri i
rreshtave t matrics C q t ekzistoj prodhimi A C .?

Zgjidhje:
4. Numri i shtyllave t matrics B duhet t jet 2, ndrsa numri i rreshtave t matrics C duhet t jet 5.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Tregoni cilat shumzime jan t mundshme dhe gjeni matricn e prodhimit?

1 2 0 3
1 3 4 2 0 m 0 1 m 0
a) 2 ; e) ; f) 0 1 2 1 1 4 ; h) .
1 5 6 3 3 5 0 1 2 n 1 0 0 m

Zgjidhje:
1
1 3 4
5. a) 2 matrica e par sht e tipit (2x3), ndrsa matrica e dyt sht e tipit (3x1), meq numri i shtyllave t
1 5 6 3

matrics s par sht i barabart me numrin e rreshtave t matrics s dyt ather ekziston mundsia e shumzimit t ktyre
matricave.

1
1 3 4 1 6 12 19
Matrica e prodhimit sht 2 , matric e tipit (2x1)
1 5 6 3 1 10 18 29

2 0
e) matrica e par sht e tipit (2x1), ndrsa matrica e dyt sht e tipit (2x1), meq numri i shtyllave t matrics s
3 5
par nuk sht i barabart me numrin e rreshtave t matrics s dyt ather nuk ekziston as mundsia e shumzimit t ktyre
matricave.

2 0 3

f) 0 1 2 1 1 4 matrica e par sht e tipit (1x3), ndrsa matrica e dyt sht e tipit (3x3), meq numri i shtyllave
0 1 2

t matrics s par sht i barabart numrin e rreshtave t matrics s dyt ather ekziston mund sia e shumzimit t ktyre
matricave.
2 0 3

Dhe prodhimi i ktyre matricave sht: 0 1 2 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 4 1 3 8
0 1 2

Pra, matrica e prodhimit sht 1 3 8 , nj matric e tipit (1x3).

m 0 1 m 0
h) matrica e par sht e tipit (2x2), ndrsa matrica e dyt sht e tipit (2x3), meq numri i shtyllave t
n 1 0 0 m
matrics s par sht i barabart numrin e rreshtave t matrics s dyt ather ekziston mundsia e shumzimit t ktyre
matricave.

Dhe prodhimi i ktyre matricave sht:

m 0 1 m 0 m 0 m 2 0 0 0 m m 2 0


, matric e tipit (2x3).

n 1 0 0 m n 0 nm 0 0 m n nm m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
 Detyra t kombinuara:

6. Kryeni veprimet?
1 5
0 2 1 5 7 1 1
3

a) 4 3 ;d) .
3 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 0

Zgjidhje:
1 5
0 2 1 5 7 0 8 2 0 6 1 5 7 10 5 5 7 5 2
6. a) 4 3 + .
3 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 4 8 15 3 4 3 3 7 22 3 3 10 19

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3

6. d) =
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 (1) 1 1 (1) (1) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 (1) 0 1 1 (1) 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 (1) 1 1 0 (1) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
.
1 (1) 1 1 1 (1) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Jan dhn matricat?

0 1 1 1
A dhe B ;
3 2 2 1
b) Shikoni a vlen barazimi: (A+B) 2 = A2 + B2.

Zgjidhje:

7. b) A B 2 A2 B 2
2
0 1 1 1 0 1 11
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 10 2 2 11 4
I) A B 2

3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 10 1 10 11
0 3 0 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 0 6 2 .
2 2
II) A 2 B 2
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1
0 6 3 4 2 2 2 1 6 7 0 3 6 10

A B 2
411 6 2
dhe A 2 B 2
10 11 6 10
Nga kjo rrjedh q A B A B .
2 2 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
8. Jan dhn matricat:?
1 1 1 0 A 2 B 2 ( A B)( A B) .
A dhe B ; c) Tregoni se:
2 1 2 1
Zgjidhje:

8. c) A 2 B 2 ( A B)( A B)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
2 2
0
I) A B
2 2

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 2 11 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
. .
2 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 4 2

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 4 0 0 4 0
( A B)( A B)
II) .
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 4 0 0 8 0 0 8 0
2 0 4 0
A2 B 2 = dhe ( A B)( A B) =
4 2 8 0
Nga kjo rrjedh q A 2 B 2 ( A B)( A B) .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Njehsoni prcaktort e rendit t dyt?

3 2 a2 a 1 a 1 a
a) ; e) ; f) .
4 1 a 1 1 b b
Zgjidhje:

3 2
9. a) 3 1 (4 2) 3 8 5.
4 1

a2 a 1
e) a 2 1 a 1 a 1 a 2 a 2 a a 1 a 2 a 2 1 1
a 1 1

a 1 a
f) a 1b (b)(a) ab b ab b
b b

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5
 10. Njehsoni prcaktort e rendit t tret nprmjet plotsve algjebrik?
1). T rreshtit t par
2). T rreshtit t dyt
3). T shtylls s tret
3 2 1
b) 0 4 2
1 2 1
Zgjidhje:

10 b) Sipas rreshtit t par:

3 2 1
4 2 0 2 0 4
0 4 2 3(1)11 2(1)1 2 1(1)13
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
3 4 4 2 0 2 0 4 4 4 8 .
Sipas rreshtit t dyt:
3 2 1
2 1 3 1 3 2
0 4 2 0(1) 21 4(1) 2 2 2(1) 23
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
0 4 (3 1) 2 (6 2) 8 16 8 .
Sipas shtylls s tret:
3 2 1
0 4 3 2 3 2
0 4 2 1 (1)13 2(1) 23 1(1) 33
1 2 1 2 0 4
1 2 1
0 4 26 2 12 0 4 16 12 8 .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Njehsoni vlern e prcaktorit:

2 3 1
b) 5 4 0 .
1 2 7

Zgjidhje:
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
11. b) 5 4 0 = 5 4 0 5 4 2 (4) 7 3 0 1 1 5 2 (1 (4) (1)) (2 0 (2) (7 5 3)
1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2
56 0 10 4 0 105 63 .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
12. Duke u mbshtetur n zbrthimin e prcaktorit sipas plotsve algjebrik t nj rreshti ose shtylle, njehsoni
prcaktorin?
1 0 1 2 1
0 4 1 0 1
b) .
2 1 0 1 3
2 1 3 0 1

Zgjidhje: 12. Matrics t dhn n detyr nuk mund tia gjejm prcaktorin meq nuk sht katrore.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Duke zbatuar vetit e prcaktorve njehsoni vlern e prcaktorve:
0 2 4 1 2 3
b) 0 1 2 ; d) x t z .
0 3 5 3x 3 y 3z

Zgjidhje: 13. b) Nse shtylla apo rreshti i nj shtylle sht e barabart me 0 ather prcaktori i asaj matrice sht i barabart
0 2 4
me 0. Shtylla e par e matrics 0 1 2 sht 0 prandaj prcaktori i ksaj matrice sht 0.
0 3 5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matricat inverse dhe ekuacionet matricore

14. Gjeni matricn e adjunguar t ktyre matricave?

3 1 0
2 3
c) ; d) 1 5 1 ;
1 5 2 0 2

Zgjidhje:
2 3
17. c)
1 5
A11 5 A21 (3) 3
A12 (1) 1 A22 2
5 3
adjA .
1 2
3 1 0

d) 1 5 1
2 0 2

A11 5 2 0 1 10 A21 (1 2 0 0) 2 A31 1 1 (5) 0 1
A12 (1 2 2 1) (2 2) 0 A22 3 2 2 0 6 A32 (3 1 1 0) 3
A13 1 0 2 (5) 10 A23 (3 0 2 1) 2 A33 3 5 1 1 16
10 2 1

adjA 0 6 3 .
10 2 16

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7
 3 5 1
2 1 3 1
18. a)
3 5 ; c)
4 5 ; e) 0 2 3 ;
4 1 7

Zgjidhje:
2 1
18. a)
3 5

2 1
det A 2 5 (3 1) 10 3 13
3 5
A11 5 A21 1
A12 3 A22 2
5 1
adjA
3 2
1
A 1 adjA
det A
5 1
1 5 1 13
1
A 13
13 3 2 3 2

13 3
1 1 0
Prova: A A
0 1
5 1 10 3 2 2 13 0
13
1
A A
2 1
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1 0 .
3 5 3 2 15 15 3 10 0 13 0 1

13 3 13 13 13 13 13 13

3 1
c)
4 5
3 1
det A 15 4 19
4 5
A11 5 A21 1
A12 4 A22 3
5 1
adjA
4 3
5 1
1 5 1
1
A 19 19
19 4 3 4 3

19 19
1 1 0
Prova: A A
0 1

8
 5 1 15 4 5 5 19
3 1 0 1 0
1
A A 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 .
4 3 4 5 12 12 4 15 19 0 1
0
19 19 19 19 19 19 19

3 5 1

e) 0 2 3
4 1 7

3 5 1
det A 0 2 3 3(14 3) 5 12 8 33 60 8 35
4 1 7
A11 14 3 11 A21 36 A31 17
A12 12 A22 17 A32 9
A13 8 A23 23 A33 6
11 36 17

adjA 12 17 9
8 23 6

11 36 17

11 36 17 35 35 35
1 17
17 9
12 9
A 1 12
35 35 35 35
8 23 6 8 23 6

35 35 35
1 0 0
1

1

Prova: A A A A 0 1 0
0 0 1

11 36 17 33 68 55 72 17 11 108 119

35 35 25 3 5 1 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
12 17 9
A 1 A 0 2 3 =
36 36 60 34 9 12 51 63

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
8 23 6 4 1 7 24 24 40 46 6 8 69 42

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
35 0 0

35 35 35 1 0 0
0 35 0 0 1 0 .
35 35 35
0
0 35 0 0 1

35 35 35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9
19. Njehsoni A 2 nse:
2 1 1

A 1 0 2 .
3 1 2

Zgjidhje:
2 1 1

19. A 1 0 2
3 1 2

2
A2 A1 A1 A1
2 1 12 1
det A 1 0 2 1 0 6 1 4 2 1
3 1 23 1
A11 0 2 2 A21 (2 1) 1 A31 2
A12 (2 6) 4 A22 4 3 1 A32 (4 1) 3
A13 1 A23 (2 3) 1 A33 1
2 1 2 2 1 2
11
A 4 1 3 4 1 3
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 3 3

1 1
A A 4 1 3 4 1 3 = 8 4 3 4 1 3 8 3 3 = 7 6 8 .
1
1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. Njehsoni f ( A) A 2 5 A A 1 nse:
2 5 7

A 6 3 4 .
5 2 3

Zgjidhje:
20. f ( A) A 2 5 A A 1
2 5 7

A 6 3 4 .
5 2 3

2 5 7 2 5 7 4 30 35 10 15 14 14 20 21

I) A 6
2
3 4 6 3 4 = 12 18 20 30 9 8 42 12 12
5 2 3 5 2 3 10 12 15 25 6 6 35 8 9

*
69 11 13

A 50
2
31 42
17 25 36

10
 7 10 25 35
**
2 5

II) -5A= 5 6 3 4 30 15 20
5 2 3 25 10 15

1
III) A 1 adjA
det A
2 5 7 2 5
det A 6 3 4 6 3 18 100 84 105 16 90 1
5 2 35 2
A11 9 8 1 A21 (15 14 ) 1 A31 20 21 1
A12 18 20 38 A22 6 35 41 A32 (8 42 ) 34
A13 12 15 27 A23 (4 25 ) 29 A33 6 30 24
1 1 1

adjA 38 41 34
27 29 24

1 1 1 1
***
1 1
1 1
A 38 41 34 38 41 34
1
27 29 24 27 29 24
1 0 0
1 1

Prova: A A A A 0 1 0
0 0 1

1 1 1 2 5 7

A A = 38 41 34 6 3
1
4 =
27 29 24 5 2 3

265 532 743 1 0 0

= 76 246 170 190 123 68 266 164 102 0 1 0
54 174 120 135 87 48 189 116 72 0 0 1

f ( A) A 2 5 A A 1 =
69 11 13 10 25 35 1 1 1 60 15 21

= 50 31 42 + 30 15 20 + 38 41 34 = 18 57 12 .
17 25 36 25 10 15 27 29 24 15 6 75

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11
 3x 1 3 x2 4 1
15. Zgjidhni ekuacionet? c) d) 0
x 2x 3 2 x2 x 1
Zgjidhje:
3x 1 3
15. c)
x 2x 3 2
3
3x(2 x 3) x
2
3
6x 2 9x x / 2
2
12x 2 16x 3
12x 2 16x 3 0
16 256 144 16 400 16 20
x1 / 2
24 24 24
16 20 36 3 16 20 4 1
x1 dhe x 2 .
24 24 2 24 24 6

x2 4 1
d) 0
x 2 x 1
( x 2 4)( x 1) ( x 2) 0
( x 2)( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2) 0
( x 2)[(x 2)( x 1) 1] 0
x 2 0 ( x 2)( x 1) 1 0
x1 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 1 0
x 2 3x 3 0
3 9 12 3 3
x2 / 3
2 2
3 3 3 3
x2 x3 .
2 2
Zgjidhje e vetme reale sht zgjidhja e par , prndryshe dy zgjidhjet e fundit jan komplekse.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12
 - Sistemet e ekuacioneve lineare -

1. Zgjidhni sistemin?
x 2y 5
a)
3x 4 y 5
Zgjidhje:

Zgjidhja e sistemit me metodn e Kramerit:

x 2y 5
a)
3x 4 y 5
1 2
D= 4 6 10
3 4
5 2
Dx= 20 10 10
5 4
1 5
Dy= 5 15 20
3 5
Dx 10 Dy 20
X 1; Y 2;
D y 10 D 10
b) Zgjidhja e sistemit prmes metods s Gausit:
x 2y 5

3x 4 y 5
Ekuacionin e par e shumzojm me numrin 3 dhe ekuacionin e fituar e mbledhim me ekuacionin e dyt.
3x 6 y 15
Pra, 10 y 20 y 2
3x 4 y 5
x 2 2 5 x 5 4 x 1
c) Zgjidhja e sistemit prmes matrics:
3x 6 y 15

3x 4 y 5
1 2 x 5

3 4 y 5
1
1 2 1 2 x
Shumzojm nga ana e majt me meq matrica gjendet n ann e majt t ; prandaj,
3 4 3 4 y
1
1 2 1 2 x 5

3 4 3 4 y 5
1 1 **
1 2 1 2 x 1 2 5

3 4 3 4 y 3 4 5

13
 2 1
5
1
1 2 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
5 , ngase det sht: 4 1 3 2 10 , adj
3 4 =
3 4 10 3 1

3 1
3 4 3 4
10 10
4 2
, ngase a11 4 a 21 2
3 1
a12 3 a22 1

4 2 2 1
10 10 5
1
1 2 1 4 2
5
3 4 10 3 1 3 1 3 1

10 10 10 10
2 1 2 1
1 2 x 5 **
5 5 = 5 5
3 1 3 4 y 3 1 5

10 10 10 10
10 5
1 0 x 5 5 x 1
x 1 dhe y 2
0 1 y 15 5 y 2

10 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 x ay 1
2. T caktohet vlera e parametrave a dhe b ashtu q sistemi:
6x 4 y b
a) t ket vetm nj zgjidhje;
b) t ket pa fund shum zgjidhje;
c) t mos ket zgjidhje;

Zgjidhje:

3x ay 1
2.
6x 4 y b
3 a 1 a 3 1
D 12 6a Dx 4 a b Dy 3b 6
6 4 b 4 6 b
Dx 4 ab Dy 3b 6
X Y
D 12 6a D 12 6a

1. Q t ket vetm nj zgjidhje sistemi, duhet t plotsohet kushti: D 0 , pr fardo Dx, Dy.
meq D 12 6a 12 6a 0 6a 12 a 2 .

2. Q t ket pafund shum zgjidhje, duhet t plotsohet kushti: D 0, Dx 0, D y 0;

D=12+6a=0 dhe Dx=4+ab=0 Dy=3b-6=0
6a=-12 4-2b=0 3b=6
a=-2 -2b=-4 b=2
b=2; Pra, a=-2, dhe b=2

3. Q t mos ket zgjidhje sistemi, duhet t plotsohet kushti: D=0, dhe mjafton vetm njra D x 0 , ose Dy 0
D 0 12 6a 0 6a 12 a 2

14
 Dx 0 4 ab 0 4 2b 0 2b 4 b 2
7. Me metodn e Gausit t zgjidhen kto sisteme ekuacionesh?
4 x1 2 x 2 x3 2
b) 3x1 2 x 2 3x3 5
x1 4 x 2 4 x3 3
Zgjidhje:

4 x1 2 x 2 x3 2

b) 3 x1 2 x 2 3 x3 5
x1 4 x 2 4 x3 3
x1 4 x 2 4 x3 3 x1 4 x 2 4 x3 3

3x1 2 x 2 3x3 5 III/(-3)+II

14x2 15x3 4***
III/(-3) 3x1 12 x 2 12 x3 9

4 x1 2 x2 x3 2 III/(-4) +I
18x2 15x3 10*
III/(-4) 4 x1 16 x 2 16 x3 12
***
/(1) 14 x 2 15 x3 4
18 x 2 15 x3 10
3
***
/(1) * 4 x 2 6 x 2
2

3
14 15 x3 4 *** 7 (3) 15 x3 4 15 x3 21 4 15 x3 17
2
17
x3
15
3 17 68 68 45 68 23
x1 4 4 3 x1 3 6 x1 3 x1 x1
2 15 15 15 15 15

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15
10. Pr far vlere t parametrit sistemi homogjen ?
3x y z 0
x y 2z 0
x y (1 ) z 0

Zgjidhje:
3x y z 0

10.) x y 2 z 0
x y (1 ) z 0

Ka zgjidhje prve zgjidhjes triviale dhe cilat jan ato.

Q sistemi t ket zgjidhje tjera prve zgjidhjes triviale ather duhet t plotsohet kushti: D=0

3 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 1
D 1 1 2 3 3(1 2 ) 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
3(1 3 ) 2 3 9 2 7 3 , D=0 7 3 0
3
7 3
7
Zgjidhjet e tjera te sistemit jan: x k ; y 5k ; z 2k ; ngase:
3x y z 0 3x y z

x y 2 z 0 x y 2 z
3 1 z 1 3 z
D 3 1 2; Dx z 2 z z; D y 6 z z 5 z
1 1 2z 1 1 2z

Dx z z Dy 5z 5z
X Y
D 2 2 D 2 2
z
k xk y 5k z 2k
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16
 Funksionet

1
1. Njehsoni? f (0), f (3) , f , nse f ( x) 3 x 2 5 x 4
5
Zgjidhje:
1. f ( x) 3x 2 5 x 4
f (0) 3 0 2 5 0 4 3 0 5 0 4 0 0 4 4.
f (3) 3(3) 2 5 (3) 4 3 9 15 4 27 15 4 46 .
3 125 128
2
1 1 1 1 3
f 3 5 4 3 1 4 5 .
5 5 5 25 25 25 25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 x , 1 x 0

2. sht dhn funksioni: f (x) 2, 0 x 1
2 x , 1 x 3

Njehsoni f (0), f (0.5), f (3)

Zgjidhje:
2 x , 1 x 0

2) f (x) 2, 0 x 1
2 x , 1 x 3

f (0) 2 .
1
1 1
f (0.5) 2 2
1
.
2
2
2
1 1
f (3) 2 3 3 .
2 8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x 1
3. Njehsoni f (a 1) , nse f ( x)
x3 1
x 1
Zgjidhje: 3. f ( x)
x3 1
a 11 a2 a2 a2
f (a 1) 3 3 .
(a 1) 1 a 3a 3a 1 1 a 3a 3a a(a 3a 3)
3 2 2 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5x 2 1
4. Njehsoni f (3x), 3 f ( x) , nse f ( x)
2 x
5x 2 1
Zgjidhje: 4. f ( x )
2 x
5(3x) 2 1 5 9 x 2 1 45 x 2 1
f (3x) .
2 3x 2 3x 2 3x
5 x 2 1 15 x 2 3
3 f ( x) 3 .
2 x 2 x
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17
 5. Gjeni zonn e prcaktimit t ktyre funksioneve
2x
a) f ( x) x 3 7 x 2 5 x 4; d) f ( x)
x 92

x5
b) f ( x) 5 3x; e) f ( x) 2
x 1
c) f ( x) x 1 6 x; f) f ( x) 9 x 2

Zgjidhje:
5. a) f ( x) x 3 7 x 2 5 x 4
X (,)

b) f ( x ) 5 3x
5 5
5 3x 0 3x 5 / (1) x X , .
3 3
c) f ( x ) x 1 6 x
x 1 0 6 x 0 x 1 x 6 /(1) x 1 x 6

x 1,6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2x
d) f ( x)
x 9 2

x 9 0 x 3 x 3 0 x 3 0 x 3 0
2

x 3 x 3
x ,3 3,3 3,
x5
e) f ( x) 2
x 1
x 1 0 x 2 1 x 1 x i. x ,
2

f) f ( x) 9 x 2
9 x 2 0 3 x 0 3 x 0 3 x 0 3 x 0
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3

x 3,3
-3 0 3 x

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
 6. Cilat prej funksioneve vijuese jan ifte, cilat teke e cilat nuk jan as ifte e as teke:
1 x
a) f ( x) x 4 5 x 2 1; d) f ( x) ln ;
1 x
ax 1
b) f ( x) 2 x 5 x 3 ; e) f ( x) x ;
a 1
x3
c) f ( x) ;
x2 1
Zgjidhje:
6. a) f ( x) x 4 5 x 2 1
f ( x) x 5 x 1 x 4 5 x 2 1 f ( x) x 4 5 x 2 1 sht ift, d.m.th. ky funksion sht simetrik ndaj
4 2

boshtit t ordinats.

b) f ( x) 2 x 5 x 3
5 3

f ( x) 2 x x 2 x 5 x 3 2 x 5 x 3 f ( x) 2 x 5 x 3 sht tek, d.m.th. ky funksion sht
simetrik ndaj origjins s sistemit koordinativ x0y.

x3
c) f ( x)
x2 1

f ( x)
x 3
x3

x3
f ( x)
x3
sht tek
x 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x2 1

1 x
d) f ( x) ln
1 x
1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
f ( x) ln ln ln f ( x) ln sht tek.
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x

ax 1
e) f ( x ) x
a 1
1 1 ax
a x 1 a x
f ( x) x
1 x
a x x
ax 1 ax

ax 1

ax 1
a 1 1
1
1 a a 1 ax a x 1
a x 1
ax ax
ax 1
f ( x) x sht tek.
a 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19
 7. Gjeni funksionet inverse t ktyre funksioneve?
a) y 2 x 7; c) y 3
x 2;
2x
b) y x2 ; d) y ;
1 2x
Zgjidhje:
7. a) y 2x 7
y7 x7
y 7 2x x y .
2 2

b) y x2
x y y x.

c) y 3
x 2 / 3 y 3 x 2 x y 3 2 y x 3 2.

2x
d) y
1 2x
y
2x

/ 1 2 y 1 2
x
x
2x

1 2 x y y2 x 2 x 2 x y2 x y
1 2 x
1 2 x

2 x 1 y y 2 x
y y y
/ log 2 log 2 2 x log 2 x log 2 2 log 2
1 y 1 y 1 y
y x
x log 2 y log 2 .
1 y 1 x
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20
 Limiti i vargut

T njehsohen limitet:
n 1 n 1
3 3
7n 5 5n 2 7 n 4
1. lim 2. lim 5. lim
n 2n 2 3n 1
n 1 n 1
n n 2 2
2n

n3 7 n 4 3
n 3 3n 5 n2 7n 5
6. lim 7. lim 8. lim
n n 2 2n 5 n n 1 n 3n 4

10. lim n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
n

Zgjidhje:

5 5 5
n7 7 7
7n 5 70 7 .
lim lim
n n
1. lim
n 2n n 2n n 2 2 2 2

7 4 7 4
n2 5 2 5 2
5n 7 n 4 n n 5 0 0 5
2
lim
n n
2. lim lim .
n 2n 2 3n 1 n
2 3 1 n 3 1 2 0 0 2
n 2 2 2 2
n n n n

lim
n 1 n 1
3 3

lim

n3 3n 2 3n 1 n3 3n 2 3n 1 n 3
3n 2 3n 1 n3 3n 2 3n 1

n 1 n 1 n 2 2n 1 n 2 2n 1 2n 2 2
n 2 2 n

5. 2 2
2n 2 3 2 3 2
6n 2 2
n n 3 0 3.
lim 2 lim lim
n 2n 2 1 2 1 0
n 1 n 1
2n 2 1 2
n n
7 4 7 4
n2 n 2 n 2
n 7n 4
3
n n
lim
n n
6. lim 2 lim .
n n 2n 5
2 2 5 n 2 5 1
n
n 1 2 3 1 2 3
n n n n

3 5
n3 1 2 3
n 3n 5
3 3
n 3n 5 3
n 3n 5 3
n n
7.lim lim 3 lim 3 3 lim 3
n 1 n 1 n 3n 3n 1 n 3 3 3 1
n n 3 n 2
n 1 2 3
n n n

3 5
3 1
n 2
n 1 0 0 1
lim 3 3 3 3 1 1.
n 3 3 1
1 2 3 1 0 0 0 1
n n n

21
 7 5
n 2 1 2
n 7n 5
2
n 7n 5 2
n 7n 5 n n
2
8.lim lim lim lim
3n 4 3n 4 n 9n 24n 16 n n2 9 24 162
n n 2 2

n n

7 5
1 2 1 0 0
lim
n n 1 1
.
n 24 16 900 9 3
9
n n2

n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
lim n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2 lim n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
10. n n
n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2

2 2

lim
n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
lim

n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
n
n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2 n
n 2 3n 5 n 2 7n 2

n2 3n 5 n2 7n 2 4n 3
lim lim
n
n 3n 5 n 7n 2
2 2 n
n 3n 5 n 2 7n 2
2

4n 3 4n 3
lim lim
n n
3 5 7 2 3 5 7 2
n 2 1 2 n 2 1 2 n 1 2 n 1 2
n n n n n n n n

3 3
n4 4
n n 40
lim lim
n
3 5 7 2 n 3 5 7 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
n 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
n n n n n n n n
4
2.
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

22
 Derivati i funksionit

1. Gjeni derivatin e ktyre funksioneve? y x3 2 x 2 7 x 5 ; a)

1 1 1 1
b) y x 7 x x ; c) y 3 x 2 x 3 ; d) y 3 ;
2 3 2 5
3 2
x x x x x
3x 7

e) y x2 7 x 4 3x 2 ; f) y x3 7 x x5 5x 2 ; g) y
5x 4
;
h) y x 3x 7 ;
5
2

Zgjidhje:

y ' x3 2 x 2 7 x 5 x3 2 x 2 7 x 5 3x31 2 2 x 21 7 1x11 3x2 4 x1 7 x0 3x 2 4 x 7
' ' ' ' '
1. a)
'
1 1' x 1 x ' 1 12 1
' '
2
1
1
b) y x 7 x x x 7 x x 2 2 x 7
' '
' 2
x
x x x2 2
0 x 11 1 12 1 1 1 1
2x 7 2
x 2x 7 2 1 2x 7 2 .
x 2 x x 2 x
2x 2

'
1 23 52 1 x 1 x
' ' 3 3 ' '
3 2
c) y 3 x 2 x 3 3x 2 x
' 5

x x6

'
5 32 1 x 1 x
' 3 3
2 13 2 3x 2 2 3
3 x 2 x 6
3
5 x 3
6
3 5 x3 4 .
3 2 x x x x x

2 4
' 2 1 4 1 '
x3 x3
1 1
1 1 1
'
1 2 x 3
4 x 3
'
d) y = + 3 = 2 = 3 +
+ 3 2 = 4 8 =
x x 3
2 1
x
3 2
x 23 43 3 3 3 3
x x3
x x
x x

2 4 x3
2 4 2 2
4 1 1 .

3 8 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 2
3x 3 x 3 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x x

y ' x 2 7 x 4 3 x 2 x 2 7 x 4 3 x 2 x 2 7 x 4 3 x 2
' ' '
e)

2 x 7 3x 2 x2 7 x 4 3 6 x 2 4 x 21x 14 3x 2 21x 12 9 x 2 46 x 26

'
y ' x 3 7 x x 5 5 x 2 x 3 7 x x 5 5 x 2 x 3 7 x x 5 5 x 2
' '
f)

3x2 7 x5 5x2 x3 7 x 5x4 10 x 3x7 15x4 7 x5 35x2
5x 10 x 35x 70 x 8x 42 x 25x4 105x 2 .
7 4 5 2 7 5

3 x 7 3 x 7 5 x 4 3 x 7 5 x 4 3 5 x 4 3 x 7 5
' ' '
15 x 12 15 x 35 47
g) y
'
.
5x 4 5x 4 5x 4 5x 4 5x 4
2 2 2 2

x
'
y ' x 2 3x 7 5 x 2 3x 7
51
3x 7 5 x 2 3x 7 2 x 3 .
5 ' 4
2
h)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23
 Interesi i prbr, renta dhe miza

1. N qoft se kapitali prej 1500 eurosh deponohet n bank e cila e llogarit interesin vjetor prej 7%. Sa do t jet
vlera e kapitalit pas 9 viteve?

Zgjidhje:
1. K 1500 p 7% n 9 K9 ? m 1
nm 91 9
p 7 7
1500 1 0.07 1500 1.07
9
K nm K 1 K9 1500 1 1500 1
9

100 m 100 1 100

1500 1.838459212 2757.69 ;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Sa sht norma vjetore e kamats q llogarit banka n qoft se kapitali prej 175 000 eurosh pas 5 viteve bhet
235 000 euro?

Zgjidhje:
2. p ? K 175000 n 5 K5 235000 m 1
n m 51 5
p p p
K nm K 1 K 51 K 1 K 5 K 1 K
100 m 100 1 100
5
K p K5 p K p
5 1
5
5 1 5 5 1 100
K 100 K 100 K 100
235000
p 100 5 1 100 5

1.342857143 1 100 1.060732713 1
175000
100 0.060732713 6% .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24
3. Sa t holla duhet depozituar n bank sot, e cila llogarit kamatn prej 8% n vit, ashtu q n 10 vitet e ardhshme t
merret?
a) rent vjetore prej 1000 euro n fund t do viti;
b) rent semestrale prej 1500 euro n fillim t do semestri;
c) rent tremujore prej 700 n fillim t do tremujori.

Zgjidhje:
3. a) M ? p 8% n 10 R 1000 m 1 n fund
nm
r 1 1.08101 1 1.0810 1 2.158924997-1
M R nm 1000 1000 1000
r r 1 1.08 1.08 1
101
1.08 1.08 1
10
2.158924997 0.08
1.158924997
= 1000 1000 6.710081777 6710.08 ;
0.172713999
p 8
r 1 1 1 0.08 1.08
100 100

b) M ? p 8% n 10 R 1500 m 2 n fillim
p 8
r 1 1 1 0.04 1.04
100 m 100 2
r nm 1 1.04102 1 1.0420 1 2.191123143-1
M R nm1 1500 1500 1500 =
r r 1 1.04 1021
1.04 1 1.04 0.04
19
2.106849176 0.04
1.191123143
1500 1500 14.13393941=21200.91 ;
0.084273967

c) M ? p 8% n 10 R 700 m 4 n fillim

p 8
r 1 1 1 0.02 1.02
100 m 100 4
r nm 1 1.02104 1 1.0240 1 2.208039664-1
M R 700 700 700
r nm 1
r 1 1.02104 1
1.02 1 1.02 0.02
39
2.164744768 0.02
1.20804
700 700 27.90259361=19531.81 ;
0.0432949

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25
4. Sot depozitojm n bank 50 000 euro e cila llogarit kamat prej 7%. Sa do t jet renta ns e ajo merret brenda
pes vitesh?
a) n fillim t do viti;
b) n fund t do viti;
c) n fillim t do katr mujori;
d) n fund t do katr mujori.

Zgjidhje:
4. a) M 50000 p 7% R ? n 5 m 1 n fillim t do viti

RM
r nm 1
r 1 50000 1.07 511
1.07 1 50000 1.074 1.07 1
r n m 1 1.0751 1 1.075 1

1.31079601 0.07 0.091755721

= 50000 50000 50000 0.227953197=11397.66 ;
1.402551731-1 0.402551731
p 7 7
r 1 1 1 1 0.07 1.07
100 m 100 1 100

b) M 50000 p 7% R ? n 5 m 1 n fund t do viti

r nm r 1 1.0751 1.07 1 1.075 1.07 1
RM 50000 50000
r nm 1 1.0751 1 1.075 1
1.402551731 0.07 0.098178621
= 50000 50000 50000 0.243890693 12194.53 ;
1.402551731 1 0.402551731

c) M 50000 p 7% R ? n 5 m 3 n fillim t do katr mujori

r nm 1 r 1 1.023531 1.023 1 1.02314 1.023 1 1.374861251 0.023
RM n m
50000 53
50000 50000
r 1 1.023 1 1.023 1
15
1.40648306 1
0.031621808
50000 50000 0.77793669 3889.68
0.40648306

p 7
r 1 1 1 0.023 1.023
100 m 100 3

d) M 50000 p 7% R ? n 5 m 3 n fund t do katr mujori

r nm r 1 1.02315 1.023 1 1.40648306 0.023
RM nm
50000 50000
r 1 1.023 1 15
1.40648306 1
0.03234911
50000 50000 0.079582923 3979.15 ;
0.40648306

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26
 FORMULAT E NEVOJSHME GJAT PROVIMIT

Formulat e Kramer-it:
Dx Dy Dz
x , y , z .
D D D
Funksionet:
b b b b 2 4ac
xk f ( xk ) f ( ) x1 / 2
2a 2a 2a
x 0 funksioni sht x0 funksioni sht
Asimptotat:
lim f ( x) L asimptota horizontale
x

lim f ( x) asimptota vertikale (x0 pika ku ssht i prkufizuar f-oni!)

x x0

f ( x)
y kx l asimptota e pjerrt, ku k lim dhe l lim [ f ( x) kx]
x x x

Monotonia:
f ' ( x) 0 funksioni sht f ' ( x) 0 funksioni sht
Konkaviteti, konveksiteti:
f '' ( x ) 0 funksioni sht -konkav f '' ( x) 0 funksioni sht -konveks
Matematika financiare:
Interesi i thjesht
Kp Kp Kp Kp
i t i n (n vite) i m (n muaj) i d (n dit)
100 100 1200 36000
Interesi i prbr
p n p
K n K (1 ) K n K (1 ) n m
100 100 m
Depozita anticipative Depozita dekurzive
r (r 1)n
r n 1 p
Sa K Sd K r 1
r 1 r 1 100
r (r nm 1) r nm 1 p
Sa K Sd K r 1
r 1 r 1 100m
Renta anticipative Renta dekurzive
r n 1 r n 1 p
M R M R r 1
r n1 (r 1) r n (r 1) 100
r nm 1 r nm 1 p
M R M R r 1
r nm1 (r 1) r nm (r 1) 100m
Huaja, anuiteti...
r n 1 r n (r 1)
H a aH
r n (r 1) r n 1
Plani i amortizimit
Periudhat e Shuma e Intere Ksti
pagess borxhit si
H n H n 1 bn 1 p bn a i n
n in H n
100

27