Schwarz’s Lemma (without Proof)

Theorem
If f : D ! D is a holomorphic map such that f (0) = 0 then
|f (z)|  |z| for every z 2 D.
Problem
What are all the bijective holomorphic maps from D onto D ?
• f (z) = az for |a| = 1.
• a (z) = 1a az
z
(Hint. By Cauchy Integral Formula,
| a (z)|  max|w |=1 | a (w )|, which is 1).
Corollary
If f (0) = 0 and f : D ! D is a holomorphic bijective map then f is
a rotation: f (z) = e i✓ z for some ✓ 2 R.
Proof.
By Schwarz’s Lemma, |f (z)|  |z|. However, same argument
applies to f 1 : |f 1 (z)|  |z|. Replacing z by f (z), we obtain
Proof Continued.
|z|  |f (z)| implying |f (z)| = |z|. But then f (z)/z attains max
value 1 in D. Hence f (z)/z must be a constant function of
modulus 1, that is, f (z) = e i✓ z.
Theorem
If f : D ! D is a holomorphic bijective map then f is a Möbius
transformation:
a z
f (z) = e i✓ for some a 2 D and ✓ 2 R.
1 az

Proof.
Note that f (a) = 0 for some a 2 D. Consider f a for
a z
a (z) = 1 az , and note that f a (0) = 0. Also, f a is a
holomorphic function on D. Further, since | a (z)| < 1 whenever
a maps D ! D. By last corollary, f
|z| < 1, f i✓
a (z) = e z,
that is, f (z) == e i✓ a 1 (z). However, by a routine calculation,
1
a (z) = a (z).