UNITROL 5000

Refresher:

Excitation Systems
UNITROL 5000 Excitation System Main Components

Excitation Transformer

Automatic Voltage
Regulator
AVR

Thyristor
Converter
Crowbar

Field Breaker
UNITROL 5000 Excitation System Duties

Providing variable DC current with

short time overload capability
Controlling terminal voltage with
suitable accuracy
Ensure stable operation with
AVR network and / or other machines
Keep machine within permissible
operating range
Contribution to transient stability
subsequent to a fault.
Communicate with the power plant
control system
UNITROL 5000 Power Chart with Opreation Limits

Max. field current limiter

Min. field current limiter
Stator current limiter P
Under excitation P,Q limiter

-Q 1/Xd +Q
UNITROL 5000 Excitation Transformer

Galvanic insulation between power

source and rotor winding

Limitation of DC short circuit current

Adaptation of supply voltage to reach the

required ceiling voltage

Air cooled or oil immersed

UNITROL 5000 Thyristor Converter

Rectification of AC voltage

Fast control of DC current

Inversion of DC voltage

Short-time overcurrent capability

Withstand certain overvoltages on

AC side

Limitation of commutation
overvoltages
UNITROL 5000 Field Discharge Circuits

Field Breaker on AC-side of the converter

Opening of field circuit under fault conditions

Fast absorption of field energy

Field overvoltage protection

Allow machine to slip

UNITROL 5000 AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

Control terminal voltage on preset value with required accuracy

Ensure stable operation with network and / or other machines

Keep machine within permissible operating range

Generate thyristor triggering pulses even under possible fault conditions

Communicate with the power plant control system

UNITROL 5000 Basic Characteristics

Excitation Current up to 10000 amps

Input frequency range from 16 Hz to 400 Hz

Adaptable to different redundancy requirements for controls and converters

State of the art man machine interface

Compatibility with most applied power plant control systems

Remote diagnostics

Comfortable commissioning tools

UNITROL 5000 Operational Application
UNITROL 5000 UNITROL Product Range

Excitation with
Static Excitation Systems
rotating machines
Range of Application

UNITROL 5000

UNITROL F

UN 1000
Ifn
15A 500 A >10000 A

Generator Power/Excitation current

UNITROL 5000 Delimitation Against UNF

UNITROL 5000 UNITROLF

REDUNDANCY
- Control Current control back up or Full redundancy
full redundancy

- converter Twin or N-1 Twin

HARDWARE
- No. of digital I/Os >32 32
- Current measurement 3-phase 1-phase

BUS COMMUNICATION AF100 30 words AF100 6 Words

CONVERTOR SUPPLY 16400 Hz (unlim. Current) DC 25 A

16400 Hz max
300 A
UNITROL 5000 Delimitation Against UNF

UNITROL 5000 UNITROL

CONTROL FUNCTIONS Adaptive Power Systen

Stabilizer

CONVERTER Negative excitation current

(4 quadrant)
Automatic equalizing of
bridge current

FAULT HANDLING Real time stamp sequence of

faults
Main Standard Software Functions
UNITROL 5000 Systems Overview

Fieldbreaker
AVR 2
AVR 1
CONVERTER 3

Protection CONVERTER 2

Measuring CONVERTER 1

Monitoring
Converter
AVR + FCR Control

Logic Control

Field flashing
Field suppression

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg.

FCR = Field Current Reg.
UNITROL 5000 Standard Program Functions

CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL (AVR, Limiters, Other controllers)

Voltage regulator with adjustable PID filter circuit
Soft-start (gradual voltage increase)
Reactive and active current droop
Individually adjustable limiters
AUTOMATIC

- overexcited (max. field current, stator current)
- underexcited (-Q = f (P) * U2, stator current, min. field current)
- Volt per Hertz
Superimposed controllers
- Power Factor
- MVAr
- Soft-stop (MVAr unload)
Power System Stabilizer (add. Hardware required)
MANUAL

Field current regulator with adjustable PI filter

Follow-up control between AUTO / MAN mode

IARV / UNF10 E
CHIND / 612
UNITROL 5000 Power Chart with Operation Limits

Max. field current limiter

Min. field current limiter
Stator current limiter P
Under excitation P,Q limiter

-Q 1/Xd +Q
UNITROL 5000 Superimposed Regulators

a) POWER FACTOR Control b) REACTIVE POWER Control

+P[MW]
+P [MW]

Cos = 0.8

-Q +Q [MVAR] -Q +Q[MVAR]

Q = 0.2 p.u

-P
UNITROL 5000 Standard Program Functions

MONITORING AND PROTECTION

Thyristor conduction monitoring

Thyristor heatsink temperature
DC short-circuit
Field flashing time
Loss of actual value (PT failure)
Overcurrent
Volts per Hertz
Loss of excitation
Rotor temperature
Rotating diode failure (add. hardware required)

IARV / UNF11 E
CHIND / 612
 Monitoring Concept
UNITROL 5000 (use of redundancy)

SW supervision per channel Thyristor

HW supervision per channel monitoring
supply monitoring Air flow
monitoring

Loss of p.t.

HW /SW

monitoring

Rotor thermal overload stage 1

Rotor over temperature stage 1
UNITROL 5000 Protection Concept (shut down)

Overflux V/Hz
Over temperatrure SW supervision internal short
Over load HW supervision circuit
internal supply converter overload

Rotor earth fault

Rotor short circuit
Rotor thermal overload stage 2
Rotor over Temperature stage 2
Rotor overvoltage
 Overcurrent Capability and
UNITROL 5000 Protection Setting

If
(p.u.) n-1 bridges
(n = 2)
n bridges
Rotor (n = 3)
3
1 p.u. = 1'315 A

Induced field current

3ph SC gen. terminals
Current versus time characteristic of
2
Induced field current
3ph SC HV side block transf.
converter and settings of protection
functions for a 48 MVA generator
1.6
Change over
to manual
Trip
If limiter

1
0.1 0.2 10 t (s)
UNITROL 5000 AVRs Main Functions

AVR Setpoint
UG, IG -V/Hz limiter PID
- Soft start _
- IQ Compensation

Min. / max. value priority

UG - IP Compensation
+
Measuring and A/D conversion

Underexcit. limiter
UG, IG, If -Q=F(P,U,UG)
-Stator current lead
-Min. field current

Overexcit. limiter To pulse

UG, IG, If -Max field current generation
-Stator current lag

UG, IG Power System

Stabilizer PSS
PI
Man setpoint _

If +
 Intervention in the AVR
UNITROL 5000 OEL and UEL Limiters

Over excitation PSS

limiter
OEL PID
Parameter set
1,2,3
Under excitation Low
limiter High
value
value
UEL gate
gate

Parameter set 1 AVR

UG Parameter set 2
IG OEL
IG UEL
P(Q) UEL
AVR set point Parameter set 3
Ie max lim OEL
Ie min lim UEL
 Intervention in the AVRs
UNITROL 5000 Set Point Soft Start

UG
If

t
Field Flashing
Reference value ramp up
Normal operation
 Intervention in the AVRs Set Point
UNITROL 5000 Reactive and Active Power Droop

UG compensation
UG compensation
Uref Uref
droop droop

-Q +Q +P
Reactive Power Droop Active Power Droop
 Intervention in the AVRs
UNITROL 5000 Set Point V/Hz-Limiter

Setting range V/Hz

UG set point
UG max setpoint
UG nominal
UG min set point

Allowed range of operation

f
f nominal
UNITROL 5000 Super-Imposed Controllers

MUB 1) mainly used in Power factor control

industrial plants MVAr control
QBUS MVAr unload control

PFBUS
AVR
set point

QGEN

PFGEN

Q control Dis-
Reactive Power
Discharge charge
Power factor
P.F control (0)

BUS 1) set point

Generator
UNITROL 5000 Transfer Function
Acc. to IEEE 421-5 Type ST1A Potential Source Exciter

from under-excitation from over-excitation UP +

UP + TB1
Limiters UEL Limiters OEL KR Up+ UTKc If
KR TC1

LV + 1+sTC2 1+sTC1 1 Uf [p.u.]

HV KR
Generator UT 1 - Gate 1+sTB2 1+sTB1 1+sTs
Gate
voltage [p.u.] +
1+sTR
+ Up- UT
UST UP TB1 UP
UT setpoint + + Stabilizing KR TC1 KR
signal from PSS
[p.u.]
+ Parameter Description Unit Range
Generator QT 1 TR Measuring filter time constant s 0.020
Reactive KIR Ts Gate control unit and converter time constant s 0.004
Power [p.u.] 1+sTR
KIR Reactive power compensation factor p.u. -0.20...+0.20
KIA active power compensation factor p.u. -0.20...+0.20
KR Steady state gain p.u. 10...1000
Generator PT 1 Kc Voltage drop due to commutation p.u. Acc. Transf.
Active KIA
Power [p.u.] 1+sTR TB1 Controller first lag time constant s TB1TB2
TB2 Controller second lag time constant s 0<TB2TC2
TC1 Controller first lead time constant s 0.01...10
TC2 Controller second lead time constant s 0.01...2
Up+ AVR output positive ceiling value p.u. Fixed
Up- AVR output negative ceiling value p.u. Fixed
 UNITROL 5000 Transfer Function
Acc. to IEEE PSS 2A
USTmax USTmax

V1 s.TW1 s.TW2 +
+ (1 + s T 8) N 1+s.T1 1+s.T3
Ks1 UST
1 + s.TW1 1 + s.TW2 (1 + s T 9)M 1+s.T2 1+s.T4

+ -
USTmin USTmin
Ks3

V2 s.TW3 s.TW4 Ks2

1 + s.TW3 1 + s.TW4 1 + s.T7

Parameter Description Unit Range Parameter Description Unit Range

TW1,TW2 Measuring filter time constant s 0.1...30 T7 Time constant for integral of electric s 3...30
power calculation
TW3,TW4 Gate control unit and converter time s 0.1...30
constant T8 Ramp tracking filter time constant s 0.00...2.50
Ks1 PSS gain factor p.u. 0.1...50 T9 Ramp tracking filter time constant s 0.00...2.50
Ks2 Compensation factor for calculation p.u. 0.01...5 M Ramp tracking filter degree - 2...5
of integral of electric power N Ramp tracking filter degree - 1...4
Ks3 Signal matching factor p.u. 0.01...5 USTmax Upper limit of stabilizing signal p.u. 0.000...3.277
T1,T3 Lead time constants of conditioning s 0.00...2.50 USTmin Lower limit for stabilizing signal p.u -0.000...-3.277
network
T2,T4 Lag time constants of conditioning s 0.00..2.50
network
Redundancity concept
UNITROL 5000 Redundancy

Every converter bridge is supplied with its own ventilator and pulse
amplifier.

(n-1) Redundancy
Several converter bridges operating in parallel at the same
time (3 x 50 %, 4 x 33.3 %, etc.)
In case of failure of one bridge, this one is blocked.
Operation continues without restrictions.

(1+1) Redundancy (Twin)

Two bridges: one in operation, the other blocked (2 x 100 %)
In case of failure of the active bridge, there is a switch-over
to the standby bridge.

IARV / SES38 E
CHIND / 805
UNITROL 5000 Single Channel AVR

Type S5E
Automatic channel with change over to manual control

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator

FCR = Field Current Regulator
UNITROL 5000 Single Channel and back up FCR

Type D5E

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

Block

IF BFCR

Backup
BackupRegulator
Regulatorfollows
followsthethe
main control and takes over
main control and takes over
automatically
automaticallyinincase
caseofoffailure
failure
ofofthe
the main control but notvice
main control but not vice
versa
versa
AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator
FCR = Field Current Regulator
BFCR = Backup Field Regulator
UNITROL 5000 Single Channel and back up FCR

Type D5T
With Redundant Twin Converters
(cold standby, 100% redundancity)

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

Block Block

IF BFCR

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator

FCR = Field Current Regulator
BFCR = Backup Field Regulator
UNITROL 5000 Single Channel and back up FCR

Type D5S With redundant n-1 Converters

(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )
UG AVR
IG
1
IF FCR

Block

IF BFCR 2

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator

FCR = Field Current Regulator
BFCR = Backup Field Regulator
 Dynamic Current Distribution among
UNITROL 5000 Parallel Converters

Thyristor firing pulses from AVR

Current equalizing line

t t t

+
-

1 2 n
UNITROL 5000 Two Channel Control

Type A5E
With Single Converter

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

Block

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg.

FCR = Field Current Reg.
UNITROL 5000 Redundancy Concept of A5..Types

Voltage regulator (AUTO)

Field current regulator (MAN)
Power System Stabilizer
STAND BY OPERATING Limiter functions
Overriding controllers (P.F., VAr)

Actual voltage value Regulation Regulation Actual voltage value (P.F. failure)
Actual field current value Actual field current value
Monitoring Actual values Monitoring
CPU Trip signals CPU
Protection Protection Rotor temperature
Field overcurrent Logic Control Status of system Logic Control
Follow-up Field overcurrent
V/Hz
V/Hz
Rotating diodes
Rotating diodes
UNITROL 5000 Two Channel control

Type A5T
With Redundant Twin Converters
(cold standby, 100% redundancity)

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

Block Block

UG AVR
IG

IF FCR

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg.

FCR = Field Current Reg.
UNITROL 5000 Two Channel control

Type A5S
With redundant n-1 Converters
(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )
UG AVR
IG
1
IF FCR

Block

UG AVR 2
IG

IF FCR

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg.

FCR = Field Current Reg.
UNITROL 5000 Two Channel control with Back up FCR

Type Q5S With redundant n-1 Converters

(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )

UG AVR
IG
1
IF FCR

IF BFCR

2
UG AVR
IG

IF FCR
n
IF BFCR
UNITROL 5000 Sequentional use of Redundancy

CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 TRIP

Functionality AVR FCR BFCR AVR FCR BFCR
Full Prot. Full Prot. Back up Full Prot. Full Prot. Back up
Full Monit Full Monit Prot. Full Monit Full Monit Prot.
Full Control Full Control Minimum Full Control Full Control Minimum
Control Control
Possible Failure Failure Failure in Failure Failure in Failure in
Failure in AVR in Hardware back up in AVR Hardware back up
control control

D5..

A5..
A5.. with BFCR
UNITROL 5000 Follow up Control

The reference values of all controllers that are on standby or

switched off are always adjusted so that bumpless change over is
assured.

Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR set point

Field Current Regulator FCR set point
Back up Field Current Regulator BFCR set point
Superimposed Q-control set point (optional)
Superimposed Power Factor control set point (optional)