Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Document Name: ANSI Z88.2-1992: Respiratory Protection
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Reproduced By GLOBAL
ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS
With The Pennisslon 0' ANSI
Under Royalty Agreement
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Secretariat
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Published by
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1) This standard is currently under development. Contact the secretariat for more recent information.
2) Available from the Compressed Gas Association, 1725 Jeff Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202-3269.
3) Available from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
4) Available from Mack Printing Company, Easton, PA.
ANSI 288.2-1992
3.18 dust: An aerosol consisting of 3.32 hood: A respiratory inlet covering that
mechanically produced solid particles derived completely covers the head and neck and
from the breaking up of larger particles. Dusts may cover portions of the shoulders.
generally have a larger particle size when
compared to fumes. . 3.33 Immediately dangerous to life or
health (IOLH): Any atmosphere that poses
3.19 end-of-service-llfe Indicator: A sys- an immediate hazard to life or poses immedi-
tem that warns the user of the approach of the ate irreversible debilitating effects on health.
end of adequate respiratory protection.
3.34 loose-fitting faceplece: A respiratory
3.20 escape-only respirator: A respirator inlet covering that is designed to form a par-
intended only for use during emergency tial seal with the face, does not cover the
egress from a hazardous atmosphere. neck and shoulders, and mayor may not offer
3.21 exposure limit: The maximum allow-' head protection against impact and penetra-
able concentration of a contaminant in the air tion.
to which an individual may be exposed. These
3.35 mass median aerodynamic diameter
may be time-weighted averages, short-term
(MMAO): A point in an aerodynamic particle
limits, or ceiling limits.
size distribution where half of the mass lies in
3.22 . filter: A component used in respirators . particles with a diameter less than the MMAD
to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the and. half in particles with diameters greater
inspired air. . than the MMAD.
3.23 ·fit check: A test conducted by the 3.36 mist: An aerosol composed of liquid
wearer to determine if the respirator is proper- particles.
ly seated to the face.
3.37 mouthpiece and nose-clamp. assem-
3.24 fit factor: A quantitative measure of bly: A respiratory inlet covering that is held in
the fit of a particular respirator to a particular the wearer's mouth and must always t:e used
individual.
() 3.25 fit test: The use of a challenge agent
in conjunction with a nose clamp.
3.38 negative-pressure respirator: A res-
to evaluate the fit of a respirator on an individ- pirator in which the air pressure inside the
ual.
respiratory inlet covering is negative during
3.26 fume: Solid aerosols formed by con- inhalation with respect to the ambient air
densation of a gas or vapor. Fumes generally pressure.
have a smaller particle size when compared
to dusts. 3.39 occupational health professional: An
individual whom, by experience andeduca~
3.27 gas: A fluid that has neither indepen· tion, is competent at recognizing, evaluating,
dent shape nor volume and tends to expand and controlling health hazards in the work-
indefinitely. place.
3.28 hazardous atmosphere: An atmo- 3.40 poor warning properties: A sub-
sphere that contains a contaminant(s) in stance whose odor, taste, or irritation effects
excess of the exposure limit or that is oxygen are not detectable or not perSistent at concen-
deficient. trations at or below the exposure limit.
3.29 hazard ratio: A number obtained by 3.41 positive-pressure respirator: A respi-
dividing the concentration of a contaminant by rator in which the pressure inside the respira-
its exposure limit. tory inlet covering is normally positive with
3.30 helmet: A hood that offers head pro- respect to ambient air pressure.
tection against impact and penetration.
3.42 powered air-purifying respirator: An
3.31 high-efficiency filter: A filter that air~purifying respirator that uses a blower to
removes from the air 99.97% or more of the force the ambient atmosphere through air-
aerosols having a diameter of 0.3 J.l.m. purifying elements to the inlet covering.
(~)
3
3.43 pressure-demand respirator: A posi- 3.56 vapor: The gaseous phase of matter
tive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that normally exists in a liquid or solid state at
that admits respirable gas to the facepiece room temperature.
when the positive pressure is red.uced inside
the facepiece by inhalation.
3.44 qualitative fit test: A pass/fail fit test 4 Respirator program requirements
that relies on the subject's sensory response
to detect the challenge agent. 4.1 Purpose
3.45 quantitative fit test: A fit test that This subclause establishes requirements for
uses an instrument to measure the challenge an occupational health program for the use of
agent inside and outside the respirator. respirators. The following requirements are
supplemented by recommended practices in
3.46 radlonucllde: An atom that sponta-
subsequent clauses of this standard.
neously emits particles, gamma, or x-radia-
tion. 4.2 Permissible practice
3.47 respirator: A personal device In the control of those occupational diseases
designed to protect the wearer from the caused by breathing air c.ontaminated with
inhalation of hazardous atmospheres. potentially harmful dusts, fumes, sprays,
mists, fogs, smokes, vapors, or gases, the pri-
3.48 respiratory Inlet covering: That por-
mary objective shall be to minimize workplace
tion of a respirator that connects the wearer's
contamination. This shall be accomplished as
respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or
far as feasible by accepted engineering con-
respirable gas source, or both. It may be a
trol measures (for example, enclosure or con-
facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or mouth-
finement of the operation, general and local
piecelnose clamp.
ventilation, and substitution of less toxic
3.49 sanitization: The removal of contami- materials). When effective engineering con-
nants and the inhibiting of the action of the trols are not feasible, or while they are being
agents that cause infection or disease. implemented or evaluated, appropriate respi-
rators shall be used pursuant to the following
3.50 self-contained breathing apparatus
requirements.
(SCBA): An atmosphere-supplying respirator
in which the respirable gas source is designed 4.3 Employer responsibility
to be carried by the wearer.
4.3.1 Respirators shall be provided by the
3.51 service life: The period of time that a employer when such eqUipment is necessary
respirator provides adequate protection to the to protect the employee.
wearer.
4.3.2 The employer shall provide the respi-
3.52 sorbent: A material that is contained rators that are applicable and suitable for the
in a cartridge or canister and removes specific purpose intended.
gases and vapors from the inhaled air.
4.3.3 The employer shall be responsible for
3.53 suit: A respiratory inlet covering the establishment and maintenance of a respi-
designed to cover the entire body. This term ratory protection program that shall include
does riot include protective clothing that only the. requirements outline,d in 4;.5.
provides skin protection.
4.3.4 A respirator wearer shall be permitted
3.54 tight-fitting faceplece: A respiratory by the employer to leave the' hazardous area
inlet covering that is designed to form a com- for any respirator-related cause. Reasons
plete seal with the face. A half-facepiece may include, but are not limited to, the follow-
(includes quarter masks, disposable masks, ing:
and masks with elastomeric facepieces) cov-
- failure of the respirator to provide ade-
ers the nose and mouth; a full face piece cov-
quate protection;
ers the nose, mouth, and eyes.
malfunction of the respirator;
3.55 time-weighted average (TWA): The
average concentration of a contaminant in air - detection of leakage of air contaminant
during a specific time period. into the respirator;
4
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ANS I Z88.2·1992
4.4.2 The employee shall guard against The selection of the proper type(s} of respira-
damage to the respirator. tor(s) shall be based upon
4.4.3 If a respirator malfunction OCCllrs, the a) the nature of the hazardous operation or
employee shall immediately leave the contam- process;
inated area and report the malfunction to a b} the type of respiratory hazard (including
responsible person designated by the employ- physical properties, oxygen deficiency,
er in the written standard operating proce- physiological effects on the body, concentra-
dures. tion of toxic material or airborne radioactivity
4.4.4 The employee shall report to the level, established exposure limits for the
responsible person any change in his/her toxic materials, established permissible
medical status that may impact the employ- airborne concentration for radioactive
ee's ability to wear a respirator safely. material, and established immediately dan-
gerous to life or health concentration for
4.5 Minimal acceptable respirator program toxic material);
1) Includes 1/4 mask. disposable half masks. and half masks with elastomeric facepieces.
2) Demand SCBA shall not be used for emergency situations such as fire fighting.
3) Protection factors listed are for high-efficiency filters and sorbents (cartridges and canis-
ters). With dust filters. an assigned protection factor of 100 is to be used due to the limitations
of the filter.
4) Although positive-pressure respirators are currently regarded as providing the highest level
of respiratory protection. a limited number of recent simulated workplace studies concluded
that all users may not achieve protection factors of 10 000. Based on this limited data. a defini-
tive assiQned protection factor could not be listed for positive-pressure SCBAs. For emergen-
cy planning purposes where hazardous concentrations can be estimated. an assigned protec-
tion factor of no higher than 10 000 should be used.
NOTE - Assigned protection factors are not applicable for escape respirators. For combina-
tion respirators. e.g .• airline respirators equipped with an air-purifying filter. the mode of
operation in use will dictate the assigned protection factor to be applied.
6.
f) the proper wearing of the respirator; ty engineering department, the respirator pro-
gram shall be administered by a qualified per-
g) respirator maintenance, inspection, and
son responsible to the facility manager.
storage;
5.2 Qualifications
h) recognizing and handling emergency sit-
uations; Respirator program administrators, in order to
exercise their responsibility, shall be knowl-
i) applicable governmental regulations for
edgeable in respiratory protection. Adminis-
specific substances (clause 8).
trators shall keep abreast of current issues/
4.5.6 Respirator fit advances and regulations.
Each person shall be fit tested before being 5.3 Responsibilities
assigned a tight-fitting respirator (clause 9).
The administrator's responsibilities shall
Each person using a tight-fitting respirator
include
shall conduct a fit check of the respirator by
appropriate means each time the respirator is - measuring, estimating, or reviewing
donned or adjusted (clause A.S) in annex A. information on the concentration of an air-
borne contaminant in the work area prior to
4.5.7 Maintenance, Inspection, and stor-
respirator selection and periodically during
age
respirator use to ensure that the proper type
Maintenance shall be carried out according to of respirator is being used;
the manufacturer's instructions and on a
- selecting the appropriate type or class of
schedule that ensures that each respirator
respirator that will provide adequate protec-
wearer is provided with a respirator that is
tion for each contaminant, present or antici-
clean, sanitary, and in good operating condi-
pated;
tion. Each respirator shall be inspected by
the wearer prior to its use to ensure that it is - maintaining records and written proce-
in proper working condition. Respirators shall dures in a manner that documents the respi-
be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary rator program and allows for the evaluation
location (clause 10). of the program's effectiveness;
4.5.8 Escape-only respirators - evaluating the respiratory protection pro-
gram's effectiveness.
Where escape-of'lly respirators are provided
because of the potential for an emergency, The most comprehensive respiratory protec-
personnel assigned to the area shall be tion program is of little value if it is not main-
trained in their use. tained and implemented as designed. There-
fore, in addition to ongoing surveillance,. the
Personnel not assigned to the work area and
program shall be periodically ·audited to
visitors shall be briefed in the use of these
ensure that (a) the program procedures reflect
respirators. Other requirements such as med-
the requirements of current applicable regula-
ical approval for use and detailed training are
tions and industry accepted standards and (b)
not required for these people.
the program as implemented reflects the writ-
ten procedures.
To aid objectivity. the audit should be con-
5 Program administration ducted by a knowledgeable person not direct-
ly associated with the program. rather than
5.1 Description
the respiratory protection program administra-
An individual shall be assigned responsibility tor. An audit checklist should be prepared
and authority for administration of each respi- and updated as necessary. The audit pro-
rator program. It is preferable that the admin- gram should focus. as a minimum, on the fol-
istrator be in the company's industrial hygiene, lowing areas:
health physics. or safety engineering depart-
- program administration;
ment. In plants or companies having no for-
mal industrial hygiene. health physics, or safe- - training;
cy or rescue uses of respirators as well as physical exertion can cause the user to
conditions that resulted in such respirator deplete the air supply in a SCBA such that
applications. The possible consequences of service life is reduced by half or more.
equipment or power failures, uncontrolled
chemical reactions. fire, explosion, or human 7.2 Selection of respirators for routln~ use
error shall be given consideration. Potential
7.2.1 Approved respirators
hazards that may result in emergency or res-
cue use of respirators shall be identified. Approved or authorized respirators shall be
used. Any change or modification. however
minor. may void the respirator approval and
7 Selection, limitation, and use of res- significantly affect the performance of the res-
pirators pirator. In the event that there is no approved
commercially available respirator that can do
7.1 General considerations the required task., the user may seek autho-
rization from the appropriate regulatory agen-
7.1.1 Worker activity
cy to use an unapproved device.
Worker activity and worker location in a haz-
7.2.2 Selection
ardous area shall be considered in selecting
the proper respirator (for example. whether Respirator selection involves reviewing each
the worker is in the hazardous area continu- operation to (a) determine what hazards' may
ously or intermittently during the work shift be present (hazard determination) and (b)
and whether the work rate is light, medium, or select which type or class of respirators can
heavy). offer adequate protection.
7.1.2 Respirator use conditions 7.2.2.1 Hazard determination steps
The period of time that a respirator must be The nature of the hazard shall be dertermined
worn is an important factor that shall be taken as follows:
into account in selecting a respirator.
() Consideration shall be given to the type of
respirator application. such as for routine.
a) Determine what contaminant(s) may be
present in the workplace;
nonroutine, emergency, or rescue use~ b) Determine whether there is a published
Threshold Limit Value, Permissible Expo-
7.1.3 Location of the potential hazardous
sure Limit, or any other available exposure
area
limit or estimate of toxicity for the contami-
The location of the hazardous area with nant(s). Determine if the IDLH concentra-
respect to a safe area having respirable air tion for the contaminant is available;
shall be considered in selecting a respirator.
c) Determine if there is a comprehensive
This will permit planning for the e.scape of
health standard'(e.g., lead, asbestos) forthe
workers if an emergency occurs, for the entry
contaminant(s). If so. there may be specific
of workers to perform maintenance duties,
respirators required that will influence the
and for rescue operations.
selection process;
7.1.4 Respirator characteristics, capabili-
d) If the potential for an oxygen-deficient
ties, and limitations
environment exists. measure the oxygen
The physical characteristics. the functional content;
capabilities. and the performance lim/tatlons
e) Measure or estimate the concentration
of the various types shall be considered in
of the contaminant(s};
selecting a respirator. These are described in
annex A. f) Determine the physical state of the con-
taminant. If an aerosol, determine or esti·
7.1.5 Operational 11m Itatlons
mate the particle size. Determine if vapor
Environmental conditions and level of effort pressure of the aerosol /s significant at the
required of the respirator wearer may affect maximum expected temperature of the work
respirator service life. For example. extreme environment;
. . . .....
...... . . . .,. .........
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10
b) it is a confined space that contains less level) without respiratory protection, but only i1
than the normal 20.9% oxygen, unless the extraordinary precautions are taken. It will be
source of the oxygen reduction is under- necessary to fully understand the source of
stood and controlled, or the reduction in oxygen and control the level
such that assurance can be given that there
c) oxygen content is below 12.5% (95 mmHg are no poorly ventilated areas that t,he worker
Pp02) at sea-level atmospheric pressure, or; may encounter. Without complete understand-
d) it contains total atmospheric pressure , ing and control of the atmosphere within the
less than 450 mmHg (8.6 psi) equivalent to confined space, it shall be considered IDLH.
14 000 ft (4270 m) altitude or any combina-
tion of reduced percentage of oxygen or 7.3.4 Reduced atmospheric pressure
reduced pressure that leads to an oxygen Reduced total atmospheric pressure can lead
partial pressure less than 95 mmHg. to very low oxygen pressure. Therefore, when
operating under conditions of reduced total
7.3.2 Respirators for use under IDLH con- atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to fur-
ditions at normal atmospheric pressure ther define the oxygen concentration by
The required respiratory protection for I DLH means of partial pressure.
conditions caused by the presence of toxic
materials or a reduced percentage of oxygen 7.3.4.1 Definition of oxygen-deficiency
as described in conditions (a). (b). (c) in IDLH Involving reduced pressure
7.3.1 is a positive-pressure SCBA or a com- A oxygen partial pressure of 95 mmHg or less
bination of a supplied-air respirator with shall be considered IDLH. The oxygen defi-
SCBA. ciency may be caused by either a reduction in
When respirators are worn under IDLH con- the normal 20.9% oxygen content, by reduced
ditions, at least one standby person shall be total atmospheric pressure ,to' 477 mmHg
present in a safe area. The standby person (8.6 psi) (equivalent to 14 000 feet elevation),
11
3
s:en
Sea level! 20.9% 160 16% 122 12.5% 95
760 mmHg(14.7 psi)
2500 ft./ 20.9% 145 17.6% 122 13.7% 95
694 mmHg(13.4 psi)
5000 ftl 20.9% 133 19.3% 122 15% 95
632 mmHg(12.2 psi)
7500 ft.! 20.9% 121 < 20.9% 16.5% 95
575 mmHg(11.1 psi)
10000 ft.! 20.9% 110 < 20.9% 18.2% 95
523 mmHg(10.1 psi) (Note 2)
en 12500 ft.1 20.9% 99 (Note 2) <20.9%
§:
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474 mmHg(9.16 psi)
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~ 14000 ft. 20.9% 94 (Note 2) <20.9%
o
450 mmHg(8.63 psi)
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;c NOTES
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i 1 The 95-mmHg ppO level, which dictates the need for an SCBA or a combination airline/SCBA respirator,
assumes a normal healthy worker. Any medical condition that may adversely affect an individual's tolerance to
reduced oxygen levels should be considered. For these individuals, an SCBA may be required at a higher ppO
value. This decision should be made by the examining physician. Also, see clause A.5 in annex A for other consi-;!-
erations in using respirators in reduced oxygen atmospheres.
2 At 10 000 feet or higher, an ordinary supplied-air respirator or SCBA that provides 20.9% oxygen cannot gener-
ate 121-mmHg oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, in cases in which a respirator is required because of oxygen
content of less than 20.9% oxygen, use of a specially designed and approved respirator supplying enriched oxygen
or a rebreather SCBA shall be used. At least 23% oxygen is required at 10 000 feet and 27% at 14 000 feet.
ANSI Z88.2-1992
13
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Copyright American National Standards Inslilute
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ANSI Z88.2-1992
14
- the modification shall not affect the nor- - providing the worker with a loose-fitting
mal fit 01 the device; facepiece, helmet, or. hooded device of suffi-
cient assigned protection factor for the haz-
- the modification should not add signifi- ard;
cant weight, or cause significant imbalance;
- transferring the worker to a job or work
- th~ air flow shall not be restricted; site where respiratory protection is not
required.
- the modified facepiece should be leak
tested on a mannequin head or similar 9.3 Test considerations
device;
9.3.1 Number of respirators
- such modified devices shall only be used
No one size or model of respirator will fit all
for fit testing. .
types of faces. Different sizes and models will
9.1.4 Respirator accommodate more facial types. Therefore,
an appropriate number of sizes and models
A respirator fit test shall be carried out for shall be available from which a satisfactory
each wearer of a tight-fitting respirator at least respirator can be selected.
once every 12 months.
The number of models and sizes necessary to
9.1.5 Repeated testing fulfill the intent of this requirement will vary for
workplaces. For example, in a workplace with
A fit test shall be repeated when a person has four workers, one model and size may fulfill
a condition that may interfere with facepiece the requirement; whereas a workplace with a
sealing, such as a significant change in hundred wearers may require different models
weight (10% or more), significant scarring in in various sizes.
the area of the faceseal, dental changes,
reconstructive or cosmetic surgery, or any 9.3.2 Employee acceptance
other condition that may affect the fit of the' Respirator comfort is an important factor in
facepiece seal. wearer acceptance of .the device. Other fac-
tors that influence wearer acceptance include
9.1.6 Protective equipment
breathing resistance, impairment of vision,
Fit testing shall be done while wearing protec- impairment of communications, and respirator
tive equipment, such as spectacles, goggles, weight. Devices with greater wearer accep-
face shield, or welding helmet, that 'will be tance are likely to be worn more continually
worn during work activities and could interfere and thus provide more protection. Employee
with the fit. The respirator should be config- acceptance of a particular respirator model
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ured in the way that it will be used, i.e., with a within a class shall be considered in selecting
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chin canister or cartridge. a respirator Since this may determine whether
15
or not the respirator is worn properly. If the 10.1 Cleaning and sanitizing
results of the respirator fit test show that the
Respirators issued to an individual shall be
person can obtain an acceptable fit with two
Or more models of the selected class of respi- cleaned and sanitized regularly. Each respira-
tor shall be cleaned and sanitized before
rator, then the person should be permitted to
use the preferred respirator model. being worn by different individuals.
Respirators intended for emergency 'use shall
9.4 Respirator fit test records . be cleaned and sanitized after being used.
(Clause A.4 in annex A provides a suggested
Respirator fit test records shall include the fol-
procedure for cleaning and sanitizing.)
lowing information:
10.2 Inspection
- written standard operating procedures
for the respirator fit testing program includ- The user shall inspect the respirator immedi-
ing pass/fail criteria; ately prior to each use to ensure that it is in
proper working condition. After cleaning and
- type of respirator fit test(s) used, includ-
sanitizing, each respirator shall be inspected
ing the specific fit test protocol;
to determine if it is in proper working condi-
'- type of respirator fit test instrumentation tion, if it needs replacement of parts or
and equipment used; repairs, or if it should be discarded. Each
respirator stored for emergency or rescue use
instrument and equipment calibration,
shall be inspected at least monthly.
maintenance, and repair, where applicable;
Respirator inspection shall include a check for
name or identification of the test operator;
tightness of connections: for the condition of
- specific make, model, and size of the the respiratory inlet covering, head harness,
exact respiratory protective device tested; valves, connecting tubes, harness assem-
blies, hoses, filters, cartridges, canisters, end-
name or identification of the person tested;
of-service-life indicator, electrical compo-
- date of test; nents, and shelf-life date(s): and for the prop-
er function of regulators, alarms, and other
results of respirator fitting tests, including:
warning systems. Each rubber or other elas-
- fit factor based upon quantitative fit tome ric part shall be inspected for pliability
test(s): and signs of deterioration. Each air and oxy-
gen cylinder shall be inspected to ensure that
- success or failure to obtain a satis-
it is fully charged according to the manufac-
factory fit based on qualitative fit test(s):
turer's instructions.
- any special considerations or difficul-
A record of inspection dates shall be kept for
ties in wearing (contact lenses or glasses
each respirator maintained for emergency or
worn, dentures, forehead scars, etc.).
rescue use. Respirators that do not meet
applicable inspection criteria shall be immedi-
ately removed from service and repaired or
replaced. .
10 Maintenance, Inspection, and stor- 10.3 Parts replacement and repair
age Replacement of parts or repairs shall be done
only by persons trained in proper respirator
A program for the maintenance of respirators
maintenance and assembly. Replacement
shall include the following:
parts shall be only those deSignated for the
a) cleaning and sanitizing (10.1); specific respirator repaired. Reducing or
admission valves, regulators, and alarms shall
b) inspection for defects (10.2); be adjusted or repaired by the respirator man-
c) maintenance and repair (10.3); ufacturer or a technician trained by the manu-
facturer. Instrumentation for valve, regulator,
d) storage (10.4);
and alarm adjustments and tests should be
e) assurance of breathing air quality (10.5). calibrated to a standard traceable to the
16
ANSI Z88.2·1992
Table 3 - Periodic air sampling guidance for purchased breathing respirable gas
National Institute of Standards and Technolo- 10.5.2 Special considerations for oxygen.
gy (NIST), at a minimum of every 3 years. systems
10.4 Storage Compressed gaseous air may contain low
concentrations of oil introduced from equip-
Respirators shall be stored in a manner that
ment during processing or normal operation.
will protect them against physical and chemi-
If high-pressure oxygen passes through an
cal agents such as vibration, shocks, sunlight,
oil- or grease-coated orifice, an explosion or
heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture.. or
fire may occur. Therefore, compressed
damaging chemicals. Respirators shall be
gaseous oxygen shall not be used in supplied-
stored to prevent distortion of rubber or other
air respirators or in open-circuit-type self-con-
elastomeric parts. Respirators shall not be
tained breathing apparatus that have previ-
stored in such places as lockers and tool
ously used compressed air. Oxygen concen-
boxes, unless they are protected from con-
trations greater than 23.5% shall be used only
tamination, distortion, and damage. Emer-
in equipment deSigned for oxygen service or
gency and 'rescue use respirators that are
distribution.
placed in work areas shall be quickly accessi-
ble at all times, and the storage cabinet or 10.5.3 Dew point
container in which they are stored shall be
The dew point of air used to recharge self-
clearly marked.
contained breathing apparatus shall
be -65°F or lower (less than 25 ppm water
10.5 Respirable air and oxygen for self-
vapor). The driest air obtainable· (dew point
contained breathing apparatus and sup-
of -100°F or lower) should be used for recharg-
plied air respirators
ing SCBA cylinders to be used in environments
10.5.1 Air quality with ambient temperatures below -25°F.
Compressed gaseous air, compressed 10.5.4 Breathing air from cylinders or air
gaseous oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen compressors
used for respiration shall be of high purity.
Breathing air may be supplied to supplied-air
Compressed gaseous or liquid oxygen shall
respirators from cylinders or air compressors.
meet the requirements Of the United States
Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxy- 10.5.4.1 Cylinders shall be tested and main-
gen. Compressed gaseous air shall meet at tained in accordance with applicable Depart-
least the requirements of the specification for ment of Transportation specifications for ship-
Type I - Grade D breathing air, and liquid air ping containers (Title 49, Code of Federal
shall meet at least the requirements for Regulations, Part 173, and Part 178).5)
Type II - Grade B breathing air as described Specific test recommendations for purchased
in ANSI/CGA G-7.1-1989. breathing air are given in table 3.
17
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Combustion
011 Non-oil engine
Type/sample lubricated lubricated powered
Water vapor X X X
CO X X
Condensed
hydrocarbon X X
CO 2 X
Odor X X X
NOTES
1 When using air compressors, intake location shall be carefully selected and moni-
tored closely to ensure air supplied to the compressor is of adequate quality.
2 No frequency for periodic checks of air quality is specified, due to wide variation in
equipment type, use and working environments, and operating experience.
3 Continuous monitoring of temperature and carbon monoxide are not required.
4 For non-oil lubricated compressors that operate at less than 35 psi, no sampling for
water is required. .
5 These requirements apply to systems designed for breathing air, other air-supply sys-
tems need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis for the type and frequency of testing.
18
ANSI Z88.2-1992
Annex A
o
"
(informative)
Supplemental Information
A.1.1 National Institute for Occupational Respirators approved jointly by NIOSH and
Safety and Health (NIOSH) MSHA under provisions of Title 30 CFR Part 11
are listed in uNIOSH Certified Personal
Title 30, CFR, Part 11 gave jurisdiction for Protective EqUipment." Supplements are is-
joint approval of respirators to the National sued periodically. (See annex C.)
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, and to the Bureau of Mines
(BM), U.S. Department of the Interior.
A.3 Monitoring of respiratory hazards
A.1.2 Mining Enforcement and Safety
Administration (MESA) . The level of exposures of respirator wearers to
respiratory hazards is determined by using
In 1974, a reorganization of the U.S. Depart- instruments to measure the concentrations of
ment of the Interior resulted in the formation air contaminants or oxygen in the breathing
of the Mining Enforcemen.t and Safety zone of the respirator wearers. Adequate air
Administration (MESA), which assumed the sampling and analysis or appropriate calcula-
health and safety activities of the Bureau of tions should be carried out to determine both
Mines (BM), including the respirator testing the time-weighted average (TWA) concentra~
19
Although it is recognized that the concentra- i) Attach filters, cartridges, and canisters
tion of a hazardous substance, which occurs to respiratory inlet coverings;
during an emergency, cannot always be mea-
sured or calculated, every reasonable effort j) Visually inspect and, where possible,
should be made to estimate what this concen- test parts and respirator assemblies for
proper function;
tration would be.
Consideration should be given to the use of a k} Place assembled respirators in appropri-
ate containers for storage.
continuously operating air monitor and alarm
to alert respirator wearers when a high con- Machines may be used to expedite the clean-
centration of a hazardous substance suddenly ing,sanitizing, rinsing, and drying of large
occurs. numbers of respirators. Extreme care shall
be taken to ensure against tumbling, agitation,
or exposure to temperatures above those rec-
A.4 Suggested procedures for cleaning ommended by the manufacturer (normally
and sanitizing respirators 43°C or 11 O°F, maximum), as these condi-
tions are likely to result in damage to the res-
Procedures in addition to the manufacturer's pirators. Ultrasonic cleaners, clothes washing
instructions are as follows: machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers
have been specially adapted and successfully
a) Remove, when necessary, the following
used for cleaning and drying respirators.
components of respiratory inlet covering
assemblies before cleaning and sanitizing: Cleaner sanitizers that effectively clean the
respirator and contain a bactericidal agent are
1) filters, cartridges, canisters;
commercially available. The bactericidal
2) speaking diaphragms; agent frequently used is a quaternary ammo-
nium compound.
3) valve assemblies;
Strong cleaning and sanitizing agents and
4) any components recommended by
many solvents can damage rubber or elas-
the respirator manufacturers;
tomeric respirator parts. These materials
b) Wash respiratory inlet covering assem- must be used with caution.
blies in warm (43°C or 110°F maximum tem-
Alternatively, respirators may be washed in a
perature) cleaner sanitizer solution. A stiff
detergent solution and then sanitized by
bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facili-
immersion in a sanitizing solution. Some san-
tate removal of dirt or other foreign material;
itizing solutions that have proven effective
c) Rinse respiratory inlet covering assem- are: (a) a hypochlorite (bleach) solution (50
blies in clean, warm (43°C or 110°F maxi- parts per million chlorine), 2-minute immer-
mum temperature) water; sion; (b) an aqueous iodine solution (50 parts
per million of iodine), 2-minute immersion; or
d) Drain all water, and air dry the respirato-
(c) a quaternary ammonium solution (200
ry inlet covering assemblies;
parts per million of quaternary ammonium
e) Clean and sanitize all parts removed compounds in water with less than 500 parts
from respiratory inlet covering as recom- ·per million total hardness), 2-minute immer-
mended by the ma~ufacturers; sion.
f) Dry parts. If necessary to remove foreign Diff-erent concentrations of quaternary ammo-
material, hand wipe respiratory inlet cover- nium salts are required to achieve a sanitizing
ing assemblies, all parts, and all gasket- and solution with waters of varying hardness.
valve-sealing surfaces with damp, lint-free Inflammation of the skin of the respirator user
cloth; (dermatitis) may occur if the quaternary
ammonium compounds are not completely
g) Inspect parts and replace any that are
rinsed from the respirator. The hypochlorite
defective;
and iodine solutions are unstable and break
h) Reassemble parts on respiratory inlet down with time; they may cause deterioration
covering assemblies; of rubber or other elastomeric parts and may
20
.......... ',
be corrosive to metallic parts. Immersion The effect of oxygen deficiency on the body is
times should not be extended beyond the the same in either case. It is the quantity or
men.tioned time periods, and the sanitizers partial pressure of oxygen avail.able that is of
shall be thoroughly rinsed from the respirator utmost importance, and not the percent by
parts. volume or atmospheric pressure.
Respirators may become contaminated with As shown in table A.1, the greater the alti-
toxic materials. If the contamination is light, tude, the lower the Pp02 .. People live and
normal cleaning procedures should provide work at high altitudes. They do so with little
satisfactory decontamination; otherwise, sep- or no physiological effect because they are
arate decontamination steps may be required acclimatized. The human body can adapt to
before cleaning. the reduced Pp02 levels by making compen-
sating changes to its respiratory, cardiovascu-
lar, and hematopoietic systems. Complete
acclimatization requires about 4 weeks' resi-
A.5 Oxygen deficiency dence at the ambient Pp02'
·0 Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
78.1
20.9
0.9
593
159
7.1
gerous to life or health
Oxygen deficiency immediately dangerous to
life or health is defined as an oxygen content
NOTE - Small amounts of other gases, such as below 12.5% (95 mmHg Pp02) at sea level or
carbon dioxide, neon, krypton, and helium, are
also present, as is water vapor. Partial pressure an atmospheric pressure less than 450 mmHg
equals the fractional concentration of the gas in (8.6 psi) equivalent to 14 000 ft (4270 m) alti-
question times the total atmospheric pressure. tude.
The percent by volume of these gases does The rationale for this classification is that an
not vary with altitude; however, the partial oxygen content less than 12.5% (or atmo-
pressures decrease with increasing altitude spheric pressure less than 450 mmHg), corre-
because the total pressure decreases. sponds to an oxygen partial pressure of 48
mmHg in the alveoli of the lungs with a carbon
A reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen
dioxide partial pressure of 40 mmHg in the
(Pp02) may result from the following:
alveoli of the lungs. At these conditions, the
- Reduction of the percent by volume of hemoglobin of the alveolar blood is 83% satu-
oxygen~ TlJis situation can result from the - rated with oxygen. When the oxygen content
oxygen being displaced or otherwise re- of the hemoglobin drQPs .below 83% satura-
moved. It is the most common form of oxy- tion, symptoms of oxygen deficiency become
gen-deficiency hazard, warranting extreme evident and adequate respiratorY protection,
care when entering confined spaces; specified in clause 7 of this standard, shall be
provided. .
- Reduced atmospheric pressure. This
situation occurs when the total atmospheric The relationship between oxygen partial pres-
pressure is reduced. The oxygen percent by sure in the lung's alveoli and the correspond-
vOlume may remain at 20.9%, but the Pp02 ing percent saturation of hemoglobin is given
o will be lower than normal. in figure A.1. At higher alveolar oxygen par-
21
!~~
o ro :I:
Q§~.
~c.
I\)
roroZ
~c.!!l. I\) »z
~[[
<oro",
en
~ ~~ N
~~a.
(XI
(XI
~(I)(II
Table A.1 - Oxygen-deficient conditions, effects, and requirements N
~-i I
100
90
80
.-
c
.0
-0
C)
0
70
60
E-
C1)~
.ci 50
O~
CCl)
() .-1ii0 8 40
a- 30
:J
1ii
U) 20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Partial pressure of oxygen In alveoli
(mm Hg)
Figure A.1 - Oxygen dissociation curve
23
tial pressures (60-100 mmHg range), only high altitudes. increasing the oxygen content
slight changes are evident in the hemoglobin of the air supplied to the respirator, as shown
oxygen saturation. However, as the alveoli in table A.1 is necessary to provide sufficient
oxygen pressure continues to fall (from 60 oxygen. Consideration should also be given to
down to 30 mmHg), a much larger change breathing tubes, which may be included in the
occurs in the blood oxygen level. This rapid dead volume, unless the facepiece is
rate of change then can present an unforgiv- equipped with an inhalation check valve.
ing situation to an unprotected worker where
debilitating phYSiological symptoms can
appear suddenly, without warning, after only
relatively small changes in ambient oxygen A.6 Recommended procedure for fit
levels. checking
A.5.3 Considerations for reduced oxygen A check shall be conducted by the wearer each
levels time the respirator is donned or adjusted to
determine if the respirator is properly seated to
With full facepiece respirators. either air puri-
the face by following the procedures recom-
fying or supplied air. the volume inside the
mended by the manufacturer or by any of the
facepiece can affect the oxygen content
checks described in A.6.1-A.6.3:
breathed by the wearer when these respira-
tors are used in reduced oxygen atmo- A.6.1 Negative-pressure fit check
spheres.
A negative air-pressure respirator fit check
When someone breathes in normal air at 21% can be used on air-purifying and atmosphere-
oxygen, part of the oxygen is absorbed to be supplying respirators equipped with tight-fit-
used by the body. On exhalation, the breath ting facepieces.
will at first consist of this same air. since there This test may be difficult or impossible to
is little oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange at the
carry out on valveless respirators. The inlet
top of the lung. As a person continues to
opening of the respirator's facepiece canis-
exhale, and more carbon dioxide is released, ter(s). cartridge(s), or filter(s) is closed off by
the last portion of the breath may contain 5%
covering with the palm of the hand(s), by
carbon dioxide and 16% oxygen. replacing the inlet seal on a canister(s), or by
When a worker wears a respirator, a portion squeezi:1g a breathing tube or blocking its
of the worker's exhaled breath remains in the inlet so that it will not allow the passage of air.
respirator. Thus. on inhalation. the percent- Then, the wearer inhales gently and holds
age of oxygen inhaled is reduced by the his/her breath. If a facepiece collapses slight-
amount of carbon dioxide that is rebreathed. ly and no inward leakage of air into the face-
When respirators are used in oxygen-deficient piece is detected, it can be reasonably
environments, the effect of rebreathing the assured that the fit of the respirator to the
exhaled air in the facepiece can be significant wearer is satisfactory.
since it will lead to further reductions in oxy- A.6.2 Positive-pressure fit check
gen content.
A positive air-pressure fit check can be used
For ne.gative-pressure air-purifying respira- on respirators equipped with tight-fitting respi-
tors, reducing the volume of the facepiece by ratory-inlet coverings that contain both inhala-
using a respirator designed with a small mask tion and exhalation valves. T.his .test may be
volume or by using a nose cup will lessen this difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless
effect. For supplied-air respirators, the effect respirators. The exhalation valve or breathing
is significant only with demand- and pressure- tube. or both, is closed off and then the wear-
demand-type respirators (not continuous flow) er exhales gently. The fit of a respirator
and only when reduced atmospheric pressure equipped with a facepiece is considered to be
is the cause of the reduced oxygen content. satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can
Reducing the volume of the facepiece through be built up inside the facepiece without the
the use of a nose cup or using continuous detection of any outward leakage of air
flow respirators may lessen this effect. At between the sealing surface of the facepiece
24
.
..., , . .... ...... .. . , .
" ,..".
Copyright American National Standards Institute Sold to:PUBLlC.RESOURCE.ORG. W1218138
Provided by lHS under license with ANSI 201211/921:16:35 GMT
No reproduction or networking permUted without license from IHS
------_._---- - - -
ANSI Z88.2·1992
and the respirator wearer's face. For some A.7.1.5 sensitizers: Substances that cause
respirators, this test method requires that the a formation of antibodies that can lead to an
respirator wearer first remove an exhalation increased probability of asthmatic-like reac-
cover from the respirator and then replace it tions (for example, isocyanates, epoxy resin
after completion of the test. These tasks systems).
often are difficult to carry out without disturb-
ing the fit of the respirator to the wearer. A.7.1.6 systemic poisons: Substances that
damage organs and systems in the body (for
A.6.3 Irritant or odorous test agent example, mercury (nervous system and kid-
ney). phosphorus (bone), hydrogen sulfide
The person wearing the respirator is exposed
(respiratory paralysis), and arsine (red b'lood
to an irritant smoke, isoamyl acetate vapor,
cells and liver)).
saccharin mist, or other suitable test agent
easily detected by irritation, taste, or odor (an A.7.1.7 reproductive toxins: Chemicals
air-purifying respirator must be equipped with that affect the reproductive capabilities includ-
the appropriate air-purifying element). If the ing chromosomal damage (mutation), and that
respirator wearer is unable to detect the pene- affect fetuses (teratogens) (for example,
tration of the test agent into the respirator, it Dichlorobutene) .
can be reasonably assured that the seal of
the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. A.7.1.B carcinogens: Substances that pro-
duce cancer in some individuals after a latent
WARNING: Care must be taken in conducting period (tor example, vinyl chloride, benzene).
negative- or positive-pressure fit checks.
Thorough training in carrying out these tests A.7.2 Particulate contaminants (dust,
should be given to respirator wearers. fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray)
NOTE -, Fit checks are not substitutes for qualita-
tive or quantitative fil tests. A.7.2.1 nuisance dusts: Contaminants that
may cause discomfort and minor irritation; but
generally without injury at reasonable concen-
trations (for example, marble, gypsum).
A.7 Classification of respiratory haz- A.7.2.2 pulmonary fibrous prOducing:
ards according to their biological effect Contaminants that produce modulation and
fibrosis in the lung, possibly leading to compli-
A.7.1 Gas and vapor contaminants cations (for example, crystalline silica, asbes-
A.7.1.1 simple asphyxiants: Physiolo- tos).
gically inert substances that dilute oxygen in A.7.2.3 reproductive toxins: Chemicals·
the air (for example, nitrogen, hydrogen, heli- that affect the reproductive capabilities includ-
um, methane). ing chromosomal damage (mutation) and that
A.7.1.2 chemical asphyxiants: Low con- affect fetuses (teratogens) (for example, lead).
centrations that interfere with supply or utiliza· A.7.2.4 carcinogens: Contaminants that
tion of oxygen in the body (for example, carbon produce cancer in some individuals after latent
monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, and period (for example, asbestos, chromates,
nitriles) . radioactive particulates).
A.7.1.3 Irritants: Corrosive in action. May
A.7.2.5 chemical Irritants: Contaminants
cause irritation and inflammation of parts of the
that produce irritation, inflammation, and ulcer-
respiratory system (also skin and eyes) and
ation in upper respiratQry tract (for example,
pulmonary edema (for example, ammonia,
acidic mists, alkalies).
hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, SUlfur diox-
ide, chlorine, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, phos- A.7.2.6 systemic poisons: Contaminants
gene, and arsenic trichloride). that damage organs and systems in the body
(for example, lead, manganese, cadmium).
A.7.1.4 anesthetics: Substances that
cause loss of feeling and sensation with uncon- A.7.2.7 sensitizers: Contaminants that
sciousness and death possible (for example, cause a formation of antibodies that can lead
nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, and ethers). to an increased probability of asthmatic-like
25
reactions (for example, pollens, spices, ani- A.8.5 organometallic: Compounds in which
mal fur, epoxy resin systems). metals are chemically bonded to organic
. A.7.2.8 febrile reaction producing: Con- groups (for example, tetraethyllead.)
taminants that produce chills followed by fever
(for example, fumes of zinc and copper). A.S.6 radlonuclldes: These are materials
that undergo a spontaneous transf.ormation,
A.7.3 Combinations of gas, vapor, and par- called decay, during which radiation is emitted
ticulate contaminants and a new nuclide, called a daughter (or decay
product) is formed. The radiations are of spe-
Combinations of contaminants may occur
cific type(s) and energy or energy distribution
simultaneously in the atmosphere. When they
do, synergistic effects (joint action of two or for each species of radionuclide.
more agents that results in an effect that is
A.S.7 aerosol contaminants: Aerosols are
greater than the sum of their individual
produced by mechanical means by disintegra-
effects) may occur. Such effects may require
tion processes such as grinding, crushing,
extraordinary protective measures.
drilling, blasting, and spraying; by reactions
such as combustion, or by condensation. Can
be composed of the types of materials listed
above ..
26·
ANSI Z88.2-1992
1} Stored oxygen systems supply oxy- flow to the wearer. Exhaled air passes to the
gen compressed in cylinders or carried ambient atmosphere through a valve(s} or
as a liquid (cryogenic). Oxygen is admit- opening(s} in the enclosure (facepiece, hel-
ted to a breathing bag either as a contin- met, hood, or suit). Up to 300 feet (91
uous flow or controlled by a regulator meters) of hose length is permissible, de-
governed by the pressure or degree of pending upon the certification. Hose supplied
inflation of the bag. The wearer inhales by the manufacturer and recommended oper-
from the bag and exhales into it. Exhaled ating pressures and hose lengths shall be
breath is scrubbed~of carbon dioxide by a used.
chemical bed, usually a caustic such as
sodium hydroxide. a) Continuous-flow class (positive pres-
sure). Equipped with a loose-fitting face-
2) Oxygen-generating systems utilize piece, tight-fitting facepiece, hood, or
suitable solid chemicals to supply need- helmet. At least 115 liters (4 cubic feet)
ed oxygen. Water vapor in the exhaled of air per minute for tight fitting face-
breath reacts with a chemical in the can- pieces and 170 liters (6 cubic feet) of air
ister that releases oxygen. Carbon diox- per minute for loose-fitting facepieces ..
ide is scrubbed from the exhaled breath helmets, and hoods is required;
by a chemical in the canister.
b) Demand type (negative pressure).
b) Open-circuitSCBA. In this type, breath- Equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece
ing gas is exhaled to the surrounding envi-
only. The demand valve permits flow of
ronment after use rather than recirculated. air only during inhalation;
The equipment is simpler and cheaper than
the closed-circuit apparatus. Typical dura- c) Pressure-demand type (positive
tion of use is 30 minutes to 1 hour. Breathing pressure). Equipped with a tight-fitting
gas is usually compressed air, but systems facepiece only. A positive pressure is
that use compressed oxygen or cryogenic air normally maintained in the facepiece. Air
() have been developed. It is available in both
negative-pressure and positive-pressure
(pressure-demand) configurations. Be-
flows when pressure inside the facepiece
is reduced because of leakage or inhala-
tion.
cause of ~the increased protection provided
by positive-pressure open-circuit SGBA, A.9.1.3 Com.blnatlon-type airline respira-
these are recommended over negative-pres- tors with self-contained air supply
sure systems.
These types of respiratory devices combine
c} Escape SCBA. SCBA designed for the capabilities of a supplied-air respirator
escape are similar to the types described and self-contained breathing apparatus into a
above, except the use duration tends to be single device.
shorter, typically 5,7, or 10 minutes. When
certified for escape only, the respirators may Such combination devices are certified by
not be used to enter a hazardous atmo- NIOSH in accordance with the requirements
sphere. Since these SCBA are certified for for self-contained breathing apparatus and
escape only, ass'igned protection factors may be used for:
were not est.ablished for this category of res- - Situations requiring extended work peri-
pirator. ~
ods where the self-contained air supply
alone does not provide sufficient time. In
A.9.1.2 Airline respirators this situation, the wearer may connect to an
Respirable air is supplied through a hose from airline to afford additional service time;
a compressor or compressed air cylinder(s}. - situations requiring the use of a self-con-
The hose is attached to the wearer by a belt tained breathing apparatus only.
or other suitable means and can be detached
rapidly in an emergency. A flow-control valve These combination devices are g'enerally
or orifice is provided to govern the rate of air divided into the following two groups:
27
Combination-type supplied-air respira- This standard does not address the respirato-
tors equipped with a self-contained air ry protection program necessary to ensure
supply having a rated service life of 15 safety with the use of suits.
minutes or more. These may be used to
enter an I DLH atmosphere breathing A.9.2 Alr-purlfyingrespirators
from the self-contained air supply, provid-
ed that not more than 20 percent of the Ambient air is passed through an air-purify-
rated self-contained air supply is used dur- ing element, which removes aerosols,
ing entry; vapors, gase's, or a combination of these
contaminants. In negative-pressure type,
- Combination-type supplied-air respira- breathing draws air through the air-purifying
tors equipped with a self-contained air eleme nt. The negative-pressure type is
supply having a rated service life of less equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece. The
than 15 minutes. These may be used to powered type contains a blower, stationary
enter an IDlH atmosphere only if connect- or carried by the wearer, which passes ambi-
ed to the supplied air source. The self- ent air through an air-purifying element and
contained air supply in this case is only to then supplies purified air to the respiratory
be used for egress purposes. inlet covering. The powered type is
equipped with a tight- or loose-fitting face-
Users shall always carefully read and under- piece, helmet, hood, or suit.
stand the requirements and limitations
detailed on the device's NIOSH certification A.9.2.1 Vapor- and gas-removing respira-
labe/. tors
These respirators are equipped with car-
A.9.1.4 Suits '
tridge(s) or canister(s) to remove a single
Suits are a class of respirator that includes vapor or gas (for example, chlorine gas), a
both skin and inhalation protection in the single class of vapors or gases (for example,
same unit. Respirable air is supplied through organic vapors), or a combination of two or
airlines and is self-contained or powered-air more classes of vapors or gases (for example,
purifiers. This class does not include chemical organic vapors and acid gases) from air.
protective clothing that is used with respirato-
ry protection such as fully encapsulating gar- A.9.2.2 Aerosol-removing respirators
ments commonly used with SCBA's in haz-
These respirators are equipped with filter(s) to
ardous material sites.
remove a single type of aerosol (for example,
dust) or a combination of two or more types
At this time, there is no NIOSH approval
(for example, dust and fume) from air. The fil-
schedule for supplied air suits. The
ter may be a replaceable part or a permanent
Department of Energy (DOE) has a testing
part of the respirator.
and acceptance schedu Ie described in
"Acceptance-Testing Procedures for Air-Line A.9.2.3 Combination aerosol- and vapor-
Supplied-Air Suits," LD-10156-MS, June 1984. and gas-removing respirators
The approval system functions only for the
DOE, who grants permission for use of the These respirators are equipped with car-
suit to a contractor after certain conditions tridge(s) or canister(s) to remove aerosol,
have been satisfied. A series of tests are per- vapors, and gases from air. The filter may be
formed on the suit, but in addition, the proce- a permanent or a replaceable part of the car-
dures for use of the suit in the workplace are tridge.,
reviewed, as well as actual observations of
A.9.2.4 Combination atmosphere-supply-
these procedures. The permission that is
Ing and air-purifying respirators
granted is for use of the suit by the contractor
at specified locations under the approved pro- . These respirators can be used in either an
cedures. This differs from the NIOSH certifi- atmosphere-supplying or air-purifying mode.
cation, which in effect, can only state that the The air-purifying element provides protection
device meets defined test criteria. while the air supply is not used.
28
29
odor, taste, or irritation at a concentration in Such general considerations include (.in addi-
air at no greater than the exposure Iimit(s)), tion to moisture content requirements for air in
requires an end-of-service-life indicator or a the standard):
determination of sorbent life. It is recommend-
ed that a cartridge replacement schedule be - the checking of all connections that may
used instead of relying on warning properties . be affected when exposed to low tempera-
tures;
for the determination ot the end-ot-service life.
- the proper storage of elastomeric com-
A.10.2.2 Aerosol-removing respirators
ponents such as facepieces and breathing
Protection against aerosols only. No protec- tubes that may be prone to distortion if
tion against gases and vapors. improperly stored in cold weather (such dis-
torted components as face pieces could pre-
A.10.2.3 Combination particulate- and va-
vent the user from attaining an adequate fit);
por- and gas-removing respirators
- the availability of accessories and other
The advantages and disadvantages of the
components that are specially designed to
component sections ot the combination respi-
withstand cold temperatures. This includes
rator as described above apply.
special elastomeric gaskets and diaphragms
A.10.2.4 Combination atmosphere-supply- that are deSigned to retain their elasticity at
Ing and air-purifying respirators low temperatures.
The advantages and disadvantages, ex- At very low atmospheric temperatures, the
pressed in A.10.1 and A.10.2 of the mode of valves of a respirator may freeze open or
operation being used will govern. closed due to the presence of moisture.
Some supplied-air respirators are approved
with a device called a vortex tube to warm the
A.11 Low-temperature environments
air supplied to the respiratory inlet covering of
the respirator.
A low-temperature environment may cause fog-
ging of the lens in a respiratory inlet covering
and freezing or improper sealing of the valves.
Coating the inside surface of the lens may A.12 High-temperature environments
inhibit fogging at low atmospheric temperatures
approaching O°C (32°F). Full facepieces are A person working in an atmosphere having a
available with nose cups that direct the warm high temperature is under stress. Wearing a
and moist exhaled air through the exhalation respirator in such an environment creates addi-
valve without contacting the lens. Facepieces tional stress on the person. The additional
with nose cups may provide satisfactory vision stress should be minimized by using a light-
at temperatures as low as -32°C (-25°F). weight respirator, offering a low resistance to
breathing and minimal dead-air space.
It is important to note that selt-contained
breathing apparatus equipped with a full face- Dead-air volume is the volume of previously
piece and certified for use below 32°F shall exhaled air remaining in a respiratory inlet
be equipped with a nose cup or other suitable covering that is available to be inhaled.
accessory or coating to maintain the device's Reducing the amount ot dead-air volume in a
NIOSH certification- when used in environ- respirator reduces the level of carbon dioxide
ments below 32°F. (C0 2 ) in the inhaled air, which is a major
source of respirator-usage-related stress.
Additionally, there are several other important This can be accomplished through the use of
considerations that users shall be aware of powered air-purifying respirators, continuous-
when using SCBA in a low-temperature envi-
flow supplied-air respirators, use of a half-
ronment. Users should thoroughly review the facepiece respirator in lieu of a full facepiece,
manufacturer's instructions and, if necessary, or use of a nose cup in full-facepiece devices
consult with the manufacturer to become thor-
(regardless of the mode of operation).
oughly familiar with the precautions and rec-
ommendations of using a specific SCBA in A supplied-air respirator is recommended for
cold-weather conditions. use in a high-temperature environment.
30
ANSI Z88.2-1992
Supplied-air respirators approved with a vor- 3) Not all facepiece respirators are
tex tube will substantially reduce the tempera- available with speaking diaphragms.
ture of the air supplied to the respirator. If Check with the equipment manufacturer
air-purifying respirators are to be used, a half- for availability;
facepiece respirator, where it offers adequate
protection, is preferable to the full facepiece. b) Built-in microphones: Some respirator
manufacturers make available small micro-
Elastomeric components of respirators stored phones that are mounted Inside, or connect-
in high-temperature environments may deteri- ed to, the respiratory inlet covering. The
orate at an accelerated rate and the facepiece microphone may be connected to a radiO,
may become permanently distorted. Special telephone, loudspeaker, or other means of
care shall be used to prevent face piece distor- electronic transmittal. Two considerations
tion. Inspection frequency should be estab- are:
lished considering the effects of high tempera-
tures. 1) Any component that is attached to or
through the respiratory inlet covering
may affect its function. In cases in which
components are provided by the manu-
A.13 Verbal communications facturer, strict adherence to the installa-
tion instructions and -leak test procedures
Verbal communications In a noisy industrial is necessary to ensure that the airtight
environment can be difficult. It is important to integrity is maintained;
ensure that respirator wearers can comfortably 2) Voice-actuated-type communication
communicate when necessary, because a systems may cause continuous -sound
worker who is speaking very loudly or yelling pickup of the blower when used with
may cause a fac.epiece seal leak, and the work- powered air-purifying respirators, or air
er may be tempted to temporarily dislodge the flow noise when used with supplied-air
device to communicate. Both situations are devices;
undesirable.
c) Hand or coded signals: A predetermined
There are several options that may be em-
set of signals may be useful in communl9at-
ployed to aid communications when wearing ing;
respirators:
d) Cranial, throat, or ear microphones:
a) Speaking diaphragms: A speaking
diaphragm consists of a resonating surface Cranial and throat microphones are held in
and cavity that vibrates during speech, place with a harness against the wearer's
head or larynx, respectively. Ear micro-
thereby amplifying the wearer's voice out-
side of the respirator. phones are worn in the same manner as a
transistor radio earphone and function as
Several points must be considered when both a microphone and speaker. Use of
using speaking diaphragms: these devices does not require making pen-
1) They are key components in main- etrations or attachments to the respirator,
taining the airtight integrity of the face- and does not impact the N IOSH certification
piece requiring care when Installing and status. They may be used with radiOS, tele-
handling; . phones, loudsp,eakers, or other means of
electronic transmittal, similar to facepiece
2) Use of a respirator having a speaking microphones;
diaphragm during welding, cutting, burn-
ing, or grinding operations is of special Considerations when using these devices
are:
concern, as flying sparks may burn a
hole in the diaphragm, thereby creating a . 1) Cranial microphones shall never
leak. Some manufacturers have com- be placed under the head harness of
pensated for these applications by pro- facepiece respirators since their dis-
viding shrouds to cover the diaphragm or lodgement may loosen .the respirator
31
2) When c_onnecting wires are passed tive is to hold the handset or microphone to
underneath the bibs or neck seals of the wearer's throat while speaking;
supplied-air hoods or helmets. they shall
f) Safety considerations: Electronic de-
be attached to the worker's body to avoid
vices shall be selected and used with cau-
disturbing the bib positioning;
tion in explosive atmospheres. Ensure that -
e) Use of telephone handsets: Since a per- a/l such devices comply with requirements
son exhales while speaking. the exhalation for permissibility and intrinsic safety. The
valve in a facepiece respirator is partially effect of radio frequency emissions should
open. This is a perfect location to place a be considered when utilizing such devices in
handset or hand-held microphone to obtain the vicinity of sensitive electronic equip-
the clearest voice transmission. An a/terna- ment.
32
ANSI Z88.2·1992
Annex B
(informative)
In revising this standard, the committee had to project and field evaluation effort are needed
use the best judgment of the members to to answer these questions. .
answer some of the questions posed in rewrit-
Certification tests for both filter and adsorbent
ing this standard. To rely less on judgment. cartridges and canisters have not been
further research is needed in several areas. revised since 1972, and many of the current
These include performance of respirators tests do not reflect realistic workplace use
under use conditions, standard methods for. conditions. New test methods need to be
cartridge performance determinations, effect developed and validated, which address filter
of facial hair on the performance of supplied-
efficiency as a function of particle size. vapor
air respirators, the monitoring of carbon adsorption capacity. realistic temperature
monoxide in breathing air, and the critical oxy-
extremes. and relative humidity, as well a·s
gen concentration at which a supplied-air res-
variable work rates. The need to develop con-
pirator is needed. ·sistant guidance for cartridge change sched-
Methods of assigning respirator protection fac- ules' based on workplace performance must
tors need to be studied, and appropriate also be addressed.
experiments performed by several indepen- The current standard does not permit any
dent investigators to generate the data need- facial hair in the sealing surface of any tight-
ed to calculate a table of assigned protection fitting respirator. However. insufficient infor-
factors (APFs). The APFs in this table need mation is available to determine if supplied-air
to be internally consistent. New styles of res- respirators can be used by bearded people in
33
Annex C
(informative)
BI bl iography
ANSI 287.1-1989 (and its supplement, ANSI Z87.1 a-1991), Practice for occupational and educa-
tional eye and face protection
ANSI 288.3-1983, Respiratory protection - Protection during fumigation
ANSI Z88.5-1981, Practices for ,respiratory protection for the fire service
ANSI 288.7, Identification of air-purifying respirator canisters and cartridges 6)
NIOSH certified personal protective equipment, Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 11 8)
N UREG 0041, October 1976, Manual of respiratory protection against airborne radioactive materials 9)
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part 1910, General industry safety and health standards 10)
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 30, Part 18, Chapter 1, Subchapter 0, Electric motor-driven
mine equipment and accessories 10)
Information Circular 8559, Respirators approved by the Bureau of Mines as of May 24, 1972 11 )
Monograph on respiratory protection (1986) 12)
Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices (published annually) 13)
Clayton, G. D., and Clayton, F. E. (Editors), Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volumes I-III,
revised edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY; 1981-1985
Comroe, J. H., Physiology of Respiration, Yearbook Medical Publishers, Inc., 1965
6) This ,standard is currently under development. Contact the secretariat for more recent information.
7) Available from the N~tional Fire Protection Association, P.O. Box 9101, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA
02269-9101.
8) Available from Publications Dissemination, DSDTT, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
9) Available from U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
10) Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402.
11) Available from the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
12) Available from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 345 White Pond Drive, Akron, OH 44320.
13) Available from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Ave., Bldg.
D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438.
34
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