Unit Twenty-One Exercise I. Pronounce the following words: involve [involv] gene [43i:n] undergo [ands'gou] bacteria [beek'tiria] exciting [ik’saitin] yeast [‘ji:st] range|reinds] protein [‘prouti:n] heredity [hi'rediti] enzyme|‘enz(a)im] drug [‘drag] manufacture [maenju'faektfa] alter ['>:lta] diversity [dai'va:siti] environment [in'vaisrznmant] amazing [2'meizin] Exercise II. Pronounce the following word combinations: exciting discoveries fik’saitin dis'kavariz] chemistry of heredity [‘kemistri av hi'rediti] molecular biologist [mo(u)'lekju:labai’slodsist] useful proteins ['ju:sful ‘prouti:nz] biotechnological methods [ baistekna'lodsikl 'meGadz] plant tissue ['pla:nt_'tisju:] trace elements ['treis ‘elimants] Text BIOCHEMISTRY Animal and plant life contains a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds. Biochemistry is the study of compounds involved in biological processes and the changes they undergo during life processes. The field of biochemistry is one of the frontiers of science. Many exciting discoveries are being made by biochemists, Such discoveries range from the establishment of a theory to the development of drugs and vaccines to cure diseases. Biochemists and molecular biologists have developed methods to alter the genes of bacteria and yeasts so that they can be used to manufacture useful proteins. These methods are the basis for the new field of biochemistry. The list of products being manufactured or considered for manufacture by biotechnological methods includes insulin, interferon (used to treat infections and inhibit tumour growth), the enzyme urokinase (used to dissolve blood clots), rennin (used in cheese making), and cellulase (used to make sugar from cellulose). It would be impossible for humans to manufacture these compounds without modern methods of biotechnology. Living organisms are an enormously complex mixture of various kinds of chemical compounds that act in concert to maintain life. Considering the great diversity of plants and animals, it is amazing that many of the same chemical compounds and chemical processes are shared by all life forms. Most biochemical compounds are organic. Combined hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and igen make up about 99% of the atoms of living organisms. Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, ‘osphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, and sulphur in the form of ions and in compounds make up 255most of the remaining 1%. Many other elements are present is small amounts as trace elements that are essential to life processes. Biochemistry derives most of its knowledge from observations that are made by the chemical and physico-chemical analysis of the constituents of the various organic structures of plant and animal tissues or of constituents that once were present as a part of tissues. The knowledge that is gained by observations on each differentiated tissue must ultimately be interrelated with the reactions of the organism as a whole, The organism in turn can never be separated from its environment. The environment of an organism is very complex. It is formed by all the conditions with which the organism must cope. All biological data must necessarily be obtained under various conditions of environ- ment. Considerable variability is shown even by individuals of the same species. For this reason normal values are obtained only when an organism and its environment are in approximate adaptation or harmony. VOCABULARY, COMPREHENSION AND SUMMARY WRITING Exercise II. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text. 1. What does biochemistry study? 2. What methods have biochemists and molecular biolo- gists developed? 3. What does the list of products manufactured or considered for manufacture by biotechnological methods include? 4. What are living organisms? 5, Are most biochemical com- pounds organic? 6. Where does biochemistry derive most of its knowledge from? 7. What can the organism be never separated from? 8. What is the environment of an organism formed by? Exercise IV. Choose definitions to the following terms: element, analysis, enzyme, cellulose, protein. ~The decomposition of a compound into simpler substances. — A substance consisting only of atoms having the same atomic number — A protein molecule that has the ability (usually very pronounced and very specific) to catalyse a particular biologically important reaction. ~ A very high molecular weight polymer of glucose, containing a type of linkage not easily split by hydrolysis. ~ A type of molecule, vital to life, which consists of a long chain of amino acids connected to one another by amide linkage. Exercise V. Give definitions of the following words: heredity, biotechnology, environment, Exercise VI. Choose pairs of synonyms from the following list: foundation, various, to gain, each, entire, to manufacture, environment, quantity, complicated, whole, surroundings, different, to watch, every, 10 change, to alter, to produce, enormous, complex, basis, to observe, amount. Exercise VII. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. 1. Animal and plant life contains a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds (various). 2. Biochemistry is the study of compounds involved in biological processes (investigation). 3. The field of biochemistry is one of the frontiers of science (borderlines). 4. Many marvellous discoveries are being made by biochemists (wonderful). 5, Biochemical methods are the basis for the new field of biotechnology (foundation), 256Exercise VIII. Write a list of keywords related to biochemistry. Exercise IX. Divide the text into sense parts. Write its plan. Exercise X. Find topic sentences supporting the main idea of each sense part: a) sentences with factual information on biochemistry as one of the frontiers of science; 'b) sentences with factual information about harmony of organism and its environment. Exercise XI. What information would you include in your summary of the text «Biochemistry»? Justify your choice. — properties of organic and inorganic compounds; ~ discoveries made by biochemists; — biotechnological methods of product manufacture; — list of biotechnological products; — properties of urokinase; — interaction of the organism and its environment, — biochemistry and life. Exercise XII. Compress the information contained in the text and render it in three sentences. The commonly accepted theory of enzyme behaviour is the /ock-and-key theory. According to this theory, the enzyme has a definite three-dimensional structure arranged in a way that allows the substrate molecule to fit into the structure. Only a specific kind of substrate can fit into a given enzyme. Once the enzyme and substrate form an aggregate, the substrate is exposed for the reaction, Recall that a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction. Enzymes allow metabolic reactions to readily occur at body temperatures. Without enzymes these reactions would not occur fast enough to maintain life processes. After an enzyme-catalysed reaction occurs, the product moves away from the enzyme, leaving it unchanged and available to catalyse the reaction of another substrate molecule. Exercise XIII. What facts described in the initial text have you omitted in its compressed modification? Exercise XIV. Rewrite the paragraph in one sentence using the following word combinations: to discuss. a problem, in particular, as well as. ‘The numerous chemical reactions that occur in the body are referred to collectively as metabolism. Metabolic reactions include digestion and the reactions in which certain food molecules are utilised by the body for energy. Other metabolic reactions involve the breakdown of body cells and the formation of new cells. Almost all of the thousands of metabolic reactions occurring in our bodies require specific biological catalysts. These catalysts are synthesised by the body. A biological catalyst is called an enzyme. Exercise XV. Contrast the following sentences using the following contrastive means: the difference is .., in contrast to... as compared to, while. 1, Fats are solid. Oils are liquid. 2. Starch consists of glucose molecules bonded to form polymer molecules. Cellulose consists of b-glucose molecules bonded to form polymer molecules. 3. Proteins are polymers made up to amino acid monomers. Lipids are esters of glycerol and carboxylic acids. 257Exercise XVI. What field of chemistry can be described by the following keywords: liquefy / solidify, _ solid / solution, dissolve / harden, solvent / solute, associate / dissociate, soluble / insoluble, olubility / insolubility, dilute / concentrated. Exercise XVII. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. The following phrases may be helpfitl That's right. Exactly. Absolutely. I fully agree with you. That's wrong. Quite the contrary. Idon'’t think so. 1. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2. Glucose combined in cellulose, starch, and sugars or as the free monosaccharide is undoubtedly the most rare organic compound in nature. 3. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is found in plants. 4. The difference between fats and oils is that fats are solid, while oils are liquid at room temperature. 5. The fat molecule is a complex ester consisting of three molecules of glycerol and one molecule of fatty acids, 6, Nucleic acids have very low molecular weights. 7. Since all the tissues of the animal organism contain nitrogen in the form of proteins, it is obvious, that life without nitrogen is not possible. Exercise XVIII. Develop the following statements. 1. Carbohydrates or sugars are produced by green plants during ... 2. Carbohydrates occur in a variety of sizes, ranging from simple sugars called ... to polymer molecules called polysaccharides. 3, ... is a polysaccharide that occurs in the seeds and roots of many plants. 4. The structural material of plants is made up by ... 5, Those biochemical compounds that can be extracted from crushed cells by organic solvents arecalled ... 6. The esters of glycerol are called ... or... 7. Polymers made up of amino acid monomer are called ... 8. Compounds involving two or more amino acids linked by amide linkages are called 9. The numerous chemical reactions that occur in the body are referred to collectively as ... 10. The chromosomes of the cell nucleus contain ... that serve as carriers of hereditary information. Exercise XIX. Translate the following sentences into English: 1, Ocraniim 4acom Gararo yearH npumissioTs BHBYEHETO CTpykTYPH MakpoMosleKys1 Ta immmux Gionoriumo akTHBHHX OMNI. 2, 3uauumx ycnixis jocarayro B jlocmiypkenni ximiHuxX Bnactumoctelt Oistkis Ta HY KueiHOBNX KHCIOT, WO BULITpaloTs BAXKAMBY ponb y KUTT KAITHAH. 3, BioxiMia HYKACIHOBUX KUCOT POSBHBACTECA 3 TMBOBWAHO! LBUAKICTIO. 4, Li uynoni Giononimepn Cesnocepesmbo 38'ssani 3 -KuTTERisMbHiCTIO opraitisMin — 1x posBurkoM Ta perysiaie1o pywxuil. 5, Hykzelosi KucnoTH Gyan nigxpuri ©. Mimepom (1844—1895), Koro BpaxkaloTb «byxfatopom Teopii KniuAHoro supa. 6. Bueui ssaxkarorb, Ufo ichye creianbunit MoneKysspsiii Mexanis, suit BiymoBizae 3a naxormuenna incopManiii mporsarom ycboro 2kETTs opraHi3My. 7. Ue apmue picrano wasy «Monexysiapua rpasiposkay aGo «MoneKysapunit cnin y nam’ stim. 258WORD-BUILDING Exercise XX. Translate the abstracts, use abbreviated forms of the italicised words. ONPOMIHIOBAHHA HK TA EH3HMHUM CHHTE3 PHK Y nmpoueci rama- ra yabrpadionerosoro onpomimosanaa [HK jocaipxysam en3sumauit cues PHK. Kiaexicme cuntesopanoro PHK Gys10 écmanoaaexo nicna onpomimonanis. Bu- Miprosaauca KisbKicTh Ta foBxKUHa JamWworis PHK. Byzo suaiijeno KinbKicTs inaHOK 3B’s3y- sania PHK — nomimepasi. PesysbraTa excnepumenmia03B0190T 3pOOHTH BUCHOBOK, 1X0 padiayia MpH3BORHT. NO 3HIDKeHHA akTHBHOCTi cuHTesy PHK BHacniyox yrBopenHa cnenH- ismoro an’saKy B MomeKyni THK. JMMIASA. OMEPKAHHA TA OUMCTKA Jlinasa exerparyerbes 3 pisimx Tkanm y K cboctbaruomy Gycbepi, Knit wicrars Na neoK- cuXomaT, 3 MOMATbINIM OUMUeHHAM MeTOJOM KONOHKOBO! xpomamoepagiil. Y wbomy npoueci nocaraerica 500-xpaiia ouerka sinasH, OunueHi eHSHM Mac MoaeKyaapHy eazy Gimue, six 3x10 Owmmenmit enamm karanisye 2idpoais rnineponosux ectepin >%xKMpHIX KHCHOT. Gerrosamint ramaye aidpoais ectepin sanqaKn eeauxiti moaexyaapnill aaai xinasH. GRAMMAR STRUCTURE The Infinitive in Scientific English Exercise XXI. Change the following sentences according to the model. Model: It is believed that nature uses carbon dioxide as its primary carbon source. — Nature is believed to use carbon dioxide as its primary carbon source. 1. It is believed that applications of organic chemistry are usually based on a good understanding of fundamental principles. 2. It is believed that total synthesis of some steroidal and prostagladin hormones is a useful and economic way of obtaining new drugs. 3. It is believed that the atmosphere, oceans, earth, and biosphere are strongly coupled through the chemical process that takes place in each region. 4. It is believed that pressure has a differential effect on electronically excited states of molecules. 5. It is believed that the quality of human life has been greatly influenced by man-made organic compounds. 6. It is believed that the development of plastics and synthetic fibres has allowed us to improve nature and also to conserve valuable resources. 7. It is believed that a related activity is the purposeful construction of new molecules, which have interesting biological properties. Exercise XXII. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Complex Subject with the Infinitive. Model: It is supposed that educational establishments give young people both general and polytechnical education — Educational establishments are supposed to give young people both general and polytechnical education. 1. It is known that many experiments take relatively long, because of the time taken to heat or cool things, evaporate solvents or add reagents dropwise to control a potentially vigorous reaction. 2. It is known that computers are getting faster and faster 259