Unit Sixteen Exercise I. Pronounce the following words: mining [‘mainin] topography [ta'pografi] company ['kampani] ore [2:] promising [‘promisig] granite ['grenit] deposit [di'pozit] marble [ma:bl] tectonics [tak'toniks] dragline [‘dreglain] geological [dzia'lodgikal] refine[ri'fain] overburden [,ouva’ba:dn] smelt [smelt] Exercise Il. Pronounce the following word combinations: geological information [d3ia‘odsikel infs'meifn] mining companies ['mainin ‘kampeniz] gravitational field [gravi'teiafnal 'fi:ld] nonfuel materials [non'fjuil_ me'tiarialz] mechanised equipment [make'naizd_ ik'wipment] overlying layer [,ouvallain ‘leia] crustal resource [‘krastal ri'so:s] subsurface mining [sab'ss:fas ‘mainin] horizontal slits [hari’zontal ‘slits] Text LOCATING AND EXTRACTING MINERAL RESOURCES Keywords: mining, deposit, satellites, fuel, overburden, limestone, sandstone, marble, dredging, shaft, smelt, refine. Finding and mining crustal resource deposits mining companies use several methods to find promising deposits. Geological information about plate tectonics and mineral formation helps mining companies find areas for closer study. Photos taken from airplanes or images relayed by satellites sometimes reveal geological features such as rock formations, often associated with deposits of certain minerals. Other instruments on aircraft and satellites can detect deposits of minerals by their effects on the earth’s magnetic or gravitational fields. Deposits of nonfuel minerals and rocks and of coal near the earth’s surface are removed by surface mining. Mechanised equipment strips away the overlying layer of soil and rock, known as overburden, and vegetation. The type of surface mining used depends on the type of crustal resource and the local topography. In open-pit mining, machines dig holes and remove ore deposits, such as iron and copper. This method is also used to remove sand, gravel, and building stone, such as limestone, sandstone, slate, granite, and marble. 198Strip mining is surface mining in which bulldozers, power shovels, or stripping wheels emove large chunks of the earth's surface in strips. It is used mostly for removing coal and Some phosphate rock. Another form of surface mining is dredging, in which chain buckets and Saolines serape up sand, gravel containing placer deposits, and other surface deposits covered with water. Some crustal resources lie so deep that surface mining is impractical. These mining deposits metal ores and coal are removed by subsurface mining. In most cases, miners dig a deep vertical “ft or horizontal slits and blast tunnels and rooms. Then the resource is extracted and hauled to che surface. Often the desired mineral in an ore makes up only a small percentage, by weight, of the cock mass that is removed by mining. This means that massive amounts of rock must be removed ‘om the ground and processed to separate the desired mineral from the host rock. Most metals in 2s are combined chemically with other elements, such as oxygen (oxide ores) or sulphur sulphide ores). To get the desired metal, such ores must be broken down chemically through “nelting of refining processes, These processes require large amounts of energy and produce solid, Tiguid, and gaseous waste products (especially sulphur dioxide and particulate matter) that must be disposed of. VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION Exercise III. Check your understanding of the text, answering the following questions. 1. What methods do mining companies use to find promising deposits? 2. What helps mining companies find areas for closer studies? 3. How are deposits of nonfuel minerals and rocks snd of coal near the earth's surface removed? 4. What does the type of surface mining depend on? 5 What is strip mining? 6. What is strip mining used for? 7. What is dredging? 8. When is subsurface mining used? Exercise IV. Match the terms of column A and the definitions of column B. A B Fuel Can plane; the top visible side Surface Material for burning To equip Stock that can be drawn on + Resources To supply, fit out, array To strip To take the covering Slit ‘The entrance boring of a mine Shaft A straight narrow cut Exercise V. Choose the word that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence. 1, Mining companies use several methods to find promising deposits a) fuel b) different c) various d) important 1992. Photos taken from airplanes sometimes reveal geological features such as rock-formation. a) notions b) characteristics c) means d) resources 3, Mechanised equipment strips away the overlying layer of soil and rock. a) takes b) given c) opens d) discovers 4. The type of surface mining used depends on the type of crustal resource and local topography. a) discussed b)offered c) utilised d) proposed 5. Some crustal resources lie so deep that surface mining is impractical. a) important b) useless . ) useful d) unnecessary Exercise VI. Open the brackets and choose the correct word to make the sentence true. 1, (Geological, Biological) information helps mining companies find areas for closer study. 2. Deposits of (nonfuel, fuel) minerals and rocks and of coal near the earth’s surface are removed by surface mining. 3. Mechanised equipment strips away the (overlying, underlying) layer of soil and rock, known as overburden. 4. The type of surface mining used depends on the type of crustal resource and the (local, global) topography. 5. Strip mining is used mostly for removing (iron, coal). 6. Some crustal resources lie so deep that surface mining is (practical, impractical). 7. Smelting and refining processes require (small, large) amounts of energy. Exercise VII. Find in the text and write down in your vocabulary definitions of the following notions. Open-pit mining, strip mining, subsurface mining. Exercise VIII. Write English equivalents to the following word combinations. Teonorismi pucu, nesxi minepan, nosepxia seMHoi Kyi, Mexanisosane oGnaqHaHHa, y Gimsmocti Banankis, Gakannii Minepan, 3’emyparuca xiMiuHo, BeuuKi KimKocTi. Exercise IX. From the following choose the word which is most nearly opposite to the initial one. Certain Sometimes Deep Separate a) definite a) often a) wide a) combine b) uncertain b) always b) long b) connect c) variable c)never c) close c) remove 4) permanent d) recently 4) shallow d) depend 200Exercise X. Divide the text into sense parts and give headings to each of them. Exercise XI. Determine whether each of the following sentences is true or false. 1. Mining companies use only one method to find promising deposits. 2. Deposits of nonfuel minerals and rocks and of coal near the earth's surface are removed by subsurface mining. 3. The type of surface mining doesn’t depend on the type of crustal resource and the local topography. 4. Strip mining is surface mining in which bulldozers, power shovels, or stripping wheels remove large chunks of the earth’s surface in strips. 5. In dredging mining chain buckets and draglines scrape up sand, gravel containing placer deposits, and other surface deposits covered with water. 6. Mining deposits of metal ores and coal are removed by strip mining. Exercise XII. Give English equivalents for the words in brackets. Be sure that you understand the text. Contour strip mining is a surface mining (ska Buxopucrosyerscs) in hilly or mountainous terrain. A power (cosox) cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill or (ropa). An earthmover (ycypae) the overburden and a power shovel (jjoGysae) the coal, with the overburden from each new terrace dumped onto the one below. Unless the land is restored, (crina) of dirt is left (nonepegy) a highly erodible bank of soil and rock called a highwall. Contour strip mining (suxopucrosyerbca) mostly for extracting coal in the mountainous region. If the land is not restored, this type of surface mining has a devastating (sro) on the land. WORD-BUILDING Exercise XIII. Form nouns from the verbs with the help of suffixes. To find, to form, to detect, to remove, to use, to extract, to combine, to require, to dispose. Exercise XIV. Form adverbs by adding the suffix -ly. Translate these adverbs. Certain, main, most, vertical, horizontal, separate, chemical, especial. Now move the adverbs into the most comfortable places in the sentences. 1. Our company has moved from Houston to New York (recently). 2. We have to study the results of the experiment (carefully). 3. We worked at this project the whole year (hard). 4, Our department will move in a new office (probably). 5. They have arrived (quite unexpectedly). 6. She has been to London (never). 7. You can do this (surely). Remember that the following adverbs often go in the mid-position in the sentences: always, almost, never, ever, frequently, nearly, often, obviously, completely, once, probably, just, rarely, certainly, hardly, apparently. Other adverbs can take «before», «mid» or «after» positions. Exercise XV. Make the following words negative, using prefixes or suffixes of negation. Used, known, practical, certain, dependent, covered, desired, separable, broken. Exercise XVI. Discuss the following text. WHERE DO MINERALS GET THEIR NAMES? Most newly named minerals are christened by mineralogists who first describe them in print. The law of priority is applicable to mineral names and is superseded only when the original name is proved to have been incorrect or inadequate. 201The first modern mineral to be named for a person was prehnite, which in 1783 was named by Wemer after Colonel von Prehn, who had brought the first specimen to Europe from the Cape of Good Hope where he had found it. Since the first such name was applied to prehnite, hundreds of scientists, rulers, philanthropists, mineral collectors, and other persons have had their names perpetuated in the names of minerals. Here are a few of special interest: willemite, for William I, king of the Netherlands; goethite, for Johan Wolfgang Goethe, German poet who was an ardent mineral enthusiast; stephanite, for the Archduke Stephan of Austria, uvarovite for Count Uvarov, a Russian statesman; and alexandrite for Alexander II of Russia. A few of the typical minerals named for localities are as follows. Amazonstone near the Amazon River, altaite in the Altai Mountains of Asia, vesuvianite from Mount Vesuvius, labradorite from Labrador, thulite from the old name for Norway, turquois from Turkey (where it was marketed), alaskaite from the Alaska mine in Colorado, cubanite from Cuba, kemite from Kern County in California, and aragonite from a former kingdom in Spain. Several minerals have been furnished their names by mythology: aegerite, after Aegir, god of the sea, thorite, after Thor, god of thunder, martite, after Mars, god of war, neptunite, after Neptunus, god of the sea, and mercury, after Mercurius, messenger of the gods because of its volatile and quick moving nature (quick silver). Many minerals are given names pertaining to their use: among these is Nephrite, one of the two types of true jade which was employed as a remedy for kidney disease. Minerals have also been given names describing colours. Albite, an important kind of feldspar, is from the Latin word for «white», while leucite comes from the Greek word of the same meaning. In contrast, meloconite is derived from the Greek «black dust» because of its powdery black colour; the psilomelane is from «smooth» and «black» in the same language. Besides colour, various other properties have helped to give minerals their names: Magnetism and electricity, for instance: whereas magnetite indicates the strong attractive power of this mineral, analcime comes from Greek word for «weak» because of its feeble electrical effects. Pertaining to specific gravity is the name barite from the Greek «heavy». Cleavage is represented, among other minerals by euclase, which means «to break well» in Greek. Hardness is best indicated by the name diamond, from the Greek «invincible» because it was believed to be indestructible, although, owing to its perfect cleavage, this is an entirely erroneous idea. Fusibility is referred to especially clearly by fluorite, derived from the Latin «to flow» because it melts easily. The lustre of stibite is described by its name, which comes from the Greek «to glitter». (Source: Vietrova E. . Scientific English Through Fiction and Scientific Literature. — K.: Vyscha Shkola, 1993.) GRAMMAR STRUCTURE Modal Verbs Exercise XVII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of modal verbs. 1. To mining and civil engineers, especially, acquaintance with the methods of geological surveying and map-construction cannot fail to be invaluable, while agriculturists and public health officers ought assuredly to know enough of the subject to understand and interpret a geological map. 2. Before the phenomena presented by the framework of the earth’s crust can be fully appreciated, one ought to have some knowledge of rocks and their various continents. 202