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    geometria george salmon

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views20 pages

    Tif 20

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    Silver Samuel Palacios Paulino
    geometria george salmon

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    268 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. oe 2b" p"dp Tera EO) pm OY which Mr, Roberts has showed can be reduced by the preceding substitutions to the sum of two Abelian functions of lower dimen- sions. (See Liouville, viii. 145, 501; xiii. 38.) 287. To find the length of the are of a Cartesian oval. ‘The expression for the are itself depends on ultra-clliptic func- tions; but Mr. Roberts (Liouville, xv. 195), extending a method applied by M. Serret to the last example, has proved that the difference between the two ares of the conjugate ovals, corres- ponding to the same position of the radius vector, can be ex- pressed by an are of an ellipse. In general, let the equation of a curve be p- %0+C=0, where C is constant, and Q any function of w, then we have at once p=Q4¥(Q?-C), (0-2) dp = Opdw, c) 1) The element, then, of the difference of two corresponding ares is 2y(Q?+Q2-C) dw. Applying this to the Cartesian oval, whose equation is of the form (Qs ¥(Q?-C)dw. p? - 2p (a +b cosw) + & = 0, the element of the difference in question is 2y (a? + Zab cosw +b - dw, which obviously represents an elliptic are. 288, We shall next give some formule connecting the areas and ares of different curves. If from the equation of any curve to rectangular co-ordinates we form an equation to polar co-ordinates by taking dy=dp, de = pdw, then it is obvious that the element of the are of one curve will be equal to that of the other; the element of the rectangular area of the first will be double that of the sectorial area of the second; and the second curve may be con- ceived as generated from the first by bending all its ordinates into radii vectores. Thus from the parabola 2ydy = pda we get APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. 269 2pdp = ppdw, 2p = pw; or the rectification and quadrature of the spiral of Archimedes depend on the same formule as in the case of the parabola.” The following is a method by which rectification may in ge- neral be reduced to quadratures, and by which, in particular, Van Huraet rectified the semicubical parabola, the first curve rectified. (Lardner’s Algebraic Geometry, p. 464.) Produce each ordinate until the whole length be in a constant ratio to the corresponding normal divided by the old ordinate, and the locus of the extre- mity of the produced ordinate is a curve whose area is in a con- stant ratio to the length of the given curve. The rectification of the parabola is thus reduced to the quadrature of the hyperbola, and the rectification of the semicubical parabola to the quadrature of the parabola. The truth of the theorem is obvious. ‘The reader will find general formule by Mr. Roberts connecting the element of the length of a curve with that of the locus of the feet of perpendiculars on its tangents (Liouville, x.177). ‘The most interesting application of these is to the case of the cllipse consi- sidered as the curve, the locus of fect of perpendiculars on whose tangents is a circle; when the same expression is found for the length ofits are as that obtained by Lagrange’s modular transfor- mation. It is an interesting subject of inquiry whether there may not be also some geometrical point of view which would lead di- rectly to the more general transformations of Jacobi and Abel. 289. Whena curve is transformed by the method of Art. 260} it is easy to find an expression for the are of the transformed curve, Let this be a, that of the old curve s, and let p be the old radius vector, then we have at once, npw * This method is due to Gregory of St. Vincont.—-See Leslie's Geometrical Analysts, p. 424; Lardnor’s Algebraie Geometry, pp. 856, 494. [find that I was mistaken in supposing (see p. 289) that M. Chasles had published anything on this subject beyond the note to the Apery Historique already referred to ; and Mr. Roberts tells me that he was not acquainted with this note at the time when, on ‘M. Liouville publishing some discussions on the transformations by reciprocal radii vee- tores (vol. xii. p. 266), he wrote to inform him that this method had already been given by Mr, Stubbs, giving at the same time his own more general method. 270 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. This formula is applied by Mr. Roberts to the rectification of the class of curves which are the generalization of Cassini's ovals, p= 2a"p" cosmu + a? = B, We have already scen that since the circle pt 2ap cosw + at = BF is always cut orthogonally by the system of right lines, pcos(w ~ 0) = acos 8, the curve in question will be always cut orthogonally by the sys- tem of curves, p*cosn (w ~ 8) = a"cosnd. But considering 0 as the variable parameter, the arc of the circle is obviously 6d, and the two values of p corresponding to any value of are readily scen to be given by the equation pi=a@ + 2ab sind +8; hence by the formula of this Article, the element of the required are is ond (a 2a" sin nO + 6") i 290. We proceed now to other problems for which the integral calculus is necessary. We pass over a class of problems where it is required to find the curve, being given a relation between two lines connected with it; for example, “to find the curve such that the normal shall be always equal to the radius vector;” there Deing in general no difficulty in finding the differential equation, on the solution of which the problem depends. We pass on to the problem of trajectories, where it is required to find a curve cutting a given system of curves at a given angle. Let the system of given curves be F (E, n, 0) = 0, where c is a variable parameter, then we have the condition dy dy) dy adn tong (1+ 2S) =H -, where ¢ is the given angle. If in this equation we substitute « 3 obtained from the equation and y for & and » in the value of APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. 271 of the given curve, we shall have a relation which must be satis- fied for the point where any curve is cut by the trajectory; and if we eliminate ¢ between this equation and the given one, we shall have the relation satisfied by all the points of the trajectory. For orthogonal trajectories the equation reduces to 1+ Ex. To find the trajectory cutting at a given angle the series of curves, we have then and the differential equation of the trajectory is tang (nade + mydy) = nedy - myde, which, being homogeneous, the variables can be separated by the substitution y =.z. For the treatment of cases where the elimi- nation of ¢ is more difficult, see Lacroix’s Integral Calculus, ii. 453; Euler, Novi Comm. Acad. Petrop., vol. xiv. part i. p. 26; xvii. p. 205. One case, however, it is necessary to mention. It is when one variable is given asa function of the other and the parameter, and when it is required to find the orthogonal trajectory. ‘Thus let n=@(E 6); dy=pd&; then the equation of the orthogonal tra- jectory is, as before, dx + pdy =0, and it is necessary to introduce in p the value of ¢ derived from the equation y=$(2, c). But it is more convenient in practice to bring this to a differential equation between # and ec. If by differentiating the equation, considering ¢ variable, we have dy = pdw + gde, then substituting this value of dy in the equation of the trajectory, we shall have (1 + p*) de + pqde = 0, an equation not involving y, which integrated gives a relation be- tween w and ¢, from which relation and the equation y= (2, ¢)s ¢ can be algebraically eliminated. 272 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. 291. The problem to find the involute of a given curve is a particular case of the problem of orthogonal trajectories, since it is required to find the curve cutting at right angles all the tan- gents to the given curve. Thus (see Gregory's Examples, p.448) if the curve be 1 = ¢(&), dn = pd, then the equation of any tangentis (y-n)=p(@- 8), where », p are known functions of £. This, then, is a particular case of the last; and if we differentiate, considering & variable, we shall have dy = pde + (w - 8) dp. Hence for the equation of the trajectory we have (1+ p*) du + (w - 8) pdp, which can be integrated when from the equation of the given curve we express & in terms of p. It is reduced to the most con- venient form by dividing by ¥(1+p’). Then 2) de + Pw _ __Srdp__ VESPA Tp V4 PT ay (1+ pt) = Ey (1+ p)- fv +p) dé. When this integration can be accomplished we have w in terms of p or of &, which we can then eliminate between this equation and that of the tangent. Ex. To find the involute of the semicubical parabola, 2Tay? = 4E. pods Iv (4 p)de = 20(19 3) 4G; and we have a(145) = e(1+x) 2e(1 +E) ©. The particular involute depends on the constant C, and the sim- plest is found by making it= 0; when we have an €-20(L43,) = 5-20 and by the equation of the tangent y~ 2ap’ = p(w - 6), we have y= datp? = $08 = da(w + 2a), Then the equation of a parabola. APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS TO CURVES. 273 292. Similarly, by giving C any value, we could find all the curves whose evolute is a given semicubical parabola. ‘The pro- blem, however, is simpler when one involute of a curve is given, and it is required to find the rest. It is obvious from Art. 115 that this is equivalent to finding the locus of points whose normal distance from the given involute shall be constant, or to finding the envelope of lines parallel to the tangents of the curve, and at a constant distance from them. Hence if we substitute in the equation of the polar reciprocal of the given involute 44 for 4, Pp Pp we shall have the reciprocal of the required curve. It easily ap- pears thus that the problem to find the curve which shall have the same involute as a given conic is reduced to finding, by Art. 109, the reciprocal of'a curve of the fourth degree. But we may also solve the question directly. Thus let it be required do jind the curve which shall have the same evolute as the parabola a ty = (w+ Im) The equation of any tangent (Contes, p.185) is . m cos + ysind + "5 = 0. Hence that of a parallel at a constant distance is

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