CP305: Ethics and Sustainability

Tutorial Worksheet 2

1. Consider a hot stream of water at temperature TH = 60 C and a cold stream of water at TC =

20 C, both with a mass flowrate of m = 1 kg s1 .

(a) How much work can be extracted from transferring heat between these two streams in a
co-current flow geometry? What is the final outlet temperature of each stream?
(b) How much work can be extracted from transferring heat between these two streams in a
counter-current flow geometry? What is the final outlet temperature of each stream?

2. Estimate how much work can be extracted from a fire extinguisher that initially contains 2 kg
of carbon dioxide (molecular weight 44.01 g mol1 ) at an initial volume of 3 L, and at its vapor
(saturation) pressure. Assume that the surroundings have a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature
of 298 K, and that the expansion is isothermal. At 298 K, the carbon dioxide has a vapor pres-
sure of pvap = 64.121 bar, with a liquid molar volume of Vl = 0.061745 L mol1 and a vapor
molar volume of Vg = 0.18269 L mol1 .
Take into account the non-ideal behavior of the carbon dioxide in the vapor phase by using the
following equation of state:
RT a
p= 2
V V
where a is a parameter to be determined, R = 8.314 J mol1 K1 is the ideal gas constant, T is
the absolute temperature, and V is the molar volume of the gas.

3. Write the fundamental equation of thermodynamics for an open system in terms of the internal
energy U , the Helmholtz free energy A, the Gibbs free energy G, and the enthalpy H. For each

of these equations, write the three associated Maxwell relations.

4. The total Gibbs free energy G of an ideal mixture is given by:

X X
G(T, p, x1 , x2 , . . . ) = N (T, p) + RT N ln x

where T is the absolute temperature, p is the pressure, (T, p) is the chemical potential (molar
Gibbs free energy) of pure component , and N and x are the total number of moles and
mole fraction, respectively, of species .
Derive formulas for the chemical potential , the molar entropy S, the partial molar entropy
S , the molar enthalpy H, the partial molar enthalpy H , the molar volume V , and the partial
molar volume V in terms of the properties of the pure species and their mole fractions.