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Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1745 1750

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a
Institute of Technology and Business in eskBudjovice, Faculty of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering,
Okrun 517/10, 370 01 eskBudjovice, Czech Republic
b
Institute of Technology and Business in eskBudjovice, Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Okrun 517/10, 370 01 eskBudjovice, Czech Republic

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2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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1877-7058 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.770
1746 Josef Muslek et al. / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1745 1750

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2.1. Construction differences of the Byzantine building style

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2.2. Description of construction of the church of Hagia Irene

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