1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Evaporation is a process where the liquid is removed by boiling off some of the liquid.
It is a thermal separation/concentration. Where the vapour removed as top product and
concentrated solution as bottom product. Usually, the desired products are concentrated
solution for example milk and the vapour usually water vapour. In this experiment, the desired
concentrated solution is sugar solution and the vapour removed is water vapour. There are two
types of 3 vertical-tube natural circulation evaporator which is: falling-film evaporator and
climbing-film evaporator. Where we will be using climbing-film evaporator.

Climbing film evaporators are widely employed in various chemical industries to obtain
a concentrated product from a dilute aqueous solution. In climbing film evaporator, high heat
transfer coefficient may be obtained resulting in a relatively small heat transfer area
requirement with low initial capital investment. Evaporation is a widely used in process in
engineering as a simple technique to concentrate solutions. It is used when one component is
volatile and the remaining components are essentially non-volatile. It is used in numerous
industries to concentrate aqueous solution. It has been widely used as a means of desalting
seawater.

The typical evaporator is made up of three functional sections that is heat exchanger,
the evaporating section, where the liquid boils and evaporates, and the separator in which
vapour leaves the liquid and passes off to the condenser or to other equipment. In many
evaporators, all the three section are contained in a single vertical cylinder.
1.1 Objectives of Experiment

In this experiment, the objectives to be achieved are: (1) to study the effect of operating
temperature on the concentration profile of sugar solution and (2) to study the effect of feed
flowrate to the final concentration of sugar solution.

1.2 Scopes of Experiment

In this experiment, we have to perform single effect evaporation experiments using

climbing film evaporator under atmospheric pressure. This climbing film evaporator is used to
separate the feed solution that is sugar solution and pure water. To achieved the stated
objectives, to study the effect of operating temperature, we varied the temperature within the
range of 100°C, 115°C and 130°C while keeping the other variables at constant. To study the
effect of feed flowrate, we varied the feed flowrate at 40%, 50% and 60% while the operating
temperature is at optimum temperature which at 115°C. The volume of each sample will be
collected every five minutes for both studied variables.