TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………...

III. CHAPTER 2: DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………...

IV. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND

DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………….

V. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………….

VI. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………

VII. APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A. LIST AND USES OF APPARATUS………………………………………………………………………

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………………………………………………

C. COMPUTATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………….

D. PROBLEMS………………………………………………………………………………………………...

E. DOCUMENTATION……………………………………………………………………………………….

F. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET…………………………………………………………………….

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: DATA SHEET………………………………………………………………………………………………...

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: STEAM DISTILLATION SET-UP ……………………………………………………………………….

FIGURE 2: OBTAINING THE FIRST 10mL OF DISTILATE ……..……………………………………………….

FIGURE 3: 100 mL OF DISTILATE…………...……………………………………………………………………….

FIGURE 4: BOILING POINT-COMPOSITION DIAGRAM OF ACETIC ACID………………………………….

ABSTRACT
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Substances with different volatilities can be separated by distillation. The process of distillation was first developed by
Jabir ibn Hayyan. In modern times, distillations are widely applied in labortory scale, industrial distillation, distillation of herbs
for perfumery and medicinal, and food processing, as well. Many compounds, both solids and liquids, are separated from
otherwise complex mixtures by taking advantage of their volatility in steam.

Immiscible fluids are fluids that do not mix to give a single phase. At the point when two immiscible fluids are boiled,
they will boil at a temperature lower than the boiling point of both of the pure fluids. In this process, a fluid that is immiscible
with water is distilled utilizing steam. Steam distillation is an effective procedure of separating immiscible fluids. Steam
distillation is used for compounds that are heat sensitive. Steam is bubbled through a heated mixture of the raw material. The
vaporization of the target substance can be described by using Raoult's Law. Also, it is an efficient way to remove organic
compounds or Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) from a water-based process stream. The procedure of steam distillation
separates the substances of a mixture through evaporation, which at that point includes condensing the vapor once more into fluid
since various elements or compounds have distinctive boiling points.

Most complex organic compounds do not dissolve in water but form a mixture instead, which separates if allowed to
settle as the water settles down and the organic compounds float on top. Steam distillation deals with the rule that in a mixture,
there is a point where two liquids become immiscible. The total vapor pressure deviates from Raoult's Law prediction. Adding
the vapor pressure of two liquids containing the binary mixture system will result to vapor pressure of the system. The mole
fraction of every liquid in the binary system will not have an effect on the vapor pressure. Additionally, at the boiling point of the
mixture, dividing the partial pressures of the compound in the vapor will result in the proportion of the vapor pressures of the
pure liquids.

pA ° pA NAP NA nA wAMB wA MApA °

= = = = = ≫ =
pB° pB NBP NB nB wBMA wB MBpB °

The advantage of steam distillation over simple distillation is that the lower boiling point reduces decomposition of
temperature-sensitive compounds. Steam distillation is useful for the purification of organic compounds, although vacuum
distillation is more common. When organics are distilled, the vapor is condensed. Because water and organics tend to be
immiscible, the resulting liquid generally consists of two phases: water and the organic distillate. Decantation or partitioning may
be used to separate the two layers to obtain the purified organic material. The goal of steam distillation is to heat and separate the
components at temperatures below their decomposition point.

Steam distillation is an important technique that has significant commercial applications. The following are some of the
studies where steam distillation was utilized in producing commercial products that people use in their everyday lives: in a recent
study, steam distillation is used to obtain laurel extract (Zekovic, et. al.). In another study, the steam distillation of essential oils
from Lemon Grass was examined (Amenaghawon, 2014). Steam distillation of essential oils was also investigated in other
studies (Mulvaney, et. al.). Another study probes the extraction of essential oil from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The
influence on the quality of essential lemon oil by distillation process is determined by a recent study (Gamarra, et. al.), as well.

A compound must be stable, relatively insoluble in boiling water, and has a vapour pressure in boiling water that is of the order
of 1 kilo Pascal (1 kPa) in order for that compound to be successfully separated by steam distillation. Since toluene satisfies all the
conditions, it was used effectively for the experiment. In this experiment, steam distillation of the toluene-water system was done. In
steam distillation of toluene, the pressure of toluene in vapour is less than the pressure of barometer, because it is carried out when a solid
or liquid is insoluble in water and is volatile with steam but the impurities are non-volatile.
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Prior to this experiment, ambient conditions were noted. The atmospheric conditions were considered constant all
throughout the duration of the experiment. The major apparatus used in this experiment were the following: 500 mL round
bottom flask, 500 mL distilling flask, condenser, bent glass tubing, Bunsen burner, graduated cylinder, thermometer, and water
bath. The reagents utilized in this experiment were toluene, distilled water, and hydrochloric acid

In the preparation of the set-up and the solutions, the researchers set it up similarly to a distillation set up. The bent
glass tubing served as a steam delivery tube from the water in the round bottom flask to the toluene in the distilling flask.
Afterwards, the researchers inserted a glass tubing with a length of three (3) feet in the round bottom flask cork for it will serve as
a safety tube. A thermometer was then inserted into the distilling flask cork. The bulb of the thermometer should be just at the
opposite side of the arm of the flask for a more accurate temperature of the vapor. A 300 mL of toluene was pipetted into the
distilling flask then afterwards connected to a condenser. Partly immerse the distilling flask in a water bath heated up to a
temperature of 80 degrees centigrade. Half of the round bottom flask was then filled with distilled water then heated to boiling.
Without interrupting the boiling of water, the researchers connected the tubes of the round bottom flask and distilling flask using
a rubber tubing. At the same time, the researchers removed the water bath from the distilling flask.

Figure 1. Steam Distillation Set-Up

During the steam distillation process, the researchers regulated the rate of boiling so that about 2 drops of distillate per
second fall into a 100 mL graduated cylinder. The first 10 mL of the distillate was discarded to ensure a more accurate product.
The researchers collected an amount of 100 mL of the distillate. For every 10 mL of the distillate, the respective distillation
temperatures were recorded.

Figure 2. Obtaining the First 10 Figure 3. 100 mL of Distillate

mL of Distillate

When a hundred mL of distillate is already collected, the researchers allowed the two layers of liquid to separate and
settle completely. Afterwards, the temperature of the mixture and the volumes of each constituents of the mixture were recorded.
After completing the experiment, the solutions were discarded in a residue bottle and into the sink.
 CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 REFERENCES
Alo, B.T. (2020, March 9). Principles of Steam Distillation. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/principles-steam-distillation-
6129502.html

Amenaghawon N.A., Okhueleigbe K.E., Ogbeide S.E., and Okieimen C.O. (2014). Modelling the Kinetics of Steam Distillation
of Essential Oils from Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Spp.) International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering,
12, 2: pp 107-115

Distillation. (n.d.). Retrieved from umsl.edu/~orglab/documents/distillation/dist.htms

Gamarra F.M.C, Sakanaka L.S., Tambourgi E.B., Cabral F.A., (2006). Influence on the Quality of Essential Lemon (Citrus
aurantifolia) oil by Distillation Process. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol 32, No. 01, pp 283-291

Helmenstine, A.M.(2019, July 25). How Does Steam Distillation Work? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-
of-steam-distillation-605690

Mulvaney J., (2012). Essential Oils and Steam Distillation. Journal of the New Zealand. Association of Medical Herbalists 2012

Steam Distillation: When, Why, How. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.epicmodularprocess.com

Zekovic Z.P., Lepojevic Z.D., Mujic I.O. (2009). Laurel Extracts Obtained by Steam Distillation, Supercritical Fluid and Solvent
Extraction. Journal of Natural Products. Vol. 2, pp 104-109
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

LIST AND USES OF APPARATUS