Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Part 1: The Basics of Referencing
2. List of References 13
2.1. Books 13
2.1.1. Printed books 13
2.1.2. E-Books 16
2.1.3. Multi-volume works 16
2.1.4. Sacred texts 18
2.1.5. More books 19
2.2. Journals 27
2.2.1. Journal articles 27
2.2.2. Pre-publication journal articles 28
2.2.3. Magazine articles 30
2.3. Digital and internet 30
2.3.1. The internet 30
2.3.2. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs 38
2.3.3. Computer games and programs 39
2.3.4. Personal and virtual learning environments 40
2.4. Media and art 42
2.4.1. Newspaper articles 42
2.4.2. Live performances 42
2.4.3. Visual sources 43
2.4.4. Audio-visual material 54
2.4.5. Reviews 58
2.4.6. Interviews 60
2.5. Research 61
2.5.1. Unpublished or confidential information 61
2.5.2. Unpublished academic work 62
2.5.3. Reports 64
2.5.4. Genealogical sources 67
2.5.5. Scientific and technical information 69
1
2.6. Legal material 73
2.6.1. House of Commons and House of Lords Papers 73
2.6.2. Hansard 74
2.6.3. Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies 74
2.6.4. More legal material 75
2.7. Government and EU 77
2.7.1. European Union publications 77
2.7.2. Government publications 77
2.7.3. Departmental publications 78
2.8. Communications 78
2.8.1. Conferences 78
2.8.2. Public communications 80
2.8.3. Advertisements and PR 81
3. Further referencing help 84-89
3.1. Sample reference list 84 3.5. Further information and useful
3.2. Sample bibliography 85 websites 89
3.3. Hints and tips 86 3.6. Any questions? 89
3.4. FAQs 87-88
4. Glossary 90-91
5. Index 92-93
Note:
Some of the examples used within this guide have been invented by Library Services staff
members. Dont be too alarmed if you click on a URL and it does not take you to the correct
website!
2
What is referencing?
The University has adopted the Cite Them Right (www.citethemrightonline.com) style of
referencing and according to the co-authors, Graham Shields and Richard Pears,
referencing is;
the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay,
assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents
as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your
arguments and the evidence on which they are based. You identify these sources by
citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and
referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text
citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the
same thing as a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also
includes all material, for example background readings, used in the preparation of
your work. (http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/what-is-referencing)
Copyrighted sources
At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided that
they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!). Only copy what
is completely necessary, and when the use falls into one or more of the following categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or
quotation. For further information, go to; https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Referencing correctly is an important academic skill as it shows the reader of your work the
sources you have used to research your topic and gives support and weight to your
arguments and conclusions. In summary, there are four good reasons for referencing;
(i) To allow a reader of your work to find and check the sources you have used.
(ii) So that you can come back to your own work and know where you found a particular
quotation or piece of information.
(iv) To make you think twice about using outdated and inaccurate books, articles, or
websites.
As a general rule you should not put your trust in any resource which does not give
references.
3
What should I reference?
The level of referencing will depend on the nature of the piece of work you are writing: a
coursework essay for a first-year survey module will probably require less than a third-year
dissertation. There is no maximum level of referencing, but do not let referencing become a
fetish. If you have worries about the amount of referencing which would be appropriate, seek
advice from your module tutor.
(iii) You paraphrase or otherwise refer to the ideas or writings of a named or identifiable
author.
For most modules you will not be required to give references for facts that are generally well
known (common knowledge) only at dissertation level is it the guiding rule that every
substantive statement requires a reference. Where facts are contested, and you are taking
sides in an argument, you must then indicate the source of your own ideas, and if
appropriate acknowledge the opposing camp(s) with references as well.
4
How should I reference?
There are many different ways to reference, but the most common style of referencing used
at the University of Birmingham is currently the Harvard (author-date) style. As of the
creation of this handbook, the courses at the University that use this method include;
Civil Engineering
Computer Science Nursing
Electrical Engineering Physiotherapy
Mechanical Engineering Modern Languages
Metallurgy/Materials English Literature
Physics and Astronomy CELS
Biosciences Drama
GEES CWAS
SportExR (this subject area does Philosophy
use Vancouver for certain Theology
modules, so make sure to check Business
with your subject advisor) Social Policy
Dental Hygiene and Therapy Government and Society
If you are still not completely sure which referencing style to use, consult your tutor or
subject advisor.
This handbook will focus entirely on the Harvard (author-date) style of referencing, as found
on the Cite Them Right website. For more information on other referencing styles, such as;
APA, Vancouver and MHRA, they have their own separate handbooks which are to be found
on the i-cite page on the University intranet.
5
Setting out citations;
Using this method of referencing, the in-text citations in your work must be included in the
final word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or
referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in your
reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical
order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your
text, this should still be included in the reference list. The list of references is not included in
the word count.
There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or
supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer.
If you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should
include the page numbers in your citations. The abbreviation for page is p. or pp. for multiple
pages. See the examples below to see how they are used correctly.
According to Guy (2001, p. 37), the Zulus faced many grave dangers when
confronting the British
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Jones, 1985, p. 74)
6
Citing a source with no author/editor
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p.
74)
In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality
in the formers argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of
the original author (2007b).
Separate the dates of publication with a semicolon with the earliest date first.
7
Citing a web page
Note:
For sources in the reference list, you list all of the authors (no matter how many there are)
and the final two authors are always separated with and. Therefore, there is a difference in
the way multiple authors are treated in the citation and reference always watch out for this.
If in doubt, consult the Cite Them Right Online website (www.citethemrightonline.com).
8
Setting out quotations;
Quotations should always be relevant to your arguments and used wisely within your text.
Overuse of quotations can disrupt the flow of your writing and prevent you from
demonstrating your understanding and analysis of the sources you have read. Direct
quotations are also counted in the word count.
Short, direct quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks. These can either be single
or double quotation marks, but make sure to always be consistent. These are included in the
body of the text. Make sure to give the author, date and page number(s)/URL that the
quotation was taken from.
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main
text. Quotation marks are not required.
King (1997) describes the intertwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages,
such as:
So the three of them rode towards their end of the Great Road, while summer
lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw something
that made him forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was his mother, leaning
out of her apartment's bedroom window: the oval of her face surrounded by the
timeless grey stone of the castle's west wing. (King, 1997, pp. 553554)
9
Making changes to quotations
Omitting part of a quotation
o Show this by using ellipsis ().
o Thunderstorms have become increasingly common (Jones, 2009, p. 87).
Inserting your own, or different, words into a quotation
o Put them in square brackets [].
o Nothing [football boots] comes close (Beckham, 2007, p. 7).
Pointing out an error in a quotation
o Do not correct the error, instead write [sic].
o Crowley (1784) noted that capentars [sic] worked with wood
Retaining/modernising historical spellings
o Decide whether to retain the original spelling, or modernise the spelling and
note this in your text.
o Hast thou cleaned the water closet? (Larryman, 1783, p. 7).
o Have you cleaned the toilet? (Larryman, 1783, p.7, spelling modernised).
Emphasising part of a quotation
o Put the words you want to emphasise in italics and state that you have added
the emphasis.
o Minimal numbers of men take up netball (Neville, 2013, p. 98, my italics).
o If the original text uses italics, state that the italics are in the original source.
o Minimal numbers of women take up rugby league (Carney, 2015, p. 13,
italics in original).
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is expressing someone elses writing in your own words, usually to achieve
greater clarity. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show that you have read and
understood another persons ideas, and can summarise them in your own writing style,
rather than borrowing their phrases. You must ensure that you do not change the original
meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information.
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical growth of the
larger European nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic
development, particularly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At this time,
imperial goals and outward expansion were paramount for many of the countries,
and the effects of spending on these activities often led to internal conflict.
Summarising
Summarising is providing a brief statement of the main points of a source. This differs from
paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed
information being left out.
Nevertheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and
linguistic links between European races and cultures over the past five hundred
years.
10
Secondary referencing
It is possible that you will want to reference a work mentioned in another authors work
(secondary referencing). If possible, you should try to locate and verify the details of the
source referred to. If you can successfully locate it, then you can reference it as normal.
In the text of your work, you should cite both sources and use the phrase quoted in or cited
in, depending on whether the other author is directly quoting or summarising from the
original. Take a look at the examples below;
Capitals
You should only capitalise the first letter of the first word of the source. The exception is the
names of organisations.
Dates
The year of publication should be given in round brackets after the author or editors name
Jones, P. (2013). If there is no date identified, use (no date). The date is always day, month
and then year (16 June 2013). There are no commas.
Abbreviations
Chapter ch. or chap.
Edition edn
Editors Ed. or Eds
And others et al.
No date n.d.
(issue) number no.
Page p.
Pages (page range) pp.
Series ser.
Supplement sup.
Table tab.
Volume vol.
Page references
Page references are always p. 7 for a single page, or pp. 7-9 for multiple pages.
11
Place of publication and publisher
This is only required for printed books, reports, and similar sources. The place of publication
should be capitalised and, unless it is a well-known city (like London, New York, Oxford etc)
then state the county or state (if published in the US). For example:
London: Jones Publishing. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. The state name is
always abbreviated.
Series/volumes
Only include these if they are relevant. Insert them after the publisher Oxford: Clio Press
(World Bibliographical Series, 78).
ISBNs
They are not commonly used in references, so only use in order to eliminate confusion about
editions and reprints.
Issue information
When provided, it is necessary to use the following information in the order;
Volume number
Issue/part number
Date or season
URLS
It is possible to shorten the URL, providing the route still remains clear. Always include the
date that you accessed the website or you downloaded the source.
DOIs
These tag individual digital sources. A doi often replaces the URL as it is the permanent
identifier for the source, and so therefore it is not necessary to include an accessed date.
Edition
Only include the edition number if it is not the first edition. Edition is abbreviated to edn.
12
List of references
BOOKS
Printed books
In-text citation:
According to Guy (2001) the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the
British
Reference list:
Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle
against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
In-text-citation:
The carious process can be described as the carious process in the metabolic
activity in the plaque biofilm resident on the tooth surface (Banerjee and Watson,
2001, p. 2).
Reference list:
Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickards manual of operative dentistry. 9th
edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
13
Printed book with more than three authors
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009) Engineering design: a
project-based introduction. 3rd edn. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
14
Printed book with authors and editors
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones,
James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
In-text citation:
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p.
74)
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
15
Chapter in an edited book
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Franklin, A.W. (2012) Management of the problem, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The
maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.
16
Electronic books (ebooks)
E-book
In-text citation:
Reference list:
McClellan, M.B. (2008) Evidence-based medicine and the changing nature of health
care. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press.
OR
Beneath the citys faade of glamour and success, tension was building (Hislop,
2014, loc 324).
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: Publisher
Multi-volume works
Multi-volume works
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes (in round brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
17
Collected works
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Lee, G. (ed.) (1976-1990) Rush: The Early Years (30 vols). Toronto: Toronto Press.
Author/editor
Year(s) of publication of collection (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes (in round brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
Sacred texts
Bible
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Torah
In-text citation:
It is said that a righteous man falls down seven times and gets up (Proverbs
24:16)
Reference list:
18
Quran
In-text citation:
Reference list:
More books
Ancient texts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Translated by (if relevant)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
If citing an ancient text that existed before the invention of printing, reference it as a
manuscript or reference the published (and translated) edition you have read.
19
Anthologies
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Mead, C. and Tranter, J. (eds) (1991) The Penguin Book of Modern Australian
Poetry. London: Bloodaxe Books.
Atlases
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Oxford School Atlas (2012) 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
20
Audiobooks
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of publication/release (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Narrated by (if required)
Available at: URL
(Downloaded: date)
In-text citation:
Jones painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.
Author of book
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page reference of illustration and so on
illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
21
Bibliographies
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
22
Historical books in online collections
In-text citation:
Reference list:
James, P. (1654) Ruins of the palace at Thermopylae. London: Printed for the
author.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of publication (in italics)
Place of publication and printing statement
If you are reading a scanned version of the printed book, complete with publication
information and page numbers, reference in the same manner as the print book. Some early
printed books do not have a publisher as they were privately printed. Record the information
given in the book in your reference.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
23
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of manuscript (in italics)
Date (if available)
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Magazine articles
In-text citation:
Reference list:
24
Pamphlets
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society. (2008)
The assessment of pain in younger people: local guidelines. London: RCP.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Reprint editions
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Seaman, D. (1945) The king of the truth. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1998.
Author/editor
Year of original publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Reprint
Place of reprint publication: reprint publisher
Year of reprint
25
Translated books
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/editor
Year of translated publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Translated by ...
Place of publication: reprint publisher
26
JOURNALS
Journal articles
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of journal articles, whether print
or electronic, should be simplified. Students and tutors can access academic journal articles
through password-protected institutional databases, but other readers may not have access
to these. Therefore, as long as the journal reference provides enough bibliographic
information for the article to be located, other elements no longer need to be included, for
example [Online], database title and URL. The reader would locate the article using the
resources they can access and search.
If you are specifically referencing the abstract of a journal article, your citation would make
this clear, for example: The abstract highlights ... (Rodgers and Baker, 2013, p. 34). Note
that the reference would follow the same format as for a journal article, as the page
reference above would take the reader to the abstract.
27
Journal articles accessed via VLE
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby,
2014).
Reference list:
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
To be published in (if this is stated)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume and issue numbers (if stated)
[Preprint]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
28
Cochrane Library Review
In-text citation:
Reference list:
McDonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J. and Sprowson, A. (2014)
Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. CD003526.
Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author. Use family name, followed by author's initial(s).
The Year of publication (in brackets).
The title and any subtitle.
Database name, which must be in italics.
Issue number (not including the long DOI number).
Report Number (CD....)
Hill, J. (2010) Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis
and pulmonary embolism) in patients admitted to hospital: summary of the NICE
guideline. Heart;96:879-882. doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.198275
NICE. (2007) Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute
illness in adults in hospital. NICE guidelines [CG50]. Available at:
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg50 (Accessed: 5 May 2015)
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of guideline
Title of Journal (if relevant)
Volume
29
Page reference
doi (if available)
Magazine articles
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Blogs
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Davidson, A. (2013) The Saudi Marathon Man, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available
at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Author of message
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of message (in single quotation marks)
Title of internet site (in italics)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Blogs (weblogs) are produced by individuals and organisations to provide updates on issues
of interest or concern. Beware that, as blogs are someone's opinions, they may not provide
objective, reasoned discussion of an issue. Use blogs in conjunction with reputable sources.
30
Note that due to the informality of the internet, many authors give first names or aliases. Use
the name they have used in your reference.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year that the page was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of page (in italics) (unless it is the same as the Author)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Note that as social networking sites require registration and then acceptance by other
members, it is suggested that the main web address be used. You may wish to include a
copy of the member-to-member discussion you are referring to as an appendix to your work,
so that readers without access to the original can read it.
Also note that if the author of the page is the same as the title of the page, then you only
need to include the author at the beginning of the reference there is no need to repeat it
further on in the same reference.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year that the page was last updated (in round brackets)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
31
Wikis
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Web pages
In-text citation:
Snow (2015) stated that millions of soldiers died on the Western Front (Snow,
2015).
Reference list:
Snow, D. (2015) How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3kgjxs (Accessed: 18 July 2015).
Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
32
Web page - Organisations as authors
In-text citation:
Reference list:
BBC News (2014) Lights out ends day of WW1 centenary commemorations.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223 (Accessed: 17 October 2012).
Organisation
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
33
Web page - No dates
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
(no date)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
The internet has radically altered access to audio and visual sources and created the means
for anyone to produce and distribute material. You may also view or hear programmes
through catch-up services such as BBC iPlayer, ITV Player, 4 on Demand(4oD), Demand
5 and Sky Go on a variety of devices. You do not need to specify the catch-up service nor
the device. The nature of the material and the facts necessary to identify or retrieve it should
dictate the substance of your in-text citations and reference list.
34
Title of programme (in italics)
Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
Name of channel
Day and month of original transmission
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Photographer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/downloaded: date)
For images that you download onto e-devices, and to which you still have access, you
should replace accessed date with downloaded date.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jones, D. (1999) Developing big business, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses. Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 19
January 2014).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
35
Television programmes viewed on the internet
In-text citation
Napoleon was incredibly important, as seen in the Napoleon series shown on BBC
Two (Episode 2, 2015)
Reference list:
Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known; if not, use title of programme
Year of broadcast (in round brackets)
Title of programme/series (in italics)
Series and episode numbers (if known)
Name of channel
Broadcast date (day/month)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
36
Digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several PhD candidates gave useful advice (Davids and Wright, 1999).
Reference list:
Reference books and journal articles in repositories should be referenced as you would for
the corresponding print versions.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Organisation or company (if stated)
Location and date of conference
37
Prepublication journal articles in online or digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby,
2014).
Reference list:
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
To be published in (if this is stated)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume and issue numbers (if stated)
[Preprint]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the Now Thats What I Call Music
series has proved this (Now Thats What I Call Music, 2015)
Reference list:
Now thats what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group
Limited.
38
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Computer games
In-text citation:
Reference list:
The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at
http://rome-total-war.en.softonic.com/ (Downloaded: 18 June 2015).
39
Computer programs
In-text citation:
Reference list:
The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at:
http://rome-total-war.en.softonic.com/ (Downloaded: 18 June 2015).
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
40
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)
[PowerPoint presentation]
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of item (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
41
MEDIA AND ART
Newspaper articles
In-text citation:
Businesses and organisations around York are showing their support (Lewis, 2015,
p. 6).
Reference list:
Lewis, S. (2015) Rainbow support for York pride, The Press, York, 18 June.
Author/byline
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper (in italics capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Edition if required (in round brackets)
Day and month
Page reference
Just like journal articles, over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of
newspaper articles, whether print or electronic, could be simplified. Students and tutors can
access newspaper articles through password-protected institutional databases, but other
readers may not have access to these. Therefore, as long as the newspaper reference
provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located, other elements no
longer need to be included, for example [Online] and database title. The reader would locate
the newspaper article using the format/resource they can access and search themselves.
Live performances
Concerts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Composer
42
Year of performance (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Performed by ... conducted by ...
Location. Date seen (in square brackets)
Plays
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (2013). Directed by David Smith [Theatre
Royal, York. 18 January].
Visual sources
In-text citation:
Jones painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.
Author of book
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page reference of illustration and so on
illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
43
Cartoons
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Bloggs, J. (2013) The key issue [Cartoon]. The Times, 20 January. Available at:
http://www.times.co.uk/world/cartoon/2013/jan/20/bloggs (Accessed: 25 July 2015).
Artist
Date (if available)
Title of cartoon (in single quotation marks)
[Cartoon]
Title of publication (in italics)
Day and month
OR if seen online add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Comics
In-text citation:
Dennis the Menace is still going strong (The wrath of Gnasher, 2015).
Reference list:
44
Displays
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, 28 April 2015.
Exhibitions
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Installations
In-text citation:
Reference list:
45
Thompson, J. (2009) My house [Installation]. Tate Modern, London, 4 January 2009.
Artist
Year (in round brackets)
Title of installation or exhibit (in italics)
[Installation] or [Exhibit]
Gallery or location
Date viewed
Graffiti
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Inscriptions
On monuments
In-text citation:
The gravestone of the man (James Smith, 2014) showed him to be the man he truly
was.
Reference list:
Inscriptions on gravestones and memorials are, in many instances, the only detailed record
of a person's existence, circumstances and relationships, apart from basic information given
in birth, marriage and death certificates and the census. Referencing this information can be
difficult, but (as with printed information) you should aim to provide as much information as
possible for another person to locate the gravestone or memorial. In some instances, the
46
plot number of a grave will be obtainable and can be referenced; if not, try to give an
indication of the location from a landmark.
On buildings
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Maps
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2002) York, sheet 56, 1:50 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey
(Landranger series).
Ordnance Survey
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Sheet number, scale
Place of publication: publisher
Series (in round brackets)
47
Geological Survey maps
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (1988) Castleford (solid), sheet 16, 1:50 000. Southampton:
Ordnance Survey. (Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales]).
Online maps
In-text citation:
The social club is close to the playing fields (Ordnance Survey, 2010).
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2010) Ferry Lane, Tile sp15nw, 1:10 000. Available at:
http://edina.ac.iuk/digimap/ (Accessed: 8 June 2014).
Map publisher
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of map section (in single quotation marks)
Sheet number or tile, scale
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
48
Medical images
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Many kinds of medical/anatomical images can be viewed and downloaded from the internet
(for example, MRI, PET, CT and ultrasound scans and X-rays) for use in supporting your
arguments or demonstrating particular aspects of anatomical or medical information. These
would simply be referenced as photographs/images from the internet.
Other images may be found in online databases such as Anatomy TV. For these, use the
following format.
Mood boards
In-text citation:
Reference list:
49
Exhibited at
Location and date(s) of exhibition
Dimensions (if relevant and available)
Packaging
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Manufacturer
Year seen
Product name (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
OR if seen online, add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Paintings/drawings
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Artist
Year (if available)
Title of the work (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city
OR if seen online:
Available at:
(Accessed: date)
50
Photographs/images
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Tebow, T. (2009) York at night [Photograph]. York: Here and There Publishing.
Photographer
Year (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
[Photograph]
Place of publication: publisher (if available)
Students often become confused when referencing works of art they have photographed.
They are often unsure whether to reference themselves as the image maker or to reference
the work itself. The answer is clear: you reference what it is you are referring to (ie your
photograph or the work of art). Thus, if you wish to discuss the way you photographed a
sculpture by Rodin, you would reference yourself, following the examples below (omitting, if
necessary, place of publication and publisher). If, however, you photographed Rodin's
sculpture in a gallery and you are discussing the sculpture itself, you would follow the
guidelines for Sculpture.
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
51
Jarvis, C. (2015) Blue. Available at:
http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0
(Accessed 18 June 2015).
Photographer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/downloaded: date)
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
Clip art
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Producer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of clip art (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/Downloaded: date)
If using clip art images from online collections, use the details you are given to take the
reader to the relevant piece of artwork. On occasions, you may need to reference clipart that
you have found through social media sites like Pinterest or Tumblr, or that you have viewed
directly on Flickr. Do not be confused: you simply take the reader to where you viewed the
image.
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
Postcards
In-text citation:
Reference list:
52
Year (in round brackets if available)
Title (in italics)
[Postcard]
Place of publication: publisher
Posters
In-text citation:
Reference list:
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)
[PowerPoint presentation]
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
53
War memorials
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Derek Boorman (1995) For Your Tomorrow, York Minster, Deangate, York, UK.
(Viewed: 22 June 2014).
Audiovisual material
CD-ROMs
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the Now Thats What I Call Music
series has proved this (Now Thats What I Call Music, 2015)
Reference list:
Now thats what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group
Limited.
54
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Saving Private Ryan (1998). Steven Spielberg (director) [DVD]. Available: Paramount
Pictures.
Microform
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of microform (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
Phonecasts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
55
Phonecasts are audio or video programmes transmitted to a user's mobile phone. The user
dials a number to access the programme. Alternatively, phonecasters can broadcast by
using their telephones in place of microphones. Although phone calls are personal
communications, it is possible to reference phonecasts if the access details are available in
a publication or web page.
Podcasts
In-text citation:
It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth (Yesterday in Parliament,
2015)
Reference list:
Author/presenter
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of podcast (in italics)
[Podcast]
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Although podcasts can be downloaded onto portable devices, you should reference where it
was published or displayed for download rather than trying to give 'my iPod' as a source.
Screencasts
In-text citation:
An online video showed this (Learning Rails the zombie way, no date).
Reference list:
Learning Rails the zombie way (no date) [Screencast]. Available at:
http://www.rubyonrails.org (Accessed: 12 January 2014).
56
Title of screencast (in italics)
Year of production (in round brackets)
[Screencast]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Vodcasts or vidcasts
In-text citation:
The vodcast (Butler and ORourke, 2014) explained how Bob Saget was a hero to
them.
Reference list:
Butler, B. and ORourke, A. (2014) Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald Live: Video Podcast
Network. [Vodcast]. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peDLWyHegfI
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of vodcast (in italics)
[Vodcast]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Video podcasts can be viewed on the internet or downloaded for later viewing. So that
readers can locate the original, cite and reference where you obtained the vodcast.
In-text citation:
The directors were incredibly pleased with the outcome (Wachowski, 2003).
Reference list:
57
Name of person interviewed
Year of interview (in round brackets)
Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Interview with/interviewed by
Interviewer's name
Title of film (in italics)
[DVD] or [Blu-ray]
Place of distribution: distribution company
Reviews
Book reviews
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Stevens, H. (2010) Biology of birds. Review of The birds and the bees, by David
Bills. Journal of the History of Biology, 50(2), pp. 190-92.
Drama reviews
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Smith, U. (2007) The big finale. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre
Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July.
58
Review of ... (title of work reviewed in italics)
Director of work being reviewed
Publication details (title in italics)
Film reviews
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Smith, U. (2007) The big finale. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre
Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2015) Absolute magic. Review of Clockwork Angels Tour, by Rush, York,
UK. The Press (Review section), 29 March, p. 91.
59
Publication details (title in italics)
Interviews
Newspaper interview
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009). Interview with Kevin Jones. Interview by Steven Poulter for The
Times, 7 July, p. 88.
Television interview
In-text citation:
Reference list:
60
Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, BBC Two Television,
5 February.
Internet interview
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, 7 March. Available at:
http://iplayer.co.uk/Newsnight/march7 (Accessed: 17 June 2015).
RESEARCH
Unpublished or confidential information
Confidential information
In-text citation:
61
The records they produced (Placement hospital, 2014)
Reference list:
[Placement hospital] (2014) [Placement hospital] examination criteria for patients with
dementia. London: [Placement hospital].
In many cases you will need to anonymise the person or institution involved. In medical
situations, for example, you may use terms such as 'Subject 1', 'Patient X' or 'Baby J' instead
of real names; or 'Placement school', 'Placement hospital' or 'Placement agency' instead of
actual institutions.
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or organisation
Year produced (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2014) Did the Allies win the battle of the Atlantic because of superior air
power?, L252: War Studies. University of Birmingham. Unpublished essay.
Student name
Year of submission (in round brackets)
Title of essay/assignment (in single quotation marks)
62
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Unpublished essay/assignment
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis.
University of Birmingham. Available at: http://findit.bham.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 18 June
2015).
Author
Year of submission (in round brackets)
Title of thesis (in italics)
Degree statement
Degree-awarding body
If viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Tutors handouts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
63
Tutor
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Title of handout (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Unpublished
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of item (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
Reports
Financial
In-text citation:
The company expanded massively during the first half of the year (BSkyB Ltd, 2012).
Reference list:
64
Author or organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
BSkyBs profit margin rose by over 7 per cent in the financial year 2011-2012
(Bureau van Dijk, 2013).
Reference list:
Bureau van Dijk (2013) BSkyB plc company report. Available at:
http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb (Accessed: 8 January 2013).
Publishing organisation
Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of extract (in single quotation marks)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Research
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Reference list:
65
Author or organisation
Year produced (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author or organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in single quotation marks)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Research reports
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Friedland, B. (2009) A minimum income standard for Yorkshire: what people think.
Available at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/yorkshireresearch (Accessed: 19 June 2015).
Author or organisation
66
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Genealogical sources
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jayne Seaman (1966) Certified copy of birth certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20
December 1966. Application number 5001977/D. Pontefract Register Office.
Censuses
In-text citation:
67
Reference list:
Mark Jones (1956) Census return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York subdistrict,
North Yorkshire. Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, p. 8 (1956).
Available at: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Military records
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Parish registers
In-text citation:
Alex and Alices wedding (Alex Jones and Alice Roberts, 1934)
Reference list:
Alex Jones and Alice Roberts (1934) Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Roberts, 5
May 1934. St Andrews Church Bishopthorpe, York marriage register 1900-1950
68
(2009). Available at: http://www.genuki.org.uk/bishopthorpe (Accessed: 29 March
2015).
Wills
In-text citation:
They inherited a great wealth (Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North
Yorkshire, 1800).
Reference list:
Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire (1800). The National
Archives: Public Record Office. Catalogue reference: PROB/15/1980.
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author
69
Year (in round brackets)
Title of manuscript (in italics)
Date (if available)
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Data
Graphs
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Gray, A. (2009) How to reference scientific papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
p. 87, graph.
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page number or figure number for graph
Graph
Scientific datasets
In-text citation:
Reference list:
70
Shevchenko, A. (2014) Na levels holdings. Available at: http://physics.nist.gov/ajh5
(Accessed: 9 January 2015).
Author
Date (in round brackets)
Title of data (in single quotation marks)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
British Standards
In-text citation:
Attic conversions are subject to strict controls (British Standards Institution, 1998).
Reference list:
Mathematical equations
In-text citation:
Reference list:
71
James, J. (2006) Some functional equations, Advances in Algebra, 315(8), pp.
1880-1899. Available at: http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James (Accessed: 19
January 2015).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
Patents
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Fredericks, F. (2012) Vinyl cleaning tool. UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no.
GB2468906. Available at: http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication (Accessed: 5 June
2013).
Inventor(s)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Authorising organisation
Patent number
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
72
Reference list:
Hoff, D. (1995) The Baywatch years. Nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879. Available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/hoff (Accessed: 20 October 2009).
Author/editor
Year (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Document number
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour
Research, volume. 7.
Author(s)
Title of report
Publishing organisation. Place of publication
Date of publication
Report series and number
LEGAL MATERIAL
House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
In-text citation:
Parliamentary reports for the year included renewable energy (Parliament. House of
Lords, 2004).
73
Reference list:
Parliament. House of Lords (2004) Electricity from renewables: the first report. (HL
2003-2004 (19)). London: The Stationary Office.
Hansard
In-text citation:
Dr Sugar expressed his views quite clearly (HC Deb 20 January 2009).
Reference list:
Hansard is the official record of debates and speeches given in Parliament, as well as
written answers to questions and written statements by ministers. A fully searchable version
of Hansard from 1988 for the Commons and from 1995 for the Lords is available online
athttp://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/hansard/(Accessed: 18 April 2013). For
more information on the use of Hansard, see Factsheet G17: The Official Report (2010)
produced by the House of Commons Information Office. Available
at:http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g17.pdf (Accessed: 18
74
April 2013). We suggest adding the URL for the debate you are citing so that your reader
can locate the precise section.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
In-text citation:
It is clear that the Green Belt Bill (Parliament, House of Commons, 1999) is
inadequate.
Reference list:
Parliament, House of Commons (1999) Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9). London:
The Stationary Office.
In-text citation:
75
Reference list:
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Law Commission
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report or consultation paper (in italics)
Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number (if given) (in round
brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
76
Reference list:
GOVERNMENT & EU
European Union publications
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Name of EU institution (for example, Council of the European Union, European Commission)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Government publications
In-text citation:
Reference list:
77
Lord Chancellors Department (2000) Government policy on referencing. London:
The Stationery Office (Cm 4517).
Departmental publications
In-text citation:
Reference list:
International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport (2010) The need
for greater liberalization. Available at: http://www.iccwbo.org/liberalization (Accessed:
8 February, 2014).
COMMUNICATIONS
Conferences
78
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Institute for Large Businesses (1999) Large firms policy and research conference.
University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Jones, D. (1999) Developing big business, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses.
Author of paper
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
Page references for the paper
In-text citation:
Reference list:
79
Jones, D. (1999) Developing big business, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses. Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 19
January 2014).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
Public communications
Electronic
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author of message
Year of message (in round brackets)
Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)
Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
Date posted: day/month
Available email: email address
RSS feeds
In-text citation:
80
The library extension will be completed in 2016 (University of Birmingham Library,
2015).
Reference list:
Author/organisation
Year issued (in round brackets)
Title of communication (in italics)
[RSS]
Day/month
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Advertisements & PR
Advertisements
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Author/Organisation
Year (in round brackets)
Title of advert/brief description of advert (in italics)
[Advertisement on (insert channel name)]
Date viewed.
In-text citation:
Reference list:
81
Google Inc. (2015) Google Maps changes forever [Press release]. 29 December.
Available at: http://www.google.com/intl/en/news (Accessed: 30 December 2015).
Author/organisation
Year issued (in round brackets)
Title of communication (in italics)
[Press release]
Day/month
OR if available online, add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, 28 April 2015.
Leaflets
In-text citation:
Barclays Bank plc (no date) provides insurance for many families.
Reference list:
82
Barclays Bank plc (no date) Mortgages. [Leaflet obtained in York branch], 8 June
2015.
Minutes of meetings
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Library staff committee (2014) Item 4.2: Developing technology. Minutes of library
staff committee meeting 24 January 2014, Main Library, University of Birmingham.
Personal communications
In-text citation:
Reference list:
Sender/speaker/author
Year of communication (in round brackets)
Medium of communication
Receiver of communication
Day/month of communication
83
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. Therefore, it
includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the reader can identify and
then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes
background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited.
Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is
better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located at
the end of the work. When using the Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and
the reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the authors surname, or title (for
when there is no author). Usually, the reference list is included in the wordcount, but the
bibliography is not. However, always check with your lecturer or supervisor beforehand as
this rule can vary between departments.
Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickards manual of operative dentistry. 9th
edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davidson, A. (2013) The Saudi Marathon Man, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available
at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle
against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
84
Hislop, V. (2014) The sunrise. Available at http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlestore
(Downloaded: 17 June 2015).
Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones,
James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.
Sample Bibliography
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1994) Epi Info (Version 6) [Computer program].
Available at http://www.cdcp.com/download.html (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis. University of
Birmingham. Available at: http://findit.bham.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour Research,
volume. 7.
The University of Birmingham (2010) The University of Birmingham experience. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Note:
Use (Accessed:) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet, whereas use
(Downloaded:) when you have specifically downloaded something, for example a book
onto your Kindle.
85
Hints and tips
Be aware: if you don't already know, check with your tutor which referencing style you are
expected to use
Be positive: used properly, references strengthen your writing, demonstrating that you have
spent time researching and digesting material and produced your own opinions and
arguments
Be decisive about the best way to cite your sources and how you balance your use of direct
quotations, paraphrasing and summarising (read about these in the
introductory Basics sections of Cite them right online)
Be willing to ask for help: library/learning resource staff offer support with referencing and
academic skills. Subject Advisors can help with finding and using resources and reference
software, http://libguides.bham.ac.uk/subjectsupport/index; the Academic Skills Centre staff
can help with essay writing and the use of citations and references
http://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/asc.
Be organised: prepare well and keep a record of all potentially useful sources as you find
them
Be prepared: read the Basics sections of Cite them right online before you begin your first
assignment
86
Be consistent: once you have established the referencing style required, use it consistently
throughout your piece of work
Be patient: make time and take your time to ensure that your referencing is accurate
Be clear: clarify the type of source you are referencing and check Cite them right online for
examples
Be thorough: check through your work and your references before you submit your
assignment, ensuring that your citations all match with a full reference and vice versa.
FAQs
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work.
Therefore, it includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the
reader can identify and then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of
references but also includes background readings or other material that you may
have read but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list,
just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Both the
reference list and the bibliography are located at the end of the work. When using the
Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and the reference list are arranged
in alphabetical order by the authors surname, or title (for when there is no author).
You simply write no date in brackets. For example, (Smith and Jones, no date).
Example of in-text citation with no date:
o He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml, no
date).
Example of reference list entry with no date:
o BBC History (no date) Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml
(Accessed: 18 June 2015).
87
Can I mix referencing styles?
For a printed or electronic book, the book title is in italics, but for journal articles the name of
the journal is in italics, and for newspaper articles the title of the newspaper is in italics.
Check the i-cite guide or cite them right online for more detailed examples if you are ever
stuck on a reference never guess!
When should I omit page numbers and when should I include page numbers?
So you might be summarising ideas that run through a work or summarising an argument in
a journal article or book, then no page numbers, but if you refer to an idea or fact from a
page or several pages then you would provide page numbers.
Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until after your in-text citation in brackets
because the in-text citation is part of your sentence.
Yes, but only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar
points or use similar methods or evidence. If this cannot be avoided, put the sources
in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. See the example below:
o A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield,
2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that
What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author?
If you list different sources by the same author which are produced in the same year,
label the first source a, the second b, etc. Do this in reverse chronological order with
the most recent first. See the example below:
o In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of
rationality in the formers argument. However, it is clear that this was not the
only strength of the original author (2007b).
88
Harris, S. (2007a) Dawkins: a history. London: Evolutionary Press.
Harris, S. (2007b) Evolutionary thought. London: Evolutionary Press.
Yes, they are counted in your word count, along with your reference list. However,
your bibliography is not counted in your word count.
DOIs are digital object identifiers a character string used to uniquely identify a
digital object.
Use (Accessed:) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet,
whereas use (Downloaded:) when you have specifically downloaded something,
for example a book onto your Kindle.
Cite them right online homepage the most useful website for the Harvard (author-date)
referencing style. If you have any further questions or queries, this is probably the best
website to go to;
http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Home
http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/author-date/author-date
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/resources/authors/pdf/hup-author-guidelines-author-
date-citations-and-reference-lists.pdf
A useful guide with many different source type examples. Also comes with an excellent quiz
at the end to test your new-found referencing knowledge;
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/page_24.htm
http://lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/service/harvard-referencing.pdf
89
A useful guide with many different source type examples;
https://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/resources/harvard.pdf
Any questions?
If you have a query that is not answered within this Guide, and the answer is still not found
on any of the other useful websites that are linked further up, please speak to your tutor or
subject advisor. Always refer back to the Cite them right online website if you are still unsure.
Bibliography: A list of all the sources you consulted for your work arranged in alphabetical
order by author's surname or, when there is no author, by title. For web pages where no
author or title is apparent, the URL of the web page would be used.
Citation: The in-text reference that gives brief details (for example author, date, page
number) of the source you are quoting from or referring to. This citation corresponds with the
full details of the work (title, publisher and so on) given in your reference list or bibliography,
so that the reader can identify and/or locate the work. End-text citations are more commonly
known as references.
Digital Object Identifier (doi): A numbered tag used to identify individual digital (online)
sources, such as journal articles and conference papers.
Direct quotation: The actual words used by an author, in exactly the same order as in their
original work, and with the original spelling.
Ellipsis: The omission of words from speech or writing. A set of three dots (...) shows where
the original words have been omitted.
End-text citation: An entry in the reference list at the end of your work, which contains the
full (bibliographical) details of information for the in-text citation.
90
et al.: (From the Latin et alia meaning 'and others'.) A term most commonly used (for
example Harvard author-date system) for works having more than three authors. The citation
gives the first surname listed in the publication, followed by et al. One example is; (Smith et
al., 2014).
Ibid: Ibid is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a
source that was cited in the previous endnote or footnote. The previous reference should be
immediately visible. For example, within the same paragraph or page.
In-text citation: Often known as simply the citation, this gives brief details (for example
author, date, page number) of your source of information within your text.
Paraphrase: A restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words. You must
always cite your source when paraphrasing.
Peer-review: A process used in academic publishing to check the accuracy and quality of a
work intended for publication. The author's draft of a book or article is sent by an editor
(usually anonymously) to experts in the subject, who suggest amendments or corrections.
This process is seen as a guarantee of academic quality and is a major distinction between
traditional forms of publishing, such as books and journals, and information in web pages,
which can be written by anyone, even if they have no expertise in a subject.
Plagiarism: Taking and using another person's thoughts, writings or inventions as your own
without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions. In the case of
copyrighted material, plagiarism is illegal.
Proper noun: The name of an individual person, place or organisation, having an initial
capital letter.
Quotation: The words or sentences from another information source used within your text.
Reference list: A list of references at the end of your assignment that includes the full
information for your citations so that the reader can easily identify and retrieve each work
(journal articles, books, web pages and so on).
Secondary referencing: Citing/referencing a work that has been mentioned or quoted in the
work you are reading. You may wish to refer to an author's idea, model or dataset but have
not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author's
discussion or report of it. Similarly you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author's letters
or diary, or a government report, that you have only 'read' as cited or reproduced within
another author's text. This is known as secondary referencing because you have not
actually read the source, but only someone else's account of it.
sic: (From the Latin meaning 'so, thus'.) A term used after a quoted or copied word to show
that the original word has been written exactly as it appears in the original text, and usually
highlights an error or misspelling of the word.
91
URL: The abbreviation for Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator, the address of
documents and other information sources on the internet (for example http://...).
Virtual learning environment (VLE): An online teaching environment (also known as online
learning environment OLE) that allows interaction between tutors and students, and the
storage of course documents and teaching materials.
Index
92
Facebook 31 Phonecasts 55
Film reviews 59 Photographic prints or slides 51
Financial reports from online databases 65 Photographs from the internet 51
Full conference proceedings 78 Plays 43
Geological Survey maps 48 Podcasts 56
Graffiti 46 Postcards 53
Graphs 69 Posters 54
Hansard 74 PowerPoint presentations 53
Historical books in online collections 23 Prepublication journal articles 29
House of Commons and House of Lords Prepublication journal articles in online or
Papers 73 digital repositories 38
Individual conference papers 79 Press releases and announcements 81
Installations 45 Printed book with an editor 14
Internal reports 62 Printed book with authors and editors 15
Internet interview 61 Printed book with more than three authors
Interviews with film directors 57 14
Journal articles 27 Printed book with no author 15
Journal articles accessed via VLE 28 Printed book with one author 13
Law commission reports and consultation Printed book with two or three authors 13
papers 76 Publications of international organisations
Leaflets 82 78
Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies Quran 19
74 Radio and internet radio 34
Lines within plays 23 Reprint editions 25
Magazine articles 24 Requests for Comments (RFCs) 72
Manuscripts 69 Research reports 66
Market research reports from online Reviews of musical performances 59
databases 66 RSS feeds 80
Mathematical equations 71 Scientific datasets 70
Medical images 49 Scientific or technical reports 73
Microform 55 Screencasts 56
Military records 68 Statutory Instruments (SIs) 76
Minutes of meetings 82 Students own work 62
Mood boards 49 Television interview 60
Multi-volume works 17 Television programmes viewed on the
Newspaper articles 42 internet 36
Newspaper interview 60 Theses and dissertations 63
NICE/NHS Guidelines 29 Torah 18
Online maps 48 Translated books 26
Ordnance Survey maps 47 Tutors handouts 63
Packaging 50 Tutors lecture notes in VLEs 64
Paintings/drawings 50 Twitter 31
Pamphlets 25 Video or films on YouTube 36
Papers from conference proceedings Vodcasts or vidcasts 57
published on the internet 36 War memorials 54
Parish registers 69 Web page - Individual authors 32
Patents 72 Web page - No authors or titles 33
Personal communications 83 Web page - No dates 34
93
Web page - Organisations as authors 33
Wikis 32
Wills 69
94