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General Calculations Rev 4 PDF
General Calculations Rev 4 PDF
Excerpt
from
PRYSMIANS
WIRE AND CABLE
ENGINEERING GUIDE
5000 4904
The above formulas apply directly for single- V = (100) = 1.96%
phase lines when resistance and reactance 4904
are loop values and voltage is voltage
between lines. Approximate Formula:
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Desired Two-Phase* Three-Phase
Single-Phase
Data Four-Wire (per phase)
Amperes when kVA 1000 kVA 1000 kVA 1000
kVA is known E 2E 3 E
Amperes when kW 1000 kW 1000 kW 1000
kilowatts is known E pf 2 E pf 3 E pf
Amperes when hp 746 hp 746 hp 746
horsepower is known E % Eff pf 2 E % Eff pf 3 E % Eff pf
IE I E 2 IE 3
Kilovolt-Amperes 1000 1000 1000
I E pf I E 2 pf I E 3 pf
Kilowatts
1000 1000 1000
I E % Eff pf I E 2 % Eff pf I E 3 % Eff pf
Horsepower
746 746 746
In three-wire, two-phase balanced circuits, the current in the common conductor is 2 times
that in either of the other conductors.
1 1.73 0.866
* Where it is not definitely specified that a line operates as an isolated single- or two-phase system, it will
be considered as a branch of a 100% insulation level three-phase circuit, and the rating will be the line-
to-line voltage of this 100% insulation level three-phase circuit.
A
Total Loss:
A
( XM )
2
2 P = RS / Y
2I R
( RS) + ( XM )
S 2 2
Q = RS / Z
Equilateral Phase A, B & C:
C 2
I R
( XM )2
S
( RS) + ( XM )
S 2 2
Phase A, B & C: IXM
A B
Total Loss:
( XM )
S 2
2
3I R
( RS) + ( XM )
S 2 2
Rectangular Phase A & C: Phase A & C:
2 ( P2 + 3Q2) 2 3 ( P Q) + 4
I 3 Y + X I R
C 2 A 2
4 ( P + 1) ( Q + 1)
S
M 2
2 2
S
2
Y = xM + A/2
A B Phase B:
Phase B: IXM 2 I Z = xM - A/6
I R
S S 2
Q +1
Total Loss:
2 2
P +Q +2
3 I R
2
S 2 ( 2 )(
2 P + 1 Q + 1 )
Formulae continued on Next Page.
S
Flat
S
2
(
I 3 Y + X
M
A )2 Y = xM + A
2
A B C Z = xM - A/3
Phase B: IXM
Phase A & C:
2-Circuit, No Phase Phase A & C:
I R
2 ( )
P2 + 3Q2 2 3 ( P Q) + 4
Rotation 2 S
2 ( 2
4 P + 1 Q + 1 )(
)
I 3 Y + X B
2
A B C M
2 Y = xM + A + B/2
2
Phase B:
S S 2 I
I R Z = xM + A/3 - B/6
S 2
I X + Q +1
A
A B C
Phase B: M 2
Total Loss:
2-Circuit, Phase Phase A & C: 2
P +Q +2
2
3 I R
2
Rotation
I 3 Y + X
2
B
2 S 2 ( 2
2 P + 1 Q + 1 )( )
A B C M
2
Y = xM + A - B/2
2
S S Z = xM + A/3 - B/6
I X
A
+
C B A Phase B: M 2
Fax: 1.803.951.1142
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Phone: 1.800.845.8507
10 AWG 10 AWG
www.na.prysmian.com/energy
Lexington, South Carolina 29072
8 AWG 8 AWG
6 AWG 10 60 30 16 8 4 2 1 6 AWG
0 cy cy cy cy cy cy
cy cyc cle cle cle cle cle cle
cle les s s s - s s
s - - - 0 - 0 - 0
-0
.0
-1 1. 0. 0. .1 .0 .0 16
4 AWG .6 00 50 26 33 66 33 7 4 AWG
66 00 00 67 3 7 3
7 se se sec sec sec
se
co
se sec
co o c on con ond ond o nd nd
nd nds ds ds s s s s
s
2 AWG 2 AWG
1 AWG 1 AWG
1/0 AWG 1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG 2/0 AWG
Conductor - Aluminum
3/0 AWG Thermoset Insulations
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG Rated for 90C 4/0 AWG
250 kcm Maximum Continuous Operation 250 kcm
Curves Based on Formula:
06/21/2006
Revision 4
Page 11 of 20
General Calculations
Short Circuit Current (thousands of amperes)
Fax: 1.803.951.1142
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Phone: 1.800.845.8507
10 AWG 10 AWG
www.na.prysmian.com/energy
Lexington, South Carolina 29072
8 AWG 8 AWG
6 AWG 10 60 30 16 8 4 2 1 6 AWG
0 cy cy cy cy cy cy
cy cyc
cle le cle cle
cle
s
cle
s
cle
s
cle
s s s s -0 -0 -0 -0
- 1 - 1. -0 -0 . . . .0
4 AWG .6 0 .5 .2 13 06 03 16
4 AWG
66 000 00 66 33 67 33 7
7 0 7 se se se se
se s ec sec s ec co co co co
co on on on nd nd nd nd
nd ds ds ds s s s s
2 AWG s
2 AWG
1 AWG 1 AWG
1/0 AWG 1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG 2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG Conductor - Copper
Thermoset Insulations
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG Rated for 90C 4/0 AWG
250 kcm Maximum Continuous Operation 250 kcm
Curves Based on Formula:
350 kcm I2 (T2 + 234.5) 350 kcm
t = 0.0297 log
A2 (T1 + 234.5)
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
500 kcm A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils 500 kcm
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T 1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (90C)
T 2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
750 kcm 750 kcm
1000 kcm 1000 kcm
06/21/2006
Revision 4
Page 12 of 20
General Calculations
Short Circuit Current (thousands of amperes)
Fax: 1.803.951.1142
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Phone: 1.800.845.8507
10 AWG 10 AWG
www.na.prysmian.com/energy
Lexington, South Carolina 29072
8 AWG 8 AWG
6 AWG 10 60 30 16 8 4 2 1 6 AWG
0 cy cy cy cy cy cy
cy cyc cle cle cle cle
cle le cle cle s s s
s s s s - - - -0
-1 - 1. - 0. - 0. 0.1 0.0 0.0 .0
16
4 AWG .6
66
00
00
50
00
26
67
33
3
66
7
33
3 7 4 AWG
7 se se se se se
se
se sec co co c on c on con
co
nd
co on nd nd ds ds ds s
nd ds s s
s
2 AWG 2 AWG
1 AWG 1 AWG
1/0 AWG 1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG 2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG Conductor - Aluminum
Thermoset Insulations
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG Rated for 105C 4/0 AWG
250 kcm Maximum Continuous Operation 250 kcm
Curves Based on Formula:
350 kcm I2 (T2 + 228.1) 350 kcm
t = 0.0125 log
A2 (T1 + 228.1)
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
500 kcm A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils 500 kcm
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (105C)
T2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
750 kcm 750 kcm
1000 kcm 1000 kcm
06/21/2006
Revision 4
Page 13 of 20
General Calculations
Short Circuit Current (thousands of amperes)
Fax: 1.803.951.1142
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Phone: 1.800.845.8507
10 AWG 10 AWG
www.na.prysmian.com/energy
Lexington, South Carolina 29072
8 AWG 8 AWG
6 AWG 10 60 30 16 8 4 2 1 6 AWG
0 cy cy cy cy cy cy
cy cyc cle cle cle cle
cle le cle cle s s s
s s s s - - - -0
-1 - 1. - 0. - 0. 0 .1 0 .0 0 .0 .0
4 AWG 16
.6
66
00
00
50
00
26
67
33
3
66
7
33
3 7 4 AWG
7 se se sec s ec sec
se
co
se sec
co on c on con ond ond o nd nd
nd ds ds ds s s s s
2 AWG s
2 AWG
1 AWG 1 AWG
1/0 AWG 1/0 AWG
2/0 AWG 2/0 AWG
3/0 AWG Conductor - Copper
Thermoset Insulations
3/0 AWG
4/0 AWG Rated for 105C 4/0 AWG
250 kcm Maximum Continuous Operation 250 kcm
Curves Based on Formula:
350 kcm I2 (T2 + 234.5) 350 kcm
t = 0.0297 log
A2 (T1 + 234.5)
Where:
I = Short Circuit, Amperes
500 kcm A = Conductor Area, Circular Mils 500 kcm
t = Time of Short Circuit, Seconds
T 1 = Maximum Operating Temperature (105C)
T 2 = Maximum Short Circuit Temperature (250C)
750 kcm 750 kcm
1000 kcm 1000 kcm
06/21/2006
Revision 4
Page 14 of 20
General Calculations
Shield Short Circuit Current MA
I=
Formula N
60
The following simplified formula may be
used to calculate allowable sheath currents Where:
(based on ICEA P-45-482):
I = Short circuit current, amperes
1. The maximum time that a given short- A = Shield Area in cmils
circuit current can flow in a given shield N = Number of cycles
or sheath, or M = See Tables on next page
2. The maximum short-circuit current that The final temperature the shield or sheath
can flow in a given shield or sheath for a can reach without damaging the adjacent
given time, or materials limits allowable shield or sheath
currents. This limiting temperature is defined
3. The effective cross-sectional area of a in ICEA P-45-482 as the variable T2.
shield or sheath needed to withstand a Various values of T2 are listed below. For
given short-circuit current for a given greater detail in regards to the calculation
time. please refer to ICEA P-45-482.
Cable Material in T2
Contact with Shield or (C)
Sheath
NOTE: The material in contact with the shield or sheath shall limit the temperature of the
shield or sheath. For example, a cable having a crosslinked semi-conducting shield under
the metallic shield and a crosslinked jacket over the metallic shield would have a
maximum allowable temperature of 350C. With a thermoplastic jacket, it would be 200C.
0.01
1
----
Formulas For
Type of Shield or Sheath Calculating A
(See notes 1 & 2)
1. Wires applied either helically, as a braid or serving; or 2
longitudinally with corrugations. nd S
NOTE 1:
Where:
A = Effective cross-sectional area, shield or sheath
B = Tape overlap, mils (usually 375)
b = Thickness of tape, mils
dis = Diameter over semiconducting insulation shield, mils
dm = Mean diameter of shield or sheath, mils
ds = Diameter of wires, mils
w = Width of tape, mils
n = Number of serving or braid wires, or tapes
L = Overlap of tape, percent
NOTE 2:
The effective area of composite shields is the sum of the effective areas of the
components. For example, the effective area of a composite shield consisting of a
helically applied tape and a wire serving would be the sum of the areas calculated from
Formula 2 (or 3) and Formula 1.
NOTE 3:
The effective area of thin, helically applied overlapped tapes depends, also, upon the
degree of electrical contact resistance of the overlaps. Formula 3 may be used to calculate
the effective cross-sectional area of the shield for new cable. An increase in contact
resistance may occur after cable installation, during service exposed to moisture and
heat. Under these conditions the contact resistance may approach infinity, where Formula
2 could apply.