308 ‘NOTES. that since the o" differential coetficient of Ry is to be finite, the ex- pression must reduce to a single term Rz =A sin@, Euler proves in like manner that if the angle between the extreme tangents of the curve wore not a right angle, but any constant angle, then the ultimate figure of the involute would be an epicycloid. As before, Ra is-ex- pressed as the sum of a number of sines, and also the cosine of each are . . et is to vanish on the supposition 0=a; hence if 5 = ma, we must have R, = Asinnd + A,sin3m0 + &e. But from the consideration that the oo" differential coefficient of this is to be finite, we can see that the series must reduce to a single term R. = A sin m0, which represents an epicycloid. A, however, will be cither infinitely great or infinitely small, since Am” is to be finite; the epicycloid, therefore, will either extend to infinity, or will reduce to a point. Euler observes also, that we might have perceived the truth of Bernouilli’s theorem from the consideration that the oo" involute must be similar and equal to the second preceding or sueceedings hence the ultimate form of the curve is that which is similar and equal to its se- cond evolute, viz., a cycloid. ‘Yo the validity of the proof it seems ne- cessary that the portion of the curve developed should have no cusp or point of inflexion. ‘The reader will find another demonstration of Bernouilli’s theorem by Poisson, Journal de "Ecole Polytechnique, cahier xviii. p. 432, and another by Legendre, Exercises, ii. 541, or Gregory’s Examples, p. 459. ‘A proof, substantially the same as Legendre’s, though somewhat sim- plified, is given by Dr. Whewell, Cambridge Philosophical Transac~ tions, viii, 670, Dr. Whewell, though he refers to Euler’s paper, ap- pears not to have consulted it, for he presents as new the discussion of the case where the extreme tangents make any angle. It would, no doubt, be instructive to examine by the ordinary me- thods the conditions that a curve should be similar to its evolute. ‘This would be done by secking when, by a suitable choice of the arbi- trary parameter, the equation of the normal can be thrown into a form similar to that of the tangent. ‘The considerations of p. 110 appear to show that the degree and class of an algebraic curve cannot be the same as those of its evolute, unless the curve have no points of inflexion, and pass through none but the cireular points at infinity.INDEX, a Pace. rac. ANGLE. BERNOUILLI, JOHN. Made by tangent with axis, ,., 87 | On the quadrature of a eure, . . 205 ‘vith radius vector, . . . , , 109 | Onform of a carve perpetually do- Do. when curve is defined by focal veloped, ee 282 distances of ts points, . . . 176 | BOLE. ofits tangents... s+. 179} Onlincar transformations,. . . . 288 On algebraic equation of fourth de- es BR 202, 297 Ratio by tangential co-ordinates. 5 | yo nar Rams | On tangential co-ordinates, . «16 or reciprocal transformation, . 282 | CARDIOIDE, ..... ss « «208 Constant of tangents from point on Generated as anepicycloid, . . 214 eee WL expresed in conicontsotgenerat | NOT te cs dd be equation, so... TOL qual of tangents from two double | CARTESIAN OVAL. points of biquadratic,. . .. 201 | Its definition and properties, . 119, 128, Property of conics, extended to eu- 202 bie ow ee ee eee « 187 | Tes ovolute, caustic of cirel,. . . 119 hhas three foci, v2... 128 ARCHIMEDES. thas two cusps at infinity, . 124 Spiralof ec ee 5 288 CASSINI, OVALS OF,. . . 127, 208 ARONHOLD. ‘These curves generalized, » - . . 204 On equation of third degree, . , 195 CATENARY, . 50... 2. 29 ASYMPTOTES. How fund, ss ee eee. a | CAUSTICS... + M15, 172, 295 Of a cubic, their properties, . . . 136 | CAYLEY. On intersections of curves... . 2k BERNOUILLI, JAMES. Investigates theory of points of in On tho catenary, ©... . . 22h | inflexion, o 00. TT On logarithmic spirah . ss. . 225 | and of double tangents, . . . 84, 20310 CAYLEY —continued. Finds reciprocal of eubie, . . . . 100 causticof a circle, . . 16 On a class ofeurves of fourth degree, 202 On Cartesian ovals, 2... . 208 On skew reciprocals... ss 234 On transformation of curves, . . 243 On algebraic equation of fourth de BR es 5 262, 296 CENTRE... 2.42.24. 80 Point analogous to, for curves of higher class, . 6... . . 284 Of mean distances, . . . , .47, 284 CHARACTERISTIC OF A CUBIC, 151, 192 CHASLES. His system of tangential co-ordi- mate. eee ee ee 16 On Cartesian ovals, . . . . 128, 208 On projection of cubies into para- ole or central curfes, . . . 141 On transformation of curves,. . . 289 Extends Des Cartes's method of tangents, 244 ‘On centres of eurvesof higher class, 286 CIRCULAR POINTS AT INFINITY. ‘Their tangential equation... . 11 ‘Lines through them, perpendicular to themselves, ..... . 110 CISSOID OF DIOGLES, . . . . 169 COLLINEAR TRANSFORMA- ity go oGcc09 226 CONCHOID OF NICOMEDES,. 204 CONDITIONS For detormining a curve...» 19 Multiple point, equivalent to how many, ss se ee BB ‘Same number for curve and its re- ciprocah. 2. ee ee 88 Thateurve shouldhavedoublepoint, 65 That a line should touch a curve, 108, 152 INDEX. rage. CONDITIONS—continued. ‘That cubic should have double point, 188 should represent right lines, . . 182 should havea cusp, . . . . , 198 should be sum of three cubes, . 184 should beits own second Hessian, 184 should represent conie and right = 194, 800 That an equation should have two pairs of equal roots... , 298 CONFOCAL conics. Tnseribed in same quadrilateral, . 14 CONJUGATE POINTS. Limits of oval... 2... 80 On logarithinic curve, . 2... 219 CONSTANTS. How eliminated from tangential equations»... 4... 10 COSTE, On multiple points, 6. 2... 82 COTES. His theorem of harmonic means, . 51 CRAMER. On intersections of curves, . . . 25 On limit to number of multiple or On tracing of curves, . . . . . 129 CURVE OF THIRD CLASS. Relation betweenintercepts on three parallel tangents by a variable tangenh. oe 18 Dbetwoen distancesof tangent from three foc, . 6... 128 ‘Variable tangent of eubic, how cuts tangents at cusp and inflexion, 165 CURVE OF THIRD DEGREE (See Conmexrs, Chap, TII.). General equation, how written in thiswork, 6... 99 How simplified by projection, . . 141 Al through eight points pass through ninth, 6... OtINDEX. 311 PAGE. rAcr. CURVE OF THIRD DEGREE— CYCLOID, . 2... « 206,282 continued. Companion to... ee. 17 Contacts of tangents from point, on St" Gg | DES CARTES, .. . . . . 209,226 Points where these tangents meet DETERMINANTS... . . 286, &e, the curve again on another — conic doubly touching the for- ren ane a meee ee es 68 Hametral curves, . . . « ‘Their inffexions by threes on right ioe Ot Palerer coeee Hines,» ss «+46, 186, 140 | Of parabola of third dogren,. . «140 Beastial reeset Of a cubic, their envelope, . . . 162 through them,. . . . » 75,142 | DOUBLE POINTS, . . . 28, &c., 64 Harmonie property of inflexions, 139 | Qn cubic... . ss se» 187 ‘Taugents at three points on a right Tine meet cubic in three points, DOUBLE TANGENTS,. . . . . 86 on right ine,. . . . . . . 184 | Ofeurves of fourth degree, . . . 196 Hesse’s theorem on contacts of DUALITY, PRINCIPLE OF, .. 14 tangents from them, . . . «84 “ Gliven four intersections with 2 00 ELLIPTIC CO-ORDINATES, . . 276 nie, chord passes through fixed ENVELOPES. point... . +++ ++ + 183] General theory of, and examples, 98, fe. Circular eubies have four foct on a Ofaline of constant length between circle, 6. ss. + 125,178 two rectangular, . 42, 97, 106 Co-ordinates of point where tan- between any two lines, . . . . 246 gent meets curve again, . . 156 | Of diamoterof acirele rolling along Anharmonie property of pencil of afixed lin... 1... 245 tangents, . 2... . «151 | Ofdiameter of a cubic,. . . . . 152 Position of conjugate point, given stationary tangents, . . . . 171 | EPICYCLOIDS AND EPITRO- ‘Two confocal cubies ent at right CHOIDS,. 6.2... aun angles 20. ee 2 176 | Thelr reciprocals. . 6... «218 Focus and directrix property, . . 178 | Have infinity of double points, 219, 252 CURVE OF FOURTH DEGREE. EQUITANGENTIAL CURVES, . 221 ‘Tangents at inflexions touch curve EULER. of fourth class, . 2. 102 smrerscet In intersections of se Properties ofits double tangents, . 196 ee Ra ee oe If bicireular has four foci on a cir~ iver pena | Onlogarithmic curve, .. . . . 218 « eer eee ah ten ae aT tangents thes dou le points aor | On successive evoluten of curves, , 279 ons eee ultimate involu Equation in terms of double tan- le eased gents, 2.2...» . 201 | EVOLUTE. Definition and properties of, . . . 104 NO DE CUB YS Oru nanan ee Examples of, . . 108, 208, 218, 246 Conrexrs, Chap. TL). page oa CUSPS. 2. 2 oe 2s. 28] Its singularities determined, . 109-115312 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE, EVOLUTE—continued. pre on ‘When similar to original eurve, . 280] Of cubic, its equation, . . . . 181 Its projection, s+ s+ + + + 110 | second Hessian, equation of... 183 FOCL Construction for tangent at any Definition and propertiesin general, 119 In the ease of eubies, 172, &e., 179, 306 GALILEO, . 2. + 208, 220 GERGONNE. On intersection of curves... «26 GREGORY. On imaginaries,. . . . . . 219, 301 ‘His Examples quoted, . 41, 106, 115, 129, 221, 272, 282, 808 HARMONIC. Section, expressed by tangential co ordinates, 5. eee 5 Polars of cubies, . 6...» . 140 Do. of biqualraties, . . . . . . 201 Cudlesy oe ee + 198 HART. On foc... 6 +. + 128, 178, 908 Proves Hesse's theorem on inflex- fons ofenbies, . 2... 142 Gives linear construction for ninth intersection of two cubies,. . 168 On opitrochoids,.. 6... 219 HESSE. On points of inflexion, . 6.7L On inflexions of a cubic, . . 75, 142 On tangents to cubie from three points onaling. ..... Sf Forms equation of curve through contacts of double tangents to abiquadrati,. oe 88 On double tangents, . 2... 90 Gives method of finding equation of reciprocal curves, . . . . 100 this proved geometrically... 152 Gives method of calculating condi- tion for double point on eubic, 188 ‘Ondouble tangents to a biquadratic, 199 HESSIAN. Defined meee 72) point of. ee ee ee 155 HUYGHENS,’. . . . . . . 109, 210 HYPOCYCLOWS,...... . 21t IMAGINARY POINTS AND LINES. 2... 2... 801 INFINITY, (See Ctrcvtar Pours.) Tis tangential co-ordinates, . 2. 5 Direction of m points at, found,. . 40 INFLEXION. Definition, Rey... 8B ‘Number of inflexions in general, . 72 Ofeubic by threes in right lines, . 46, 136, 140 ‘Bquations of these right lines found, 187 Of cubic, three real for conjugate point, one fornode, . . . . 171 INGRAM. On inverse curves, . . . 240, 248 INTERSCENDENTAL CURVES, 206 INTERSECTIONS OF CURVES. ‘How many, and how connected, 20, &e. INVERSE TRANSFORMATIONS, 289, 806 INVOLUTE OF CIRCLE, . . . 222 Tnvolutes found in general, . . . 272 JACOBI. On intersection of eurves,. . . . 26 On double tangents... 2. 90 JOACHIMSTHAL. His method of obtaining equation ‘of system of tangents to a UV eee ee OT His proof of a theorem of Steiner's, 240 ‘His proof by determinants of a pro- perty of conics... . . . 292 KIRKMAN. ‘On Pascal’s hexagram, . . . . , 28INDEX. pact. LANDEN'S THEOREM, abo) LARDNER. Algebraic Geometry, cited, . 170, 269 LEGENDRE,.. . . . . . 259, &. LEMNISCATA OF BERNOUILLI, 204 Properties of its ares... = 259 SIMACON Getter 008) Generated as an opitrochoid,. . . 214 as envelope of a series of circles, 241 Inverse of focal coni, . . . . 240 Equation of its evolute,. . . . . 6 of its reciprocal, . . . . . 263 LITUUS,. 6. es 28k Locus. How found by tangential co-ordi mate eee oT Of point entting in given ratio va- lable tangent to conte between twofixed,. 6... 2. 7 centre of conie touching four given lines, 2... . 9 hharmonie means on vectors to a eURVs OL from inflexion of a cubie, . . . 189 or double point of a biquadratic, 201 Poi s whose polarlines pass through fixed points, . 2... 59 Point of contact of tangents from fixed pointy... 2. 59, 62 to a system of conies touching ‘tyro given lines at given points, 160 ‘Txtremity of polar subtangent,.. 114 Given sum of angles mate with fixed line by tangents to a Common vertex of two triangles, given bases and difference of vortical angles. 6... 139 ‘Vertex of parabola rolling on an equal ony... ee. 170 of triangle whose sides pass through fixed points, and base angles move on given euryes, 247 313, racn. LOCUS—continued. Double- points on enbies through seven fixed points... Intersection of tangents wherechord through fixed point on eubic 168 meetsithe 2... s+ 166 where ordinato meets circle and eycloid, . 223 of two similar conies, given foci, 174 Point whose distance from fixed point equals distance from fixed diy whose normal distance from a given curve is constant, . . 278 Foot of perpendicular from centre ‘on tangent to a conie, » 204 LOGARITHMIC CURVE... . 217 spiral, - 22d MAC CULLAGH. ‘His proof of Landen’s theorem, .. 259 MAC LAURIN, ‘His theorem on reciprocals of radii veetores, 2. ee BM On contacts of tangents from point ofeubig, . 184 On Hines cut harmonically by a embigs ee ee 185 On harmonic polars of inflexions of aeubig. es 140 His theorem for generation of co- hies extended... . 247 MAGNUS. On collinear transformation, . . . 280 MIDDLE POINTS OF CUBICS. Defined, ee ss 168 MOBIUS. His barycentric caleulus, . . 16 MOON, On climination,. . 2. 2. 5 284 MULTIPLE POINTS AND TAN- GENTS. Explained, = 27, Be. Limit to their mumber,. 2 2.8L 28314 INDEX. PAGE. aan. MULTIPLE POINTS AND TAN- PASCAL—continued. GENTS—continued, His theorem of a hexagon proved, 23 ‘Equivalent to how many conditions, 33 Their existence sometimes obvious from form of equation, . . . 89 Higher, considered as union of doue Ble points... OF ‘Their effect on degree of reciprocal CUVe OF On number of inflexions, . . . . 7. NEWTON. ‘Theorem of continued products of segments of parallel chords, . 43 On diameters... oe 47 On intereepts between curve and its asymptote, so. AB Enumeration of enrves of the third degre, oe 182 On projection of all exbies into pa- rabole, so. His construction for eissoid of Di M5 eee Rectifes epieyeloids,. . NORMA} Equation off oe 106 ‘How many through a point, 109 What, when projected, . 6. uw NUMBER Of terms in general equation, . . 18 OF tangents which ean be drawn to UVa. +. Ofeubies with doublepoints through eight points, . 6 6... 187 OPPOSITE Of four points on cubic, . . . 198, 167 OVALS, On eubie have no inflexion, . . . 1d Limit to their number in general, , 200 PARABOLA. Cubical and semi-cubieal, 105, 148, 169 Of third degree, has diameter, . . 140 All eubies projected into, . . . . La PASCAL, (See Liuacoy.) PEACOCK. ‘His examples cited, . . . . 212, 225 PERPENDICULARS. ‘From three fixed points on variable Tine, how connected, . 2. . 10 PLUCKER, On point and line co-ordinates, 18, 16 On intersection of curves, . . . . 26 Application of the theorem of trans vesaly oe . 4 Degree of reciprocal curves... 68 Points of inflexion, . 2... 4. 71 Double tangents, 5... 90 Foc, 120, 128 ‘His enumeration of curves of the third degree... . 182, 162 ‘Pheorem on position of double point ofcubic, given the asymptotes, 163 Definition of middle point of eubies, 168 On double tangents to a biquadra- tig. . ++ + 199, 199 "Transformation of eurves, 248, 251, &e. POLES AND POLARS. Equations, ow found in general, . 55 ‘With regard to a cubic, . . 149, &e. By tangential co-ordinates, . . . 284 Of fixed point with regard to eu bies through nine points, . . 156 Of infinity, what, oe + 158 POLYGON. Insoribed in conic, theorem as to, 22 Inseribed in cubic, sides through fixed points,» .. . . . . 167 | PONCELET. Finds number of tangents which can be drawn to acurve, . . 63 On determining degree of loci, .. 248 On imaginaries,. 6. ss BOL PROBLEMS. ‘To draw tangent to eubie through n pony sv ee ee 150INDEX. 315 Pace. race PROBLEMS—eontinued. ROULETTES. ‘To inscribe polygon in cubic, sides ‘Their tangents,. 2... . . . 212 through fixed points,.. . . 167 | Their radit of eurvatuze, 2216 To find ninth interscetion of tro eubies, . By ics | EERE To find a evhio whose. Hessian is His researches on rectification, 260, 268, Poy eo eoouorLd 268 SINGULARITIES OF CURVES. Stems Ordinary and extraordinary,. . . 70 Ofeubies, 6... ss 141, 173 ‘A case of collinear transformations, 228 | SINUSOID,.... 2.2... 216 PUISEUX. On successive involutes,. . . 282, 807 | SPIRALS. © ss oy PURSUIT. SPOTTISWOODE. Curves of. 5... «222,806 | On determinants, . . . . . . . 291 QUADRATURE. STATIONARY POINTS AND Of various curves... + «249 TANGENTS, . . . . . 28,95 QUADRILATERAL. STEINER. ‘Middle points of diagonals on one On Pascal's hexagram. 5... 98 right lin... 2... 6 | Onosculating circles of conies,. . 240 QUETELE ST. LAURENT. On causties, oe . 116 | On caustic of circle... . . . 116 Oni Cartesian oval... ss 203 | On curves of purmnit,. . . . . . 222 RADIUS OF CURVATURE, . . 107 | STUBBS. Oninverse transformations, 241, 248, 269 peers On quadeature of roulettes, . . . 252 Of a curve, its degree, . 1, 62, 90, &e. Equation, how found, . .. . . 98 | SYLVESTER. Examples of equations of. + 100, &. | On Heian... es 78 Skew reciprocals. . 5... . 288 | Onclimination,. 2... 294, 297 RECTIFICATION OF CURVES, On general equation of third de- seat Be ee 800 RESULTANT OF EQUATIONS,. 292 | SYNTRACTRIX, . «221 ROBERTS, M, ... 2... . 276 | TALBOT. On ares of lemniseata and hyperbola, 261 ROBERTS, W. On transformation of curves, . 289, 242, | TANGENT. (See Axous) 269 | General equation of... . 62 On rectification of curves, . 256, 261, | ¥rom a pointtoa curve, how many, 62 266, 268 their equation found, . . 68 On elliptic co-ordinates, . . . . 276 another form of, 104 ROBERVAL. At points of inflexion, equation of, 76 Tis mothod of tangents, . .. . 248 | TANGENTIAL, Obtains quadrature of eyeloid, . . 209 | Co-ondinates;. 2316 INDEX. PAGt, PAGE, TANGENTIAL—continued. TRIANGLE—continued. Lguation of seeond degree when Tnseribed in a conte, its cireum- parabola, &, .. 2... 8 sovibing cid, . 6... 292 Equation what, when one point of | TRIDENT. reference at infinity, .... 12] Tsform oe... se ee 148 when two points,do, 5... 13 ‘TSCHIRNHAUSEN, ‘TORTOLINI. Tvestigates caustics, 1s Elimination performed by, .. . 268 UNDULATION. TRACING OF CURVES... . 128 | Pointof. 2... 2... 88 Curve tonched by Hessian at, . . 80 Cee ++ 20) Union of two inflosions, .. . . 80 marron. 2t| en an Ou logarithmic curve, . . . . . 218 ‘TRANSCENDENTAL CURVES, 205 | wanton. ean On Imaginaries,, 5... 5 808 How cuts sides of triangle, . . . 5 | WARING. General theorem of... ... 44 | Investigates number of tangents drawn toaemve,. ss ss 6s TRIANGLE. Sides, how cut by transversal, .. 5 | WARREN. . or by nee Hone meng te On the geometie representation of ee ee maginaries, . 6... 5 5 804 Lines connected with mest in a WHEWELL. pointe ve ee eee ct ‘On the ultimate involute of a curve, 308 ‘THE END.