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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1 views5 pages

    Ethical Problems Mod Sci

    Uploaded by

    Hanna Matkovska
    ethical problems plan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 5
    Unit Twenty-Nine Exercise I. Pronounce the following words: ethics ['ebiks] endanger |in'deindsia] ethical ['e¢ikal] ewe [ju:] breakthrough ['breikéru:] clone [keoun] challenge['t{zlinds] distinctiveness [dis'tinktivnes] embryo [‘embriou] beyond [bi'jond] gene [dsi:n] ageing [‘eidin] therapy [‘Gerapi] ignorant ['ignarent] unprecedented| ,anprasi'dentid] coherent [kou'hiaront] disease [di'zi:z] superior [sju:'piaria] consumption [kan'sampfn] indifference[in'difrans] Exercise Il. Pronounce the following word combinations: destruction of human embryos [das'trakfn af ‘hju:man ‘embriou] gene therapy [‘dgizn ‘Oerapi] human wellbeing [‘hju:man 'welbi:in] ethical challenge [‘e8ikal ‘tfeelinds] throwaway worldview [‘Srouawei 'wa:ldvju:] sustainable worldview [sas'teinabl 'wa:ldvju:] environmental impact [ invaiaran'mentl ‘impeckt] Text ETHICAL AND MORAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN SCIENCE Exploding knowledge illuminates numerous choices in research. They are, in fact, every- where. The latest ethical challenge is the unprecedented breakthrough with human embryonic item cells. They can revolutionise the practice of medicine by allowing to grow tissues to repair da- maged heart and other organs needed to be transplanted, as well as to increase our understanding of life processes in the organism. Currently, hot ethical debates are open and will remain open for a long time, because item cells involve the creation and destruction of human embryos, and, as many scientists believe, this destruction is simply killing a new life. Once, James D. Watson, the co-discoverer of the DNA structure said: «Never postpone expe- riments that have clearly defined future benefits for fear of dangers that can’t be qualified». Today, however, majority thinks that gene therapy and gene engineering should be governmentally regu- lated. Recombinant DNA technology posed problems unprecedented not only in the history of sci- ence, but of life on the Earth. It enables researchers to redesign living organisms, self-perpetuating and permanent, Once created, they cannot be recalled. Going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise but also dangerous. Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, novel epidemics, and endanger Life on Earth. 339 ‘The news from Scotland about the birth of Dolly, the sheep grown from an egg cell whose nucleus has been replaced with DNA from mammary tissue of six-year-old ewe, arrived like a thunderclap. The first reaction of many to this news was: it will lead to the cloning of people. If people once cloned, you will never know whom the clones are walking down the street, and if they even have a soul. Can scientists say for sure what's walking down the street? The ethical foundation of modem culture rests on our belief in the distinctiveness of each individual. People regarded cloning or the production of two (or more) genetically identical creatures beyond all natural order. Their deepest worries are about the distinctness of their individuality: should clon- ing, human cloning in particular be banned? Some researchers say «no», as this knowledge can find applications in studies of cancer, of ageing, of the genetic potential of various cells, etc Others believe that the ban is necessary, as for the moment, while biology and medicine remain ignorant of the potential risks — a moratorium is justified. Most countries, in fact, banned state funding for research into human cloning. Yet, a coherent use of the new genetic science, technolo- gy and information for human wellbeing should not be rejected because of potential future ills. "Another ethical challenge in today’s world is environmental pollution. Most people in in- dustrialised societies have throwaway worldview based on beliefs that we are superior to other species, have the right to conquer wild nature and that resources are unlimited, or we can make them available by finding substitutes. If we pollute the earth, we can invent the technology to Clean it up or move to live in another planet. We needn't worry, as we can finally use space as the waste dump. People believe that they can invent technology to save them from themselves. Only Small number of people understands that the earth does not have infinite resources. Achieving a sustainable-earth worldview requires a new way of thinking. That means that each of us must Change our consumption habits and lifestyles to reduce our environmental impact. We must live, think and act as earth citizens, members of one global community, loyal to our planet. We must jeam to be planet-friendly, always remembering Berard Shaw's words that «indifference is the essence of the inhumanity». VOCABULARY, COMPREHENSION AND SUMMARY WRITING Exercise IIL. Answer the following questions. 1, What moral and ethical challenges does modern science face? 2. What ethical issues were posed by the breakthrough in human embryonic item cells research? 3. What are pros and cons Of gene therapy and gene engineering? 4. Why do we say that biotechnology may be potentially hazardous? 5. What, in your opinion, is the greatest moral challenge of science today? 6. How can clones contribute to improving quality of human life? 7. What is your attitude to state bans on fuman cloning? 8. What does it mean to be a planet-friendly citizen of the earth? 9. What did Bemard Shaw say about human indifference? 10. What remains to be done in sustaining the earth for people and other species? Exercise IV. Match the terms and their definitions. Environmental ethics, cloning, cell, biotechnology, gene, sustainable-earth worldview. 1, Belief that the earth is a place with finite room and resources so that population growth, production, and consumption put severe stress on nature. To prevent environmental overload peo- ple should control population growth, reduce use and waste of resources. 2. The parts of various DNA molecules that control hereditary identical creatures. 3. Production of two or more genetically identical creatures. 4. A basic unit of life, the smallest structure capable of basic life processes. 5. A branch of applied ethics, which examines the moral basis of environmental resporsibility. 6. A set of tools that use living organisms to make or modify products, improve plants and animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses. 340 Exercise V. Give definitions of the following words. Gene engineering, DNA, recombinant DNA, drug, evolution. Exercise VI. Write a list of keywords related to ethical issues of modern science. Exercise VII. What information would you include in your essay on ethical is- sues of modern science? Exercise VII. Support the thesis sentences below with reasons and examples. 1. Today science faces many ethical challenges. a) (reasons) _b) © 2. Modern industrialised societies have a throwaway worldview. eer c) Exercise IX. Organise your essay from the thesis sentence: Majority of the world’s public supports governmental banning of researches in human cloning. Your essay should consist of four paragraphs: Paragraph I — Introduction, in which you indicate your thesis and try to attract readers’ interest. Paragraph II — First supporting point (reason, description). Paragraph Il — Second supporting point (example). Paragraph IV — Concluding paragraph. Exercise X. Compress the information contained in the following text and render it in six sentences. US National Bioethics Advisory Committee issued a lucid and learned document, a three- part recommendation, on ethics and legality of human cloning. They recommended to extend the current moratorium on human cloning (mandatory for federal groups, voluntary for everyone else), then to ban human cloning outright, and, finally, to limit the life of an anti-cloning law. In other words, if cloning might be unconscionable today, but in a few years, who could say? At the Forum of Cloning, held in Washington D. C. on June 25, 1997, Jan Wilmut, Dolly's godfather, echoed the commission’s double message. After showing 2 series of diagrams describ- ing Dolly’s creation, Wilmut put up a slide filled with block letters: we should not copy people because we should treat each child as an individual and not as a copy of another person. But it was an empty warning. «[t should be naive to say that we can completely prevent this», Wilmut admitted. «I don’t find it frightening; I find it sad». At the same time, he went on, the potential benefits of cloning are enormous, particularly where pharmaceutical manufacturing, animal husbandry and organ transplantant are concerned. Xenotransplantation, or the use of animal organs in people, is among Wilmut’s primary interests. Worldwide the demand for organs grows by 15 percent annually. In 1992 investigators at the University of Cambridge in England first managed to implant pig embryos with a human gene that 341 inhibits organ rejection. The organs grown from such pigs have survived in monkeys for as long as two month: they need substantially more camouflage to function in humans. Governments, scientists, ethicists and public seem to be at a loss at the moment, In Europe, genetically engineered crops draw furious protests. Human cloning is outlawed in most countries. ‘The US «Cloning Prohibition Act of 1977» outlawed any «somatic cell nuclear transfer» intended to create a human being. But it includes a five-year sunset clause and is careful not to restrict the «importance and promising work... to clone molecules, DNA, cells, tissues or animals». Exercise XI. What words would you choose to describe moral issues facing mod- ern science? Appalling Hazardous Insufficient Interesting Complex Difficult Ridiculous ml Extreme Unsolvable Insignificant Misleading Timely Tough Global Social Economic Personal Threatening Humanitarian Numerous Urgent Confusing Controversial Obligatory Exercise XII. Choose the right association. Ethicist is to ethics as: Regulation is to law as: a) physicist is to science; a) research is to science; b) movie is to cinema; b) cell is to organism; c) geologist is to geology. c) practice is to theory. Taxpayers are to money as: Experiment is to researcher as: a) coins are to banknotes, to laboratory; b) investors are to investment; b) analysis is to analyst; c) banks are to money. c) process is to result. WORD-BUILDING Exercise XIII Use the words given below to make terminological phrases. A. Knowledge, medicine, technology, process, organism, order. Ethical, genetic, urgent, strict, extreme, social, insufficient, human. B. Ethics, gene, society, (a) human, urgency. Medical, technological, organic, knowledgeable. GRAMMAR STRUCTURE REVISION Exercise XIV. Translate into English. Tepmin «KionysaHHs>, U0 BHHEK Mafbxe cro poxis Tomy, BislHOcHTHCa AO Gymb-aKOrO Mpoulecy, LO MPUSBONT NO yrBopeHHa TeHeTHYHO OsaKoBHX oprarisaip. Y TakoMy sHaweHHi uboro ¢oBa KTOHYBaHHA — sanaiina pix y mpupogi. AmeGu KnoHyIoTbca pu topiti, poc- SMM — Kon nycKaiors HoBi napocTku. AGnyna, KapTorns, OananM, aHaHacH, YacHHK Ta Ga- rato iHMX BAxTHBHX CisBCBKOTOCONAPCLKIX KYABTYP POSTIOBCIOMWTHCH LLIAXOM KIOHYBAHIA, TIpupommmti npouec KIOHysaHHA BinGyBACTKCH TaKOX cepeN TBAPUH, BKMOYAION ccaBuiB: napopxentia GaNsHIOKiB € KIIOHYBAHHAM. 342 Tlepmi excnepumentu, mo mouamuca y 90-x poxax 19 cropiwus, crocysanues uTy4- Horo cTsopeHnis Gausmoxis. [ocniqumku BuABHH, WO UIMAXOM TlOximy eMOpioHiB >xa6, canaMaHp, pu6 Ta inMIX OpraHi3Min BOHM MOxYT OfepxyBATH oNATKOBI eMOpiOHH, AKi, B cBOIO Yepry, po3BHBaloTbca y Mami, ane HOpMambHi icroru. [x mMeTosMKa cipallbosyBasia TiabKH Ha TepHMHX crajisx possurky, KONA sannijene aie noginanoca Gimbut Hix Ha BiciM xainmn. Tlicna boro, a inoyi Hanire partie, KNOHYBaHHA He BiGyBanoca, OCKITEKH KOXHA 3 kulira, jo qimmiacs, Micruia Haro Mano wrTonsa3Mu — kniTuAHoro MaTepiamy, 10 oTONye Ha nepumx cragiax possurky emOpiony iioro Kairu ¢ ixewnumman. Y Gararsox Baris Gymu-aka KniTuna panHEoro eMOpiony MOxe POIBUHYTHCA y Oyjlb-aKy KNiTMHY Nopocroro op- raniamy. Tisnime, 8 mpoueci noginy, kairmin nounnaiors supepenmitonaruca y piski Crpykty- pi: KPoB, HepB, LuKipy Ta M’s3H. Yubomy npoueci cnenianisanii Kain Brpayaors —gytaruicts —crBopronart pistomanirrs. Tlisttime sveri nova noscmionaru ye apmye y Tepminax renis, Baakars, m0 KoxKHA xsirmia Hece noBHMit HaGip renin ju BcbOrO opraxismy, ane nig Yac mpouecy cneyianisanit yeaxi renu ijyouovaiorscs, a immui, HapaKi, BMuKaloTica. Leit Mexani3M samumiasca ‘Tacs HuNeIO Mporsarom nepmioi NonoBuEN 20 cropivus. Tinpxn y 1952 poni s’aBusacn cratra Po- Gepra Bpirrsa it Tomaca Kinra, p aKiii 6yxa onucaua mpoueyypa Tpaxcnanranii apa onnici

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