Ocean Energy in Indonesia

Prof. Mukhtasor, Ph.D.

Member of National Energy Council of Indonesia,
Chaiman of the Indonesian Ocean Energy Association,
Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering ITS

Presented at OCEAN ENERGY WORKSHOP ,

ASELI, BPPT, JICA, OEAJ and Supported by ESDM and NEDO
Jakarta, 22 Nopember 2012 1
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Con tents
1. Introduction
2. Ocean Energy Policies
3. Development Status
4. Strategic Notes
5. Closure

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Introduction (1)
Welcome to the nation of waters!...

Indonesia is a country of thousands of Islands

Indonesia is also called as Nusantara.

Nusa means islands,

antara means in between
the nation of waters
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Islands = 17,480
Ocean = 5.8 million km2
Ocean EEZ = 2.7 million km2
Costline = 95,180 km
Population (2010) = 236 million
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Introduction (2)

Ocean energy is renewable,

it is a new for Indonesia, and also for the world.

National Energy Council is advocating

the development of ocean energy in Indonesia
through the National Energy Policy

Two reasons on demand and potentials

(markets and resources)
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NATIONAL ENERGY COUNCIL

LEADERSHIP
a. Chair : the President of the Republic of Indonesia
b. Vice Chair : the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia
c. Daily Chair : the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

MEMBERS
GOVERNMENT
1. Ministry of Finance;
2. Ministry of Development
Planning (BAPPENAS);
3. Ministry of Transportation;
4. Ministry of Industry;
5. Ministry of Agriculture;
6. Menistry of Research and
Technology;
7. Ministry of Environment.
STAKEHOLDERS
1. Mr. Agusman Effendi (Consument);
2. Dr. Tumiran (University);
3. Prof. Rinaldy Dalimi, Ph.D. (University);
4. Mr. Eddie WidionoS, M.Sc. (Industry);
5. Dr. Herman Darnel Ibrahim, M.Sc. (Industry)
6. Prof. Widjajono Partowidagdo, Ph.D.
(Technology);
7. Prof. Mukhtasor, Ph.D. (Environment);
8. Prof. Dr. Herman Agustiawan (Consument).
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Population

2010 2015 2020 2025

Population 238,4 250,4 261,0 270,1

Women (productive)
65,7 68,5 70,1 70,9

0-14 years olds 64,1 63,6 62,1 60,2

Working 160,2 170,8 180,3 187,2
65+ 14,1 16,0 18,5 22,7
Source: Adapted from UN World Population Projection, 2002 Revision

Sonny Harry B. Harmadi, Jakarta, 24 February 2010

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Projected Economics and Population Growth

9.0

8.0

7.0
Growth (%)

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
GDP TINGGI 5.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.0
GDP RENDAH 5.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5
PENDUDUK 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2

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ASUMSI SKENARIO KEBUTUHAN ENERGI

TAHUN
URAIAN SATUAN
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
POPULASI
Jumlah Penduduk Juta 238 251 262 271 280 299 307
Pertumbuhan Penduduk Rata-rata % 1.5 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.3
PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
GDP (Berdasarkan Harga Konstan
Tahun 2000)
Milliar USD * 359 527 774 1123 2229 4165
253
GDP per Kapita (Berdasarkan Harga
Konstan Tahun 2000)
USD/kapita ** 1446 2017 2827 3948 7452 13568
1061
Pertumbuhan GDP Rata-rata % 6.11 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.50 7.00 6.00

Harga Berlaku DATA BPS

*) 703 Miliar USD **) 2954 USD/kapita
Populasi (data demografi UI)
Ekonomi (masukan dari Bappenas)
Data BPS : GDP tahun 2010 (berdasarkan harga konstan tahun 2000) sebesar 253 Miliar USD
dan GDP berdasarkan harga berlaku sebesar 703 Miliar USD ,
(nilai tukar rata-rata pada tahun 2010: 1$ = Rp. 9.136,-)
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Projected Energy Demand 2010-2050

(Estimated with help of MARKAL)

PROYEKSI 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

1. KONSUMSI ENERGI FINAL MTOE 97,05 137,35 190,76 260,49 343,90 438,79 555,97 662,42 757,17
2. KONSUMSI ENERGI PRIMER MTOE 154,90 209,05 292,06 398,12 551,37 721,28 932,21 1137,76 1335,34
3. KONSUMSI LISTRIK MTOE 13,67 21,04 32,16 47,45 67,36 93,80 128,49 173,35 222,86
4. KAPASITAS PEMBANGKIT GW 36,51 59,35 82,53 114,81 172,75 250,13 349,98 469,26 603,10

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Proyeksi Kebutuhan Listrik

TAHUN PROYEKSI
URAIAN SATUAN
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
KONSUMSI LISTRIK
Skenario Tinggi [BAU] TWh 148 245 397 628 933 1680 2710
Skenario Rendah [Efisien] TWh 148 208 341 511 733 1330 2100
Per Kapita Skenario Tinggi [BAU] kWh 620 980 1521 2316 3332 5619 8827

Per Kapita Skenario Rendah [Efisien] kWh 620 832 1308 1886 2618 4448 6840

Pertumbuhan Rata-rata [Efisien] % 7 7.1 10.4 8.4 7.5 6.1 4.7

ELASTISITAS 1.06 0.89 1.30 1.05 1.00 0.9 0.7
KAPASITAS PEMBANGKIT
Skenario Tinggi [BAU] GW 35 58 92 145 203 340 550
Skenario Rendah [Efisien] GW 35 49 79 115 159 270 430
UTILISASI RATA-RATA TAHUNAN
Skenario Tinggi [BAU] Hours 4722 4731 4791 4805 5065 5435 5420
Skenario Rendah [Efisien] Hours 4722 4754 4834 4977 5157 5468 5470
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Implementasi Pengembangan Energi Terbarukan

SUMBER DAYA KAPASITAS RASIO

ENERGI
NO TERPASANG KT/SD
TERBARUKAN (SD) (%)
(KT)
1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3
1 Tenaga Air 75.670 MW 5.711 MW 7,54
2 Panas Bumi 29.038 MW 1.189 MW 4,00
3 Mini/Mikro Hydro 769,69 MW 228,75 MW 28,31
4 Biomass 49.810 MW 1.618,40 MW 3,25
5 Tenaga Surya 4,8 kWh/m2/day 13,5 MW -
6 Tenaga Angin 3 6 m/s 1,87 MW -
Potensi Teoritis = 749.000 MW Sedang
7 Energi Laut Potensi Teknis = 49.000 MW dibangun: -
Potensi Praktis = 43.000 MW 175 KW (Ristek)

Perkiraan, didasarkan dari Ditjen Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi (2011).
Potensi energi laut dari hasil ratifikasi Asosiasi Energi Laut Indonesia (2011) 16
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ENERGY POLICIES (1)

Law No. 30/2007 on Energy

Law No. 17/2007 on Long Term Development
Planning
National Energy Policy (President Decree No.
5/2006) and Its Blueprint National Energy
Management

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National Energy Policy (President Decree No. 05/2006):

Energy Elastisity (<1) and Optimal Energi Mix
HYDRO POWER
3,11 % NATIONAL (PRIMARY) ENERGY MIX
GEOTHERMAL
1,32 %

NATURAL
CURRENT ENERGY MIX (1 BILLION BOE) GAS
28,57 %
OIL
51,66 %
COAL
15,34 %

NATIONAL (PRIMARY) ENERGY MIX 2025

(BAU SCENARIO) (5 BILLION BOE)
MINI/MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT NATIONAL ENERGY MIX 2025 ( 3 BILLION BOE)
0,1 % POWER PLANT (PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 5/2006)
GEOTHERMAL 1,9 %
1,1 %
GAS OIL
20 % BIOFUELS, 5%
20,6 % GAS
OIL OPTIMIZING 30 % RE GEOTHERMAL, 5%
41,7 % ENERGY 17 % BIOMASS, NUCLEAR,
COAL MANAGEMENT COAL HYDRO SOLAR ENERGY,
34,6 % 33 % WIND POWER, 5 %
COAL LIQEFACTION
2%
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ENERGY POLICIES (2)

The share of renewable energy is growing (old plan):
4.3% (2005) 17% (2025)
But this is mainly from geothermal and biofuel; while ocean
energy was not considered as potential sources by that time.
Since 2007, new climate of ocean energy came;
bigger supports from various parties, including the
Law No. 20 of 2007 on Energy.
The Law also creates a National Energy Council
(NEC) with an authority to design and formulate
national energy policy on behalf of the GOI; the
policy must be endorsed by Parliament.
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ENERGY POLICIES (3)

Recently, NEC is reviewing the current energy policy

and intends to increase the role of ocean enegy in
the energy mix of 2010-2050.
Ocean energy systems are targeted to supply
electricity in the Indonesian energy system.
The policy for greater use of marine resources is
relevant with Indonesia potentials and the
Indonesian Law of 17 of 2007 on the Long Term
National Development Plan.

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BASIS KEBIJAKAN ENERGI LAUT

Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun 2007 tentang Rencana Pembangunan

Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN, Lampiran Bab IV, Subbab IV.1.6,
angka 2):
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya alam yang tidak terbarukan harus efisien
dan menetapkan strategi memperbesar cadangan dan diarahkan
untuk mendukung proses produksi di dalam negeri. Hasil atau
pendapatan yang diperoleh diarahkan untuk percepatan
pertumbuhan ekonomi :
Investasi pada sektor produktif
Upaya reklamasi dan konservasi
Memperkuat pendanaan energi alternatif yang menjadi jembatan
dari energi fosil ke energi yang terbarukan (termasuk
didalamnya, energi arus laut),
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Undang-undang No. 30 Tahun 2007 tentang Energi:

Sumber energi terbarukan adalah sumber energi yang dihasilkan
dari sumber daya energi yang berkelanjutan jika dikelala dengan
baik, antara lain panas bumi, angin, bioenergi, sinar matahari,
aiiran dan terjunan air, serta gerakan dan perbedaan suhu lapisar,
laut (Pasal 1, angka 6).

Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan wajib ditingkatkan

oleh pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah (Pasal 20, angka 4 dan
Pasal 21, angka 2).

Penyediaan dan pemanfaatan energi dari sumber energi

terbarukan dapat memperoleh kemudahan dan/atau insentif dari
pemerintah dan/atau pemerintah daerah sesuai kewenangannya
untuk jangka waktu tertentu hingga tercapai nilai keekonomiannya
(Pasal 20, angka 5; Pasal 21, angka 3).
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RPJPN ke - 3 (2010 2014): Industri kelautan yang meliputi

perhubungan laut, industri maritim, perikanan, wisata bahari,
energi dan sumberdaya mineral dikembangkan secara sinergi,
optimal dan berkelanjutan.

Perpres No. 5 Tahun 2006 tentang KEN mengatur bahwa Menteri

ESDM menetapkan Blue Print Pengelolaan Energi Nasional (PEN)
yang memuat diantaranya pengelolaan sumberdaya energi dan
pemanfaatannya (Pasal 4, ayat 1 dan ayat 2 huruf c).

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Draft: Energy Mix Scenario (2010 2050) (%)

Minyak Bumi Batubara
2010 Gas Bumi EBT Gas
2025
Gas 20,1 20 Batubara
Batubara % 60.0 Minyak 30
Minyak 24,5 25
49,7 50.0

40
40.0
30.9
30.0 EBT
EBT 25
25
5,7
20.0
15.0
2030 10.0 5.7
2050
Gas 18,8
Batubara Minyak Gas 15
Minyak 0.0 20 Batubara
19,4 31 2010 2020 2025 2030 2050 25

EBT (energi air, panas bumi, biomasa

sampah, bahan bakar nabati,
energi surya, energi laut,
energi angin, dan batubara
EBT tercairkan dan tergaskan, CBM. EBT
30,9 Dan nuklir pilihan terakhir) 40
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Policies on R and D in Ocean Energy (1)

The GOI supports activities in promotion and

development of ocean energy (grant and projects):
The Agency for Technology Assessment and
Application (BPPT) under coordination of the
Ministry of Research and Technology.
Universities (ITS, ITB, Dharma Persada and
others)
Balitbang Kementrian (R and D Within the
Ministies MEMR and MFO)

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Policies on R and D in Ocean Energy (2)

The research planning for the development of tidal
current is:
Phase 1 (RPJM II): Development of tidal current
energy plant of 10 - 100 kW
Phase 2 (RPJM III): Development of tidal current
energy plant of 3 MW Marine Current Turbine
Farm
Phase 3 (RPJM IV): Development of tidal current
energy plant for domestic electicity and for
producing biofuel or marine biofuel.
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Previous Effort on the Implementation of OE

No Type Location Capacity Note

Marine current (BPPT, It was in operation,
1 Indonesian Hydrodynamics and being upscaled to
Laboratory) Flores, NTT 2 kW 10 kW
Marine current (KOBOLD, Schedulled in 2012
2 PdA Italy and PT. Walinusa East Lombok, (Ristek)
Energy) NTB 175 kW
OTECS (Cooperation with Cancelled, economc
3 Netherland) North Bali, Bali 100 kW crisis. FS was daone
Cancelled, initial
4 OWC (BPPT, BPDP) Yogyakarta contraction was done
Wave coverter Pendulum Madura East 3,5 KW to be
5 type (Indonesian technolog) Java scalled to 100 KW Field test, 2012
per pontoon,

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Recent Development (1)

Ocean energy has nowdays been received a
greater attention from universities, government
agencies, companies and public.

The Indonesian Ocean Energy Association

(INOCEAN) has been established to foster
research, development, publication and
application of ocean energy.

Activities towards ocean energy projects

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Recent Development (2)

Greater attention on ocean energy in Indonesia:
Greater funding from the National and Provincial
Governments
Very active seminars, worshops and public media
Proposal for Sandwich master/doctoral programs
Activities in governement on capacity buildings
and research and developments
On development of the national ocean energy
roadmap within renewable energy development

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Recent Development (3)

Indonesian Ocean Energy Association (INOCEAN):
Goal:
Encouraging the widespread utilization of ocean
energy in Indonesia

Objective:
To accommodate stakeholders and to facilitate
members for increasing their role in ocean
energy utilization

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Recent Development (4)

Indonesian Ocean Energy Association (INOCEAN):

Ratification of the national-wide of ocean energy

potential (2011)
Dessimination of international development of OE
Advocation for OE projects and collaborations
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INOCEAN (2011) has ratified national-wide

ocean energy potentials based on previously
conducted exploration/surveys

Theoretical Technical Practical

(GW) (GW) (GW)
Tidal current 160.0 22.5 4.8
Ocean wave 510.0 2.0 1.2
Ocean thermal 57.0 52.0 * 43.0 *
Total 727.0 76.5 49.0
*depending on the technological maturity and market development, including
availability of successful project in gird connection.

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DEPLOYMENT SELAT ALAS

(Erwandi 2010)

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A Comparison: ADCP and Numerical (Erwandi 2010)

ADCP vs Numerical
Numerical
Measurement
2.5

1.5
V (m/s)

0.5

0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day

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Tidal Current Energy Reserves (INOCEAN 2011)

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Wave Energy Reserves (INOCEAN 2011)

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Ocean Thermal Energy Reserves

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Recent Development (5)

Towards the OE implementation and projects
Double tracts strategy for the OE implementation
To increase the energy access
Electricity ratio is currently is about 67%
Limited access to electricity is commonly at small
islands populations and less developed regions

To reduce the oil addiction , which takes about

15% of national budget for energy subsidies

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Implementation
Matrix of Ocean Type
Energy (On ASELI
advocating) Ocean
Tidal Current Ocean Wave
Thermal
Micro-OE
(< 0.05) EBTKE (2012) ITS/GEI (2012)
KKP-ITB (2012) Ristek (2012)
BPPT (2012)
Capacity (MW)

Mini-OE Indonesia -AFD France Kepri (2012)

( 0.05 to 5) (2013-2014)
Bontang (2014)
Indonesia-Germany SPICE
III (2013-2014) Kota Baru
PLN (2014) (2014)

Medium-OE ???
( 5 to 25)
Large-OE
(> 50)
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 Proposed Implementation targets
The act no 17/2007 on the long-term national development plan
(RPJPN, appendix, chapter IV, section IV.1.6, number 2)
mandates the development of ocean energy within the mid-term
plan (2009-2014)

INOCEAN proposed to established pilot project of ocean energy

power plant, connected to the grid, starting in 2014, at minimum
of:
1 MW tidal current energy
1 MW wave energy
The medium and long term run would be OTEC pilot plant.
The most viable potential of 6000 MW ocean energy power
plant is proposed to be realized in 2030.
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CLOSURE

The resources are great, their development need a

greater efforts and supports, nationally and
internationally.

As nation of waters, Indonesia is the best location as

a window of technological implementation on ocean
energy.

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THANK YOU
TERIMA KASIH

Email: mukhtasor_isp@yahoo.com

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