Professional Documents
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Proceedings
Power for Land,ofSea,
GT2006
and Air
ASME Turbo Expo 2006:May 8-11,
Power for2006, Barcelona,
Land, Spain
Sea and Air
May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain
GT2006-90105
GT2006-90105
ttdes-results.xxx
tcdes-results.xxx
walls.xxx stack.xxx
bladedata-xxx.dat
3D mesh
+ T-AXI Mises files Mises
Solution Blade Design
Compressor
or Turbine
Blade Viewer
Feedback
3D RANS blade3d.brx To T-AXI
Blade Volume
Figure 1. Schematic for T-AXI Turbomachinery Design System.
(
A = rt rh
2 2
) (9)
except that the turbine loss coefficients are normalized by the
trailing edge dynamic pressure.
Pt 2 Pt1
A hub, tip or midspan radius is given. From this and the area, Y= (15)
the flowpath radii can be defined. It should be realized that the Pt 2 P2
design aspect of turbomachinery is to determine how the In addition, the Zweifel coefficient [14] is used to set the
flowpath area varies. This is the real output of this design number of blades in a blade row.
code, and is the critical quantity in an optimum compressor
S
design.
Z = 2 tan 1 tan 2 cos 2 2 (16)
The loss coefficient is specified as an input. The total
pressures in the following equation are relative total pressure if
cx
applied for a rotor. for a nozzle, and relative flow angles are used in Equation (16)
Pt 2 Pt1 for a rotor. The blade spacing S = 2r / N blades .
= (10)
Pt1 P1
T-AXI Solver
The average loss coefficient is also calculated in the T-AXI The T-AXI inviscid solver is based on the multiple
solver. The input loss coefficient can be updated, or viewed as interacting streamtube Euler equation formulation that is the
a parameter that is used along with the other parameters to foundation of several design codes developed by Drela and
create the flowpath area of the compressor. If the loss is not Giles [9] and Youngren and Drela [10]. In T-AXI, the
updated, the other specified parameters such as the Mach axisymmetric equations are discretized in a strong conservative
number and angles will not be set precisely, but will vary form on a meridional streamline grid. In contrast to typical
depending on the actual loss calculated. streamline curvature codes, T-AXI has no inherent limitation at
Eulers Turbomachinery equation is used to define the total high subsonic Mach numbers, and can be used in subsonic as
enthalpy rise due to stage work as well as supersonic flow regimes.
H W = d (rV ) (11) The streamwise momentum equation has the form:
V
Equation (11) can be applied across the rotor dp + qdq + [d (rV ) V dr ] +
( ) r (17)
H 2 H 1 = C p (TT 2 TT 1 ) = r2V 2 r1V 1 (12)
pd (s ) d (H W ) = 0
The free vortex assumption is applied where
rV = const Here, p is the pressure, is the density, and q is the
(13)
across the span of the blade row. The velocity triangle relations meridional velocity given by V x2 + Vr2 . The differentials d()
are: are applied at each grid point along each streamtube, including
V V r r r the blade rows. s is the prescribed entropy change in the
; V = x ; V = W + U
= tan 1
Vx cos streamtube that is a result of losses from various sources. The
entropy s is defined as
W
W = V U ; W x = V x ; = tan 1 p 1
Wx s ln inlet
h (18)
p hinlet
Wx
W= (14)
cos Here, h is the static enthalpy and p is static pressure. The total
enthalpy rise due to stage work is defined using Equation (11),
T-T_DES Turbine Flow Path Creator the Eulers Turbomachinery Equation. The angular
The turbine design code T-T_DES is similar to T-C_DES momentum, rV , is prescribed as an input along with the
described above and TURBN described by Mattingly [1,2]. rotational speed, , of the blade row. Therefore, the enthalpy
There are several advantages over the TURBN code: an change due to a compressor or turbine rotor is explicitly
average meanline radius can be specified for each blade row; available. The energy equation is also not explicitly solved, but
Angular
momentum
Stage
Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Stage rotor inlet angle [deg] 10.3 13.5 15.8 18 19.2 19.3 16.3 15 13.6 13.4
Stage rotor inlet Mach no. 0.59 0.51 0.475 0.46 0.443 0.418 0.402 0.383 0.35 0.313
Total Temperature Rise [K] 52.70 52.30 51.12 49.74 49.14 43.62 45.69 47.27 48.26 47.57
Rotor loss coef. 0.053 0.0684 0.0684 0.0689 0.069 0.069 0.069 0.069 0.069 0.07
Stator loss coef. 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.1
Rotor Solidity 1.666 1.486 1.447 1.38 1.274 1.257 1.31 1.317 1.326 1.391
Stator Solidity 1.353 1.277 1.308 1.281 1.374 1.474 1.379 1.276 1.346 1.453
Stage Exit Blockage 0.963 0.956 0.949 0.942 0.935 0.928 0.921 0.914 0.907 0.9
Stage bleed [%] 0 0 0 0 1.3 0 2.3 0 0 0
Rotor Aspect Ratio 2.354 2.517 2.33 2.145 2.061 2.028 1.62 1.417 1.338 1.361
Stator Aspect Ratio 3.024 2.98 2.53 2.21 2.005 1.638 1.355 1.16 1.142 1.106
Rotor Axial Velocity Ratio 0.863 0.876 0.909 0.917 0.932 0.947 0.971 0.967 0.98 0.99
Rotor Row Space Coef. 0.296 0.4 0.41 0.476 0.39 0.482 0.515 0.58 0.64 0.72
Stator Row Space Coef. 0.32 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.9 0.46 0.89 0.52 0.58 0.55
Stage Tip radius [m] 0.351 0.336 0.328 0.321 0.315 0.308 0.304 0.300 0.297 0.295
Entropy
Table 7. IGV data for 10 stage design (igv.e3c-des).
Soldity 0.6776 d.) Screen after
Boundary layer convergence with
Aspect ratio 5.133 parameters boundary layers
Phi Loss Coef. 0.039
Inlet Angle 0
Figure 9. T-AXI screens during the solution of the 10
Inlet Mach 0.47 stage design. Graphics are used to check input and
Lambda 0.97 help guide solution convergence. Angular
IGV Row Space Coef. 0.4 momentum is the primary input downstream of each
IGV Tip Radius [m] 0.36211 blade row. It is uniform for this free-vortex design.
T-AXI
EEE Build 1 EEE Build 2 T-AXI calculation
Peak Adjusted Peak Adjusted calculation for 10 stage
Efficiency at Efficiency at for EEE Design with
EEE goal 97.5% speed 99% speed flowpath free-vortex
85.7 83.9 84.8 84.6 85.6
c.) T-AXI screen after loss is converged, but without boundary layers.
Figure 10. T-AXI screens during the solution of the NASA/GE EEE 5 Stage Low Pressure Turbine
EEE full geometry. This solution had contoured The NASA/GE EEE 5 stage low pressure turbine is used to
leading and trailing edges as well as profiles of demonstrate the turbine capability in T-AXI and the turbine
angular momentum as defined by the axisymmetric design capability of T-T_DES. In the first case, the Turbine set
output in the EEE report. up code T-2-T-AXI was used to create a walls and stack
file from the flowpath geometry, the initial data in Table 11,
and the blade row data in Table 12. The work split was
presented in the NASA report [26], and adjusted to get the
From T-C_DES
Actual 3D geometry overall temperature rise of 133.33 K as indicated by the design
point test reading 503. This work split and the nozzle exit
angles were used to get the angular momentum for each blade
row. This LPT case was also used by Reed and Turner [27] in
the validation of an entropy-based meanline code. Figure 14 is
Figure 11. Comparison of the 10 stage flowpath
a cross section of the 5 stage EEE LPT.
generated with T-C_DES and the EEE design. Also
Figure 15 shows the initial grid, and Figure 16 shows the
shown are the rotor 1 leading edge and stator 10
T-AXI screen after the loss is converged. The boundary layers
trailing edge.
are not applied for this turbine since the favorable pressure
gradient makes its impact minimal.
30
Fluid-Flow Problems, J. of Engineering for Power, pp 1-13, Jan.
1966.
25
[9] Drela, M. and M.B. Giles, Viscous-Inviscid Analysis of Transonic
and Low Reynolds Number Airfoils, AIAA Journal, 25(10):1347
20
1355, Oct 1987.
Hub EEE
Tip EEE
15 Hub T-T_DES [10] Youngren, H.H. and M. Drela, Viscous/Inviscid Method for
Tip T-T_DES
Preliminary Design of Transonic Cascades, AIAA-91-2364, 1991.
10 [11] Adkins, G. G., Jr., and L.H. Smith, Jr., Spanwise Mixing in
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Axial distance (cm) Axial-Flow Turbomachines, J. of Engineering for Power, Jan. 1982,
Vol. 104, pp.97-110, also ASME paper 81-GT-57.
Figure 18. Comparison of the flowpath generated
with T-T_DES using the stage input parameters [12] Koller, Ulf, Reinhard Monig, Bernhard Kusters, and Heinz-Adolf
compared with the actual EEE 5 stage flowpath. Schreiber, Development of Advanced Compressor Airfoils for
Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines--- Part I: Design and Optimization, Journal
of Turbomachinery Vol. 122, Issue 3, pp. 397-405, 2000. (Also ASME
Table 14. Performance comparison between reading 99-GT-95).
503 and the T-AXI calculations. [13] Ksters, B., Heinz-Adolf Schreiber, Ulf Kller, and Reinhard
Mnig, Development of Advanced Compressor Airfoils for Heavy-
T-AXI Duty Gas Turbines Part II: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis,
calculation Journal of Turbomachinery -- July 2000 -- Volume 122, Issue 3, pp.
Measurement EEE T-AXI calculation 406-414. (Also ASME 99-GT-96).
Reading 503 flowpath (T-T_DES design)
[14] Zweifel, O., The Spacing of Turbomachine Blading, Especially
Pressure Ratio 4.409 4.351 4.326 with Large Angular Deflection, Brown Boveri Review 32, 1945.
Temperature Ratio 1.468 1.464 1.463
[15] Hirsch, C.H. and J. D. Denton Editors, Axial Compressor
Efficiency 92.05 92.85 92.91
Performance Predictions, in Throughflow Calculations in Axial
Turbomachines, 1981. AGARD-AR-175.
[16] Koch, C.C. and L.H. Jr. Smith, Loss Sources and Magnitudes in
Axial Flow Compressors, Journal of Engineering for Power, pages
REFERENCES
411424, July 1976.
[1] Mattingly, Jack D., William H. Heiser, and David T. Pratt, Aircraft
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2002. Older versions of software in this book are available on Turbomachinery, Vol 115, pg 621-656, October 1993.
the web at www.aircraftenginedesign.com. [18] Leiblein, S., F.C. Schwenk, and F.L. Broderick. Diffusion Factor
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Hill, AIAA Education Series, Reston, VA, 2005. Compressor Blade Elements, Tech. Report RME53D01, NACA,
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[3] Genrup, Magnus, Ivan Carlsson, Ulf Engdar, and Mohsen Assadi,
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[4] Carlsson, Ivan, A Reduced-Order Through-Flow Program for
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