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    32 views10 pages

    Summary For Beginners PDF

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    salemabu9

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10
    Arabic Arabic Letters of the Alphabet Medial ‘Final Alone Romanization Initial omit (see Note 1) th neds Jy WUUA fd bbdbA«A. Aka LA. aa kA he dh £ (see Note 2) k 1 q (ee Note 2) yV33 5344 wwI9IT s\h4 $444 vndsds \Ad4 444A aaa VATV PTAA aaa h (see Note 3) ase ad tH ork waar Vowels and Diphthongs wt a (see Rule 5) 12 aw 36 (see Rule 6(a)) wi <2 ay 12 2 ati ov ALA-LC Romanization Tables page 10 Arabic Letters Representing Non-Arabic Consonants This list is not exhaustive, It should be noted that a lettter in this group may have more than one phonetic value, depending on the country or area where it is used, and that the romanization will vary accordingly. siilt ee 3s oy =" Le e 3 v v P 3 2 v 1. For the use of alif to support hamzah, see rule 2. For the romanization of hamzah by the consonantal sign * (alif) see rule 8(a). For other orthographic uses of alif see rules 3-5. 2. ‘The Maghribivariations \# and are romanized f and q respectively. 3. ina word in the construct state is romanized f, See rule 7(b). RULES OF APPLICATION Arabic Letters Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context ‘As indicated in the table, » and «3 may represent: (a) The consonants romanized w and y, respectively wag! ees wad ae dalw ls yad M hiyal Je tahy ol (b) The long vowels romanized i, 7, and a respectively wa ols! rah Bg dha 38 man lal ja de ff A Kitab wks sahab so juman ole See also rules 11(a) and 11(b1-2). ALA-LC Romanization Tables page II Arabic (© The diphthongs romanized aw and ay, respectively aw nawm haw aysar shaykh ‘aynay See also rules 11(a)(2) and 11(b)(3). 2. Iai, 5 and «s when used to support + (hamzah) are not represented in romanization. See rule 8(a). & | (alif) when used to support & (waslah) and € (maddah) is not represented in romanization. See rules 9 and 10. 4, I(alif) and 9 when used as orthographic signs without phonetic significance are not represented in romanization. fa‘alit Lybed ula? ka vEy,! ‘Iman wa-‘amalan Macy bale See also rule 12 and examples cited in rules 23-26. 5. I (alif) is used to represent the long vowel romanized @, as indicated in the table. fail de rida be, This |, when medial, is sometimes omitted in Arabic; itis always indicated in romanization. See rule 19. 6. Final «5 appears in the following special cases: (@) Assi (alif magsiirah) used in place of 18 10 represent the long vowel romanized 4. hatté oe mada ten kubré Ss Yahyé oe musammé ee Mustats Gils Page 12 ALA-LC Romanization Tables Arabic (b) As 3Q in nouns and adjectives of the form fa‘ which are derived from defective roots. ‘This ending is romanized 7, not jy, without regard to the presence of 4 (shaddah). See rule 11(62). Radf al-Din call Gea, Compare the fa‘l form of the same root +2)! [with out shaddah] al-Radi. (© As.3Q in the relative adjective (nisbah). The ending, like (b) above, is romanized 7, not Be al-Migt Spell Compare 4% all al-Misriyah and sce rule 11(b1). 1. 8 (a marbiitah) (@) When the noun or adjective ending in 8 is indefinite, or is preceded by the definite article, ’ is romanized h. The in such positions is often replaced by ©. salah Bye al-Risdlah al-bahiyah gall AIL mir‘ah Bh Urjtizah ffal-tibb sb 54 Bisel (6) When the word ending in & is in the construct state, 8 is romanized 1. Wizdrat al-Tarbiyah Rawal Bb Mir? at al-zaman ole jll ao (©) When the word ending in 8 is used adverbally, 8 (vocalized 8) is romanized tan. See rule 12(b). Romanization of Arabic Orthographic Symbols Other than Letters and Vowel Signs The signs listed below are frequently omitted from unvocalized Arabic writing and printing; their presence or absence must then be inferred. They are represented in romanization according to the following rules: & + (hamzah) (@) In initial position, whether at the beginning of a word, following a prefixed preposition or conjunction, or following the definite article, + is not represented in romanization. When medial or final, + is romanized as ” (alif). ALA-LC Romanization Tables page 13 Arabic a aul uns el idha 8) mas’alah — mu’tamar aie datim fh mala'a Ne Khati’a eke (b) +, when replaced by the sign 5 (waslah) and then known as hamzat al-wagl, it is not represented in romanization. See rule 9 below. 9. 5 (waslah), like initial + , is not represented in romanization. See also rule 8(b) above. When the alif which supports waslah belongs to the article J! , the initial vowel of the article is romanized a, Sce rule 17(b). In other words, beginning with hamzat al-wasl, the initial vowel ‘is romanized i. Riblat Ibn Jubayr we ot ab, al-istidrak Lai kutub igtanat/ha Gant o bi-ihtimam ‘Abd al-Majid sonal aye plaioly 10. 8 (tmaddah) (a) Initial T is romanized & alah ar Kulliyat al-Adab ls AS (b) Medial 7, when it represents the phonetic combinatic twalit ma’athir (©) Gis otherwise not represented in romanization. khulaty icles uu. 6 (shaddah or tashdid) (a) Over 5: (1) 36, representing the combination of long vowel plus gonsonant, is romanized iw. ‘adiiw ghe giwah 33s See also rule 1(b). page 14 ALA-LC Romanization Tables 12. () © Arabic (2) 3G, representing the combination of diphthong plus consonant, is romanized aww. Shawwal JI5& sawwara Jy jaww * See also rule 1(¢). Overs: (1) Medial 30, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized iy. al-Migriyah 2 peal See also rule 1(b) (2) Final ‘59 is romanized 7. See rules 6(b) and 6(c). (3) Medial and final ‘Si, representing the combination of diphthong plus consonant, is romanized ayy. ayym sayyid Qusayy See also rule 1(¢) Over other letters, 6 is represented in romanization by doubling the letter or digraph concerned, al-Ghazzi pul al-Kashshat stil Tanwin may take the written form f, @ (14), or J, romanized un, an, and in, respectively. Tanwin is normally disregarded in romanization, however. It is indicated in the following cases: @) () When it occurs in indefinite nouns derived from defective roots. agin ma‘nan ‘When it indicates the adverbial use of a noun or adjective. tab‘an eb faj’atan e Bini al-Mushtarik wad‘an wa-al-muftariq GAblly lees J aitall sug'an bein ALA-LC Romanization Tables page 15 Arabic Grammatical Structure as It Affects Romanization 13. Final inflections of verbs are retained in romanization, except in pause. man waliya Misr at ly oe ma‘rifat m@ yajibu la-hum pel ey bo Aime sallé Allah ‘alayhi wa-sallam plug dale ail ple al-Lu'lu’ al-makniin ff bukm al-akhbar pS 4 oaiSall 515 ‘amma sayakiin osStu las LeVl 14. Final inflections of nouns and adjectives: (@) _ Vocalic endings are not represented in romanization, except preceding pronominal suffixes, and except when the text being romanized is in verse. Ma‘had Mawlaya al-Hasan cull sVg0 sgze usiluhd al-nafsiyah wa-turuq Ugeueyat Gpley Apuaill Iglyeel tadrisiha ila yawmina hadha Ko Lege gl (6) Tanwin is not represented in romanization, except as specified in rule 12. © 8 ( marbitah) is romanized h o 1 as specified in rule 7. @)__ For the romanization of the relative adjective (nisbah) see rule 6(c). 1S. Pronouns, pronominal suifixes, and demonstratives: (a) Vocalic endings are retained in romanization. and wa-anta cal Lt hadhihi al-hal Jl aio mu’allafatuhu wa-shuriuha apis allie () At the close of a phrase or sentence, the ending is romanized in its pausal form. hayftuhu wa-‘agruh opines ile Tawfiq al-Hakim, co NSA. padoll afkaruh, athdruh 16. Prepositions and conjunctions: (a) _ Final vowels of separable prepositions and conjunctions are retained in romanization. anna annahu bbayna yadayhu Note the special cases: Lae mimma, 229 mimman, page 16 AALA-LC Romanization Tables Arabic (b) _Inseparable prepositions, conjunctions, and other prefixes are connected with what follows by a hyphen. bi-hi “ wa-ma‘ahu Anes 1a-silkt LN 17. The definite article: (a) The romanized form al is connected with the following word by a hyphen. al-kitab al-thant ll SE alittihad abo al-asl Jel al-athar Jeu (b) When JI is initial in the word, and when it follows an inseparable preposition or conjunction, it is always romanized al regardless of whether the preceding word, as romanized, ends in a vowel or a consonant. ilé al oO Gl Abii al-Wafa” sligll gl Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Migriyah Appeal Regal Anke bi-altamam wa-al-kamal laslly plaall, Note the exceptional treatment of the preposition J followed by the article: li-Shirbint yl See also rule 23. (©) The Jof the article is always romanized J, whether it is followed by a ‘sun letter" or not, i.e., regardless of whether or not itis assimilated in pronunciation to the initial consonant of the word to which it is attached. al-hurif al-abjadiyah pal spl Abii al-Layth al-Samarqandi Su poll Cull gal Romanization Orthography of Arabic i 18. Capitalization: (@) _ Rules for the capitalization of English arc followed, except that the definite article al is given in lower case in all positions. (b) Diacritics are used with both upper and lower case letters. ali awl al-Alisi mug VI ALA-LC Romanization Tables page 17 Arabic 19. 20. 21. The macron or the acute accent, as appropriate, is used to indicate all long vowels, including those which in Arabic script are written defectively. The macron or the acute accent, as the case may be, is retained over final long vowels which are shortened in pronunciation before hamzat al-wasl. mol paolsl gla « a95h> Abii al-Hasan nell gal ru’is: wb dhalika wills ‘alé al-fayn easel le ‘The hyphen is used: (@) To connect the definite article al with the word to which it is attached, See rule 17(a). (b) Between an inseparable prefix and what follows. See rules 16(b) and 17(b) above. (©) __ Between bin and the following element in personal names when they are written in Arabie ‘as a single word. See rule 25. The prime (/) is used: (@) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph. Ad’ham post akramat’ha gia SI () To mark the use of a letter in its final form when it occurs in the middle of a word. Qal‘ah/ ji or dels Shaykh/zadah oak As in the case of romanization from other languages, foreign words which occur in an Arabic context and are written in Arabic letters are romanized according to the rules for romanizing Arabic, Jarmaniis (not Germanos nor Germanus) pila le Lid Ghranfil (not Lord Granville) Le ay 5) Isaghiij (nor Isagoge) erstladl For short vowels not indicated in the Arabic, the Arabic vowel nearest to the original pronunciation is supplied. Gharsiya Khayin (not Garcia Jaén) oe be page 18 ALA-LC Romanization Tables Arabic Examples of Irregular Arabic Orthography 23. Note the romanization of il, alone and in combination. Allah sil billah ably ullah ot bismillah ect pay al-Mustansir billah ebb potiwall 24, Note the romanization of the following personal names. Taha aL Yasin Cs ‘Amr se Bahjat Bangs conge 25. Sul and cy are both romanized ibn in all positions. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abjal-Rab? gael Gal Gy Some Gy deel Sharh Ibn ‘Aqil ‘alé Alfiyat Ball cle is Gl Ct Jon Malik wlle ol Exception is made in the case of modern names, typically North African, in which the element + is pronounced bin. Bin Khiddah ed Bin-‘Abd Allah abl ey 26. Note the anomalous spelling 4

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