THE CALCULATION OF B-VALUE AND PEAK GROUND

ACCELERATION USING EARTHQUAKES DATA IN

INDONESIA

Group work approved by

Prof. Dr. Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito

by

Afza Afgani Setiawan 14/370482/PMU/8131

Bobby Setyawan 14/
Pradiptya Setyahadi 14/
Purwita Eka Sari 14/
Tissia Ayu Algary 14/370488/PMU/8134

MAGISTER GEO-INFORMATION FOR SPATIAL PLANNING

AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
GRADUATE SCHOOL
GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The Earth consist of many layers with different size. The main major of
layers are crust, mantle, and core. The most dynamic layer in the Earth is
Asthenosphere which is extends to an average depth of about 300 kilometers in
the mantle. Geologist assumed that movements of the Lithosphere is caused by
inferior process, specially convection heat in the Asthenosphere. Convection heat
in the asthenosphere make movements tectonic plate. Its make earthquake.

Earthquake had clustered as three various. There are Collapse earthquake,

volcanic earthquake, and tectonic earthquake. Collapse earthquake happened
because of giant roks fall. Volcanic earthquake occured because of volcanoes
activity. The last, tectonic earthquake occured because of subduction of two
plates.

The Indonesian archipelago stradless the equator betwen the mainland of

southeast asia and australia; its thousands of large and small island are situated
between approximately 7 N and 11S latitudes. It can be divided
geomorphologically into more or less cratogene areas in the wes and east and
strongly tectogene areas making up the reminder of the territory (Sutarjo Sigit,
1962). The former sre characterised by epirogenetic movements, planations
surfaces and shelf seas.

Plate tectonics given the morphostructures of Indonesia, it comparise three

major plate system:
1. The Southeast Asian (or Sunda) plate, which is essentially continental,
but includes some oceanic parts in the east.
2. The Indian Ocean Australian plate, comprising a subducting oceanic
section in the west and a collding continental section in the east.
3. The oceanic west pacific plate, which basically subducts under the asian
continent, but in the region consist of a number of smaller plates.
 Among these, from east to west, the caroline plate, the Philippine Sea
Plate and the remains of of the north Moluccas plate affect Indonesia.

Indonesia is a confluence area of three tectonic plates, that are eurasia, Indo
Australia, and pasific. This condition causing many earthquakes in Indonesia.
When earthquakes occured, body wave and surface wave move in all direction
from the hypocenter at the same time.

Earthquakes can occured anywhere between the Earth's surface and about 700
kilometers below the surface. For scientific purposes, this earthquake depth range
of 0-700 km is divided into three zones: shallow, intermediate, and deep. Shallow
earthquakes are between 0 and 70 km deep; intermediate earthquakes, 70 - 300
km deep; and deep earthquakes, 300 - 700 km deep. In general, the term deep-
focus earthquakes is applied to earthquakes deeper than 70 km. All earthquakes
deeper than 70 km are localized within great slabs of shallow lithosphere that are
sinking into the Earth's mantle.

1.2 Problems Formulation

The problem in this paper is, how to find the b-value from the graph and how
to calculate Peak Ground Acceleration using Mc Guirre method.
 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Geomorphology of Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the worlds most geologically active countries. Given its
combination of active volcanism and tropical climate, it is home to several
volcanoes which exemplify the type of dynamic interactions between the forces of
the endhosphere and exosphere that are characteristics archipelago. The
archipelago stradless the equator betwen the mainland of southeast asia and
australia; its thousands of large and small island are situated between
approximately 7 N and 11S latitudes. It can be devided geomorphologically
into more or less cratogene areas in the wes and east and strongly tectogene areas
making up the reminder of the territory (Sutarjo Sigit, 1962). The former are
characterised by epirogenetic movements, planations surfaces and shelf seas.

The archipelago is affected by two continental masses, Asia in the nothern

hemisphere and Australia in the nothern of hemisphere. Dutch geologist and
seceral scientists believe that friction between the tectonic plate of these two
continent has created these folded arcs of island in Indonesia, with active mounain
building, volcanism and periodic seismik upheavals.
Plate tectonics govern the morphostructures of Indonesia, it comparise three major
plate system:
1. The Southeast Asian (or Sunda) plate, which is essentially continental, but
includes some oceanic parts in the east.
2. The Indian Ocean Australian plate, comprising a subducting oceanic
section in the west and a collding continental section in the east.
3. The oceanic west pacific plate, which basically subducts under the asian
continent, but in the region consist of a number of smaller plates. Among
these, from east to west, the caroline plate, the Philippine Sea Plate and the
remains of of the north Moluccas plate affect Indonesia.

The complexity of plate tectonics in Indonesia is reflected in the

morphostructures. While in the southwest and south the conventional concept of a
brittle plate subducting along an inclined zone of high seismicity applies, the
complex situation in the eastern and central part of the country can be accounted
for only by assuming a more elastic configuration and, at places, vertical
subsidence. The implication of this problem are various types of natural hazard
and natural disaster, such as earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption and the
associated hazards, landslides, flood. The earthquake, tsunami, volcanic disaster
are related to the position ofIndonesia that located on collision between India-
Australia and Eurasia plate, between Pacific and Eurasia plate. Historically,
Indonesia has stricken by earthquake and tsunami several times. The relatively
new of earthquake (the magnitude: 8.9 RS) and tsunami occurred at Aceh in 26
December 2004, and recent earthquake (the magnitude: 5.9 RS) at Bantul,
Yogyakarta and Klaten, Central Java in 27 May 2006. The casualties of the
earthquake and tsunami at Aceh: 165.708, while the earthquake at Yogyakarta and
Central Java: 5.760 (National Technical Team, 2007). Both areas are high risk in
nature to disaster because of the location at collision zone and subduction zone of
India-Australia and Eurasia plate. The susceptible area to tsunami can be
approached by landform unit, while the susceptible area to earthquake can be
analyzed the position to subduction zone and geological structures.
 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION

3.1 Earthquake Data

Earthquake data obtained from the USGS National Earthquake Information
Center, with area 20 N - 20 S and 90 - 150E. This area covers the entire
territory of Indonesia. This data was taken from January 1st, 1973 until September
9, 2014. The earthquake data obtained 17.007, it means earthquakes occured
17.007 earthquakes that recorded by seismic observation stations.

Picture 3.1 Representated location of local seismic data acquisition

3.2 Charts and Data Process

Software is used to process data, the sofware are Ms. Office Excel, Arc Gis
10.1 and any variety of softwares such as notepad and Ms. Office Word which
help the data process. Here is the overview of the data process.
 Picture 3.2 The Data collecting using NEIC USGS earthquake data search

Data obtained from the USGS NEIC. After downloaded the data, then stored
it in CSV format, the next steps are:
Input query data in Microsoft Excel
Sorting Data
Convert value to the Richter magnitude scale (Ms)
calculating and graphing
Calculate the value of PGA
Make correlation between the magnitude of the earthquake position

The result of data process is grouped into process databased on the frequency
of earthquakes

From the data, we can classify according to the depth and magnitude. After
classifying the data based on the magnitude, so frequency of earthquakes can be
represented like the tabel 1 below.
 Tabel 3.1 tabel class magnitude and earthquake frequency

CLASS MAGNITUDE FREQUENCY

5.00<M<6.00 11179
6.00<M<7.00 757
7.00<M<8.00 108
8.00<M<9.00 7

From the data we made a histogram with a magnitude as the X axis and
earthquakes frequency as the Y axis.

Grafik Magnitude VS Frequency

12000

10000

8000

6000
Frequency

4000 Series1

2000 Linear (Series1)

0
5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ y = -3416.5x + 11554
-2000
R = 0.6539
-4000
Magnitude

Picture 3.3 Histogram magnitude vs frequency

From the histogram it can be seen that most earthquakes that occurred in
Indonesia in the class magnitude from 5.00 to 6.00.

3.3 B value
Study of the b-value has actually been done changes over time, one of the
goal to prove the appropriateness serve as precursors of earthquakes both in scale
short-term, medium-term or long-term.

Some studies indicate that large earthquakes in the medium-term scale is

often preceded by an increase in the b-value and then followed by a decline in the
weeks or months before the earthquake occurrence. Research conducted by
Molchan (1999) both the regional and global catalogs to find that the B-value of
the initial earthquakes down to 50% before major earthquakes.

Tabel 3.2 Tabel class magnitude, frequency, cumulative frequency(N) and log N

Class N (Cummulative
Frequency Magnitude Log N
Magnitude Frequency)
5.00<M<6.00 11179 5+ 12051 4.081023086
6.00<M<7.00 757 6+ 872 2.940516485
7.00<M<8.00 108 7+ 115 2.06069784
8.00<M<9.00 7 8+ 7 0.84509804

b Value Graph
4.5
4
3.5
3
Log N

2.5
2 Series1
1.5
Linear (Series1)
1
y = -1.0588x + 5.1287
0.5 R = 0.9966
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Magnitude

Picture 3.3 B-value graph

From the chart, we get the result of b value is -1.0588. b-value represents a
statistical measurement of the relative abundance of large and small earthquakes
in the group. A higher b-value means that a smaller fraction of the total
earthquakes occur at the higher magnitude, whereas a lower b-value implies a
larger fraction.

Experts say high b-value means earthquakes are predominantly small in size
and, thus, land in the region has a low level of resistance. Conversely, a low value
indicates the number of large and small seismic movements are relatively the
same, which means the land is more powerful.

3.4 Peak Ground Acceleration

The Peak Ground Accleration (PGA) is the maximum amplitude of the
ground acceleration in time-history. Peak Ground acceleration values can be
determined either directly or indirectly. Determination of the value of the
acceleration is directly through in situ measurements by using a special tool that is
strong motion seismograph or accelerometer. One of the disadvantages of this
calculation is incomplete accelerograf network deployment. Therefore, the
developed method of calculating the value of the ground acceleration indirectly
using empirical equations that have been discovered by experts and has been
tested for validity and reliability. Determination the value of the peak ground
acceleration by using the empirical equation, requires historical data or data
seismicity as input parameters. In its formulation, the experts analyze a case of
earthquake occurrence in a particular area by taking into account several
parameters, such as; sources of earthquake occurrence, the geological conditions
and geotechnical character. In this work, we use the Mc Guirre (1977) method to
calculate the Peak Ground Acceleration.

McGuirre attenuation equation is one of the empirical equation that can be

used in calculating the value of the ground motion acceleration. This equation is
based on the attenuation relationship by using the data of earthquakes that
occurred in the western United States. In the calculation of the attenuation
equation, the factor of local conditions is excluded. Here, McGuirre attenuation
equation is like.

= 472,3 100,278 M ( + 25)1,301

with value of peak ground acceleration (gal), M is the magnitude and

hypocenter is the distance to the station (km).

In this work we use earthquake data that occurred in Indonesia with the
reference point is Graduate School curve building, Gadjah Mada University,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The PGA map is shown by the picture below.
 Picture 3.4 PGA distribution map in Indonesia

From the map we can see that the highest PGA value in Graduate School,
Gadjah Mada University is come from calculation that using Yogyakarta
earthquake in 2006 because the reference area is close with the earthquake
epicenter so the PGA is high too. So, because we use earthquake data that
occurred in Indonesia with the reference point is Graduate School curve building,
Gadjah Mada University, the farther a point of reference to the epicenter, the less
the value of its PGA, and the PGA value distribution is too wide because of that
matter, so the color scale its not that good because the class of PGA distribution is
too wide. The PGA value is between 0.3 170 gal.

Next, we try to make correlation map between magnitude and epicentrum use
earthquake data that occurred in Indonesia. The purpose of grouping data
according its position is to determine where the earthquake happened and to
determine the number of earthquakes that occur in an area. To make the corelation
needed latitude and longitude based on magnitude of the earthquake which is
obtained from the initial data downloaded from the USGS NEIC. Correlation data
processing using Ms. Office Excel 2007 To make this corelation we need latitude
as Y axis and longitude as X axis on the score and the score of magnitude. With
the same process, we also make correlation map between depth and epicentrum.

Picture 3.5 Correlation map between magnitude and epicenter

From the map we get information that many earthquakes occur in 5.00-6.00
richter scale. As we know the area is the convergention of plate tectonics.
 Picture 3.6 Correlation map between depth and epicenter

From the correlation map above, we can see that average earthquake depth
that occurred in Indonesia is between 3 km until 74 km.
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSSION

Earthquake data is gotten from USGS National Earthquake Information

center, using some softwere like ArcGis 10.1, Ms. Office Excel 2010 and
Ms.Office Word 2010. The data from 20 LU 20 LS and 90 120 BT. From
the data processing, we get some result as:

1. The score of b value is -1.0588, which is high b-value means earthquakes

are predominantly small in size and, thus, land in the region has a low
level of resistance.
2. The PGA value is between 0.3 170 gal, because we use earthquake data
that occurred in Indonesia with the reference point is Graduate School
curve building, Gadjah Mada University, the farther a point of reference to
the epicenter, the less the value of its PGA, and the PGA value distribution
is too wide because of that matter, so the color scale its not that good
because the class of PGA distribution is too wide.
3. Many earthquakes occurred in Indonesia is have magnitude between 5,0
6,0.
4. Many earthquakes occurred in Indonesia is have depth between3 km - 74
km.
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Verstappen H.Th. 2000.Outline of the Geomorphology of Indonesia. ITC.

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