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PIPESIM 2000 User Guide PDF
PIPESIM 2000 User Guide PDF
PIPESIM 2000
User Guide
PIPESIM 2000
www.BakerJardine.com
P I P E S I M 2000
i v Contents
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents v
P I P E S I M 2000
vi Contents
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents vii
P I P E S I M 2000
viii Contents
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents ix
P I P E S I M 2000
x Contents
P I P E S I M 2000
Contents xi
6.14 Optimization..........................................................................6-11
P I P E S I M 2000
xii Contents
8 INDEX..............................................................................I
P I P E S I M 2000
Conventions xiii
Document conventions
<edit/copy> - used to denote commands enter into the computer from
either Microsoft Windows operating systems or PIPESIM 2000
P I P E S I M 2000
xiv Conventions
P I P E SIM 2000
PIPESIM 2000 Hot Keys xv
File
Create New Well Model CTRL+W
Create New Pipeline Model CTRL+
Create New Network model CTRL+N
Open model CTRL+O
Open engine file CTRL+T
Save model CTRL+S
Close PIPESIM 2000 ALT+F4
Text Edit CTRL+T
Export to Engine file CTRL+E
Purge Engine Files CTRL+Y
Simulation
Run model CTRL+G
Restart Model CTRL+R
Check model CTRL+E
Windows
New Model Window CTRL+W
Close Active Window CTRL+F4
Go to Next Window CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB
Go to Previous Window CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or
CTRL+SHIFT+ TAB
Tools
Print CTRL+P
Access Help F1
Editing/General
Access Pull-down menus ALT or F10
Cut CTRL+X
Copy CTRL+C
Paste CTRL+V
Delete Del
Select All CTRL+A
Find CTRL+F
Sticky key mode SHIFT
P I P E S I M 2000
xvi PIPESIM 2000 Hot Keys
Zoom in SHIFT+Z
Zoom out SHIFT+X
Zoom Full View SHIFT+F
Restore View SHIFT+R
P I P E S I M 2000
Introduction
P I P E S I M 2000
Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-1
1 Introduction
Welcome to Baker Jardine's PIPESIM 2000 - the integrated
Petroleum Engineer and Facilities package for; Design, Operation
and Optimization.
1.1 Setting up
You install PIPESIM 2000 on your computer by using the program
SETUP.EXE. The setup up program installs PIPESIM 2000 itself, the
Help system, sample case studies, the necessary start icons and any
other components required from the distribution disk to your local
hard disk.
Important
You can not simply copy files from the distribution disk to your hard
disk and run PIPESIM 2000. You must use the setup program. This
will decompress and installs files in the correct directory and register
the required COM objects.
PIPESIM 2000
1-2 Introduction
• A VGA display
• A mouse
• 16Mb of RAM
• Microsoft Windows 95 or higher
• The PC system date is set to the current date. The security
system uses the current PC date.
If any of the above are missing then please contact your nearest
Baker Jardine office.
You are also encouraged to make a back up copy of the install CD.
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-3
To start Setup
Once you have installed PIPESIM 2000 the following links will be
created on the Programs menu;
• Baker Jardine
• PIPESIM 2000
• GOAL
• FPT
• HoSim
• Open Link documentation
• Utilities
• B26 to P2K Converter
• Security utilities
• User defined DLL registry editor
1.2 Documentation
1.2.1 PIPESIM 2000 additional documentation
In addition to this User Guide the following documentation is available
to assist users in using PIPESIM 2000 or some of its modules.
The latest versions of these documents are available from any Baker
Jardine support office or can be downloaded directly from the Baker
Jardine web site in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.
PIPESIM 2000
1-4 Introduction
1.2.1.3 OpenLink
A collection of COM object that allows PIPESIM 2000 to be accessed
from 3rd party applications, e.g. Microsoft Excel, Visual basic, etc.
Note: This User Guide does not cover the menus or dialogs that are
used within the software. These are covered, in detail, in the Help
system, supplied with PIPESIM 2000.
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-5
Multilateral module
Well Performance
Network Module
Field Planning
Horizontal &
Module
Module
Module
Pipeline sizing 3
Equipment sizing 3
Nodal Analysis 3 3
Multiple Completions 3 3
Reservoir tables 3 3
Surface networks 3 3
Subsurface & surface networks 3 3 3
Field wide Optimization 3 3 3
Field Planning 3 3 3 3
Multi-lateral well 3
PIPESIM 2000
1-6 Introduction
The initial release of PIPESIM 2000 does not have all modules fully
integrated, i.e. Production Optimization (GOAL), Field Planning
(FPT), Multi-lateral well (HoSim).
1.3.1 Modules
PIPESIM 2000 consists of the following modules:
• Pipeline & Facilities
• Well Performance Analysis
• Network Analysis
• Production Optimization (GOAL)
• Field Planning (FPT)
• Multi-lateral (HoSim)
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-7
The module will predict the optimum artificial lift quantity (lift gas or
ESP speed) so as to optimize oil production from the entire field. As
an alternative to calculations based on produced oil the optimization
can be performed on gross liquids, gross gas or revenue. The
program models the full network on a point-by-point basis, and offers
a choice of flow correlation options for multiphase flow.
In addition to being able to optimize field production it includes a
unique production prediction mode, which allows current field
production rates and pressures to be predicted and the results
compared directly against actual field data.
The module has been primarily developed for use by operations staff
in the day-to-day optimization and allocation of lift gas for complex
multi-well networked configurations.
PIPESIM 2000
1-8 Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-9
1.3.2 Options
In addition to the above basic modules a number of options are
available.
PIPESIM 2000
1-10 Introduction
• Petroleum Fraction
• Phase envelop generation
• Dew point line
• Bubble point line
• Critical point
• Hydrate formation line (if present)
• Ice formation line (if present)
• Quality lines
• EOS
• Peng-Robinson (standard and advanced)
• SRK (standard and advanced)
• Corresponding EOS
• SMIRK (limited access)
• Stand alone flash (PT, PH, etc) details
• Viscosity models
• Pederson
• LBC
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-11
has been designed so that ECLIPSE (and its model) resides on the
UNIX machine.
1.3.2.5 Mbal
Allows the Field Planning module to use the material balance
program Mbal (from Petroleum Experts) to model the reservoir
performance.
PIPESIM 2000
1-12 Introduction
1.5 Security
Stand-alone (single PC) versions of PIPESIM 2000 are protected
from unauthorized use by means of a hardware security module
(generally referred to as a 'dongle' or 'bit lock'). Local Area Network
(LAN) versions are normally protected via License Manager software.
You can connect another device (or more Baker Jardine dongles) to
the parallel port while the dongle is still attached to it without affecting
the operation of the device or the dongle. Do this simply by plugging
the device into the back of the dongle. If you already have another
program protected by a similar dongle, they can both be plugged into
the port at the same time, and should not interfere with each other.
The dongle is quite robust, so no particular care need be taken in
handling it.
Users are able to view the Baker Jardine software modules licensed
on their dongles by using the Dongle Utility, BJA Dongle Utility. On
start-up of the utility, the attached dongle’s license details for the
various software modules are displayed. When renewing or
purchasing additional software licenses you will need to update the
licenses on your dongle(s) by receiving instructions from Baker
Jardine.
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-13
using PIPESIM 2000 after you have set your clock back. If you do
accidentally do this, contact Baker Jardine for information on how to
“reset” your dongle.
The LAN security system also has the following license management
capabilities,
• PIPESIM 2000 can be restricted to one or more computers
• A summary of current and historical PIPESIM 2000 usage can
be obtained
• A network administrator can impose local restrictions on the
usage of PIPESIM 2000. A certain number of licenses may be
reserved for particular departments or work groups.
• A network administrator can configure the license server to
report certain conditions such as approaching license
expiration.
PIPESIM 2000
1-14 Introduction
Our web site also provides detailed information on the latest version.
In addition, enhancements (service packs) can be download from the
site to fix minor bugs and enhancements.
Bjvsptec@iamnet.com
Mexico
Baker Jardine de Mexicana +52 93 16 18 61 +52 93 16 48 56
Adelfo@compuserve.com
Canada
Baker Jardine +1 403 265 2696 +1 403 265 2646
740, 600 6th Avenue S.W.
Calgary, T2P 0S5
Canada
Austin_James@atech.ca
To offer the best and fastest support our preferred method for
support services is via email.
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Introduction 1-15
New users
• Familiarize yourself with the all PIPESIM 2000 modules, their
function and application.
• Work through the case studies for your particular area of interest
Existing users
• Read the new features section and the additional notes' document
to obtain an overview of new features.
PIPESIM 2000
1-16 Introduction
PIPESIM 2 0 0 0
Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-1
2 Model Overview
2.1 Steps in building a model
The steps involved in building a PIPESIM 2000 model are slightly
different for each module but follow the same basic steps.
• Select units
• Set fluid data
• Calibrate data (optional)
• Define components in the model
• Well components (completion, tubing)
• Pipeline component
• Field equipment
• Set heat transfer options
• Select multiphase flow correlation
• Perform an operation
• Analyze the results
• Graphical
• Tabular
• Via schematic
PIPESIM 2000
2-2 Model Overview
Any number of customized unit sets can be created and saved (each
one to a different external data file) under a new name. These
customized files can be provided to other PIPESIM 2000 users.
The units system used for any particular model is saved with the
model data, thus allowing models to be moved easily.
Any unit set can be set as the default for new models or new
sessions of PIPESIM 2000.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-3
Black oil fluid modelling is appropriate for use with a wide range of
applications and hydrocarbon fluid systems. In general, the basic
black oil correlations will provide reasonable accuracy in most PVT
fluid property evaluations over the range of pressures and
temperatures likely to be found in production or pipeline systems.
However, care should be taken when applying the black oil approach
to a highly volatile crude or a condensate where accurate modelling
of the gaseous light ends is required. In this case, the user should
consider the use of compositional modelling technique that describes
the fluid as a multi-component mixture.
In order to increase the accuracy of the basic black oil correlations for
modelling multiphase flow, PIPESIM 2000 provides the facility to
adjust salient values of a number of the most important PVT fluid
properties to match laboratory data.
These PVT fluid properties are considered the single most important
parameters affecting the accuracy of multi-phase flow calculations.
Calibration of these properties can greatly increase the accuracy of
the correlations over the range of pressures and temperatures for the
system being modelled.
PIPESIM 2000
2-4 Model Overview
2.4.2 Compositional
For compositional fluid modelling of hydrocarbon fluids and
associated gas and water components, PIPESIM 2000 uses a
seamless interface to a PVT modelling package.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-5
PIPESIM 2000
2-6 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-7
PIPESIM 2000
2-8 Model Overview
Network module
Component Type Description
Production well Boundary Models the source as a production well.
Node The well is (normally) defined from the
sand face to the point where it joins
another object, i.e. well head, manifold,
etc.
Generic source Boundary The point where a fluid enters the
Node system. Can be used when a well is
modelled from the well head.
Injection well Boundary Models the sink as an injection well,
Node including tubing and completion.
Generic sink Boundary The point where the fluid leaves the
Node systems. A model may have any
number of sinks.
Node Node A point in the system where 1 or more
branches meets
Branch Link Connects 2 or more nodes, sources or
sinks. Any combination of flowline, riser
or pieces of equipment can be used to
describe a branch. When connected
between a well and a node the
resulting branch has no physical
meaning
Re-injection Node Connects 3 branches;
node 1 - the incoming fluid stream (this
branch MUST contain a separator)
2 - the outlet stream
3 - the stream removed by the
separator. All the fluid removed from
the separator is re-injected. The re-
injected stream can be upstream or
downstream of the separator.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-9
General:
• Maximum number of components in a stream: 50
Well Performance
• Maximum number of completions: 10
• Maximum number of sinks 1
• Maximum number tubing coatings: 10
• Maximum number of nodes for a tubing: 100
• Maximum number of geothermal survey points: 100
• Maximum number of tubing strings:
• Detailed model: 20
• Simple model: 4
Network
• Maximum number of wells / branches: 512
• Maximum number of nodes: 512
• Maximum number of PVT files: 500
• Maximum number of compositions: 1,000
• Maximum number of Black Oil compositions: 1,024
• Maximum number of PQ data points: 30
Field Planning
• Maximum number of stored timesteps: 256
• Maximum number of auxiliary properties: 1,500
• Maximum number of Eclipse models: 1
• Maximum number of network models: 5
• Maximum number of events: 2,500
PIPESIM 2000
2-10 Model Overview
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
• Maximum number of multi-laterals: 500
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-11
See the PIPESIM 2000 Help system " How do I…" section for full
details on setting up the basic models.
PIPESIM 2000
2-12 Model Overview
2.9.1.2 Compositional
The following basic steps are required to calibrate the compositionally
defined fluids;
• Select the units set of your preference
• Enter the basic fluid data (library components, petroleum
fractions)
• Produce the phase envelop (for reference)
• Select the quantity to match to; Bubble Point or Dew point
• Enter the matching data
• Select viscosity matching options if applicable
• Enter the viscosity data
• Run the matching operation
• Update the composition
• Produce the new phase envelop
• Save the model!
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-13
Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
horizontal flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
PIPESIM 2000
2-14 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-15
Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
vertical flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
PIPESIM 2000
2-16 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-17
The resulting data transfer files (*.PLT & *.PWH) are required by the
optimization model. These files must then be transferred (manually)
to the required optimization (GOAL) directory.
The resulting ASCII file can then be used directly by the reservoir
simulator.
PIPESIM 2000
2-18 Model Overview
Each source can have it's own fluid description or use shared data.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-19
For example the above 3 well / 1 sink model could be specified as;
• Well 1: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Well 2: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Well 3: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
• Well 1: Reservoir pressure, Flowrate, reservoir temperature
• Well 2: reservoir temperature
• Well 3: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
• Well 1: Flowrate, reservoir temperature
• Well 2: Flowrate, reservoir temperature
• Well 3: Flowrate, reservoir temperature
• Sink: Delivery pressure
Etc.
PIPESIM 2000
2-20 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 2-21
See the FPT Used Guide for an example of building a Field Planning
model.
2.9.7 Multi-lateral
The following basic steps are required to build a multi-lateral well
model;
• Select the units set of your preference
• Add the necessary components to the model (horizontal well
section, branch, etc) and defined the necessary data.
• Define the fluid specification (black oil or compositional).
• Define the flow correlation to use.
• Save the model!
PIPESIM 2000
2-22 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-1
The black oil correlations have been developed specifically for crude
oil/gas/water systems and are therefore most useful in predicting the
phase behavior of crude oil well streams. When used in conjunction
with the calibration options, the black oil correlations can produce
accurate phase behavior data from a minimum of input data. They
are particularly convenient in gas lift studies where the effects of
varying GLR and water cut are under investigation. However, if the
accurate phase behavior prediction of light hydrocarbon systems is
important, it is recommended that the more rigorous compositional
models are employed.
3.1.1 Lasater
A correlation developed in 1958 from 158 experimental data points.
The data points spanned the following ranges:
pb (bubble point pressure): 48 to 5,780 psia
T R (reservoir temperature): 82 to 272 °F
g API (API gravity): 17.9 to 51.1 °API
g g (gas specific gravity): 0.574 to 1.223
Rsb (solution gas at bubble point pressure): 3 to 2,905 scf/STB
PIPESIM 2000
3-2 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.1.2 Standing
Standing presented an equation to estimate bubble point pressures
greater than 1,000 psia. The correlation was based on 105
experimentally determined bubble point pressure of California oil
systems.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-3
3.1.4 Glasø
Glasø developed PVT correlations from analysis of crude oil from the
following North Sea Fields:-
Ekofisk
Stratfjord
Forties
Valhall
COD
30/7-2A
PIPESIM 2000
3-4 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.1.5 Coning
In order to simulate gas and/or water breakthrough from the reservoir,
flowrate dependent values of GOR and watercut may be entered.
In a homogeneous reservoir, analysis of the radial flow behavior of
reservoir fluids moving towards a producing well shows that the rate
dependent phenomenon of coning may be important.
The effect of increasing fluid velocity and energy loss in the vicinity of
a well leads to the local distortion of a gas-oil contact or a water-oil
contact. The gas and water in the vicinity of the producing wellbore
can therefore flow towards the perforation. The relative permeability
to oil in the pore spaces around the wellbore decreases as gas and
water saturation increase. The local saturations can be significantly
different from the bulk average saturations (at distances such as a
few hundred meters from the wellbore). The prediction of coning is
important since it leads to decisions regarding:
• Preferred initial completions
• Estimation of cone arrival time at a producing well
• Prediction of fluid production rates after cone arrival
• Design of preferred well spacing
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-5
PIPESIM 2000
3-6 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
m OD = 10x - 1
where
x = yT-1.163
y = 10z
z = 3.0324 - 0.02023 gAPI
Log(mOD) µ (1/T)
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-7
m = mOb(p/p b)m
PIPESIM 2000
3-8 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
where
m = 2.6p1.187 exp(-8.98x10-5 p - 11.513)
For dead oils at high pressures the Vasquez and Beggs correaltion
overestimates the viscosity: Use Kousel.
3.1.9.3 No calculation
The undersaturated oil viscosity is assumed to be the same as the
saturated live oil viscosity at the same temperature and pressure.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-9
3.2 Compositional
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State)
Equations of state describe the pressure, volume and temperature
behaviour of pure components and mixtures. Most thermodynamic
and transport properties are derived from the equation of state.
3.2.1.1 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
The standard SRK equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V(V + b)))
PIPESIM 2000
3-10 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
3.2.1.2 Peng-Robinson
The standard PR equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V2 + 2bV - b2))
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
3.2.1.3 SMIRK
The Shell SPPTS package uses the SMIRK equation of state.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-11
3.2.2.4 Water
The Pedersen method suffers the same drawback as the LBC
method in that it is unable to predict the temperature dependence of
water, a polar molecule. To overcome this problem, the Pedersen
method has been modified especially for water so that it now
accurately models the viscosity of water in the liquid phase. This was
achieved by the introduction of a temperature-dependent correction
factor. However the prediction of the viscosity of the gas phase is
also affected, though in only a minor way.
PIPESIM 2000
3-12 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.2.2.5 Methanol
Neither the LBC nor the Pederson method can deal with polar
components with the Pederson method slightly worse than the LBC
method. This is not surprising, as both methods were developed for
non-polar components and mixtures. The Pedersen method works
best with light alkanes and petroleum mixtures in the liquid phase. It
performs as well or better than the LBC method in nearly all
situations.
3.2.2.6 Emulsion
The following options are available for handing emulsions;
• Inversion method
• Volume ratio method
• Woelflin method
The methods are as described for Black Oil emulsions.
3.2.4 Hydrates
Natural gas hydrates are solid ice-like compounds of water and light
components of natural gas. They form at temperatures above the ice
point and are therefore a serious concern in oil and gas processing
operations. The phase behavior of the systems involving hydrates
can be very complex because up to six phases must normally be
considered. The behavior is particularly complex if there is significant
mutual solubility between phases. The hydrate model uses a
modification of the RKS equation of state for the fluid phases plus
The van der Waals and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phases. The
model can explicitly represent all the effects of the presence of
inhibitors.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-13
Note: you must explicitly include water in the mixture if you wish to
do hydrate calculations. The amount of water may influence the
results of the calculations, particularly when inhibitors or water-
soluble gases are present.
PIPESIM 2000
3-14 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-15
í = fluid velocity
g = gravitational constant at current altitude
gc = universal gravitational constant
è = flow angle
d = pipe diameter
The contribution from the major terms; elevational and frictional can
be summarized as;
• In well
• Elevation term (85-100%)
• Frictional (0-15%)
• In pipes
• Elevation term (0-30%)
• Frictional (70-100%)
PIPESIM 2000
3-16 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
In slug flow, both the gas and liquid phases significantly contribute to
the pressure gradient. the gas phase exists as large bubbles almost
filling the pipe and separated by slugs of liquid. In transition flow, the
liquid slugs between the gas bubbles essentially disappear, and at
some point the liquid phases becomes discontinuous and the phase
becomes continuous.
The pressure losses in transition flow are partly a result of the liquid
phase, but are more the result of the gas phase. Mist flow is
characterized by a continuous gas phase with liquid occurring as
entrained droplets in the gas stream and as a liquid film wetting the
pipe walls. A typical example of mist flow is the flow of gas and
condensate in a gas condensate well.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-17
Smooth
Wavy
Slug
Elongated bubble/Plug
Annular/Mist
Bubble
PIPESIM 2000
3-18 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.3.2.1 Moody
For liquid or gas
3.3.2.2 AGA
For gas only.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-19
3.3.2.5 Hazen-Williams
For liquid water only
ƒ = (1/192)(150/ í m )0.15 d-0.17 (in Engineering units)
3.3.2.6 Weymouth
For gas only
(0.25 ƒ) = 0.00272d-1/3 (in SI units)
3.3.3.1 Ansari
The Ansari model was developed as part of the Tulsa University Fluid
Flow Projects (TUFFP) research program. A comprehensive model
was formulated to predict flow patterns and the flow characteristics of
the predicted flow patterns for upward two-phase flow. The
comprehensive mechanistic model is composed of a model for flow
pattern prediction and a set of independent models for predicting
holdup and pressure drop in bubble, slug, and annular flows. The
model was evaluated by using the TUFFP well databank that is
composed of 1775 well cases, with 371 of them from Prudhoe Bay
data.
PIPESIM 2000
3-20 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-21
PIPESIM 2000
3-22 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.3.3.11 Gray
The Gray Vertical Flow correlation is used for pressure loss and
holdup. This correlation was developed by H E Gray of Shell Oil
Company for vertical flow in gas and condensate systems which
are predominantly gas phase . Flow is treated as single phase, and
dropped out water or condensate is assumed to adhere to the pipe
wall. It is considered applicable for vertical flow cases where the
velocity is below 50 ft/s, the tube size is below 3½-in, the condensate
ratio is below 50 bbl/mmscf, and the water ratio is below 5 bbl/mmscf.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-23
inclined flow. For bubble and slug flow a no-slip friction factor,
calculated from the Moody diagram, was found adequate for friction
head loss calculations. In downhill stratified flow, the friction pressure
gradient is calculated based on a momentum balance equation for
either phase assuming a smooth gas-liquid interface. For annular-
mist flow, a friction factor correlation was presented that is a function
of holdup ratio and no-slip Moody friction factor. Results agreed well
with the experimental data and correlations were further verified with
Prudhoe Bay and North Sea data.
PIPESIM 2000
3-24 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.3.3.19 Orkiszewski
The Orkiszewski correlation is used for pressure loss, holdup, and
flow regime. The Orkiszewski correlation was developed for the
prediction of two phase pressure drops in vertical pipe . Four flow
regimes were considered, bubble, slug, annular-slug transition, and
annular mist. The method can accurately predict, to within 10%, the
two phase pressure drops in naturally flowing and gas lifted
production wells over a wide range of well conditions. The precision
of the method was verified when its predicted values were compared
against 148 measured pressure drops. Unlike most other methods,
liquid holdup is derived from observed physical phenomena, and is
adjusted for angle of deviation.
Correlations available;
• MMSM
• GZM
Correlations available;
• SRTCA two-phase
• STRCA two-phase slugging
• STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
• STRCA three-phase
• STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-25
PIPESIM 2000
3-26 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-27
PIPESIM 2000
3-28 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
high vertical riser. Over 10,000 experiments were run on this test loop
during an eight year period. The facility was run in both steady state
and transient modes. OLGAS considers four flow regimes, stratified,
annular, slug and dispersed bubble flow and uses a unique minimum
slip criteria to predict flow regime transitions. This correlation is
available to all members of the SINTEF syndicate, and to non-
members on payment of the appropriate royalty fees.
3.3.4.15 Oliemans
The Oliemans correlation was developed following the study of large
diameter condensate pipelines. The flow regime is predicted using
the Taitel Dukler flow regime map, and a simple model, which obeyed
the correct single phase flow limits was introduced to predict the
pressure drop. The model was based on a limited amount of data
from a 30-in, 100-km pipeline operating at pressures of 100 barg or
higher. The Oliemans pressure loss correlation can be used with the
Eaton, BJA, BRIMIN1 or BRIMIN2 holdup correlations.
3.3.4.16 Xiao
The Xiao comprehensive mechanistic model was developed as part
of the TUFFP research program. It was developed for gas-liquid two-
phase flow in horizontal and near horizontal pipelines. The model
is able first to detect the existing flow pattern, and then to predict the
flow characteristics, primarily liquid holdup and pressure drop, for the
stratified, intermittent, annular, or dispersed bubble flow patterns. The
model was tested against a pipeline data bank. The data bank
included large diameter field data culled from the AGA multiphase
pipeline data bank, and laboratory data published in literature. Data
included both black oil and compositional fluid systems. A new
correlation was proposed which predicts the internal friction factor
under stratified flow.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-29
Correlations available;
• SRTCA two-phase
• STRCA two-phase slugging
• STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
• STRCA three-phase
• STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
3.4 References
Multiflash for Windows - User Guide. Infochem.
Baker, A., Nielsen, K., and Gabb, A.: “Pressure Loss, Liquid-Holdup
Calculations Developed,” Technology, Oil & Gas Journal (Mar. 14,
1988).
Beal, C.: “The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its
Associated Gases at Oil Temperatures and Pressures,” Trans. AIME
(1946) 94.
Beggs, H. D., and Brill, J. P.: “A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined
Pipes,” J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 607-617.
PIPESIM 2000
3-30 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Duns, H., and Ros, N. C. J.: “Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures
in Wells,” 6th. World Pet. Congress (1963) 452.
Eaton, B. A.: “Prediction of Flow Patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure
Losses Occurring During Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal
Pipelines,” Trans., AIME (1967) 815.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-31
Manhane, J. M., Gregory, G. A. and Aziz, K.: "A Flow Pattern Map for
Gas-Liquid Flow Pattern in Horizontal Pipes," Int. J. of Multiphase
Flow.
Minami, K. and Brill, J. P.: “Liquid Holdup in Wet Gas Pipelines,” SPE
J. Prod. Eng. (May 1987).
PIPESIM 2000
3-32 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Scott, S. L., Shoham, O., and Brill, J. P.: “Prediction of Slug Length in
Horizontal Large-Diameter Pipes,” SPE paper 15103 (April 1986).
Standing, M. B.: Volumetric and Phase Behaviour of Oil Field
Hydrocarbon Systems, Society of Petroleum Engineers, (1977) 121.
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 3-33
PIPESIM 2000
3-34 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
PIPESIM 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-1
4.1.1.2 Jones
The Jones equation is
Pws - Pwf = AQ2 + BQ.
Where
A is the turbulance coefficient and
B is the laminar coefficient.
P I P E S I M 2000
4-2 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
4.1.1.6 Vogel
Was developed to model saturated oil wells. The equation is as
follows:
Q = Qmax(1 - (1 - C)(Pwf/Pws) - C(Pwf/Pws)2),
where
Qmax is the absolute open flow potential, i.e. the liquid flowrate
when the bottom hole pressure is zero, and C is the PI coefficient.
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-3
4.1.2.2 Forchheimer
The Forchheimer equation is;
Pws2 - Pwf2 = FQ2 + AQ.
Where
F is the turbulance coefficient and
A is the laminar coefficient.
4.1.2.3 Jones
The Jones equation is :
Pws2 - Pwf2 = AQ2 + BQ.
P I P E S I M 2000
4-4 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
Where
A is the turbulance coefficient and
B is the laminar coefficient.
where
s = skin
k = formation permeability
h = formation thickness
ì = gas viscosity
T = temperature
Z = z factor
Re = Drainage radius
Rw = wellbore radius
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-5
its effect on well performance will be discussed. The steady state and
pseudo-steady state analytical solutions on the productivity of
horizontal wells will also be reviewed for both oil and gas wells.
The main purpose of drilling horizontal wells is to enhance
production. There are also many circumstances that lead to drilling
horizontal wells (Cooper, 1988):
• Thin reservoirs - The increased area of contact of the horizontal
well with the reservoir is reflected by the productivity index (PI).
Typically, the PI for a horizontal well may be increased by a factor of
4 when compared to a vertical well penetrating the same reservoir.
• Heterogeneous reservoirs - When irregular reservoirs exist, the
horizontal well can effectively intersect isolated productive zones
which might otherwise be missed. A horizontal well can also intersect
vertical natural fractures in a reservoir.
• Reduce water/gas coning - A horizontal well provides minimum
pressure drawdown which delays the onset of water/gas
breakthrough. Even though the production per unit well length is
small, the long well length provides high production rates.
• Vertical permeability - If the ratio of vertical permeability to
horizontal permeability is a high, a horizontal well may produce more
economically than a vertical well.
P I P E S I M 2000
4-6 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-7
P I P E S I M 2000
4-8 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
∆p = (114644
. x10 −5 ) f m ρ q 2 L / d 5 (4.1)
where,
∆p = pressure drop, psia
f m = Moody's friction factor, dimensionless
ρ = fluid density, gm/cm 3
q = flowrate, RB/d
L = horizontal length, ft
d = internal diameter of pipe, inches
For gas flow, however, the pressure drop calculations are more
complex. This is due to friction, which could change the temperature
of the gas as it travels through the wellbore. Moreover, density and
viscosity are strong functions of gas pressure and temperature. This
would result in a changing pressure drop per foot length of a well
along the entire well length. The Weymouth equation for dry gas is
the simplest equation to estimate pressure drop in a horizontal pipe
( p1 2 − p2 2 ) d 16/ 3
qg = 15320 (4.2)
γ g TZL
where
qg = gas flowrate, scfd
p1 = pipe inlet pressure, psia
p2 = pipe outlet pressure, psia
L = pipe length, miles
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-9
T = average temperature, oR
Z = average gas compressibility factor
d = pipe diameter, in
γg = oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
Also, several multiphase correlations (Brill, 1988) are applicable for a
single-phase flow of either oil or gas.
P I P E S I M 2000
4-10 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-11
0. 007078 k h h ∆ p /( µ o B o )
qh =
2
(4.3)
a+ a − ( L / 2 )2 h
ln [ ] + ( h / L )ln [ ]
L /2 2 rw
and
a = (L / 2 )[0.5 + 0. 25 + (2 reh / L )4 ]0 .5 (4.4)
where
qh = flowrate, STB/day
∆p = pressure drop, psi
L = horizontal well length, ft
h = reservoir height, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
reh = drainage radius of horizontal well, ft
µo = oil viscosity, cp
Bo = oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
kh = horizontal permeability, md
0. 007078 k h h ∆p /( µo B o )
qh = (4.5)
r
ln [ eh ]
(L / 4 )
k eff = k v k h (4.6)
P I P E S I M 2000
4-12 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
where
kh
β= (4.9)
kv
and δ is the horizontal well eccentricity (offset of the well from the
center of the pay zone) in feet.
reh ( L / 2 )
r w , eff = (4.11)
a [1 + 1− ( L / 2 a )2 ] + [(βh / rw )](βh / L )
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-13
kh ∆p / 141 . 2 µo B o
qv = (4.13)
r
ln [( e ) - 0. 75 ]
rw
P I P E S I M 2000
4-14 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-15
qo p wf p wf
= [1 - V( ) - (1 - V )( )2 ]n (4.16)
q o , max pR pR
m (p ) = 2 zµpz dp
p
0
(4.17)
P I P E S I M 2000
4-16 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
( γ g k a h β)
-15
2. 222 x 10
D = 2 (4.20)
µ pwf rw h p
-1.1045
β = 2. 73x10 10 k a
(4.21)
or
-1.201
β= 2. 33 x10 10
k a
(4.22)
where
qh = gas flowrate, mmscf/day
pr = average reservoir pressure, psia
pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psia
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-17
Equation (21) and (22) are from Golan (1986) and Brown (1984),
respectively. The above equations are based upon circular drainage
area. The turbulence term, Dq, accounts for the extra pressure drop
in the near wellbore region due to the high gas velocity. This term
was neglected when dealing with oil flow. In addition, the term makes
the solution of equation (19) iterative.
The IRR for each individual layer can be specified using any of the
standard completion options (described above).
P I P E S I M 2000
4-18 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
PIPESIM 2000 performs the fluid mixing in the wellbore and also
calculates inter layer pressure drops.
With the single injection point description, the user explicitly specifies
the injection gas flowrate (and no details of the gas lift valves or ports
are required). In this mode of operation it is assumed that the casing
pressure is sufficient to inject all the lift gas at the specified depth.
PIPESIM 2000 contains a database of gas lift valve details for most of
the commonly used gas lift valves from various manufactures.
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-19
The most common ESP's used in the oil & gas industry have been
made available within PIPESIM 2000 via a database.
In addition the user can extend the database by adding new ESP's
curve data in the form of flowrate, head and efficiency.
4.5 Tubing
The production of the fluids from the reservoir to the surface is via a
series of tubing strings.
P I P E S I M 2000
4-20 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
4.6 Chokes
The pressure drop through a restriction is based on the following;
• Fluid properties computed from upstream pressure
• Heat capacities of the two phases computed from the upstream
conditions
The sonic velocity if the fluid is then computed from the heat capacity
ratio, Cp/Cv.
If the actual throat velocity is greater than the sonic velocity then the
flow is critical. If it is less then it is sub-critical.
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce
The correlation of Ashford and Pierce [1975] is valid for critical and
sub-critical flows.
qo = 351
. Cd e2 αβ
α = ( Bo + Fwo )
−1
2
1
n n −1
2
n − 1
[
T1 z1 ( R − Rs ) 1 − e n + 198.6 p1 (1 − e) × γ 0 + 0.000217γ g Rs + Fwo γ w
]
β=
−1
T1 z1
1
[
198.6 + p ( R − Rs )e γ 0 + 0.000217γ g R + Fwoγ w
n
]
where
qo - oil flow rate at standard conditions (bbl/d)
C - choke discharge coefficient
de - choke diameter (64th in.)
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-21
Assumptions:
• polytropic expansion of gas-liquid mixture
• equal gas and liquid velocities at the throat
• incompressible liquid phase
• liquid dispersed in a continuous gas phase
• negligible friction losses
4.6.2 Omana
The correlation of Omana [1969] is valid for critical flow.
−3.49
N qL = 0.263 N ρ
3.19 0 .657 1.8
N Pl Qd ND
where
P I P E S I M 2000
4-22 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
1. 25
ρ
N qL = 184
. q L
o
σ L
L
N ρ = ρG ρ
L
1
. × 10 −2 P1
N pl = 174
ρ Lσ L
1
Qd =
1 + R1
ρL
N D = 120.872 Dc
σL
. × 10−3 (σ L )
q oL = 1953
−1.245
( ρL )
1.545
(1 + R )
1 −0.657
( Dc ) ( ρG )
1 .8 −3.49
( P1 )
3.19
subscripts
G - gas
L - liquid
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-23
Correlation A B c
Gilbert 0.1 0.546 1.89
Ros 0.05747 0.5 2.00
Baxendall 0.10460 0.546 1.93
Achong 0.26178 0.650 1.88
Pilehvari 0.021427 0.313 2.11
4.6.4 Poettmann-Beck
The correlation of Pottemann & Beck [1963] is valid for critical flow.
where
R =
1
(
0.00504T1 z1 ( GOR ) − ( R s )1
0
)
1
P1 Bo
P I P E S I M 2000
4-24 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
1
m1 =
ρ1 G
1 + R11
ρ1 L
m1
V1 =
ρL
subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
1 - at upstream conditions
o - oil
Superscripts
o - at standard conditions
2
ρ L qG
∆p G =
2 g c 144 YC G Ac
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-25
d2
2
p − p1
. − 0.41 + 0.35 (1 / K ) 2
Y = 10
d1 p1
Cd
C=
d
4
1− 1
d2
C
2
∆pTP
= ∆p L 1 + λG dL − 1
YCdG
where
d 4 qm
∆p L = ρL 1 − 1
d 2 8083 d1 CdL
2
Subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
P I P E S I M 2000
4-26 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
TP - two-phase
1 - at upstream conditions
2 - at downstream conditions
C
2
∆pTP = ∆p L 1 + λG dL − 1
YCdG
where
d1 4 qm
∆p L = ρN 1 −
d 2 8083 d1 CdL
2
CG = 0.9
CL = 0.85
.
1121
∆ p tp = ∆ p L 1 + λ G 2 − 1
Y
where
d
4
qm
∆p L = ρN 1− 1 2
d 2 6870.55d1
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-27
Subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
TP - two-phase
1 - at upstream conditions
2 - at downstream conditions
P I P E S I M 2000
4-28 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
or
G
Gp = G − E
Ei
where:
Gp is the cumulative production expressed at standard
conditions
G is the gas initially in place at standard conditions
E is the gas expansion factor after cumulative production Gp
Ei is the gas expansion factor at initially undepleted reservoir
conditions
pV = ZnRT
p pi Gp
= 1−
Z Zi G
The initial conditions pi, Zi and G are input from the user
The cumulative production, Gp, can be computed from the flow rate
that the network module calculates, and the flowing time (time-step)
specified.
In the case of multiple wells in the tank Gp is simply the sum of the
flow rates from wells in that reservoir over flowing time.
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-29
The model assumes that the well flows at a constant rate between
each time-step.
4.9 References
Ghassan, H. A., and Maha, R. A., “Correlations developed to predict
two-phase flow through wellhead chokes”, The journal of Canadian
Petroleum Technology, Volume 30, N0. 6, 1991
P I P E S I M 2000
4-30 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-31
P I P E S I M 2000
4-32 Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling
P I P E S I M 2000
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 4-33
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipme nt
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-1
5 Field Equipment
5.1 Compressor
The basic compressor model uses centrifugal compressor equations
to determine the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature,
outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, and
efficiency.
Adiabatic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(k-1)/k))((P out/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
P I P E S I M 2000
5-2 Field Equipment
5.2 Expander
The basic expander model uses centrifugal expander equations to
determine the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature,
outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, and
efficiency.
Adiabatic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(k-1)/k))((P out/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (Zavg RTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-3
P I P E S I M 2000
5-4 Field Equipment
Since 1990, well over one hundred multiphase boosters have been
installed worldwide, with the vast majority of the installations based
onshore or offshore topsides. Over the years, the development of
multiphase boosting has led to three types of boosters being
commercially available:
- twin screw type multiphase boosters
- progressing cavity type multiphase boosters
- helico-axial type multiphase boosters
The first two types mentioned belong to the category of positive
displacement type pumps and the third type to the category of
dynamic type pumps.
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-5
Traditional Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and exported
via the liquid export line.
Separated gas is compressed up to the
required pressure and exported via the
gas export line.
Alternative Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and separated
gas is compressed up to the required
pressure, before the two phases are
recombined and exported via a
multiphase export line.
Multiphase Boosting
The incoming fluid is directly boosted
up to the required pressure without
separation of the gas and liquid
phases, and exported via a multiphase
export line.
P I P E S I M 2000
5-6 Field Equipment
Based on estimates of the pressure drop across the tubing string, and
given the production characteristics of the formation and the IPR of
the well, the curve of tubing-head pressure pth against rate for an
individual well can be obtained; this curve is known as the tubing-
head pressure (THP) curve.
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-7
70.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
THP curve
20.0
10.0
0
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Production rate (kg/s)
Figure 3.3 Production system analysis: THP curve and outflow curve
From Figure 3.3, it can be seen that the system operating point
involves a tubing head pressure of 39 [bara] and production rate of 5
[kg/s]. We can however also see from the THP curve that the flowing
potential of the well is far greater than the production rate of 5 [kg/s],
should the back pressure on the well be lower than the 39 [bara].
Assuming we could install a booster that allows us to provide a
‘boost’ of 20 [bar] to the well fluids directly downstream of the
wellhead, the outflow curve shown in Figure 3.3 will change to that
shown in Figure 3.4. The new system operating point involves a
tubing head pressure of 24 [bara] and production rate of 10 [kg/s], i.e.
through the boosting of the well stream production has increased by
100%.
P I P E S I M 2000
5-8 Field Equipment
70.0
60.0
Outflow curve - No boosting
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
THP curve
0
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Production rate (kg/s)
Through the type of analysis outlined in Figures 3.3 and 3.4, the
effect of multiphase boosting on production system operating point
(tubing head pressure, production rate) can readily be established, as
can be the multiphase booster operating point and power
requirement. Further details of this analysis, in particular with respect
to the system analysis tool PIPESIM, are given in Chapter 3.
Although initially piston type pumps were also considered for use as
multiphase boosters, the commercial development of positive
displacement has concentrated on two types only:
(1) twin screw type multiphase booster
(2) progressing cavity type multiphase booster
The majority of positive displacement type multiphase boosters on
the market are of the twin screw type, with the remainder being of the
progressing cavity type. Within the Shell EP Group of Operating
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-9
P I P E S I M 2000
5-10 Field Equipment
600 1500
Shaft power
Flow rate
[m3/h]
600 1500
Shaft power
Flow rate
[m3/h]
The theoretical capacity of the pump, i.e. the flow rate if no internal
leakage is present, is the flow rate found for zero pump differential
pressure – for the pump represented in Figure 6, the theoretical flow
rate is 500 m3/h; the difference between theoretical flow rate and
actual flow rate is the internal leakage, also called ‘pump slip’. As an
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-11
As can also be seen from Figure 3.6, pump flow rate is dependent on
GVF also, whereas the effect of GVF on pump shaft power is less
pronounced.
P I P E S I M 2000
5-12 Field Equipment
As with the screw type pump, as the rotor rotates within the stator,
chambers are formed and filled with fluid and progress from the
suction side of the pump to the discharge side of the pump conveying
the process fluid. The continuous seal line between the rotor and the
stator helix keeps the fluid moving steadily at a fixed flow rate
proportional to the pump rotational speed.
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-13
P I P E S I M 2000
5-14 Field Equipment
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-15
e
lin
P
.D
ax
80
90
Ma
M
%s
%s
xim
Mi
pe
pe
nim
um
ed
ed
spe
um
ed
spe
ed
P I P E S I M 2000
5-16 Field Equipment
Flow rates that can be handled by the CRA are of same order of
magnitude as for helico-axial type multiphase booster, however
achievable differential pressures (maximum 20 bar) and realised
efficiencies (approximately 25%) are significantly less than what’s
achievable with conventional boosting systems.
This generic booster splits the fluid into liquid and gas and pumps the
liquid and compresses the gas. Efficiency values for the compressor
efficiency have been obtained from field data and are available in the
help system.
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-17
5.5 Separator
Placing a separator in the model removes up to 100% of the gas,
water or liquid (oil plus water) phase.
5.8 References
[1] How multiphase pumping can make you money
K.C.Oxley, J.M. Ward, W.G. Derks
Paper presented at Facilities 2000 Conference, New Orleans
1999
P I P E S I M 2000
5-18 Field Equipment
P I P E S I M 2000
Field Equipment 5-19
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
6 OPERATIONS 6-1
6.1 Check model 6-1
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-1
6 Operations
The operations of PIPESIM 2000 available for each module are
6.2 No operation
Allows a model to be built and saved with no associated operation.
This is mainly for use with Baker Jardine's Production data
management software ProdMan.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-2 Operations
Watercut=30%
Watercut=60%
Watercut=90%
Flow Rate
Figure 6.1 Typical Systems Analysis Plot
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-3
A separate user guide is available (from our web site) for this
operation.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-4 Operations
Inflow
Pressure
NA Point
Outflow
Flowrate
Figure 6.2 Nodal Analysis Inflow/Outflow Curves
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-5
The lift quantity should be set so that it spans the working range of
values. For gas lift this should include the case of zero injection gas,
i.e. can the well flow naturally?
The liquid flowrate will be computed at all the lift quantity rates for a
set system outlet pressure.
Manifold
Flowline
Wellhead
Well
P I P E S I M 2000
6-6 Operations
As GOAL uses gas lift performance curves the individual well models
can be developed to model a well to either:
1. the wellhead, upstream of a well head choke or
2. the manifold that the well is connected to (including a
wellhead choke and associated flowline between the well and
the manifold).
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-7
PIPESIM 2000 contains a database of gas lift valve details for most of
the commonly used gas lift valves from various manufactures.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-8 Operations
In the unified criteria, two sets of criterion were defined, namely C1 &
C2, and both must be greater than zero for stable gas lift operation.
rv 2 − rv rv rv
C1 = F 1. − 1 + F 3. . Fc C 2 = F 1. − 1 +
µv µv µv F c
where
F1 =
B f . ρg. q 2 go . J
F3 =
(q fo )
+ q go . At Pto
(C )
.
D Ap Y v
2
.V a . q fo (ρ )
f − ρg .g
q fo
r (2 − rv )
(
CD A p Y ) 2
(
+ C D Ap Y. ch) 2
µ ch
ch v
Fc =
r (2 − rv )
( )
C D A p Y v 2 . ch
µ ch
rv =
Pto
µv =
(zT ) t rch =
Pco
µ ch =
(zT )c
Pco (zT )c Pm (zT )m
Nomenclature
At Cross sectional area of tubing (in2)
Bf Volume factor for reservoir fluids at injection point
CD Gas Valves Discharge coefficient. Default = 0.8
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-9
SUBSCRIPTS
v gas lift vale
ch gas injection choke
t tubing
c casing
m manifold
In order to utilize this feature from the well model must be developed
with the following included;
• Well IPR is modelled by the PI method
• Casing inside diameter is set
• Port diameter. The inside diameter of the Gas Lift injection
valve that is currently being used.
• Surface injection pressure
From this additional data the well model will automatically calculate
the steady state casing and tubing pressures.
The factors can be viewed graphically for any well by select the
Alhanati Criterion for the y axis from the series option within the
P I P E S I M 2000
6-10 Operations
1.
Al
0.
ha
na
ti
C r 0.
0.
0. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-11
Baker Jardine also has a dynamic link to reservoir simulators via the
Field Planning module (FPT).
P I P E S I M 2000
6-12 Operations
The network models are constructed using the network module and
solved using its calculation engine.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-13
PROS:
• An industry standard simulator simulates the reservoir.
• Phase flowrates are dependent on current flowrates from all wells
and reservoir history.
• Full account can be taken of the reservoir geometry and aquifer
behavior etc.
CONS:
• Simulation time is significantly longer.
• Need to set-up the communication link from the Eclipse simulator
based on a UNIX workstation to FPT based on a PC.
• Need to purchase OpenEclipse from Geoquest and install it
properly.
• It is much harder to converge on a solution between the network
and Eclipse.
Capabilities:
• Can model deliverability systems that have pressure specified
sinks.
• Can model blackoil Eclipse reservoir models in both Engineering
and SI units.
• Can flowrate constrain all source wells.
Limitations:
• Cannot model surface networks which have flowrate specified
sinks.
• Cannot model compositional Eclipse models.
P I P E S I M 2000
6-14 Operations
CONS:
• Phasic flowrate behavior is NOT dependent on total flowrate.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-15
• All wells linked to a decline curve have the same pressure, and
also the same watercut and GLR if that is defined in the table.
Capabilities:
• Full FPT capabilities are available through look-up table reservoir
modelling.
• A number of look-up tables can be defined.
Limitations:
• No way to change watercut and/or GLR in a compositionally
defined Network model.
Well Well
2 1
User supplied
composition, initial
volumetric
inventory, and
Aquifer
influx
P I P E S I M 2000
6-16 Operations
PROS:
• Relatively straightforward to set-up with no third party software.
• Full compositional modelling is performed upon the fluid in the
reservoir to obtain the correct pressure.
CONS:
• The watercut in the tank model can not be changed without
injecting a fluid stream containing water.
Capabilities:
• Simple aquifer (influx rate or volume replacement) and fluid
injection options are available.
• Product streams can be gas, liquid, or the tank mixture.
Limitations:
• Aquifer influx does not cause a gradual watering out of the well but
a sharp cut off when the aquifer is deemed to have raised the
water level in the reservoir to the well perforation point.
• Simple tank geometry is assumed. A tank is merely a cylinder that
does not account for any pore volume reduction as fluid is taken
from the reservoir.
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-17
P I P E S I M 2000
6-18 Operations
In addition results from the network module can be obtained via the
output report tool.
6.18 References
Alhanati et al. (1993)
P I P E S I M 2000
Operations 6-19
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies 7-1
7 Case Studies
Condensate pipeline
• Compositional
• Phase envelope creation
• Hydrate envelope
• Pipeline sizing
• Pipeline insulation
• Slugging
• Slug catcher sizing
PIPESIM 2000
7-2 Case Studies
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies 7-3
The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
PIPESIM 2000
7-4 Case Studies
button and enter the number of moles for C7+ under the "Component
Selection" tab.
First it is necessary to add the aqueous component, pure water. Use the
<setup/compositional...> menu to select "water" and press the "Add>>"
button. Enter the water concentration of 10% volume ratio (bbl/bbl).
Generate the aqueous phase envelope and the hydrate formation line by
pressing the "Phase Envelope" button. The following plot should be
obtained:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-5
Note that hydrates tend to form in the region on or to the left of the
hydrate line. In this study, hydrate formation will be avoided by operating
the pipeline at temperatures above 75 °F at all times.
To enter data relevant to the source double click on the object. Enter the
inlet pressure of 1,500 psia and the inlet temperature of 176 °F.
PIPESIM 2000
7-6 Case Studies
Now add a boundary node to represent the arrival point at the processing
platform.
Connect the model together by pointing, clicking and dragging using the
riser and flowline buttons:
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on "Riser_1" to enter the riser details i.e.
horizontal distance and elevation difference (length is automatically
computed), I.D., roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
temperature. Repeat this for "Flowl_1" and "Riser_2".
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-7
It can be seen that a 10" is the smallest pipeline size that will satisfy the
arrival pressure condition of at least 1,000 psia.
Note: Don't forget to now set the flowline ID to 10" for all subsequent
simulations.
7.1.4 Task 4. Determine the Pipeline Insulation Requirement
Find the smallest thickness of thermal insulation that can be used to
insulate the pipeline and maintain an arrival temperature of not less than
75 °F. This minimum arrival temperature is required to prevent the
formation of hydrates. The insulation has a thermal conductivity of 0.15
Btu/hr/ft/°F and a thickness of 0.75" or 1". This can be determined as
follows:
- Use the pressure temperature profiles operation to calculate the
temperature profile for the design and turndown flowrate cases with
0.75" thermal insulation thickness.
- Re-run the model with 1.0" thermal insulation thickness and compare
the temperature profiles.
Double click on "Flowl_1". Select the "Heat Transfer" tab, and then select
the "Calculate U" sub-tab. Enter the heat transfer data given at the end of
the case study, and add a layer of insulation with a thermal conductivity
of 0.15 Btu/hr/ft/°F and a thickness of 0.75". Press the "OK" button.
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set up
the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure, and the
PIPESIM 2000
7-8 Case Studies
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-9
Note: Don't forget to now set the insulation thickness to 1" for all
subsequent simulations.
The PI-SS number can also be used to estimate the severe riser slug
length from the equation:
Select the <setup/define output...> menu and check the "slug output
pages" box. Set "number of cases to print" to 2. Add a report tool to the
model in place of node "N2". This can be done by first selecting a report
tool and placing it in the work area.
Then reconnect "Flowl_1" to the report tool by first clicking on the middle
of "Flowl_1". You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of the
flowline. Move the mouse over the right hand highlight box, and the
mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape (↑ ). The line can then be
dragged from "N2" and dropped onto the report tool as shown below.
PIPESIM 2000
7-10 Case Studies
l
Modified model
Double click on the report tool and check the option "flow map".
Select the <reports/view output> menu and check the PI-SS number at
the riser base for both flowrate cases. It can be seen that the PI-SS
number is higher than 1.0 at the riser base in both cases. In the turndown
flowrate case the PI-SS number is 1.18 as shown below:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-11
Check the riser base flow regime maps in the output file to see if the flow
is in the "stratified" or segregated region. It can be seen that flow is in the
intermittent (normal slugging) flow regime. The turndown case flow map
is shown below:
PIPESIM 2000
7-12 Case Studies
It can be seen that the segregated region has been avoided and the
likelihood of severe riser slugging is reduced.
Note: Don't forget to save the final model!
Review the output file and it can be seen that the turndown case
generates larger slugs.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-13
.
As shown above, the 1/1000 slug length is 1,781.2 ft, which gives a slug
3
volume of 971.5 ft .
Now select the <reports/view summary> menu and check the liquid
swept in front of a pig ("liquid by sphere").
PIPESIM 2000
7-14 Case Studies
It can be seen that the turndown case gives the larger volume of 279.1
3
bbl or 1,567 ft .
Now calculate the liquid generated when the flow is ramped up from
5,000 STB/d to 10,000 STB/d. This is the difference in total holdup
3
between the two cases, i.e. 692 - 623 = 69 bbl or 522 ft .
3
Therefore the pigging volume of 1,567 ft is the determining design case.
Petroleum Fraction:
Name Boiling Molecular Specific Moles
Point (°F) Weight Gravity
C7+ 214 115 0.683 12
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-15
Aqueous Component:
Component Volume ratio (%bbl/bbl)
Water 10
Pipeline Data:
Height of undulations 10/1000
Horizontal distance 5 miles
Elevation difference 0
Wall thickness 0.5"
Roughness 0.001"
Ambient temperature 50 °F
2
Overall heat transfer coefficient 0.2 Btu/hr/ft /°F
PIPESIM 2000
7-16 Case Studies
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-17
The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
PIPESIM 2000
7-18 Case Studies
Use the <setup/blackoil...> menu to enter the stock tank oil properties
and the bubble point properties given at the end of the case study. Help
on the definitions and valid ranges of these stock tank properties can be
obtained by selecting the button from the dialog header bar and
clicking on the relevant data entry field. Press the "OK” button and save
the model. Use the <setup/blackoil/advanced calibration data> menu and
press the "plot PVT data…” button (note: do not enter the advanced
calibration data at this stage). Use the <series> menu to plot the oil
formation volume factor on the y axis. The following plot should be
obtained:
The partially calibrated curve for a temperature of 210 °F shows that the
predicted OFVF is higher than the measured value both above and
below the bubble point pressure. At 4,269 psia the predicted value is
1.52 compared to the measured value of 1.49 and at 2,000 psia the
predicted value is 1.41 compared to the measured value of 1.38.
Therefore further calibration is required.
Apply OFVF calibration above the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 °F. The following plot should be
obtained:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-19
Apply OFVF calibration below the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 °F. The following plot should be
obtained:
Calibration of the oil viscosity requires two dead oil data points. The
uncalibrated default approach is to use the Beggs and Robinson
correlation which gives values of 1.561 cP @ 200 °F and 23.27 cP @ 70
°F. The Beggs and Robinson correlation uses the oil API gravity to
PIPESIM 2000
7-20 Case Studies
predict two dead oil data points based upon data obtained from around
2,000 data points from 600 oil systems. Plot the un-calibrated oil
viscosity. The following plot should be obtained:
In this case it can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a
temperature of 70 °F and 14.7 psia is 23.27 cP as specified by the Beggs
& Robinson correlation. This is significantly different from the measured
dead oil data and would lead to errors in the prediction of pressure loss.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-21
PIPESIM 2000
7-22 Case Studies
Proceed to calibrate the gas viscosity and the gas compressibility using
the calibration data given earlier.
Double click on the vertical completion in the work area to enter data
relevant to that item. Enter the static reservoir pressure of 4,269 psia and
the reservoir temperature of 210 °F. Press the "calculate/graph…” button
and enter the drill string test data given below. Press the "plot IPR”
button and this will calculate a productivity index to be used throughout
the analysis work.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-23
- Overlay the production plan data and identify the smallest size that
allows this plan to be met.
tubing button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on the tubing to enter the well depth and the
tubing thickness, roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
thermal gradient.
Configure the output to give the water cut against the stock-tank oil rate
at the outlet (this is achieved via the series option of PSPLOT):
PIPESIM 2000
7-24 Case Studies
It can be seen that 4½” tubing is the smallest size that will satisfy all of
the production plan conditions.
Note: Don't forget to now set the tubing ID to 3.958 to reflect the 4½”
tubing for all subsequent simulations.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-25
Deviation Survey:
The well is vertical from the well head on the sea bed. Mid perforations
are at a depth of 9,500 ft from the well head. The ambient temperature
varies linearly between 210 °F at mid perforations and 60 °F at the
wellhead. The minimum casing inner diameter is 10”. The generally
2
accepted overall heat transfer coefficient of 2 BTU/hr/ft /°F for wellbores
can be used throughout.
PIPESIM 2000
Case Studies 7-27
The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
P I P E S I M 2000
7-28 Case Studies
and pressure are defined below. Double click on the tubing, and define a
vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD of 0 and mid perforations TVD and
MD of 4500 ft. The ambient temperatures are 130 °F at mid perforations
and 60 °F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D. of 2.4". Note that the
essential data fields are shown in red outline (if the fields are not
outlined, then data entry in these fields is optional).
Close the view of Well 1 to return to the network view. Select "Well 1"
and using the commands <edit/copy> <edit/paste> copy "Well 1" to "Well
2" and "Well 3". Position the new wells as shown below:
You will see that Wells 2 and 3 have adopted the data of Well 1.
Double click on Well 3 and modify the completion and tubing data.
Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow performance
2
data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi . Double click on the tubing,
and define a vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD of 0 and mid
perforations TVD and MD of 4900 ft.. The ambient temperatures are 140
°F at mid perforations and 60 °F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D.
of 2.4".
The next step is to define the compositions at the production wells. Wells
1 & 2 are producing from the same reservoir and have the same
composition. Well 3 has a different composition as shown in the data
section at the end of the case study. The most efficient way define the
compositions is to set the more prevalent composition (i.e. that for Wells
1 and 2) as the global composition and then to specify the composition of
Well 3 as a local variant. The composition of Wells 1 and 2 is the same
as that for the pipeline and facilities case study 2 and can be imported.
First save the current network model. Open the pipeline and facilities
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-29
Now position the sink and some junction nodes. Note that holding down
the "Shift" key whilst placing junction nodes allows multiple placement,
you should release the "Shift" key before the final placement. The
network should now look like this:
Using the branch button connect J1 to J2. To do this, click on the branch
button, then hold down the left mouse button over J1 and drag the
mouse pointer to J2 before releasing the left mouse button.
Double click on the arrow in the centre of "B1" to enter data for that
branch. Now double click on the flowline to enter data.
Close the "B1" window to return to the network view. As the looped
gathering lines are all identical, the data for branch "B1" can be
P I P E S I M 2000
7-30 Case Studies
In order to reconnect a pasted branch, first pick the arrow in the middle of
the new branch. You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of
the branch. Move the mouse pointer over the right hand highlight box,
and you will see that the mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape
(↑). This end of the branch can then be dragged and dropped onto a
junction node. Now connect the wells to the adjacent junction node and
connect "J4" to the sink as shown below:
Now enter the components and data for branch "B5". Branch "B5"
comprises a liquid separator with an efficiency of 100%, a compressor
with a pressure differential of +400 psi and an efficiency of 70%, an after-
cooler with an outlet temperature of 120 °F and a delta P of 15 psi, and
flowline sections.
The equipment is located at "B5" as shown below:
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-31
Lone Node: A lone node is a node with only one branch connected, i.e. a
production well, an injection well, a source or a sink.
Rule for Temperatures: The fluid temperature at all sources and the
static reservoir temperature at all production wells must be specified by
the user. The fluid temperature at all sinks and injection wells are always
calculated.
Rules for Pressures and Flowrates: There are two rules for specification
of pressure and flowrate boundary conditions:
In this case study, the above rules are satisfied by the following;
- Specify all the fluid inlet temperatures
- Specify all the fluid inlet pressures and the delivery pressure.
P I P E S I M 2000
7-32 Case Studies
If all Ptol values are within the specified network tolerance then that node
has passed the pressure convergence test. This is repeated for each
node.
The total mass flowrate into and the total mass flowrate out of a node are
averaged. The tolerance is calculated from the equation:
If the Ftol value is within the specified network tolerance then that node
has passed the mass convergence test. This is repeated for each node.
When all of the above conditions are satisfied, the network has
converged.
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-33
When the network has solved you should get the message "pn01 -
Finshed OK". Press the "OK" button.
Press the report tool button and you will see the results from the
simulation.
Select the branch from well "W3", branch "B3" and branch "B5". Hold the
"Shift" key down in order to effect a multiple selection. Then press the
system plot button . The following pressure profile for these three
branches should be obtained. The effect of the compressor at "J4" on the
system pressure can be seen:
P I P E S I M 2000
7-34 Case Studies
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4):
Rate of undulations 10/1000
Horizontal distance 30,000 ft
Elevation difference 0 ft
Inner diameter 6"
Wall thickness 0.5"
Roughness 0.001"
Ambient temperature 60 °F
2
Overall heat transfer coefficient 0.2 Btu/hr/ft /°F
P I P E S I M 2000
7-36 Case Studies
Boundary Conditions:
Node Pressure Temperature
Well_1 2,900 psia 130 °F
Well_2 2,900 psia 130 °F
Well_3 3,100 psia 140 °F
Sink_1 800 psia (calculated)
P I P E S I M 2000
Case Studies 7-37
7.4 Optimization
See the GOAL User Guide for optimization case studies.
7.6 Multi-lateral
See the HoSim User Guide for Multi-lateral case studies.
P I P E S I M 2000
7-38 Case Studies
P I P E S I M 2000
Index 8-1
8 Index
Flow regimes .......................3-15
A Fluid calibration ...................2-11
Alhanati instability criteria .... 6-7 Black Oil ..........................2-11
Artificial Lift Compositional ..................2-12
ESP Lift ........................... 4-17 Fluid data...............................2-2
Gas Lift............................ 4-17 Forchheimer gas, IPR...........4-3
Performance ..................... 6-4
G
B Gas Lift
Back pressure IP R ............... 4-3 Design................................6-7
Bit lock ....... See Security Device Diagnostics ........................6-7
Black Oil instability............................6-7
correlations ....................... 3-1
fluid type............................ 2-2 H
Building a model ................... 2-1 Horizontal Completions ........4-4
How to ...
C Analyis a field over time ..2-20
C and n IPR .......................... 4-3 Analyse artificial lift
Chokes ................................ 4-18 requirements ................2-17
Compositional Analysis a production well ..2-
EOS ................................... 3-9 14
fluid type............................ 2-4 Calibrate a fluid ...............2-11
Compressor .......................... 5-1 Create GOAL curves.......2-17
Coning................................... 3-4 Create reservoir tables ...2-17
Design a Multiphase Booster
D ......................................2-14
Darcy IPR ............................. 4-4 Develop a pipeline & facilities
Dongle........ See Security Device model ...........................2-12
Find the optimal completion
E length ...........................2-18
Expander .............................. 5-2 Match data to a flow
correlation ....................2-12
F Model a multi-lateral well 2-21
Perform a field wide
Fetkovich,liquid IPR ............ 4-1
optimization..................2-20
Flow correlation
Perform a Nodal Analysis...2-
Multiphase - horizontal ... 3-25
15
Multiphase - vertical ....... 3-19
Single Phase................... 3-18
PIPESIM 2000
8-2 Index
produce a pressure / O
temperarture plot......... 2-13 Oil/Water Mixture Viscosity ..3-8
Set boundary conditions. 2-18 Optimization module
Size equipment ............... 2-13 performance curves ..........6-5
I P
Inflow Performance .............. 4-1 Pressure Drop Calculation .3-14
J Pseudo-Steady state IPR .....4-4
Pseudo-Steady state, IPR....4-2
Jones gas, IPR ..................... 4-3
Jones liquid, IPR .................. 4-1 S
P I P E S I M 2000
Index 8-3
P I P E S I M 2000