Table of Contents

Objectives ....................................................................................................................2
Apparatus ....................................................................................................................2
Plain bevel protractor ................................................................................................2
Vernier Bevel Protractor ............................................................................................3
The Clinometer .........................................................................................................4
Sine Bar ...................................................................................................................5
PROCEDURES ...............................................................................................................6
Vernier Bevel Protractor ............................................................................................6
Trigonometric functions .............................................................................................6
Data observed ..............................................................................................................7
Discussion ....................................................................................................................7
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................8

1
Objectives
To learn how to use bevel protractor, Vernier protractor, Sine Bar & clinometer for
measuring angles.

Apparatus

- Plain bevel protractor.

- Vernier protractor
- Clinometer
- Sine Bar
- A metallic triangular specimen

Plain bevel protractor

When two surfaces are at any angle other than 90o, the angle between them must be
tested with some form of protractor. Instruments for this purpose may have a scale of
degrees, enabling the angle to be read off, or they may consist of gauge which must be
set to the angle before use. And the bevel protractor in fig. 1 is an example of this
second variety of gauges, & must be set to the correct angle before use.

Figure 1 (Plain bevel protractor)

2
Vernier Bevel Protractor
A protractor is an instrument for measuring and for laying out angles. There are many
different types of protractors, but they all embody the same general principles. The
type generally used by machinists and toolmakers is known as the bevel protractor.
The simple bevel protractor can be extended in its accuracy by the application of a
circular vernier scale and this instrument is known as vernier level protractor. A
vernier level protractor has a straight blade, which can be set at any angle with the
base ; the angle for any position is shown by degree graduations on the disk, which is
graduated from 0 to 90 degrees in each direction. V is the circular vernier scale. The
main scale on the disk is graduated in degrees of arc. The vernier scale has 12
divisions on each side of the center zero. These are marked 0-60 minutes of arc, so
that each division equals 1\12 of 60, that is 5 minutes of arc. These12 divisions
occupy the same space as 23 degrees on the main scale. Therefore each division of the
vernier is equal to1\2 of 23 degree or 1 11\12 degree. Since two divisions on the main
scale equal 2 degrees of arc, the difference between two divisions on the main scale
and one division on the vernier scale is 2degree -1 11\12 degree=1\12degree=5
minutes of arc.

Figure 2: Vernier Protractor

3
The Clinometer

The clinometer is a special case of the application of the spirit level. In this instance
the level is mounted in a ratable body carried in a housing, one face of which forms
the base of the instrument. A main use of the instrument is the measurement of the
included angle of two adjacent faces of a work piece. Thus, in use, the instrument
base is placed on one face and the rotating table body is adjusted until a zero reading
of the bubble is obtained. The angle of rotation necessary to bring this about is then
shown on an angular scale moving against an index.

A second reading is taken in a similar manner in the second face of the work piece,
the included angle between the faces being the difference the first & the second
readings. Depending upon the type of instrument used, readings direct to 1 min are
obtained, & up to a range of movement of 90o, see fig. 3.

Figure 3 (The Clinometer)

4
Sine Bar
For accurate work in connection with angles, the sine bar possesses advantages over
the protractor when conditions are favourable for its use. A Sine bar is used either for
accurately measuring angles or for locating work to a given angle. A sine bar consists
of an accurately ground bar on which two accurately ground pins or plugs, of the
same diameter, are mounted an exact distance apart. The distances are usually either
125 or 250 mm. essential conditions for accuracy are that the plugs or rollers must be
of the same diameter with their axes parallel and lying in the plane parallel with the
upper or working surface of the sine bar. Measurements of angles are made by using
the principle that the sine of a given angle is the ratio of the opposite side of the angle
to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle. The sine bar is set using gauge blocks in
a way that the to plugs of the sine bar rest on gauge blocks wrung to such heights that
the bottom of the sine bar rests perfectly over the surface of workpiece whose
inclination is to be found out.

Figure 4: Sine Bar

5
 PROCEDURES

Vernier Bevel Protractor

1. Take a warkpiece, and measure the angel that labeled.
2. place the base on reference plane and move the blade to the plane that want to
measure. Take a reading (Main scale + Vernier scale).

Trigonometric functions
1. Get the sine bar information before starting set up (length and rollers diameter).
2. Set up the sine bar, workpiece (part), gauge block and dial indicator as in Figure
4 below.

Figure 5: (Sine bar and indicator)

3. Move the indicator along the surface of part. If the indicator is in horizontal
plane (0), calculate the angle of the combination set using trigonometric
function.
4. Repeat step No. 2 to 3 with the other workpiece.

Figure 6: Workpiece

6
 Data observed
Table 1-1 measurement from plate protractor, Vernier protractors, clinometer

Angle 3 Angle 2 Angle 1 Accuracy

Equipment used Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec Deg Min Sec Min Sec
Plate Protractor 41 0 0 104 0 0 34 0 0 60 -
Vernier Protractor 44 0 0 105 50 0 30 40 0 5 -
Clinometer 44 10 0 105 5 0 30 45 0 1 -
Sine Bar - - - - - - 30 39 36 1

Discussion

In this experiment there are Four types of angular instrument used Vernier protractor,
clinometer, bevel protractor where there is a difference in Using where the bevel
protractor was the easiest & fastest of all, then comes the Vernier protractor. The
clinometer took more time while trying to level the bubble unit, as well as in using the
sine bar which took time in using the blocks and then finding the angle (by
calculations)

7
Conclusion
Angle is one of the most important concepts in geometry there are two commonly
used units of measurement for angles. The more familiar unit of measurement is that
of degrees may be further divided into minutes and seconds as an example eight and a
half degrees can be called 8 degrees and 30 minutes, written 8 30' Each minute is
further divided into 60 equal

The angular measuring devices are many The protractor is one of the simplest devices
used as a line standard for angle measurements.it consists of a fixed measuring stock
& a rotatable blade The surfaces of the two are set along the faces between which
angle is to be measured The blade can be blocked in any position

Another device, is the clinometer, which's a protractor provided with a spirit level
attached to the movable blade. The Vernier protractor in conjunction with spirit level
gives improved accuracy.

A sine bar is made up of a hardened steel beam having a flat upper surface. The bar is
mounted on two cylindrical rollers which are located in cylindrical grooves specially
provided for that purpose. The axes of the two rollers are parallel to each other, they
are also parallel to the upper flat surface & are at equal distance from it.