Introduction

Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG) or

district/decentralized energy is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of
small, grid-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources or generation (DG).
Conventional power stations, such as coal-fired, gas and nuclear powered plants, as well as
hydroelectric dams and large-scale solar power stations, are centralized and often require
electric energy to be transmitted over long distances. By contrast, DG systems are
decentralized, modular and more flexible technologies, which are located close to the load they
serve, albeit having capacities of only 10 megawatts (MW) or less. These systems can comprise
multiple generation and storage components; in this instance they are referred to as hybrid
power systems.

DG systems typically use renewable energy sources, including small hydro, biomass,
biogas, solar power, wind power, and geothermal power, and increasingly play an important
role for the electric power distribution system. A grid-connected device for electricity storage
can also be classified as a DG system, and is often called a distributed energy storage system
(DESS). By means of an interface, DG systems can be managed and coordinated within a smart
grid. Distributed generation and storage enables collection of energy from many sources and
may lower environmental impacts and improve security of supply. Microgrids are modern,
localized, small-scale grids, contrary to the traditional, centralized electricity grid (macrogrid).
Microgrids can disconnect from the centralized grid and operate autonomously, strengthen grid
resilience and help mitigate grid disturbances. They are typically low-voltage AC grids, often
use diesel generators, and are installed by the community they serve. Microgrids increasingly
employ a mixture of different distributed energy resources, such as solar hybrid power systems,
which reduce the amount of emitted carbon significantly.
 Distributed energy resource or generation (DG) systems are small-scale power
generation or storage technologies (typically in the range of 1 kW to 10,000 kW) used to
provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. DG
systems typically are characterized by high initial capital costs per kilowatt. DG systems also
serve as storage device and are often called Distributed energy storage systems (DESS). The
advantages of DG are stated as below.

Table 1: Advantages of DG

Advantages
Distributed generation has the potential to provide site-specific reliability
improvement, as well as transmission and distribution (T&D) benefits.
Shorter and less extensive outages.
Lower reserve margin requirements.
Improved PQ.
Reduced lines losses.
Reactive power control.
Mitigation of transmission and distribution congestion.
Increased system capacity with reduced T&D investment.
Distributed generation also provides economic benefits because DG technologies are
modular and provide location flexibility and redundancy as well as short lead times.
Economic benefits can also be gained by using DG technologies for peak-shaving
purposes, for combined heat and power (CHP) (cogeneration), and for standby power
applications.
In addition, many DG technologies provide environmental benefits including
reduced land requirements, lower or no environmental emissions, and lower
environmental compliance costs.
 DG power technologies can be separated into two kind, which are firm power
technology and intermittent power technology. Table 2 below are the classification of power
technologies.

Table 2: DG power technologies

Firm power technology Intermittent power technology

Enable the power control of DG units
that can be managed as a function of
the load requirements.
Firm DG plants can be utilized as
backup, working only in situations of
grid unavailability, in periods of high
consumption, working continuously,
or dispatched to meet the variable
load in an optimal manner.
Do not allow the management of the
produced energy by themselves having
a random generation character.
Examples of this kind of technology are
wind power or solar power that only
produces energy when the wind or the
sun is available.
These technologies can be installed
aggregated with energy storage that, by
filtering the energy generation
fluctuation, enables the management of
the delivered energy by the combined
system

DG systems may include the following devices/technologies:

Combined heat power (CHP), also known as cogeneration or trigeneration

Fuel cells
Hybrid power systems (solar hybrid and wind hybrid systems)
Micro turbines
Photovoltaic systems (typically rooftop solar PV)
Reciprocating engines
Small wind power systems
Stirling engines
MATHEMATICAL MODEL REPRESENTING THE EXPECTED TOTAL ENERGY
GENERATION; INCLUDE PROCESS AND CAPACITY

The sources of energy from the DG can be categorized into stable energy sources (fuel
cell, micro turbine and internal combustion engine) and unstable sources (wind and solar). The
output characteristics of these sources are always dependant on the conversion unit employed.
A typical example is when induction generator is used to convert wind energy in which case
the output is a constant real power (P) with reactive power (Q). However, if static converter is
used the output will be a constant power factor output in normal operation condition. Based on
output characteristics of the sources, DG model can be classified as constant power factor
model, constant voltage model or variable reactive power model as proposed by and explained
as follows;

Constant Power Factor Model

This type of model has a specified real and reactive power as well as power factor. The
commonly used DGs that can be represented by such a model are the synchronous generators
and power electronic based units that have outputs which can be adjusted by controlling the
excitation current and trigger angles of the units for synchronous generator and power
electronic converters respectively. The reactive power of such DGs can be calculated as
presented in based on;

while the injected DG equivalent currents is obtained as;

where PiDG, and ViDG are the real output power and voltage at the terminal of the DG
respectively, PFiDG is the power factor for the DG installed at bus i while QiDG is the calculated
reactive power output.
 Variable Reactive Power Model

Typical examples of such model are the induction generators that have variable reactive
power generation. The real power output is dependent on the wind speed which is calculated
based on wind turbine power curve, while the reactive power is dependent on real power output,
and generator impedance. The calculation is usually cumbersome and difficult to execute
efficiently. Hence the calculation is based on steady-state which can be represented as a
function of the DG real power as in by using;

Where QiDG is the reactive power function consumed by the wind turbine while the Q0, Q1 and
Q2 obtained experimentally. In situations when the reactive power required by the load cannot
be supplied by the distribution network, capacitor banks are used to correct the power factor of
the system. The reactive power output of the induction generator is expressed as; where Q , g
is the reactive power supplied by capacitor bank.

where Q ,g is the reactive power supplied by capacitor bank.

THE PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY GENERATION AND QUALITY, INCLUDE AN
EXAMPLES OF AT LEAST THREE TYPES OF DG TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 1: Malaysia Installed Generation Capacity (in ktoe)

Figure 2: Malaysia Input Share of Generation (in %)

Figure 1 and Figure 2.1 shows the generation trends of energy supply in Malaysia for
the period from 1990 to 2012. According to the graph, fossil fuel (coal) share indicates slightly
increasing from 46.6 % in 2011 to 48.3 % in 2012. Then, it had been followed by the fossil fuel
(natural gas) that is slightly accumulated from 39.3 % to 39.4%, where the hydro is at 7.3%, then
the diesel is at 2.8%, and fuel oil 1.9%, and also 0.2% for renewable energy. The rise of the
electricity generation is as a result of the growth of energy consumption in our country. As
the result, sturdy growth of energy supply and demand was recorded within the end of year
2012. In line with National Energy Balance (2012), total primary energy supply and final energy
consumption recorded a growth of 5.9 % and 7.5%.
CONCLUSION

The study of distributed generation (DG) allow to understand the electrical energy
power system that has been applied in the country. Many variation of DG that has been study
with the aspect that to applied within the country. The construction of the DG system are
depends on the suitable condition to be applied in the country according the types of the DG
technologies.

The utilization of DG technologies allows the creation of a power system with multiple
energy sources, permitting the mixing typical central power plants with distributed DG fossil
fuel-based generation, similarly as with the distributed of renewable energy generation.
It is anticipated that DG growth and its large-scale application might result in an improvement
in dependability, to improved security of supply, to the decrease of power prices, and to
the reduction of environmental impacts.
REFERENCE

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[4] Feijoo Ae, Cidras J Modeling of wind farms in the load flow analysis, IEEE Trans.
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[5] Haruna Musa, A Review of Distributed Generation Resource Types and Their
Mathematical Models for Power Flow Analysis, International Journal of Science,
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