Sheanrina dang sree huts to 1 Soe one anes aes SSS 1 Baking and Construction Athy, May 2004 Alls reserved Nop of the putin maybe rproied oe ans a my fx oy any ‘eats wit armaton ig Rast he suk Whig ovr statism to nauretne aourcy th imation posi in SESS Sh Steen ea cha eponsy ty Ise :981.0436002 ered prerancotsenen FOREWORD Stu Precast Canrte Hanctook was at pulahasin arch 1099 and as wary rece Seiaisn, Ihsan veut oa naming ber bere pofem ape ‘sa py ndargingvaring pecan dorigr More hldnge are row conse arg recast ‘Ts Handosk nas undead rom th 1998 version Lo inte the fate reve fom he Sigapora | wou espe otha Dr Ll Hoke Safar i satan nh evil, lam cone that his Handbook lcontnve to sr te cst wel la Deputy Ghif Execubve OMcer Ir Coveleert Bunding and Canseueson AthenACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thana eet oo yer any conto pp tin sn cise BA ning ove vec. Gharns knowledge an experienc sat ha many face ca breast cencica costae atte th Procas Storing Conon, ahora eda on ova ga "ts Precae Stearng Commie, ome 157, wae asked eres he datng and posarson ‘This Hantbook was nse by BCA in coloration with Ds Ll Heke Sai PWD Constants le Lis) ‘ns Prensa reat of Gunma fre nk Hendon ope “oal contr, we want ogress eu epprecaon 3b wo dene. Precast tering Commits Members (1987-1990) Chatman eter = Pg tem Sa O bong Preston Porkomnye cosutors eum enon St te tg Me Stephen toy Ocal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (conr’p) scAwau eo hank OSTAané PD Conautants Pte for onset use phoiographs taken fom ‘fer prowess nation 2A would he atknowacpe he ffewing exgeisatonpublishes for conan! © Use FP Planing and Design Handbook on Precast Bulsng tuctures Fete so an anal of recast Conerete Constnction System Bung wih Large Panels lume 3) Baur Gc feosgn tanabeok rarae—oetoume {PW ladon Br, Sula Muti Stroy Procast Concrete Framed StructuresNOTATIONS Seth lr roca pe ee Pac 80 oc web sel acne deh of shay base eee rant nce tom bt canis edge tel ae REMI ee Steve gto nate ‘finer comoresse stant cone St etace pany Pe reas Sexier ohana ate cress one hfs bs [esressdestprent song arssaront an of bases enson areceage fel bars iSsmree benno reo wa ty) foots etng ao") tener ofwelenet| Yoea bd ota peru ergh nal ino al it mesh olced ne eras en ebererar 040 Temes ston: aoa enh of wt yr -nuinefonteancria m proce wal pane! tse of ta wb ‘eran rao ae obese ce pcan of stetsrg system; co-nlaCareson sytem les Caeson spon See BR rer nnn se aspegene NO’ PRAM UNE O DP PPEPIIPOEP aaparroraeeye "aes NNNKR ESA AP O29 VEE, TATIONS (cont’p) Steet reatesangratorcrert Stott stem ranocsmer ° Sha oe arta tne ape ot tear key ‘toa trate res nso Sos teeta Luly rho! eas Hoc rer deson) ese tence eatoeNOTATIONS (conr’p) © escheat conan i waa onc halon te as 5 Gauri ator are nenaepe Bon ers coer oad dation cor ferro sor : {a ose pressing ee rd factor in aeeratany ‘ocean Soe cotlr e con (Sram mia A) cea ie hoe es PREFACE Sucve at sta manna the ita cast sty cone ute sed ose os sin The mezencapton due ecko ungaaandng the dein psopy and he special fins ad les asad with pecs canes daign end cansrcten, Wide sporesaton @ ato sflers ora ack of eaign sion 3 the under yacate ve and nied tet othe desig cncaps manfacting at recto eages me most resto Cel Is cariog cu by Infaute angnoo'sonployed Oy precast manufacturing “The publaton of his Handbook ainsto ro te sagnerng rfesin wih ier understanng ithe posdire of prorat conerte acta oign sles sen 3 stl ese a out ot Chapter +e ne Handbook proves sn ovaew on he genera deen pence of some of ha ost lest eatre npreceetbuldngs, The ceptarorphaseas fe Son phosophy ar ove ‘re coheenesntrma of abl syom arse ey which areata alo ln Chapte 2, deta intrmation i gen onthe design of some af the mare commen ie of precast ig wal, Passos pacat concedes a sige dotie te abe selena ‘tld asthe te nl corona lay ats tag fe Whore appt, expe are lied usta deognsoproachss Furr docgn as ease provid hh oo eves ‘penne an oar, Chapt ata catalogue ad resent he pins casio ear, dein emuise oequaons tpeome oft common ypas of somectons vee In bor ypu pocst res ‘Trecrencancets ancprocicuaeouthosin Chop o at polled Chapt 4 ne design ot Iuoprecatlcocia bang. Thenees cori speliccnausienequamertin reas Cone feign decried on fhe uly os exarpe, Chapters sins to gw te rode 9 genatl oa ofthe various posses offing and conection tata citar es of pees coneres sire. Apa or enowng some comets commen rod ally. he readers are ls expceedo vernon practan, pricy Europea prices, hare ‘onlerat advancement n recast coneteton heen mad “Tedesgnnsthad and aporoaches ihe Handtookare baad aban desgn es aed Inaczntanc uththe Singapore Sancatdon Coe of Prason Fo Sura Use of Cnt: CPOS. 1983 inti aon Whoever appa he relevant dauss ome Cae af ie rich ‘Steno coveted by the Cave, her sours a rare ae quad Alt offerors also gan et the and ef te Handoook fr adore who ar neta otto onrete desig a const.r i CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 44 General 2 12 Losdings And Load Tables 2 13 Procast Concrete Systems 6 Slab Wall Structure 8 ‘Shear Wall Behaviour 20 2 47 Floor Diaphragm Actions. 30 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED ‘CONCRETE COMPONENTS Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slabs “0 Design OF Precast Concrete Planks sCONTENTS (conr’p) 23. Design OF Procest Reinforced Concrete Beams 238 Dosgrexampes 24 Design OF Precast Concrete Columns 108 25 Design Of Procast Concrete Walls. 1m 288. Carlever cat con wale CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS 34 General 142 32 Design Criteria 142 33 Design Considerations 142 eat Manufacturing Considerations 149 Construction Considerations 148 Types OF Joints my 3.7 Shoar Friction Design Method. 4. CONTENTS (cont’p) 28 ‘State Feeton 190 Bearing On Concrete 150 Reinforced Conerete Cor 158 Coa cain by a eects ae den by ter ton mates Reinforced Concrete Nib 12 ‘Beam Half Joint 178 Rercarenta ine 3.18 Steel Sections inserts 1 Force Transfer By Welding 199 ‘Shoar Key Connection 202 ‘Column Base Connection 203 ie st enna Connection Of Precast Walls 26 ‘ered capac oot conte nts CHAPTER 4: ILLUSTRATIONS ON DESIGN OF PRECAST ‘CONCRETE BUILDINGS 44 Introduction 4 42 12Storey Office Block 24 42° Residential Block 250 CHAPTER 5: PRECAST CONCRETE ASSEMBLY 54 Genera: 266 52 Joints Used In Singapore Projects 287 53 Joints Used in European Projects 282 REFERENCE m2STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 1 Genera 112. Loatings And ood ables 1.3 PreatConcete Systems 1 Slab Wl Srcres 1S Shor Wel ehviue 1.6. Seach Design For Pegetive Callape 17 Flo igh Aeons‘CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS 14 Gene ‘The main structural liferance between cabin bulkfngs and precstbuldng® ies n thle structural conruly. The cual contaty of converena nent bakigs ere nd il euiomaticalyfotow asthe constuction proces. Fr pecan! stuctues, te mist be 8 ensciou fot fo oneuro that esucturalcontnuly m erested when procat components sh 28 Slab an wal, are connecod. The conmesions acs bring Inks between es compns As te stutural elements inprcsstbuang wit ony fom stale eta eytem ae theo ‘re connecea, drut censreions or labiy and safety are necesray st sages ‘load bearng stucure wih easing elerants ich can sustain both vrcal end erzontal ins and vaneitthes oe foundation endo solisroques. The sucture rust e robust one adoqutalydeslgned against sctyal sre, cracking end deleterious datornatons. ‘The overal behaviour of &preceststuctue fe dependent onthe behaviour of te connections wich mist repond to *rostance to al dsign forces ‘vue cnanges aay “re rentance 12 Loadings And Load Tables 1121 Desig procedures in goneral ‘Alege! design procedure forthe sruckxal engines mst nce thse four phases (gue 1.) Loos Assoament Stn ad etnstes an od bes. 2 Caledaton tec! etn he stucral ytem, deaclng poste ad pa, evehaon {stots of components and jis, he easuon hos ended conan, 3. Svucturl Anahi String wa ha detsrminatan face on components and Js Satan ote srongr cary capacy omaarae, cose sectors anne Mose, Sho iode anthesis roo be conwars a 4 Documentation: Preparation peceaone, sketches, shop stavings end sssenbiy (omer acco Figure 14 Procedure |.22 Verteal nd horizontal oa “tetuikg design oad con usual be xrscte rom toad spocteatons in codes of practice Tretzng bye ws, Ia oad type, suchas te win lon, cannot be etabiched becmuse tie 8 {pec shaped bung tats ust be conducad ‘ie vera losis comes the dea! weight of he sructze,supermpoeed ded loads ad ve ‘Based tern ighoweg parton wats fe nenaly rated a ne ood canbe exited ae tron ead th or sae dts the od very For areca! buange with simpy siopored main stucural members. tis easy to ogee Tetsu he loads scng fram op obotom fhe balding n oad tates An txts of als wih atcimussing erent in goers shown in Hee 1.2. Te hon loess are donvod! fom shee the wind ores or om the so-called nslona force ‘ihoh is olerrinerd as can percentage ft al vera ad on the bung tn CP 8S, he atonal horizons load is akeno be 1 SH othe characte dead weight ofthe sbuctreardie [ested ean ulate oad or utich be stati ofthe bulging hae be execs agin. ocr fico ecoantitascf the stucure tors ortubel sateen. nesuntie where earthquskes {Se toquete considerably ngner ele ls aed, or namic caleutons have tobe made “The wnaforeee act on the fecades ane gables ofth bulking. The notional fro, onto othe hand Ics al he pens appleaton ofthe verical ess, normaly asia al he cones of [Gov of he stra wale and of he Poor sibs 1 ores athe atonal orcs ate assured 1 stn en eleary cacti, The signee so cone ho great oth eres. -Aeciertal ecten ston spate te sructre a the resto scien and not ue to specie ‘rooted eds. Asien acon could cecur kam coins, xposons or Famer ose ona fad sree Forcuctures which mus be stoume i be exposed othe kof scent acon specfeaions the Case normaly gv the designer chace between + designing the structure in such 2 way tel the pts ofthe stucture subjected to he SeeMonal eton can wiht hie or + Gesigring te stuctrein sucha way that fave of gven magic wi nat eatin the pogessivecalape or topping ofthe ene erst, se detaind in Figure 13 Pracatlons Against Stuctra Faure The figure demonstatas one of te ‘eintroomantbar are plsced > aval oe Popes clack, Figure 1.3. Stuctra integrity Ties Against Fallure Ces (1099) shat href be eer to asthe “CodeSection 11 Column wat ane: (60) IES ‘eam a ime | 1 3 dol ol 712819 LO 1] — Ta OTST] ifr superposed des oa, for Wve oad, and SW for sof weight of ruts, The 1 columns on he od abe oe 1 aad esusament bese ona predinay design ‘Geemeial dotemiraton of ab spans Based ona pretmnary design Gotu 32)+3| Sinarto end 9, based ona preliminary design Cotunn (32)+5 Sumer, 38 Bescon primary design 40. Colurn (n8}e9 $8 Samol 10,210 123. Lead path desertion tein con om proce conan become clad use of cars” regures i Sou caaton cso ofthe onan sacar rember te corse) or sppedes Lin precast forse, wal, ams anc calunns kiss posh achieve resi nthe [ini a sl onde fw copra ct Sa ron won - raving mad he on sees ard he choke of clodaton mode tenet a very ‘ran lp be lead pat deeaghon keh erin eet» pal od pa 3 Ireazeigeiom he post ot ppicsonte wht load eran te eunsatan andthe yun etsed lod path cesciton for vera wl as horzotl lass, be designris ale ‘cleo alintenalfoees acing on components and joins necessary fo a proper design “re doscipton coud aso act voy convene gue for te accumsetonotloads and asa [totcortnts forthe stuctralcacuatens ‘Thelastpreparatry sep before the structural analyses can bag i the ditbubon fal oaings from ther eppieaton pots to the oad bearing and bracing syst. This pooess very much Tntestethe teas ph escrpen. Sasedon the deternator of Scar models andthe evalusion tisrucra stesso ii, be nton of oads con be easy accomplishes ‘sin supported precast corgonens, ts 2s) 0 allocate the veral lod tothe load bearing flamers ermal doc proportional the span, Horzoral lads, onthe oe hand a more (ict to hande eexsatal hat pris and dealed sucha! desorption a evaluation 6 rate, “he uetations In Fgura ‘4 gv exembles of sacl modes for vera aswel as horizontal lead ore pana system bung wih teen supporingsrstures on et oar. (2) Proportonate Shear Well (0) Wall Frame (€\Nor-Proportionate Figur 14 Station Modela For Verieal And Horizontal Load Distribution Of Large Panel Structures13 Precast Concrete Systems 1.8: Builang systems Some examples ofthe more commonly sed procaetconeratebuldng syst are usted in Fgue 5. seltal Fars systema ao suber conmnettl ouahrge, schools, Noein strctres and sporing faite, wher + ng dagoe of fest n panning and dapoaton of ‘oor areas cen be acheved by ehglarga spanning alam bear ajout Such ulidgs sre ay _saotaie changes so, hus glngerlilets 9 broader cole facade cadnge ‘stoma wth nd bearing oes wall, pine war acades are more la or desta, sparimors and ots. Advantages are sh consi eso, racy open surtac, fcsce8 5 arectalsecsat. good ecole euaton and fre essence ‘raced Skeletal Frome A, Y Li, bn UG Lh EX % ‘cross Wal ‘Spine Walt Facade cot some aseriy examples of ame nd al ayers ar shown Figure 16. ‘itstralion th tha rnsversa crane shows lacolume systemin wich bill ochloved Tpineans of ind cae starease ovat sich) shows aco ystam in uhieh ne nda rooms are pofaicates boxes assembledn 2 Shel of precast ramos, (0) at systom ()Stab-Column Figure 1.5 Precast Concrete Bullding Systema ton wih skies rmos sinter scsi, Such = epsed an can neperal steeta! nshing Loa bear tacades aren used income ‘yeors ao economical haves igh cnet Cel systems are many used fo pars of bulng, ornare, btrooms or chen oon Glaronts In tho design are manufacturing’ assembly, transportation and erection oraderatons. Heavy eenage wih special tg dices ay be ned, Figure 18 Assembly Of Precast Bullng Syston+25, Figure 18 SkeeSeuctural system 4 ‘Thess consis of colures with cobs, inverted Tams ad al components. Cx ‘stained et a sases and ae speed at oh oo Beg ae enrsty snl sported one ct bagi emed sara Fe Structural Systm 2: ‘The system const of fames, beams and slabs. Frames are one-story Nan, spy supported on tepot eac ater, nd ae connected bya simpy supported beam on esc oor Foor slabs aro ao simply suppor, (Stu! Syelem 2 is expand nde onthe folowing Fue 122), Structural Systm 2 ‘The eye consis of are ard wo storey hgh columes, Beams and fr sabe, Calera are restrained al he bases and arecea ith sapped nts. earns are teroorariyin spl supped state. They are designs to have penanent ons for corsvuclon Flor sae ee spy suapoed fom beso Dee ‘Structural stom & ‘Stucual Sym 4 comprises unspice fo. sorey high contnuous colarns wih corel, pus beams and for sab The coke are resin she bases Beams behave as simply suppoted a temporary sage, ee designed to have igi js eter ‘nstructon, Por slabs span om beara am, en are simpy supports, ‘The ystamconits oT shaped andLshaped clus ith boss suspended st he point of 280 tenn moment Flor slab sn fom bam o bam and ae amply supped. Frames ofL-or shapes columns ae load spy supported on ip of ach ator A each trey, those amet aro connects by beta spsaning from em@f fee ‘Alig ont protieated ae an integrated pst of columns. ‘Structural Systm 6: ‘The sytem consis of unsoces two-story Nigh contmuous clues and realy suppor roe Flor unis apan in two sections end ae suppotad only a the columns. Han beams a Inceporated Fig ots Between slabs sd elu crope re Krad ef roto, Structural system 7: ‘he sjstom cassis of shaped and T-shaped fame uns placed ontop of each oer, Sih suppor fer sabe Span setusen te ames “Te fame uns ae paced simply supported the base arden apf ech ce, Hinged conoctons se mate between te ame wits 36 pros at the mi-soan oth Beame, ‘Structural Systom & The system shown formed by shaved ames wi acenieverbeam, Slabs are sil supported The connectons between the H-shaped frames se formed a prints rg jt ae mado an neta part of he are uns, Sia san or ame fo fae, tho misalght of he Structural system 0 ‘Te system cons of uspices forsee high continous cls wh cantover atachments for supporing the beams. Foor abe ar singly eupponed en the Dees, “Te ours av restanod sho bases. Beers resp supped on clumn-aiachrents. Al "ions ere made as ntegated parts ofthe canoe, Moment Resisting Base Phoned Base (©) Continuous Frames Figure 19 Unbraced Frame 4.82. stuctural systems for horizontal loads 4. Unbracd frame systom ‘.Cantlover columns (Figure 1.20) * Bearccirnconnccions re ped, Moment resin connections canbe found atone bs. Continuous frame sysiom (Figure 1.96) Bear caumn connechors reg wih Nexon shaer conta. The syst sows thermoment rexring conection or pinned connectors cok fourdatonnersacon 2 braced skeletal eystam (Figure 110) Say provide by shea uals, shear coms of over tracing syste +The bese ray bo pied of moment eclstngconreclons 3. Boating wall and foeade (igure 1.11). Bering ato which nude core was, spine wats, coy wal, shh walls and load bean ‘cada ean be designed o rane vetcl and horizon fren othe Santon, + Noroad boar paras te designed to winsland te aporopriteseesos, But a6 not ‘tended to cary ay oad he Buln. ‘Shear Hi Figure 170 Braced Frame Figore 1 Plane Ration OF Wale= Action > Reaction as suosses a0 Span, Male Systems Figure 148 Statical Model OF Panel Systm For Vertical And Wonca ‘The bracing was ae al estsned al he foundatlons, so thet nme fe Soncing and shear eeseos canbe cad sing ert tory of ae 14 Sab Walt Structures4 & ve E 4 = 7 Stew | eel 1 2 2 2 us. aay _ ‘m9 i 7 ° ° — | 7 mu 4 5 ‘ Figure 1:18 Rovoktion Of Horizontal Forces Walle ‘hatch 1 gue 1.15 shows 9 netzona ere Reng in plane he Foor lb inthe agonal Sesion, fom one butng corse to he oppose comer ‘Ta foros canbe ved to pin and reece ino a tensverse foe T and along oce Uae shown in Scion Fare T can now be sustained by wall Forc has tobe ransfered other th crosng pont batwoan wae J anf oro the eoeeng pont betwoan wale © and 2 ‘Shotches $ ard 5 show one othe possziies whore fre Lis cence rom 0 tothe coetng pat between walled and. Ammen xb hes tobe addea Fora walgo dete wall 1, andthe moment wlberesoivedini a paroffrces in walls 1 and 2th vl of The al wa cts ws be a ral! LU wal: ‘Stetches 4 ad 6 show the sation war fore Lis planed fo he croshg pont between Wels 0 an wall “The memento be aed snow Lx 206 which has obs takan a afoce pls in walle and 2. “Tho vale of hese toreos wl mow be 25, ch again ead the Fal actors Ae oa syste wal ot ro? :L-2La=LeSketch ofFigure 118 shows Design Example SS q 4 SStoweycew ped | Rnennrave ir sagas ewan anehoe ated! baa vla 8 Fe Staticay terminate for ‘he foorspanis 8m, walt and? ae 4 mand wll is 3 m,The pane! ystem is lose only a plane inthe floor slab. . ae tp nears at a as os tar wasn ar te Saptcs sprig es a yu Transverse wind load WT is ta mgd oraonaay on tre oot J | aetna yon tg 98 shown in Sketh 3 bs 7 os Se t | “Te win WT 1, paged irom wal by 6, resus re | fo Soren titeanen pe | fp 1, | ssesmen@” | aoa AT WEI? | The fina! wall reactions from 7 . BE" | Mevencrtineoaswta | + j (One Floor Stab = Action — | bracing shear walls. which wire | Longing wind woes | ‘Three Brocing Walls Reacton | transmit the force L to the fo SO? | eotted in Sketch 8. Tos | a > wera me cs Fy eect et.) | Raw 1 anole ofpcin dpe enon Fe BT Teauneat estan Sa ‘The fn! wal reactions tom thera reload Ware Shown in shetch 6 at tho suppor. Figwe 118” Siac Model OF Wall System For The Transfer Of Wind LoadDesign Example 2 Fur 1.18 shows one pa ofa tulng which s mado up a a panel stuctre wth oa boarng {Saet wale The bullng suns 8 the for below opened In ha sane hat tose wale tewrespondingo walle 6 and? are missing “re normal lo spans at 4, bu because fhe iseng wale 6 and, now incoasod to 12m, “Ta stuctute colt be consderes we tee-cimensonal panel snus. Flo sabe and 6 tagather with he at 1127 se oe aphragm amber ‘Tho voreal setons on wale and ae rsoivedino shear foros ctng once sabe Aan Band Foor slabs Aand 8 as we at wa are then considered as urpared byte rss wale 3 and 4 ‘whe ae inn, suppor by erote wal an 2 i st Figure 149 Statcall indeterminate Siabaell Sytem 4.43 Stata indeterminate slab-wal ystoms pare syters in nr easee canst of more than tre badng wal. Tis mean that such [Gjtere ar taaly determinate to hotzantllaodage. ‘i wall sjlems may ba regarded as a rurber of vercal Bears estan te bottom ae ‘Ries tgottor by the Noor sabe or beams, Tey ae assumed fo be comgleay ot due 0 Festa dtlecion ‘pe tuseatons in Figure ving ie same defection show symmotia! panel systems wher a the braclng walls are given ive examples, ==, ‘hough caleuoton, tis nomaly assured thal he detection othe walls duo onto momant ‘etrutlons Cantons tom soar canbe negli! “hese assump load oa dettton of the t herzeial aed ono the vial wal roles inoroperton othe tera tres. ay fl co pao eo or meertages | a ® Bia'doue sane Gio weiss L_One Open Floor ‘eatin ana Figure 1.18 Horizontal And Verizal Load Tranafer OF Determinate Discontinuous Slaball System Figure 120 Wall Syetom Subjected To Torsion a wal yet is sbjete to oreon a8 inthe case of asynmatcl busting, orf the acng horton lasing ie seymmatrea the ef! cforsion has fe akon flo seo. Figure 1.20 howe sich ayeten The dtulonathrsora aad ne stance propertonl tothe moments thar of he wa soon15 Shoar Wall Behaviour ve sttines of want lab orsis nominal, the wat or suc il baa as soos of Beams, Togater, ey wil ot bo sf al nave sale la Caryn eacacty tan hemoganeou sruu'ea However stifnese such ois = icon so Nustates In ge 1.21, %e wall and sla suc wll ehave as Hermagensous plates In respec: hoveorta eas Figure 1.21 Connections And Shear Wal Behaviour ‘Abatzpta bad resus nnteal moment ar shu force inthe wal, which nun, gives eso ‘oral and shea sresosin th vortal ang hoszantlsactons se defiled Piguse 22 Tees ‘Sosoes can be caus Uang Naver and Gras fool, sizes an vores! shee ont Ife components ae assis 0 inert 8: if the two wall are nt locked together with, for instance, a ‘atl el the pote wnt (c:Thaverelloadcan te tom one vals anobier de fo iferenens in'algo spene This wil out in Shear forces at adjoining ‘walls has to resist shesr forces: ‘etng vera oad, Stings and tacking bars have to be inetalled to avoid possible ©: At wal co ‘of horizontal defections ‘Duet gh in-plane ssc ofthe wall,» non-uniormly sisted Unto rd vertial seesee inthe ne neiorta ont. This wi nae sae orn th wal oval Sinpisequitmcorsceratons on fused determine these fees. ‘There are numerous connection ‘eaknigus inthe wal val ints oplor metho ths ctl jit wah or wit inetecing soo, Inthe evahton of cstltd fs in orecng wal siete, he nerral rations asume that he herzoial oad on te abuctre can be Figure 125 Normal And Shear Srasees Wal ‘Subjected ToNonanitorm Verteal Load cestcdunt heshee sheceatihe ‘ost heal loaded pon ofthe ont aches a pemiesbla valu, Up tot oa, to wal can be Suro be hemegeraous. Te hezsra bearng capsely of he eutieat hi edng pont ‘also ssaumed be tly ised bared onthe theory of pos. Tho utinate oad camyng capacity of castalte shea ots has tobe determines by tests To tn a dein oe hs epacay rpoato ou ack patlom anne aanFigure 1.26 Varitions OF ‘Shear Forses Using Continuous Layer Method Tee are ves torical antes of shear wale subjecied fo orzontl foes and oe ofthe more conn tatniqos Is cortnucus ayer mete, As the name auggests, he eur "rrphied by making tn assumption thal al hvzoral connec emer are focvely smeared ‘rare halt of ra bung to produc an ecient, connuous conecting yer oeteen Vertes lemons. Tae two dvoncionl planar atucute le kansormed ilo an essen one. ‘mensional one Te nastratonsin Figure 24 show thee diferentmodes oa sheer wallet pr boning Tha wo wall elon recouped ty doors. 1 "system win completly xe doe tl 2, Syelom wih an laste continue layer Secortance wth he continous layer method. 8 System wih compltly tf dor intl. In Figure 125, the coniauous ae matod i applies to 9 wal none row of doers 4 Th siete moda. 2. The goomatcal bhaour ofthe chosen struc made 5 The man system wt ecindant shor rns. 44 The geomatial behaviour of ne cantnuoe layer mode 5 The man stem uring he eannsous layer mal wih redundant shear (curves 1,2 an in Figure 1.28 show te rest of eakuaone dered om he continous layer ratod forineeaeing stesso te aye Curve 4 shows hers of» calulton based onthe am theory wih compels ayer Forastlyer, thre sooms tobe good agreement betwen he wotheos, excep athe Seurdaty 30000] = Figure 125 The Continuous Layer Method he contuoue layer method is reasonably acute for unlrm system af eornecing beams Asotin many paccal stuatons, he buldg ayer wil inet wall that ar Ac wnorm ‘eet hig bl have anges ight win or hess orn telecon ofopenne Sch st rsty ee tld tat otha norm smang of continuous lyst representation ed ‘Ser arbcl terminus chs te filament, analogous ame le, wi neesto be ompleyes ange shoud rele relevant Waratir nh mate “Ug Structural Integrity And Design For Progressive Collapse 1.61, General ‘re oval behaviour ofa precae stuctue depends large extant onthe bdhavowofconnactns. {part om the design of for tansfer between inchs uns thre shed io be corey Ee end dutty wahin ne conneetene, stucural mombers and fhe sui ae wack. Ts ‘io ensue stutirantagry wich ethos ofthe rac oie lea fae. body designed anlorbadydetales precast bling utcaptne lo propressve coupe which f ¢chaeavon fale causing exenave damage orl colapse os erasvt of locals fale ‘Samal porton src. Th ize i sed oy tho eoeaed Sein sade wish are retgenealycoeideredi the dese. The ascent eadngs which can be ruc) sgnear. 4. resin geston or consrucion 2. lacalvesading 3. ssc system 38 exposon bomb exparin 5. veh’ an ang materi impacts 5 inlerc ocaisos we 7 foundation sateman 1.62 Design for progressive collapse ‘Themes! direct way proven rograssive colapse i reduce or einate the isk of accent Ieacnge by measures such ar prohbtng go natalatenc or orecng bares proven vicar tect Ths, oever, may note praccalbwcavse vey concsvable Macademi be exiled nd al accor aig conan tly eat wth (Pes adopts vee atenatva mathods inthe dig for acide damages: 1. Desigh and protection of structural members The design, construction and proton of scure marbars ae coveted in he caees 22 and 26mParetand othe Cade reapecvey. Te rtactad members orn he Code trminelay, “ey ements are slemente which nade connestons adjacent members on whch he aby ft sutra to depend: Altar etuctral componante at ara alt th tly of hs ey ‘mens eouldaeobe conscoed sek ean To proven scicetl temo eke emans 4nd thar coneclane are dealgnad fo ihsard an utimae peseure of KN, to which arate store sul be pad. The Code recnmments stay elements suid vee Ss muchas possi by revng the bullng yout wihn to arcioctural corsa 2. Altmative load paths inthis athe, uhion i coveredin Part2, cause 263, he beams, wal, columns pas tert, \ridging elements to ether load bearing momiber. in dsigning the bridging elements the following 8. Mataials Par 1, cause. 244.2) conve =13©. Designlonde(Part 1, use. 24:22) deadload = 1.08 TWoload = 70forwarehousesandindisial buldngs ar 0.3 for oe windloes = O35 “The design method i sma at proving minirum ovals of strength, cantnuty and debit is the ‘most commonly adopted scien io preven progresivecolaseen paces desures The srt es re continuous anu anchored tne laments conling of evxcng bare ‘: pesressng tendons (sreseo or unsvacsed). They ara paca nn loping, il stip, pe slaves or js bolween precait componente and oh a roo dmencionl network he ‘engine, taravees ard vera croctons os haated Figur 4.27, The csgno stud tosis covered Par 1, duse'3 12 cl te Code ‘The above tee methods maybe employed separate ous in combination in diferent part othe strut. isnot permits, however to supermpore he ae! of tet methods ie © member Iustbe ether uly protected ot uy es arena party protected ans pata ted ‘oar fem sesgneg fr pressive cose, the Code aso equtes hata bulngs mst be ‘Sb an ar capa a oaene tof . ~ 1. an ute noon horizontal oad fot oes fan 1% of he tll charter des (ela o tho srucure seg at each oro ro! eval smut oF 2. th wing lad Figure 127 Seuctu 1 negiy Tes | | | {163 Design of structural ties -he flowing ties should be pone and detailed in precast erackires 4. Horizontal foot tos ch oo re should be the lessee of = 2045 mumbo of storey (nk) orzorta floors are further vd ito peripheral, nor and cura os, Peripheral Ths Daeg e foc = 1.0, Perper tes shou bo ocstesthin 1.2m fom fo edge of abuldng ot tit ths parmotr we or Seam, Permaorrinfroement fr floor Sahragm ation ay 50 {sidered porgnaral tes From the manimum bask ore ON stove, fe eee ere for pronase 180m (= 60 1/800) which ie equslens to} ner or 13 bar Sues with intemal egos 09. eum, curva Lo U-shaped oor aye ee, hous have porehera ea decals n gure 1.26. Ai re-onrart comer ofthe parma, the Be eecement {hou be anchored straight mards on bah sce, Figure 128 Porpheral Ties mn Floor Layout With 2. Internal Tes =e “hots 2 nt ethogonalseectons and anchored to patgheal os orto column snd was “Tho saci of tase tee mut not ba gost nan 1 were the pete ditanco beech cerios of vricaliad bearing elament nthe docbon o thet ing consider Thetis shou be capable of resisng a tonsil fro equ othe grater on kn) L nee 7% Doaarig, +a) LxF, o where (g, +) the eum average ofthe cheeses dead and imposed or loads (aN ‘ho relorsment sting a eral es may bo spaced even sree the oer ot Gouped within (na bears ols 8 convent© Column and wall horizontal tes Design e ore ale the prestrain) Laer or25iR, or 1. Siete total verte utiete land carey the column wal at he floor rota boing conor aor the oor to alg hah ‘Acomeealurns he tee aotobein eae ofthe wa crctons peripheries a lacs win tho ours and wal andthe hal bes anchored th periph! ts, ro ler hora os "a columns or wats nes be provides Ohi, na colar evar ve lang he wala ‘hou be ted back ete oo rk Eachlcadbearing coun ane wal should be tid continuously fundtion ooo. The ior In tanin wl bo the ranimum esi ullmate oad vol moe onthe con or wal from anyone storey oe rot 3. Propentioning of ties ‘elroroment brs set ois are designe its charset strength andthe bars provided forthe purposes maybe used as part or hole of tera Ties may be foaled pay or unaty thin precast mombet as org as contnuly ofthe fs assure. 4 Continuity oftos Contry ot reinforcomentcan be achieved by lapping or woking of enforcement. orb using ‘reades coupler, castin aoc or anchors. Te conn eeated by lapping wpa mere roinfrcomentor using enlsing Inks speed by the Code st Husted n Figure, 29, Mookoons onecanrsnpemterer —t (Anchorage By Erlong Le Figure 4.29 Te Continuity By Lapping And Enclosing Link 5, Anchorage of tes Te Code requis hat he intemal Se encrcement io be etectey anchored io that in peripheral es. Tie bas ar corsiered ily ancrored tthe prgharal ef hey extend a. "2p orequvalentarchoxage length beyond athe brs forming th pevpheral ie b. _snetfectie anchorage length (based an he actual force inte bar beyond the cante- Tino of te bars ering tha pepheral es. Figure 1.20 states he ove anchrage requirements of ntral es to perphorl es. (2) Te at ttom of tab (0) Te atop ofSia5 Figure 1.30 Anchorago Of Ties To Peripheral Ties Foie 1.31 iustraos the te backs ftom edge eau into orboaena Sections. should be rad that th te eels may eso be part othe main rifcamert tom the permeter beams fring sto the cols, Elevation Figure 131 Tie Backs For Edge ColumnsDesign Example 3: Structural nogriy Ties 4 z Design Data {eis no ttre = 8 suing 08) Foo ooo ght 2 bm Characerstcs cead iad, q, = TORN Characters ie on, ‘haactrstes see een 35 eine 485 Ninm ose mesh Column size 400x600 Fo 2 Deane Ein con 2 Peripheral Declgneterce = 1.0, SteolaraA, = Fi, © fbx52% 109/460 2 vig (1713, 4, 132 my Loozerig a) ,F, sR, | Tes nthe Xerecen| [teem free 0267 «(10+ 35) x84 x52 sexi or 108, = tax s2ktum se design te ore = 1574 kn. Tie rieforcaman wil be provided! by tha sts! mash ‘embeded wit ne 7sren ick coneete oping The lll eal sea regres A 1574105485 251mm Lee m Teter 2o2s7t10 + 35)x96%52 = 0d > 82 kN Use mesh within 75mm heknessoppne, ste are equkoc 160110485 - = STi maim eo D7 sol mesh (67 @ 100 both way) within oping (A, 1 mim) Column Horizontal Ties (hase 00s ets) Kea xox 72 Design ores 2KF, 2x Lesaes 35x5225 (assume ,=3.5m) 1 a%ofuluate vera ad = 0.099280 = S87 From above, the design te force or coun F,=98.7 RN (he greater oF) 8 (i) A= gar xt018s 203mm Acaeana Code train pep na ie, “Te comer colums a both ends ofthe floor eau es nwo orthogonal dections wen "205 nin aoeh deaion Thaw be provise bythe main oem peretar beam’ amg ino to colin, Vertical Colin Ties Design ie orcs = _ullmate london eon a the for being considera sass = fora ‘eam 045% ofA) greater than 0.43%. (he columns are precast with floor to floor jin, ihe(.¥mout Topping Concrete (by wit Topping Concrete Figure 1.26 Shear Transfer Acrose Edge Supports Figure 1.38 Horizontal For[Aintrmositesuppons the shear fore scared acres by renorng bars as shown n Figure {137 The renga fo shear wars sul determined be shar cto design maha, Ingenerl, the forsee ar it low a ony ae many bars a recuad hous be ue tum Tapa Figure 1.7 Sheer Transfer Acros intermediate Support In floors without compaste topping he engtinl shear transfer between units = usualy Stenmpshed by welded plates or bars in fanged deck laments or gout Kay In holow cor Siabe. Tho welded plstas er bar eaenacion may de analysed os shown Fire #38 Varian of the connacton ae posible ton diferent proces manufactures it iil concrete or grout along the jin, te design of average imate shear us ara the fected oft ot shoulda onooed 10 Nin erence 4) ngone, the shear oss calcuatod ale ots elon cra Fo foo wth compost topping, the loping enhances the doptragm topping usualy renorcod by wecod stl mesn ich serves balk 5 {shasr fon ehoresmant between unis furl ores a we | wousnine a (b) Flange Deck Elements, Figure 138 Examples Of Shear Tansfo Along Longitudinal Jone Betwean Elements In Foor Diaphragm DesignDesign Example 4: Foor Diaphragm Action A precast fori subjected tt natena ize oad of 20 KN in ech othogonal recon, The for eloments carts 900 me deep holo coe las with 75 rr thek coc erp ronorced wit 6 rsh (96 @ 100 Bohr ways). Determine fo etticl forces ane dei es Fenorcerent for efacve lot apragm aston TUN ee Ne. I NE | Typical Flor Plan ‘A. Wotional oad acting in Yerection 1 oo: (o ino Shear danan wy 7 ‘Moment diagram | | 1 nearin or daphragm Oia by Shear atjoin Betneeshaow core sabe and wall ee ox (= 0.125980 ‘2 Alfistoint between hallo core slabs (Jon) ee eo x 98-1325) 105 948 4. Shear atinamesiate support Yo = evbiS- bye? 8x 110x820 -6y20" = oes Bending moment In oor diaphragm Masemiom mi-span moment ear 2oox728 Chr foro at Roo permotr foes = tasotas 20) maak Design of reinforcement for shear transfer 2 Aeron ne ont between holow core lab and wal v= 95m ‘verge shee = 100820 A = vanary 553 10087 x4e0 Note: No adaton enforcement ned D5 mesh in oping concet continues andBdolnttocation 1 vo = 1089KN Average sess = 105520 = 53kaum Chock hrs shes tess at hallow core jit Aewumeffctve oph = Oh cd So BEoars a No kina sto nooded 2s DS ash (A, = 289 mm) spaced continuous teughout 4. Peripheral chord tes Tension cha forces = 123.0 8M A = 1233 105/087 x40) = 300mm Noll: The requitod A, should be compared wh the peripheral tio rolorcament a5 Clete fom Pset clause 31235 aftne Cote nmostnatances, no addons ‘Soe spectealyroodod fer eapnragm acto sth porters. Separate calculations may noes abe camo et for noon lad actg inthe Xfreton. The Comput siilorss above. can eal be shown al he toe dogg aston sadec.atoy {Sured bythe 08 ste! mesh paced wan he corre oping DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS 2.1 Pact Prstesed Hol or Sas 22. Daign OF Peas! Cone Plnks 2.3. Daign Of Praca Reicfced Conroe Booms 24. Design OF Praca Cone ohms 25 Design OF Precast Concrete WalsCHAPTER DESIGN OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS 21 Precast Prostessed Hollow Core Slabs Hotow ca slabs are the most widely used recat oor component in prefabricated bln. The suceos [larly du whe Mn oftcent automate producten method. good cushy suitors flee ‘svg ofconctete wide choke of structural depns, high svengin copay and asserby ons The tow core slats are manufactured using ng Ine exon or sp 4orring processes he omer rocess bing he ost pou usea Cres saclon, cote arena, ad sac rsh ee cata 10 -e0ch eystem of manutacure. ther varations include Inseased fre cesletance, proviso st Bonetetons, opening of cores for ont hangs, cous er columns, ee, Th halaw core slabs ae based on 3.2 m ainal wi. Most manufactrrs produce the nts 196 mm width to alow or constuction tleance. The is ae evalaie From sancard oat ot “The slab are sav ster densorng which nora ake place sa ight hows ier casting an Iylcaly when tho conse stronger eachas 15 Nir, Nanetandard units reproduce by sng Thun engiudinaly. Aig te ct ges the ractangsy pane ena as tesla’, sae ‘anted onde non octeng sar foo ayot may also be epee, Hotiow core sabe are genaralydesignos to achieve mo-heur fre resetance. Five esstarco up to@ ‘maximum of four hours can be designe sn proded by eer resin to lvl ne carro of he ‘endons or by creasing to cones cover To prevent epating of cancels fr towers exceeding Ori at elevsied temperature, aight ransvere ees! mern below he presfosergtoncone ten ‘stato boom oft labs fourhour fre eetance uns Holes inne toor maybe created the procst nts sng he manu stgebetore the concrete has hardened. The maximum sizeof he opering which May be prosiced ne us depends ch the ‘ize fh vols and the amount ofeforcamenths can ba emaved wouter the Seng ‘fh nt Hols vould preferably belated win he veld size hich ay very die covfons, ‘The designer must be conslod fr larger opentige ulich valve he rernoval a prosressing andra, General frmaten cn th recto of opening size and oeaon sven Ineerence dan ides from be manufacturer afe shown in Table 2 ane Faure 24 Depth Comer Eige ——End Wao ide nate of cutout cuteut cutout cutout ‘diameter sa tee tke Si xe (orm) (om) en) (erm) mm) 165 600x400 600x400 1000x400 To00x400 60 215 600x380 800x400 1000x880 1000400190 295 600x250 600x400 1000x250 1000x400 190 300 600x260 600x400 1000x260 1090400170 400 600x260 600x400 tao0x260 t000400 470 Table 21 Opening n Hollow Gare Siabe snot practi to cast socks cr surface hao nt the sts ofthe precast uit. These mest be formed ost. Fkng by sot Wed methods x not acorns, Thor ae Ifo tn moma fixing dopa ofsin te weds fhe unto proventacscenta ever o te tendons Meo ‘stcepabe prop thing ances shouldbe obtained Fam te manacrwhon panning senees ‘outing orsloctng te sulable hanger sytem fr cles In local prt, a layer of topping conereta veryng tom 60 to 75mm is usualy included inthe éonsiroctanofnaow core units as stra loos Tre topping chases generally spect ate Support of he unis wih minimum chose of rn to 58mm ralnaned ata, The recon cf topping thekness st mid.span Is dus a preevessing combos Ino water ty pence nt the vids of haw core lab through the open ons oF vel abe Tr ghoul be crane! of before pernanet fer connections are mace” A snp Beis Fe ecg oles ne sabes 2907 0d cater, usu during he poducton age. te conor tng one ufacat ha acai Tes craks ay beet ig he en ores reat he handing anddenvery The ypes of eect fll 09 he tere of to precast uns ate pubic y FIP an ae shown Fig 22, nA Ute snoud be caries out vont Ino sci pertomance [SSCA H+ [ooo won YE = ooo pot Figure 2.1 Rules For The Permited Sizes And Locations Of Openings ‘And Cut-Out In Hollow Core Slabs (Riso coe Table 2)7.Tearing cracks ‘on hol coe slabs cane eatogoried accoring 2 Lengiudinal ack st web ‘.tscolancous cracks Figure 22 Types OF Cracks | | | ‘Sever o taken ck in reouens cack ovr 8 4nd moment capacities of 2 | Raanbecangorousapeiting Stage ord con rode shear | sects oft sso and Figure 22 (conta) Repair oi canbe grad eat or 9 (ack may bo oped. REP ‘oteared fraser esd ot uloph or talent, 0) np tan oars rc ‘may not require any | many of wabs ae orang MT thond be comisod emtar ts | Spesng and vos al shou ‘roved oh21.4 Design considerations for hollow cor slabs Hallow cor slabs are normaly prodvod by igh evengh conerate of ot shan 0 Nim. This is made possbe by using zero simp cance we = 0.36) logeber wi plac machines wich roduce nig teal pressure, shear movemantcomsacion and high bration energy dng the xsi proces, The exsusen proces aves al io incarporae any ctoreercement an lenghusinalpestessing tendons reo the pact uns, Thetaor, une eanvenina ‘eercod pestessed concrete svucurs, the strong ofnallow cos slabs depends onthe sbooses Induced by Brestecing foe andthe ans and comprassion capacity ofthe cone he pestressng tendons or sands common used ae 270, sven ow relaxation (clas 2) an or indented hela sands conrming to eer the BS S096 1600 or fo ASTON ANSO-1000 ‘Supplement The landans are preteriona to Debveen 8S the characters eregth neal brace, The imsiceefecbv prosrersing cea knses Fon sea lanai ep atvonge land defamation fiypealy al #5 80% ofthe characteristics song. The soe ayo elle) Iw (th, (© Afb) between 0.186 0.25%. ‘The tendons are anchored by bond ar are exposed atthe open end of he ui The fete pul Botte tendons, elena om depth gouger on he cere wre of te hella aad, typcaly ‘The design cthoton or saus may bo basa other onthe guidance inreterence or on the seplaons for genera presirsoed cncelo signin OPES. Some mporta epost specs eat shalom (re slabs design wl be cscusad inthe following sectans, 4. Design for serviceability limit state ‘The senvceabity lint stato signi based on sabstying the lit on Moar tense and compresi sreses In tbe concrete nd ‘camber and etieton 8. Flexural tonsle and compressive stresses inthe concrete ‘The tess nations poy tholow core slab eecton at lags and uncer posibie ong concons. Most designe specty cas 2 prestestedconceestuctire wach peri etal {ersiestestes not exceeding 05,0 amaimum 23 Nie? (CBD corel) et wba ey sible crack. Te fenualconcrefo compression = med Wo U3, at cence end 95% a prostess rans Underclass 2 tes itstons ho sections coasidered uncacked nto rot ross-sectonal Properties ae used to compute the maim fre sae a tne op and baton ct he secon The serie moment ofresttanc is eing the sr of My et O45) x2, “tet ooamx, Where =, (A+ a2) and fe SPaum 2) {fate the tp and bot tr erases 2Z.are ta op ansbotom secton mori ls the oot of presvessing foros om he gometieal noua xs camber and deflection ‘The cles valuos of camer and defection a based on the eur sohess Et of he sect, the support contion andthe losing arangrrent. Mary variables fiche sions Suh as concrete mix epoca the wateeoment rah, eung meine, seat of concrete st the tne of tansler anc a the Eine of erzton, lave humid, i, Because of Pace, the clelton of shorter ang lng om camber and daflson should be teat ely as “Anefcnt and genera produ inthe ecuon of cate and defection isto determine the turvatures and then apy the curatre-area thorem, For salt tendons aed arp Supported members, the cuir deo prestes corse ee pars 1. Instantaneous curvature a transfor a1 opmards) 1, upto prestoss losses 1, = BP oN, 1 eounwards) i, Due to longer exoepoffect PAPA Ke ~ engterm) . 7 (upwards (1724 +( a) represents th average vale of pressing rear she crepcoetsert whic canbe cetemine rom Pat 2 Pgwe 74, FES, ‘Tho ttl longterm curvature de to peste i gen by 6) +i +i) as ten (ortom= 2 fq 420 gy heron =(P, 8) is te restos oe a, ‘Te curatutes de to applied load at snply (Cowruards) ane ‘ BT ey 16) fehrow 2s ho eet modi I. Total detection For straight trdons in tlw cor uns, the oa defectons cen be estimated simpy Defecon duet so weight and apd ngs 5 = 28 (Comnwarts) Saee Deflection duet se weigh and appl aang 5 =A meres- alematve approach ote estimation of ang torm canbe ‘Gere rovommded nto Pl Design Handbook (alrence 6) as srown Tale 22 bol oom’ | topping ‘At Erection a Defcon owners) component | 2abpiyto tie ste delecton due tethenenberwentatraicaso! | vue press Camber (upward) component | | | ‘opp othe lt cambar due ipesters at tno ofesa0 of | prosross 190 |, oxtacon sourmars) component | ppb ote ease dofecton de | WemSesfenecs "amy | aa 4 Comber (upcre) component pplyt the ease carbo deto | | Brana rcee! | a |. oxen oma — py 0 |, fmedeisineary® "| a0 3.00 6. Dstcton (ns) - ap 20 slasieaflscton couse | Soneste ope 230 — | eeeeeen |e ‘hie 22 "Suggested Wipes To Be Used Ae A Guide Etna {one Camere And etcons Fr Typist Members ‘hen designing comb an datcton, th flaing considerations ned obs taken ito acount LL Aestlic deflection limits of 1/260 is applied to units not supporting nonstructural ‘Semon ch might be demagedby larg deflect | When the unis cay non-srctiraelements sensve to arg dtlecton, a more consarssve [spptooc ls noodod and guidance la gana Pat 2, clause 3212, fe Code, Si ‘Transverse load cettbuon defo concentrated on aad shuld be considered he Wmen esting long-orm deectons, utabl lovee of asin fd ould be considers browned Pan 2 elas 33, of te Coo Modes of fiture and ultimate init state design Under incrasing loads, our modos offal of prestasses haow core slabs may be alatnguened xual fat, ‘shear compres fale, ana bone and enenorage tare, Flexor fire Flonuraauro, hown in Figure 23, may oeciincrial sectons cf maxinu bending. Ove io th elvely smal stl are, pa alre moe s Carats by anal ocar he os Sofie. rcosiedaflecion an, tnaly rupture he preteen tenders. | Ll Figure 23 Flexural Faire Caleltions of th Roxral banding capecty of a ss secon can ba tated onthe stoss Sarton daram snoun in Pgur 24, In of 907 tn te top Fargo anes, he Nar capocy ofthe secon cen be calcuated Fors Pa, Tabla 44,88 6110, When 7 ihn ts vad area, the value 9 an ony be bined by geet aha . w= F\e-0450) Stain Foree Figure 2 SiainAnd Force Datibuton nolow Care Sab ArUiimate Umit State‘Shear tension fire if the pci trae rss inthe web reaches the tnale sang ct concrete in an ata Consining no feral cracks anincned cack may appear and tale may Osa surly. The ‘rackusualy appears eto tal socon whore he favorabotuoneo of cuppa eactn Is rnomorssighitcant snd whee the pesrasng fren nol yt uy develope ‘haar compresion flr dour feurt rack evelops ino a shear rackticn proragates {rough the member othe comoresion ane leading oa evetal rusting of he concrete “pearl ocx mest kay nthe vce o's oncanvate oad near the supports ts a fe untormy artes href = hig probably that shear comeession fare et {cra haar rin capt arb sgt wil ory be ease bo shear “The existence of vl in how cx las complicates the theoretical calculation of stresses the web area an Its necessary to nirodvessimpfeatons i the design rmatod. Par {fause 43.84, aseumes Patho extemty of he suppl reacon spreads at an angi of $5 fram be iar basing edge. The cial ston ston asthe detanea from fhe beang edge which equa’ ote elt of he corral of te seton above the sf The utente har apes then cleo os Veg = O67EmIE? + 08148) wheres, = 026i, fg corctle compressive sre atte contri ane due toafetve pests athe ond of presbossvanomisson length The expression 0.678 & based en ectangulsr secon and for holon core lab, & may be replaced |B; wave |and bare the respacve second momenta rea and bread ate halon {ore section and She rs moment of area stout th corr ns ys uavaly works outa bo ‘out 07 1 0.805, ‘The Code recognises the (ac that fea shear may oes Inthe presse developmnant nahh were. snot aly develope. The prestssiny ces saudi velop parabotely sexo 10 expression fon Wh) 2-18) vate” erasure to ee re unt s Gtanasine gener tte vanomisen ang Kato he veal pth 1D, of the member. a ical sso swith the ranemision lang, tha uncacked utile shee capac Voz ned tebe assesses wih ocuces tig tin Figure 26 Shear Compression Failure ‘The dosgn utimate shoo resistance of exraly cack section calculate sing hes mpi ston inte CPS Wy =(1-055 fly We BS MV rere father ofthe ofecveprestess ater losses fo he charac the pentessing tendons 1s thepormssitie shes stress in Pa 1, Tabe3.9, fhe Code 1M, Ie the moment necassry 10 produce 20 tess inthe concrete a tho effctve opi, evel. ray be eakcuaed as 0 sity wher the coneet compress stess due o active presossing re a ep and Gstance tom th cota and M are the ullmate shear fore and bending moment raspactvely a the section onsoad Ines, Vand Vs aways be dlerined an te soe of tha vais governs th shear capac ote precast un‘Bond and anchorage fallure “This mode of er usualy cczurs when he sab is subjects to heavy concentrated loads near "re auppor er when heavy lads are appa over rather short spam The flrs ato by 5 feral cack rexuting na ees of bond sound he prestesing toons cost uit snchorage Beyond he crackin the uncachod rein, Figure 27 shows tonal ses, tho Presressingtendons point, whore hres exua atexs tom pressing andSendng Iomontreachos ho feral tose eapaciy of fe concrete snd here theactons! VA, Is dueto re development ofc ena tresslnths tendon eting trom shear placer ef the cracked secon and 2 the section oul athe level of prsvecsing onsen a Figure? Bond And Anchorage Faure Then ves ofc be deere om he anche lle aloe shown n Figure 2.8. 7 ‘Sesto |, = transfer tenth to provise ‘lective. bond. fo. the brosrassngsone=9 124 loss of bond at ulimste load lhe Figure28 Anchorage Fale Envelope 4 Tranavers oad distribution and joint strength ‘pw vanversadstibuton one and point ods on procasthollow cre slab ges so senting moments nthe tersvereedcton of le unis, and i‘ ores nthe longi! os 2 vera Cceneraly, of0W core slabs ae manufactured wihout any tanavers bam enforcement excopt [birwremesh ro esstance puss. The Rexall fo tansverao bencng me ab fancescl dependartanihe ers sengh of oconcets. From atancv le exerenca gehees [Neuope and Ameren, such emison of ranaverse ctrcemont = hsied in hellow cave las, ‘Te etrminaton of hod tbo is goneray based ontaetrfrom theres! anlses using the ouing nesumpons oor nts are slnly supposed and 1.2 mid, 1 cancantated loadings nar and cing patel othe span of te ib, an 2 fbeunts are srovdod wih tassvere slo pont thom saparatng Fo" each ches Fou sts of ead cetbon cuvos are shown athe Handbook and thy cover ollowing casas ear loading in low core a or wth and wnat eonereotosping, ad pant logs mth span and 0298 ofthe Noor hau corel oping Anstey tha designers may apt be mre conteraive approach provide th Coden Pat ‘Sasso 822. aloe ood buon over an efactva mith whe i equiva ota of ho tel ‘th ofthvoeprocastunts ost tho spn on tor se of loaded sea For oor wh reno ‘arte opengl dstuton verthe tot whatnot ur psc une prt \Whonthoprocaet unis designed wth he ereloadscing doc on fhe veel enerin the joints ‘aenalneconsiereas bare wile zo soar fon ane ie Howse whonaneveres ou sunevay dtibuos or feats Iineloads are rose. tho verieal hear apacty me longhusa Jara nave o be ssossnd Estusod holow coo slabs havo a netua random susce roughness of up o about 2 mn deep Foeniaton. Ths surface I, however clneiied ar soot in tha Cade and & dean ula cheat sees ale of 0.28Nmm it permitad na aube 8.3.7 oft Code forth sear ans the jt However the vate appara eign when compared wth. Nin iterenoe 4 he deser ‘Should uss the owor value of 0.*Nin won dodging the average erzoflehea tess nthe lengua! ats 2 in rlerence 4 wich deat wth hallow oore for deagn species ‘n genera, ho verca and horizontal sheer espacty tthe tansrees ints ae ariel in design ovide thee nls placed and wel compacted. Afough FP stplatse mannan C20 concet, ‘eal practice ends to ast no jan opetar wih topping concrete wich ss nomraly spect with rsnum 030 mesg, 212 Design charts ‘The design chars onthe selection of holow core slabs fr dent eaing snd span are shown n Fue 28. “Trasvore load earbuton felors fr ne and pot lad on olow cote slab for with oF without “opp ao gion In Fgura 2109 2". The adusl design are depostion of presessng tens ay be detent etunon precast manufacturers a they sau be cnet in Beal Golgn ote