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  • U P I D B:: Nderstanding Assenger Nfluences On River Ehaviour

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    Marios Vlahoyannis
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    This document provides a summary of a study that investigated the potentially constructive roles that passengers can play in influencing driver behaviour to enhance road safety. The study included a literature review on the interaction between drivers and passengers and how it can moderate driver behaviour. It also analyzed crash data pertaining to passenger presence and conducted a telephone survey of 150 ACT residents exploring the roles passengers currently play. The findings shed light on the types of roles passengers play, their safety impacts from both driver and passenger perspectives, and recommendations for countermeasures to enhance the safety of both drivers and passengers.

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    muarc180

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    This document provides a summary of a study that investigated the potentially constructive roles that passengers can play in influencing driver behaviour to enhance road safety. The study included a literature review on the interaction between drivers and passengers and how it can moderate driver behaviour. It also analyzed crash data pertaining to passenger presence and conducted a telephone survey of 150 ACT residents exploring the roles passengers currently play. The findings shed light on the types of roles passengers play, their safety impacts from both driver and passenger perspectives, and recommendations for countermeasures to enhance the safety of both drivers and passengers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    26 views165 pages

    U P I D B:: Nderstanding Assenger Nfluences On River Ehaviour

    Uploaded by

    Marios Vlahoyannis
    This document provides a summary of a study that investigated the potentially constructive roles that passengers can play in influencing driver behaviour to enhance road safety. The study included a literature review on the interaction between drivers and passengers and how it can moderate driver behaviour. It also analyzed crash data pertaining to passenger presence and conducted a telephone survey of 150 ACT residents exploring the roles passengers currently play. The findings shed light on the types of roles passengers play, their safety impacts from both driver and passenger perspectives, and recommendations for countermeasures to enhance the safety of both drivers and passengers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 165

    

    ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER
    INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR:
    IMPLICATIONS FOR ROAD SAFETY AND
    RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COUNTERMEASURE
    DEVELOPMENT

    by
    Michael A. Regan
    Eve Mitsopoulos

    2001

    Report No. 180


    REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

    Monash University Accident Research Centre


    Report Documentation Page

    
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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR vii


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR ix


    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR xix


    INTRODUCTION

    Chapter 1 Introduction

    1.1 Background
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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 1


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    1.2.1 Review of the Literature on the Interaction between Drivers and


    Passengers

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    2 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS

    Chapter 2 Review of the Literature on the


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 3


    CHAPTER 2

    2.3 Epidemiological Studies of Driver Crash Risk in the


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    REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 5


    CHAPTER 2

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 17


    CHAPTER 3

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    18 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 23


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    24 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 25


    CHAPTER 4

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 27


    CHAPTER 4

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    28 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES

    Hello, my name is [interviewer’s first name], and I’m calling from the Monash
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    4.3 Results and Discussion


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 29


    CHAPTER 4

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    30 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 31


    CHAPTER 4

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    32 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY OF CURRENT PASSENGER ROLES

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 33


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 35


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 37


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 39


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 43


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 45


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    48 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 51


    CHAPTER 5

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    52 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 53


    CHAPTER 5

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    54 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 55


    CHAPTER 5

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    56 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

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    Roles that passengers are currently playing to influence driver behaviour;


    drivers’ perceptions and reactions to these roles; critical determinants of
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    I find their general presence distracting – less likely to see lights change or
    stop signs. They reduce my attention span when they’re chatting. (F2723)

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 57


    CHAPTER 5

    Was distracted by a passenger looking for something in my wallet. I was


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    passengers can be dangerous. (F2175)
    Dangerous situations can occur very suddenly – passengers may not see the
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    every one out to you, this can become annoying. (F2723)
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    I drive in a car pool that includes a young driver, who used to drive in a jerky
    way. By us giving him hints, like stay on your side of the road, not to overtake,
    when to take the high beam down, he’s improved over the past 6 months. We
    would worry about things he didn’t notice. At first, we’d just let it go, but if he
    kept repeating mistakes, we’d tell him. He seemed to be happy to take our
    advice – it may have been because we were senior to him. (F1534)
    7KLVODVWH[DPSOHDOVRLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIGULYHUDJHUHODWLYHWRSDVVHQJHUDJHRQGULYLQJ
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    I’d be more cautious if strangers were in the car – don’t know what they’re
    prepared to put up with. (F2723)

    58 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

    Driving with strangers is difficult. I feel like the host so have to pay more
    attention to them to put them at ease, point out landmarks. Strangers are not
    safe. They are less likely to comment on my driving if I’m driving badly.
    (F2157)
    …I would feel less inclined to comment on a stranger’s driving. (F2499)
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    PRUH FDXWLRXVO\ ZKHQ FDUU\LQJ WKHLU SDUHQWV DV SDVVHQJHUV  <RXQJHU SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH DOVR
    PRUHFDXWLRXVZKHQFDUU\LQJROGHUSDVVHQJHUVLQJHQHUDODQGFKLOGUHQGXHWRDJUHDWHUVHQVH
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    LOOXVWUDWHVRPHRIWKHVHSRLQWV
    … if they are going too fast you speak up, but not to be helpful or distracting.
    My dad drives very fast and even though we will tell him to slow down, he
    won’t or will only slow down a little bit. He finds it annoying. (F1356)
    …because I’m just a learner, I never say anything to an adult driver, except
    for my parents. (F1356)
    Would find driving with my parents painful – there are no social barriers, no
    courtesy. Driving with my friends is more relaxing. They won’t comment
    unless there’s danger. Parents will comment on a wider range of things.
    (F2723)
    I probably drive more carefully with passengers, I wouldn’t drive fast or
    anything, but my friends would drive faster to show-off. My male friends are
    the ones who have cars, I can’t generalize to my female friends, but it’s mostly
    the males who show-off. I think age is important, even though I’m really close
    to my grand-dad and I don’t like his driving because he goes too slow, I won’t
    say anything at all to him, but I would with my mum, but not with my friends.
    (F1356)
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    H[DPSOH

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 59


    CHAPTER 5

    I have a friend who enjoys tail-gating learners. It makes me feel embarrassed


    and I’ll say “slack-off” or “back-off”, but not “slow down”. He’ll usually do
    it, but he’s a lost cause. I still let him drive me around – it’s a male thing –
    really hard to tell him to slow down – comes down to being male. I’m scared
    but can’t say anything… (F3505)
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    I slow down when the car is full - don’t want to be responsible for the deaths
    of four other people. (F2723)
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    Roles that passengers should be playing to enhance safety


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    I think that passengers shouldn’t pick on small things about driving because
    you get frustrated, and I know that when I’m angry I drive faster. They should
    give constructive criticism. (F1640)
    When I’m driving at night in the country, I’ll say, “I’m driving, but you have
    to look out for the kangaroos”. You delegate and share the tasks, especially
    on long trips. (F1199)
    If driving in the country, would nominate a passenger as a watcher. (F3438)

    60 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

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    After the fact comments aren’t constructive. It’s better to say, “hey, this guy is
    about to hit us”, than “ this is the guy who nearly hit us”. (F1629)
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    Phones, radios, windscreens, should all be left up to the passenger. (F1356)
    As a passenger you have to remember that the driver is doing work, so if it is
    busy they have to do more work and so you have to quieten down a bit to let
    them work as well as they can. (F1813)

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    Potential countermeasures for implementing positive passenger roles


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    This would give carte blanche to back-seat drivers to torture drivers. It could
    achieve the opposite of what you hope for. Message needs to get out on
    complexity of driving task. Campaign should be along the lines of “look after
    the driver”, “help the driver in these ways”, rather than “passengers should
    do this or that”. (F2499)
    Probably if you tell them that they are going to save their lives and other
    people’s lives. Have to make people worry about losing what they have.
    (F1883)
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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 61


    CHAPTER 5

    Passengers have to realise that the driver is taking their life into their hands
    and if they don’t speak up and there is a crash, then they only have themselves
    to blame. (F1883)
    Public awareness is important. Should say to passengers that you have a
    responsibility as a passenger for the safety of everybody in the vehicle
    including the driver. (F1534)
    … My suggestion is to get drivers into regular training regime that will
    include this sort of thing. It might not work for all drivers, but at least if you
    train the drivers well they can say to the passenger these are the sorts of things
    I’d like you to look out for while I’m driving. (F1629)
    I think that the passenger should be part of driving programs done at schools,
    but I don’t think that many teenagers would take up on that unless it was in a
    test. (F1356)
    … a lot of it comes down to driver training. Re-educating drivers and
    organizing passengers. But I still think that this is the responsibility of the
    driver. (F1606)
    Need to teach passengers how to say things – make them aware that back-seat
    driving can be very distracting but in certain circumstances is useful. (F2556)
    Need public awareness campaign as passengers are generally uncomfortable
    commenting on the driving of others. (F2723)
    Driver education is important – teach drivers that passengers do count.
    Drivers are responsible for safety and comfort of passengers but also
    passengers should be given the opportunity to tell you if they’re
    uncomfortable. (F2175)
    We need to make it easier for passengers to speak up – emphasise their right
    to speak out (F3481)
    In Queensland there’s a campaign using a sign saying “Passengers, it’s your
    job to keep the driver alert”. You need to make it easy; have street signs
    asking “Is your driver going too fast?”. If the passenger sees it, they’ll think
    about it. (F3625)
    Remind drivers what it’s like to be a passenger and remind them that just as
    they may want to comment on the driving of others, so their passengers may
    want to comment on their driving. Treat others as you want to be treated.
    (F3481)
    Need to target drivers, not passengers. Drivers often have no passengers so
    have to rely on their own judgment. (F3505)
    You need to encourage passengers to speak out. Drivers won’t ignore them
    totally. (F3438)
    A lot of schools have driver education – incorporate the benefits of passengers
    in this instead of always focusing on the driver. Can also ask questions about
    passengers in “L” test. (F3909)

    62 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    GROUP DISCUSSION OF DRIVERS’ PERCEPTIONS AND REACTIONS TO PASSENGER ROLES

    I think that the passenger should be part of driving programs done at schools,
    but I don’t think that many teenagers would take up on that unless it was in a
    test (F1356)
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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 63


    CHAPTER 6

    Chapter 6 Summary of Findings & General


    Discussion

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 67


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 69


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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 71


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    72 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


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    74 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


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    76 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    REFERENCES

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    78 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    REFERENCES

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    80 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    Appendix A Telephone Survey

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 81


    APPENDIX A

    82 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 83


    APPENDIX A

    84 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 85


    APPENDIX A

    86 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 87


    APPENDIX A

    88 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 89


    APPENDIX A

    90 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    TELEPHONE SURVEY

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 91


    APPENDIX A

    
    

    92 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    FOCUS GROUP RECRUITMENT

    Appendix B Focus Group Recruitment

    
    

    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 93


    APPENDIX C

    Appendix C Information to Focus Group


    Participants

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    94 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    INFORMATION TO FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

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    APPENDIX C

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    INFORMATION TO FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

    
    
    
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    APPENDIX C

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    98 MONASH UNIVERSITY ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE


    INFORMATION TO FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

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    UNDERSTANDING PASSENGER INFLUENCES ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR 99


    APPENDIX D

    Appendix D Focus Group Discussion Guide

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    APPENDIX E

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