Tag: tin d n

Mc ch ca vic lp v qun l tin

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23/09/2014 Dautuduan.net u t d n
Mc ch ca vic lp v qun l tin ca d n

Mc ch ca vic lp v qun l tin l thit lp trnh t thc hin cc nhim v theo mc

tiu t ra, ph hp vi iu kin thc hin c th, nhng yu cu nht nh v nhn lc, thit b,
vt t, ti chnh v quy nh ca php lut hon thnh d n hay cng trnh vi cht lng tt
nht, thi gian xy dng ngn nht v chi ph thp nht.

Kim sot tin ca d n

a) Cc cng c k thut c th s dng kim sot nh:

* Cp nht tin thng xuyn thng bo cc bo co v tnh hnh thc hin, truyn tin hay
truyn hnh;

* Bo co tin bao gm:

M t chung cc cng vic thc hin v nhng vn ch gp phi;

T l % cc hng mc cng vic chnh hon thnh so vi tin bo co ln trc v gii

trnh l do (nu c);

Danh sch cng nhn c s dng thc hin cc cng vic;

Bn kim k tng cc vt liu chnh s dng v s vt t cn li cha s dng;

Bn k cc my mc, thit b v tnh trng ca chng;

M t chung v thi tit, kh hu;

Bo co v tnh hnh an ton, v sinh lao ng;

Danh mc cc cc yu cu ca n v thi cng.

* Hp tin tho lun v xut nhng bin php cn thit nhm m bo tin ;
* Lch cng tc tun: Giao ban tng tun, nh mt ngy nht nh trong tun;

* Hi u ca, cui ca lm vic;

* Hp giao ban nh k;

* Kim tra k hoch cung ng v d tr ti nguyn;

* S dng cc phn mm qun l v kim sot tin : (Microsoft Project; Primavera..

* nh gi v mt nh tnh qu trnh thc hin, phn tch s thay i;

* So snh cc tin trong cc phn mm qun l d n khc.

b) ng ph kp thi, ra cc bin php khc phc, kin ngh pht sinh v cc bi hc thu c,
nhm t c cc mc tiu ra.

Cp qun l k hoch tin ca d n

Cp qun l c th phn lm hai loi theo mc tiu lp v kim sot tin :

Loi p ng yu cu qun l ca ch u t;

Loi p ng yu cu qun l ca nh thu.

Quy nh v yu cu chung qun l tin

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22/09/2014 Dautuduan.net u t d n
Quy nh v qun l tin ca d n

Qun l tin thi cng thuc d n u t xy dng cng trnh c quy nh nh sau:

Cng trnh xy dng trc khi trin khai phi c lp tin thi cng xy dng. Tin thi
cng xy dng cng trnh phi ph hp vi tng tin ca d n c ph duyt.

i vi cng trinh xy dng c quy m ln v thi gian thi cng ko di th tin xy dng
cng trnh phi c lp cho tng giai on theo thng, qu, nm.

Nh thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh c ngha v lp tin thi cng xy dng chi tit, b
tr xen k kt hp cc cng vic cn thc hin nhng phi bo m ph hp vi tng tin ca
d n.
 Ch u t, nh thu thi cng xy dng, t vn gim st v cc bn c lin quan c trch
nhim theo di, gim st tin thi cng xy dng cng trnh v iu chnh tin trong trng
hp tin thi cng xy dng mt s giai on b ko di nhng khng c lm nh hng
n tng tin ca d n.

Trng hp xt thy tng tin ca d n b ko di th ch u t phi bo co ngi quyt

nh u t a ra quyt nh vic iu chnh tng tin ca d n.

Khuyn khch vic y nhanh tin xy dng trn c s bo m cht lng cng trnh.

Trng hp y nhanh tin xy dng em li hiu qu cao hn cho d n th nh thu

xy dng c xt thng theo hp ng. Trng hp ko di tin xy dng gy thit hi th
bn vi phm phi bi thng thit hi v b pht vi phm hp ng. (Ngun: iu 28 [8]).

Yu cu chung khi lp v qun l tin ca d n

Tin thi cng sau khi c cp c thm quyn ph duyt, c ch u t k hp ng, s

c em ra thc hin trn cng trng xy dng. Ging nh m hnh qun l cht lng cng
trnh xy dng, c hai ch th tham gia qun l tin l nh thu (t qun l tin thng qua
hp ng k kt) v ch u t (m i din l t vn gim st). Yu cu i vi hai ch th
nh sau:

a) Yu cu i vi nh thu

Da trn tin c duyt, ch ng a ra tin tng tun, k theo nin lch;

Sau mt chu k lm vic quy c (1 tun, 10 ngy hoc 1 thng) phi cp nht thng tin
trong qu trinh kim sot tin , a ra mt bo co. Ni dung bo co gm:

+ Khi lng hon thnh cng vic thc t so vi k hoch theo tin ;

+ Nu tin b chm, phi tm ra nguyn nhn lm chm tin v c bin php x l kp thi
hn ch n mc thp nht s chm tr tip theo;

+ Hi thng xuyn vi cc b phn chc nng ca cng trng (ban ch huy, b phn k
thut, k hoch v t vn gim st cng khng ch tin .

b) Yu cu ch trch nhim i vi gim st thi cng v mt tin

 Chu trnh qun l tin thi cng xy dng

T vn gim st ch ng tham gia vo qu trnh kim sot, khng ch tin vi nhiu mc

nh kim tra, gp vi nh thu, nu cn phi can thip mnh bng cch xut cc bin php
x l khi b chm tin , hoc cng vi nhm tin ca nh thu lp k hoch cho tng chu
k cng tc, vi phomg chm phng nga tch cc, khng ch tin hon thnh ng k
hoch. Trch nhim ca gim st tin gm:

Chun b khi cng: Sau ngy thng bo trng thu thi cng, da theo ngy quy nh trong
hp ng phi gi thng bo khi cng;
 Xt duyt k hoch tin thi cng: Sau ngy thng bo trng thu thi cng, nh thu giao
np k hoch tin thi cng cho k s gim st ng ngy quy nh, sau khi k s gim st ph
duyt, phi coi l mt b phn ca hp ng;

Kim tra v gim st vic thc hin tin : Nu tin thi cng ca nh thu khng kp k
hoch tin c duyt th phi yu cu nh thu tm bin php m bo k hoch tin
c duyt;

Thi gian duyt b ko di: Nu tin ca nh thu b ko di do nhng nguyn nhn

ngoi bn thn nh thu th k s gim st da vo iu kin hp ng duyt ko di thi gian,
nu khng nh thu s b nh ch thanh ton hoc bi thng tn tht do sai tin .

Lp tin d n theo mng li

19/09/2014 Dautuduan.net u t d n
Lp tin d n theo mng li

Lp tin theo mng li thc cht l s dng l thuyt th v ng dng bi ton ng i

ngn nht c c mt s hp l.

Xy dng bi ton ngc vi bi ton ng i ngn nht l bi ton ng i di nht cho

php: ng l chn dng i ngn nht, li chn c ng i di nht.

Bi ton ny c s dng trong thc t l hy sp xp cc cng vic thnh mng li, mt s

ng v con ng thc hin mt bn k hoch l con ng di nht t khi khi cng n
khi kt thc.

Lp tin theo phng php mng li th cc cng vic c sp xp VI nhau thnh menu
li ( th) theo quy tc:

+ Nu cng vic din ra theo tun t th s kin bt u ca vic ng sau s trng vi s kin
kt thc ca cng vic ng trc.

+ Hai cng vic thc hin song song s c chung s kin bt u ri r sang hai pha khc nhau
c s kin kt thc khc nhau.

mng li c th tnh c, mng li ch c mt s kin bt u chung v ch c mt nt kt

thc chung. Mng li lin thng, khng c s kin c lp v khng c chu k. iu ny c
gii thch trong l thuyt th.
a) Cc php tnh c bn ca tin mng li

Thi hn sm: Thi hn sm ca s kin / l thi hn s kin i c th xut hin mt cch

sm nht khi thc hin xong tt c cc cng vic trc .

Thi hn mun: Thi hn mun ca s kin l thi hn cho php s kin i xut hin mt cch
mun nht m khng ko di thi gian thc hin ton b d n.

ng gng: ng gng l ng ton phn di nht trong s mng li, n bao gm cc

cng vic gng (tc l nhng cng vic khng c d tr thi gian).

V bn cht: di ca ng gng xc nh thi hn ngn nht m ta c th hon thnh ton

b qu trnh sn xut c mng li th hin.

C nhng dy cng vic i lin tc t nt u n nt cui c tr s sm bng tr s mun c

gi l dng gng (CP: Critical Path) nn phng php s mng li cn c gi l phng
php dng gng (CPM: Critical Path Method).

VV ngha: ng gng l ng m cc cng vic nm trn khng c d tr thi gian, nn

nhng vic nm trn ng gng l nhng vic m nu ko di n qu thi im tnh c s
lm chm tr n s hon thnh ton b mng li cng vic. Nhng vic nm trn ng gng
l nhng vic cn c lu tm c bit trong qu trnh iu hnh thc hin tin ca d n.
ng gng cn c gi l ng ca cc trng im.

Ngoi ra, trong s mng li cn c ng cn gng, l ng ton phn gm nhiu on

gng v khng gng xen k, cc ng khng gng lc by gi nm song

song vi cc on gng khc.

l) tr thi gian: Nhng s kin khng nm trn uTng gng c thi im mun ln hn thi
im sm. Ta bo nhng s kin y c d tr thi gian.

b) Trnh by mng li theo phng php ng gng

Mi cng vic c c trng bng mt mi tn c s kin bt u v s kin kt thc. Di

mi tn ghi thi gian thc hin cng vic. Nhng cng vic ny c ni vi nhau theo cc
quy tc ca cng ngh sn xut. l cc quy tc:

+ Tun t l quy tc m vic ng trc phi xong mi bt u c vic tip theo.

+ Song song l quy tc m hai vic c th tin hnh ng thi.

 S kin c th hin bng mt vng trn. Trong vng trn ghi s th t ca s kin. Th
t tng ca s trong vng trn tnh t bn tri s sang bn phi theo phng trc honh v t
trn xung di theo phng trc tung.

Tuy nhin cng c th th hin vng trn vi kch thc ln hn cht t, bn trong vng trn
chia thnh bn mi:

+ Ti gc pha trn ca vng trn ghi s th t ca nt (s kin). Gc tri ghi tr s sm ca nt,

gc phi ghi tr s mun ca nt, gc di ca vng trn ghi tn nt ng trc nt ny dn n
tr s sm ca nt ny.

Ghi theo kiu ny thy kh trc quan v hnh nh ca tin cng trnh, thy c mi rng
buc gia cc cng vic vi nhau, s khng kht trong cng vic phi phi hp.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l nu mt cng vic phi thay i th phi lp li ton b

mng li cho nhng vic cn li. Nu cc mi rng buc khng i th cng phi tnh li ht
cc tr s sm, mun cho tng nt cn li.

l bn cht ca l thuyt mng li.

Trong thc t c th chuyn s mng thnh s ngang hoc chuyn s dy chuyn thnh
s mng.

Phn loi v cn c lp k hoch tin

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16/09/2014 Dautuduan.net u t d n
A. Phn loi k hoch tin ca d n

a) Theo i tng lp tin c:

Tng tin xy dng: l dng tin ln nht, c phc tp nht c lp xy dng

mt cng trnh c quy m ln hoc mt cm cng trnh gm nhiu cng trnh nh.

Tin cng trnh xy dng: l dng tin c bn, thng gp trong xy dng. i tng
ca n l mt cng trnh c lp.

Tin tng phn cng trnh xy dng: l dng tin nh, i tng ca n l mt phn ca
cng trnh xy dng (thng l hng mc cng trnh).
b) Theo giai on lp v mc chi tit c:

tin d n;

Tin thc hin d n;

Tin xy dng;

Tin thi cng cng trnh (tng tin thi cng cng trnh);

Tin thi cng hng mc cng trnh;

Tin tc nghip v iu hnh sn xut (bng s liu hay phiu cng vic).

c) Theo hnh thc th hin c:

Tin th hin theo bng;

Tin theo lch;

Tin th hin theo s (ngang Gantt Chart, xin Cyklogram, mng Network
Diagram)

Ghi ch:Ring tin theo s mng cn c cc dng nh: Mng li theo thi gian v mng
li t do; Mng li mt mc tiu v mng li a mc tiu; Mng mi tn cng vic v mng
nt cng vic; Mng tin nh v mng ngu nhin [31]. C th k ti mt s s mng li
thng gp nh:

+ Mng ng gng CPM (Critical Path Method- phng php dng gng) l phng php
lp v iu hnh tin thi cng bng mi tn cng vic, cc cng vic c sp xp tun t.
Cc thng s tnh ton trong s ny c th c xc nh mt cch trc tip trn s . Ph
bin hai phng php tnh trc tip l phng php hnh qut v phng php thi nng.

+ Mng s kin PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technics k thut r sot v nh
gi cc chng trnh). Mng ny da trn c s di tng cng vic, tin hnh tnh ton cc
thng s ca cng vic, xc nh ng gng v cc tc nghip khc. Mng PERT cho php xc
nh xc sut hon thnh tin thi cng ca d n mt thi hn nht nh. Phng php ny
gii quyt 3 i tng l PERT Time, PERT Cost v PERT Reliability (PERT Time: Ti
u ho thi gian thc hin mt d n, bo m tnh kh thi cho d n trong thi hn ngn nht c
th c; PERT Cost: Ti u ho chi ph cho d n hay l rt ngn thi gian ti thiu trong
iu kin chi ph tng t nht; PERT Reliability: tin cy ca bn d n).
+ Mng mi tn cng vic AOA (Action On Arc): Th hin tng qut mi quan h gia cc
cng vic vi sn phm ca d n. Mng loi ny dng kim sot chi lng sn phm ca d
n bng cch da vo mi quan h gia cc cng vic to ra san phm.

+ Mng nt cng vic AON (Action On Node): Th hin cng vic trn nt. mi tn ch mi
quan h gia cc cng vic. Mng loi ny c hai yu t l cng vic (dc biu th bng hnh
ch nht) v lin h gia cc cng vic. Cc cng vic c th c Ihc hin mt cch gi tip
nhau (khng nht thit tun t nh trong CPM)

+ Mng s o ton nng MPM (Metro Potential Methood) cng s dng mng nt cng vic
vi cc k hiu ging nh mng AON nhng th hin mi lin h gia cc cng vic cht ch
hn. [31],

B. Cn c lp k hoch tin ca d n

a) Giai on lp d n u t da vo:

K hoch u t v phn k u t;

H s thit k c s ca d n u t;

K hoch cng tc chun b, gii php thi cng chnh d kin;

Quy trnh, quy chun, vn bn php quy v qun l u t xy dng, nh mc, chi tiu tng
mc u t;

Nhng yu cu do ch u t t ra;

Kh nng p ng ngun lc, phng thc thc hin d n, cc quan h v k thut, cng
ngh, t chc thc hin;

Li ch ca cc bn tham gia

b) Giai on thit k da vo:

H s thit k c s c duyt;

S t chc cng ngh xy dng;

K hoch tin tng th v cc mc thi gian trong d n u t c duyt;

 Kt qu kh st thit k, nhng gii php v s dng vt liu v kt cu, cc phng php
thi cng xy dng, cc thit b c gii s s dng, kh nng phi hp gia cc n v xy lp v
cung ng;

Cc ti liu v c s vt cht k thut h tng;

H s thit k k thut thi cng;

Tin gi thu c duyt;

H s mi thu;

iu kin v nng lc, chin lc tranh thu ca nh thu, s liu iu tra kho st hin
trng v cc yu cu ca ch u t, cc quy chun v tiu chun xy dng,

c) Giai on thi cng:

H s Thit k k thut thi cng, thit k bn v thi cng, s liu v khao st;

Tin thi cng theo hp ng k;

H s d thu v k hoch tin tham gia d thu, k hoch phi hp ca cc n v tham

gia thi cng v cung ng vt t. my mc, thit b cho cng trnh;

Hp ng xy dng v cc iu kin cam kt gia nh thu v ch u t;

Tin lng, d ton thi cng, tng d ton thi cng duyt (hay gi hp ng thi cng);

Thi hn thi cng c khng ch: Quy nh thi gian khi cng v hon thnh;

Cc ngun cung cp v kh nng cung cp, iu kin s dng ngun lc, phng n thi cng
cc cng tc ch yu ca nh thu;

Cc quy trnh, quy phm, cc tiu chun, ch , nh mc, nng lc ca n v xy dng

Ni dung nghip v khi qun l tin

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14/09/2014 Dautuduan.net u t d n
T chc thi gian thc cht l lp k hoch v thi gian, trong Ngnh Xy dng k hoch thi
gian chnh l Tin xy dng. Mc ch ca vic lp k hoch thi gian v nhng k hoch
ph tr l nhm hon thnh nhng mc tiu ca sn xut xy dng, quen gi l tin thi cng.

Lp k hoch v kim tra vic thc hin k hoch trong xy dng l hai vic khng th tch ri
nhau. Khng c k hoch th khng th kim tra c, v kim tra c ngha l gi cho cc hot
ng sn xut ng vi tin trnh thi gian, bng cch iu chnh cc sai lch so vi thi gian
trong k hoch nh. Nh vy tin l c s qun l thi cng xy dng.

Qun l tin ca d n u t xy dng cng trnh l mt ni dung nghip v ca qun l d

n. Ni dung chnh ca n gm:

Ni dung nghip v khi qun l tin ca d n

Qun l vic xc nh cc cng vic v sp xp trnh t thc hin cc cng vic ca d n

Hai cng vic quan trng nht ca vic lp tin d n l xc nh cc cng vic v sp xp cc
cng vic cho hp l ph hp vi quy trnh thi cng vi thi gian ngn nht m hiu qu kinh t
li cao nht. Thc t c nhiu cch th hin tin . Di y trnh by mt s phng php
thng c p dng.

K hoch tin thi cng cng trnh xy dng (sau y gi tt l tin thi cng) l mt loi s
quy nh r trnh t bt u v kt thc thc hin tng hng mc cng vic ca mt d n
hay cng trnh xy dng.

S c th hin bng cc on thng (nm ngang hay xin) t l vi lch thi gian; hoc
biu din di s mng li.

Bn cht ca tin l k hoch thi gian.

K hoch tin thi cng phn nh y tnh phc tp ca tin trnh thc hin mt d n hay
cng trnh xy dng, xem xt mt cch tng hp v mt: cng ngh k thut, t chc, ti
chnh, hiu qu kinh t v v sinh an ton lao ng.

Vai tr ca k hoch tin thi cng l rt ln, n gp phn ln thc hin cc mc tiu ca
d n: Cht lng Thi gian An ton Hiu qu. Th hin:

Vic chm tr trong qu trnh thc hin tin s nh hng rt ln n chi ph v hiu qu
u t;
 K hoch tin l ch da trong cng tc kim tra, gim st v iu hnh sn xut, l c s
qun l cng trnh xy dng;

K hoch tin l nh hng, l cn c cho hot ng qun l v ch o cc ch th tham

gia thc hin d n;

Ch u t cn tin cn i tng th k hoch ca mnh, chun b tin vn p ng

nhu cu ca nh thu. Nh c k hoch tin m ch u t la chn phng n b vn mt
cch hiu qu hn v c k hoch gim st, giao nhn v thanh quyt ton kp thi cho nh thu;

Nh thu c k hoch tin ch o v iu hnh thi cng p ng c cc yu cu t

ra trong hp ng, ng thi l c s nh thu ln k hoch huy ng vn v a ra cc bin
php nhm gim chi ph, rt ngn thi hn, m bo cht lng, m bo an ton lao ng, v
sinh mi trng v nhm mc tiu c li;

Vi c quan qun l nh nc, k hoch tin l c s khoa hc cc c quan c thm

quyn lun chng, nh gi, thm nh v xt duyt phng n thit k cng trnh v chun b thi
cng cng trnh.

K hoch tin , cn phi thc hin hai mng cng vic chnh:

* Mt l lp danh mc cc cng vic, xc nh khi lng cng tc v cc chi ph cn thit

thc hin chng, thi gian d kin hon thnh;

* Hai l sp xp trnh t thc hin cc cng vic, n nh mc gi tip gia cc cng vic v
mt cng ngh hoc t chc.

Nhng thng s v quan h ny c th hin bng s Gantt, s xin (hay s

Xyklogram) hoc s mng li.

Thng thng khi lp tin thi cng phi theo 10 bc:

Bc 1: Xc nh cp qun l k hoch tin .

Bc 2: Xc nh i tng v phm vi lp k hoch tin .

Bc 3: Xc nh danh mc cng vic.

Bc 4: Xc nh ti nguyn trong cng vic.

Bc 5: sp xp trnh t thc hin cng vic (trnh t thi cng).

 Bc 6: Xc nh thi gian thc hin tng cng vic.

Bc 7: Chn hnh thc th hin v lp tin ban u.

Bc 8: Lp biu nhu cu ti nguyn theo tin .

Bc 9: Phn tch, nh gi tin va lp theo mc tiu ra.

Bc 10: iu chnh v a ra tin chp nhn c.

(T bc 3 6 l cc bc chnh v quan trng thit lp c k hoch tin ban u).