Compiled by Dinos Levantis

Issued by BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys © 2011

All Data in this booklet should be used as guidance only

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any form
or means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written
permission of BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys.
Details correct at time of going to press.
 Introduction 1

Marine survey reports frequently contain engineering terminology which can often be
unfamiliar to the non engineers in the wider spectrum of the shipping industry.

In an attempt to bridge this gap we have produced this small guide book which covers some
of the common terminology used for ships, their engines and ship’s related operation, often
encountered in survey reports. By no means should this booklet be considered a complete
dictionary encompassing the entire terminology. Such a dictionary would in any case be
rather large and cumbersome to use.

The intention was to keep it simple and easy to use, providing a quick reference through
easily understood illustrations. A blank page has been left next to each illustration for the
user to write additional notes and queries they may have which our technical staff are more
than happy to advise on.

We would like to especially thank the Piraeus Office Administration staff for their enormous
help and patience in preparing this booklet.

This is the first version, (Ver. 01) of this booklet and we would gladly welcome any
suggestions from the users which will help us enhance any future versions.

Dinos Levantis MSc

BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys (Incorporating The Salvage Association)
2 CONTENTS

Page
GENERAL
BMT MARINE & OFFSHORE SURVEYS................................................................ 3
GENERAL CONTACT DETAILS (HEAD OFFICE LONDON)……………………………............ 4
GLOBAL SURVEYOR LOCATIONS………………………….………………................................ 5
REGIONAL HUB OFFICES……………………………….………………….................................... 6
UNITS……………………………………………………………………………....................................... 8-9
NAVIGATION…………………………………………………………………….................................... 10
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA …………………………………........................... 11-13
COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA…………………………………............................ 14
WEATHER DATA-BEAUFORT SCALE…………………………………….................................. 15
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS………………………………………………….................................. 16-17
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (BOW CONSTRUCTION)……………………....................... 18
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (DOUBLE BOTTOM – DECK
CONSTRUCTION)……………………………………………………………….................................. 19
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (STERN & RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)…..................... 20
STEERNG GEARS..........................................................................................……..... 21
ANCHOR & CHAINS…………………………………………………........…….............................. 22

HULL
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER…………………………………………………................................. 24
BULK CARRIER………………………………………………………………….................................... 26-28
HATCH COVERS………………………………………………………………..................................... 30
CONTAINER CARRIER………………………………………………………….................................. 32
GAS CARRIER……………………………………………………………………................................... 34
PASSENGER FERRY……………………………………………………………................................... 36
OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT……………………………………………………................................ 38
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER…………………………………………………................................. 40

MACHINERY
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION………………………………………............................. 42
CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS…………………………………………............................... 44-46
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V- ENGINES…………………………………………............................. 48-50
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT ARRANGEMENT……………………........................... 52
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT……………………………………………….................................. 54
TURBOCHARGER…………………………………………………….………….................................. 56
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR & EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT…………………......................... 58
PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT…………………………………………………................................. 60
WATER JET THRUSTERS………………………………………………………................................ 62
STEAM TURBINE………………………………………………………………................................... 64
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED BOILER…………………………….............................. 66

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….................................... 68-69
 BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd
GENERAL 3
(Incorporating The Salvage Association)

BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading international marine surveying and technical
consultancy, operating from a worldwide network of offices. The company incorporates the
world-renowned casualty expertise of The Salvage Association and BMT Murray Fenton.

The Salvage Association was founded in 1856 in London and has been closely operating with
the London insurance market.

Our services include casualty surveys, report and investigations work on behalf of Hull &
Machinery, P&I, Liability and cargo insurers. Our spectrum of work includes surveys of
incidents affecting every type of vessel from a yacht to the largest ULCC and the most
complex LNG or chemical carrier.

BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading marine consultant providing warranty
services for the Cargo, Offshore Energy, Construction, Liability and Hull & Machinery
insurance markets. Additional services include; risk management, risk assessments including
environmental and emissions risks, feasibility studies; risk audits of vessel and engine room
operations, shipbuilding and repair facilities and their procedures; assessments of port
operations, wreck removal and navigation.

Our global network of surveyors are ready to immediately assist in the event of marine
casualties, collisions, stranding, sinking’s, salvage, wreck removal, machinery investigations,
warranty, P&I and risk assessment.
4 CONTACT DETAILS FOR PIRAEUS & VARNA GENERAL

LONDON Office – HEAD OFFICE

Marlow House
1A Lloyd’s Avenue
London, EC3N 3AL
United Kingdom

Tel: +44 207 648 9650

Fax: +44 207 929 5564
Email: london@bmtmarinerisk.com

Global Support Services

London

Tel: +44 (0)020 7648 9655

Mobile: +44 (0)7831 879675
Email: gss_staff@bmtmarinerisk.com
Email: smartin@bmtmarinerisk.com

Global Support Services

New York

Tel: +1 212 587 9307

Mobile: +1 646 283-0626
Email: grocco@bmtmarinerisk.com

For direct contact with our regional

offices please refer to page 6 of this
guide or visit our website to download
our International contact directory
www.bmtmarinerisk.com
GENERAL GLOBAL SUVEYOR NETWORK 5

Marine Expertise:
Anytime, Anywhere

Global Surveyor Network

6 REGIONAL HUB OFFICES GENERAL

GREECE SOUTH AFRICA

Hellas Branch 13 Foregate Square
5-7 Fillelinon Street Table Bay Boulevard
185 36 Piraeus Cape Town 8000
Greece South Africa

Tel: +30 210 42 92 690 Tel: +27 21 421 3172/3

Fax:+30 210 42 92 691 Fax: +27 21 421 3166
Email: piraeus@bmtmarinerisk.com Email: cape_town@bmtmarinerisk.com
or hellas@bmtmarinerisk.com

NEW YORK SINGAPORE

20 Broad Street 3 HarbourFront Place
7th Floor, Suite A No 03-01/04 HarbourFront
New York, NY 10005-2615 Tower Two
USA Singapore 099254

Tel: +1 212 587 9300 Tel: +65 6517 6860

Fax: +1 212 587 9301 Fax: +65 6274 4881
Email: new_york@bmtmarinerisk.com Email: singapore@bmtmarinerisk.com

DUBAI
Dubai World Trade Centre Building
13th Level, PO Box 9222
Dubai
United Arab Emirates

Tel: +971 4 331 3100

Fax: +971 4 331 4121
Email: dubai@bmtmarinerisk.com

For further information please visit our website www.bmtmarinerisk.com

GENERAL NOTES 7
8 UNITS GENERAL

Length

1 nm = 1852 m = 1.852 km Nm Nautical mile

1 yd = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.9144 m km kilometer
1 m = 100 cm = 10 dm = 1000 mm = 3,2808 ft m meter
1 μm =0.001 mm cm centimeter
1 cable = 185.20 m = 0.1 nm dm decimeter
1 fn = 1.8288 m mm millimeter
1 shackle of anchor cable = 15 fm = 27.5 m μm micron
ft foot
in inch
yd yard
cable cable length (international)
fn fathom

Volume

3 3
1 m = 1000 dm lit litre
= 1000 lit gal gallon (UK)
= 219.9692 gal (UK) pt pint (UK)
= 1759.7547 pt (UK) barrels barrels (US)
3
= 35.31467 ft
= 6.2898 barrels (US)

Force

1 Kgf = 9.80665 N = 2.2046 lbf = 1 Kpond Kgf Kilogram force

1 tonf = 1000 Kgf = 9806.65 N = 9.80665 KN Lbf Pound force
1 tonef (UK long tons) = 1.01605 tonf (metric) Kpond Kilopond
N Newton
KN Kilo-Newton

Pressure / Stress

1 atm = 1.01325 bar atm Atmosphere

2
= 101325 N/m bar Bar
2
= 0.101325 N/mm KPa Kilo-Pascal
2
= 1.03322 Kgf/cm psi Pound per square inch
2
= 10332.27 Kgf/m in Hg Inches of Mercury
= 101.325 KPa mm Hg Millimeters of Mercury
2
= 2116.21658 lbf/ft
2
= 14.6959 psi (lbf/in )
= 29.9213 in Hg
= 760.0021 mm Hg
GENERAL UNITS 9

Temperature C° Degree Celsius

F° Degree Fahrenheit
1 C° = 33.8 F° = 274.15 K K Degree Kelvin

Flow rate

3
1 lit/min = 0.000589 ft /sec
3
= 0.0000167 m /sec
3
= 0.06012 m /hr
= 13.1981 gal/hr (UK)

Velocity

1 Knot = 0.51444 m/s

= 1.852 km/hr
= 1.6878 ft/sec

Power

1 KW = 1000 W W Watt
= 1.3410 HP HP Horse Power
= 1.3596 PS (Metric Horse power) PS Metric Horse power

Moment / Torque

1 Kgf m = 9.80665 Nm
= 0.009807 KNm
= 7.233 lbf ft
= 0.001 tonf m
10 NAVIGATION GENERAL

Parallels of Latitude
Meridians of Longitude
o
LONDON 51 30’ North

W E
o

N
NEW YORK 74 00’ West

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

S
30o
30o 15o 0o 15o
0
o GREENWICH MERIDIAN
CAPE TOWN 33 55’ South

o
CAPE TOWN 18 22’ East

Most charts are drawn to MERCATOR’s PROJECTION, to represent

the spherical world on a flat sheet of paper with all the meridians
of longitude made parallel. To keep the same land shapes the
parallels of latitude are increased in proportion.

This gives rise to say 600 sea miles being measured on a chart
being a bigger measurement at the top of the chart than at the
bottom.

This is because 1 sea mile = 1 minute of latitude and the latitude

scale gradually increases towards the top of the chart. This is why
distances are ALWAYS measured on the latitude scale opposite
your position.

[Ref. 1]
 Loa (Length Overall)
GENERAL

Lbp (Length between perpendiculars)

Sheer forward
Main Deck
WL
Summer Load line

Aft Peak Bulkhead Collision Bulkhead

Frame Numbers

0 10 100 200

Main Deck Camber

WL Freeboard

Beam Depth
Draft

Rise of Floor
Base Line
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA

Bilge Keel
11
12 COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA GENERAL

Wave length
Wave crest

Wave trough Wave height

Main Deck structure in tension

Bending HOGGING CONDITION

Bottom structure in compression

Main Deck structure in compression

Bending SAGGING CONDITION

Bottom structure in tension

Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy Buoyancy

Buoyancy

Shear Force Shear Force

Weight
Weight
Weight Weight Weight

The ocean wave geometry resembles a trochoidal shape. The ship structure is designed to withstand
the extreme stresses due to the applied forces when balanced on such a wave having the ship’s length
in both hogging and sagging conditions.

In a sea way, the structure will be continuously subjected to deformation in all directions. The
generated stresses will alternate and the material forming the structure will therefore be subjected to
fatigue. A well designed structure having a well conceived geometry and being of suitable material is
expected to withstand the fatigue stresses for a substantial period of time.
GENERAL COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA 13

Δ = DWT + Lightship
Where Δ is the displacement, DWT is the deadweight, (cargo capacity including fuel and stores, crew
and effects), and the Lightship is the weight of the structure as built including, water in the boilers and
lubes in machinery to working level.
In all normal calculations the lightship figure is taken to be the same as stated in the vessel’s approved
trim and stability booklet. The lightship is also the figure used for scrap estimations.

Δ = Lbp x B x Tm x ρ x Cb
Where Lbp is the length between perpendiculars, B is the beam, Tm is the mean draft, ρ is the density of
sea water (about 1025 Kg/m3) and Cb is the block coefficient, (for most cargo type ships between 0.65 to
0.9 – passenger cruisers, 0.55 to 0.63).
The larger the block coefficient the more box shaped the vessel is. Thus for a perfect box type structure
Cb is 1, and off course the resistance is larger.

Tm = (Tf + Ta)/2
Where Tm is the midship draft, Tf and Ta are the drafts forward and aft, respectively.

Heel angle, (radians) = wl / GMT x Δ

Where wl is the moment of the weight causing the heel, (the weight times the transverse distance from
midship), GMT is the transverse metacentric height and Δ is the total displacement. The formula works
in radians, (1 rad = 57.3 degrees) and can be accurate for small angles.

Ship’s motions at sea

The ship’s centre of gravity has six degrees of freedom, three linear and three angular as illustrated in
the fig below. In a seaway it can experience all six motions simultaneously.

An object resting anywhere in the structure is subjected to forces resulting from these motions. The
magnitude of these forces are calculated using Newton’s well known formula F = m x α, where “m” is
the mass of the object and “α” is the acceleration of its centre of gravity.

Yawing motion
G
Vertical axis

Heaving motion

Rolling motion

Pitching motion
14 COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA GENERAL

Indicated Power (KW) = Pm x A x L x N x K x n / 0.6

Where Pm is the mean indicated pressure per cylinder in Bar
A is the sectional area of the cylinder in m2
L is the length of stroke in m
N is the engine speed in rpm
K is the type of stroke per revolution (i.e. 1 for two stroke engines and 0.5 for four stroke engines)
n is the number of cylinders

Brake Power = Mechanical efficiency x Indicated power

The mechanical efficiency of a well designed turbocharged engine can be 90%

Bunkers
Bunker fuel is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard ships. In the maritime field the type of
classification used for fuel oils is:
 IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil
o IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes at 50°C
o IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes at 50°C
o LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
o LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
 HFO 380 (Heavy fuel oil) - Pure or nearly pure residual oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes
 MGO (Marine gas oil) - made from distillate only
 MDO (Marine diesel oil) - A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black
refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it does not need to be heated for use in
internal combustion engines.

Parameter Unit MGO MDO IFO 180 RMH 380 RMK 380
3
Max Density at 15°C kg/m 890.0 900.0 991.0 991.0 1010.0
Max Viscosity at 50°C mm²/ 6.0 11.0 180.0 380.0 380.0
s
Max Pour point, Winter °C Ambient Ambient 30 30 30
General recommended cSt Ambient Ambient 10~15/ 10-15/ 10-15/
injection viscosity and /°C 110~ 118 130 ~ 142 130~142
temperature
1 mm²/s = 1 cSt Viscosity (Kinematic) is a measure of the resistance of the fuel. In everyday terms
viscosity is "thickness".
TYPICAL ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS
Parameter Unit Values
Max Exhaust Temperatures °C 500
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 2-stroke engines Kg/cm2 3.5~4.2
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 4-stroke engines Kg/cm2 2.0~3.0
Jacket water outlet temperature °C 65~68
Type of system oil used for 2-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 30
Type of cylinder oil used for 2-stroke engines* SAE Viscosity 70 or 50
Type of system oil used for 4-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 40
*Changeover from TBN 70 to TBN 50 only when operating for more than one week on <1% sulfur
GENERAL WEATHER DATA – BEAUFORT SCALE 15

Mean wind Probable

Beaufort Descriptive speed equivalent Deep Sea Criterion mean wave
Number Term height*
Knots m/sec
in metres
0 Calm <1 0-0.2 Sea like a mirror -
Ripples with the appearance of scales are
1 Light air 1-3 0.3-1.5 0.1 (0.1)
formed without foam crests
Small wavelets, still short but more
2 Light breeze 4-6 1.6-3.3 pronounced crests have a glassy appearance 0.2 (0.3)
and do not break
Large wavelets cress begin to break foam of
Gentle
3 7-10 3.4-5.4 glassy appearance, perhaps scattered white 0.6 (1)
breeze
horses
Moderate Small waves becoming longer fairly frequent
4 11-16 5.5-7.9 1 (1.5)
breeze white horses
Moderate waves taking a more pronounced
5 Fresh breeze 17-21 8.0-10.7 long form many white horses are formed 2 (2.5)
(chance of some spray)
Large waves begin to form the white foam
10.8-
6 Strong breeze 22-27 crests are more extensive everywhere (some 3 (4)
13.8
spray)
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking
13.9-
7 Near gale 28-33 waves begin to be blown in streaks along the 4 (5.5)
17.1
direction of the wind
Moderately high waves of greater length
17.2- edges of crest begin to break into spindrift
8 Gale 34-40 5.5 (7.5)
20.7 foam is blown in well marked streaks along
the direction of the wind
High waves dense streaks of foam along the
20.8- direction of the wind crests of waves begin to
9 Strong gale 41-47 7 (10)
24.4 topple, tumble and roll over, spray may affect
visibility
Very high waves with long overhanging crests
the resulting foam in great patches is blown in
dense white streaks along the direction of the
24.5-
10 Storm 48-55 wind on the whole, the surface of the sea 9 (12.5)
28.4
takes a white appearance the tumbling of the
sea becomes heavy and shock like visibility
affected
Exceptionally high waves (small and medium
sized ships might be for a time lost to view
behind the waves) the sea is completely
28.5-
11 Violent storm 56-63 covered with long white patches of foam lying 11.5 (16)
32.6
along the direction of the wind everywhere
the edges of the wave crests are blown into
froth visibility affected
64 The air is filled with foam and spray sea
32.7
12 Hurricane and completely white with driving spray visibility 14 (-)
and over
over very seriously affected

[Ref. 2]
 16

SEAGOING VESSELS
(Surface, Surface Effect, Sub-surface)

Aircraft

ARCHIMEDES
BERNOULLI
Submersibles
Hydrostatic support
(Displacement)
Aerostatic c Hydrodynamic support

Conventional Special Displacement

Surface effect Hydro toil Displacement

Deep displacement
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS

Planing hull Catamaran (Multi hull)

Air

Sea
Cushion Surface Submerged
piercing toils
Approximate speed range potential Small water plane
Knots 80-100 60-40 40-25 30-15 15
Submarine
GENERAL

[Ref. 3]
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS 17

The terms below refer to design restrictions imposed on a vessel, in order to be able to trade within
standard geographic areas

TYPE DESIGN RESTRICTIONS COMMENTS

DRY CARGO
HANDYSIZE DWT about 15,000 to 40,000 mt It is numerically the most common type of Bulk
carrier and in most cases is fitted with cranes

HANDYMAX DWT about 41,000 to 55,000 mt Most commonly they have 5 Cargo holds and 4
cranes of 30tonnes lifting capacity
SUEZMAX DWT up to 150,000 mt Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
PANAMAX DWT 60,000 – 80,000 mt Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Panama Canal
POST PANAMAX Capers do not cross any of the world’s canals
And DWT 81,000 – 250,000
CAPESIZE
TANKERS
AFRAMAX (Crude DWT between 75,000 – 120,000 mt Are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea,
and Product Oil Caribbean, China Sea and the Mediterranean
tankers)
Non-OPEC exporting countries mainly require
the use of AFRAMAX tankers , because their
harbours and canals are too small to
accommodate VLCCs and ULCCs
SUEZMAX Similar size as the respective bulk carrier. Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
VLCC Very large crude oil carrier (super Tanker Do not cross any of the world’s canals
DWT between 150,000 – 320,000 mt)
ULCC Ultra large crude oil carrier (super Tanker Do not cross any of the world’s canals
DWT between 320,000 – 550,000 mt)
CONTAINER VESSELS
SMALL FEEDER Up to 13,500mt Used when economic and size restrictions
(up to 1000 TEU) imposed for larger sizes
FEEDER Approx. between Used when economic and size restrictions
13,500-31,000mt imposed for larger sizes
(1,000-2,500 TEU)
PANAMAX Approx. between Can cross Panama Canal
31,000-59,000mt
(2,500-5,000 TEU)
POST-PANAMAX Approx. between Cannot cross Panama Canal
59,000-113,000mt
(5,000-10,000 TEU)
SUEZMAX Approx. between Can cross Suez Canal
113,000-137,000mt
(10,000-12,000 TEU)
POST-SUEZMAX Above 137,000mt Cannot cross Suez Canal
(Above 12,000TEU)
 SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
18 GENERAL
(BOW CONSTRUCTION)

Anchor chain
Bulwark
Anchor Windlass Hawse pipe
Chain Stopper

Forecastle
deck

Main
FOREPEAK
deck

Soft nose
plating

FOREPEAK TANK
TANK
Flame area
Chain locker

[Ref. 4]
 SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
GENERAL 19
(DOUBLE BOTTOM –DECK CONSTRUCTION)
Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Inner – bottom
Side Shell Longitudinal
Margin Plate Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Inner – bottom Center
plating Strake

Frame Bracket
Bottom Solid Floor
Side Solid Floor Longitudinal
Girder
Center
Girder
Nontight
Transversely Longitudinally Side Girder
Framed Framed

Built up Section
Flat Bar
Inverted Angle

Bulb Plate
Tee or Part I

H-Beam with Flanges Removed

Additional Face Plate if needed

Flange
Plate

[Ref. 5]
 SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
20 GENERAL
(STERN - RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)
BALANCE RUDDER WITH HEEL PINTLE

Steering Gear Flat

Rudder Stock

Stock Palm

Upper Pintle After Peak Tank

Rudder BLADE
Stern Tube

Stern Frame

Heel Pintle
Frame 0
Skeg

SEMI SPADE RUDDER

Rudder Stock

Steering Gear Flat

Neck Hearing
After Peak Tank

Rudder Blade

Stern Frame

Horn Pintle Stern Tube

Rudder Horn
Frame 0
GENERAL STEERING GEARS 21

RAM STEERING GEAR SYSTEM

Hydraulic Cylinder

Ram Rudder stock

Yoke

[Ref. 6]

ROTARY VANE STEERING GEAR SYSTEM

Rotor
Stator

Vanes

Rudder stock

[Ref. 7]
22 ANCHOR & CHAINS GENERAL

Ring (Shackle)

Shank

Fluke / Palm

Bill/Pea

Arms
Throat

Crown
Blade
[Ref. 8]

Connection to Anchor

End Link Anchor Crown Shackle

Common Link Common Link

Common Link
Kenter Joining Shackle Enlarged Link Jaw and Jaw Swivel Anchor Shank

Connection to Chain Locker

End Link
Common Link

Enlarged Link
Clinch Shackle

[Ref. 9]
GENERAL NOTES 23
 24

Sheer
Deck plating [Ref. 10]
strake
plating Tween deck
Longitudinal hatch
welding
seams
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER

Tank top
plating
Vertical
welding
seams

Shell frame
Keel plating
HULL

Bilge
plating [Ref. 4]
HULL NOTES 25
26 BULK CARRIER HULL

[Ref. 11]
HULL NOTES 27
28 BULK CARRIER – HOLD ARRANGEMENT HULL

Side transverse Deck longitudinal

Deck transverse Hatchside coaming Side longitudinal
(Topside) bottom transverse Hatchend coaming (Topside)
bottom longitudinal
Hatchend beam Cross deck beam

Topside tank bottom

Hold frame Lower stool Bilge hopper

Bilge hopper Longitudinal
Inner bottom Center girder
( tanktop of double bottom) Side girder

Bottom transverse Solid floor Bottom longitudinal Side longitudinal

Bilge hopper transverse Tanktop (inner bottom) longitudinal
Side transverse Transverse ring in bilge hopper

[Ref. 12] Corrugated

Deck plating type bulkhead
Topside tank Deck longitudinal Hatch side
transverse coaming
web frame Topside tank plating
Vertical strake
Topside tank
Topside tank
Side shell slopping plating
longitudinal Topside tank slopping
plating longitudinal Where the cargo hold is used for
Bracket heavy ballast condition, the shell
frames have larger scantlings.
Cargo Hold
Side shell frame
The same applies for tank top
Side shell (Hold frame) plating if discharging is by means of
plating heavy crabs.
Bracket
Hopper Hopper tank Sloping
Transverse Double bottom tank
web frame Hopper tank sloping
plating longitudinal
Bottom center girder
Bottom side girder Inner bottom plating
Side shell (Tank top)
Inner bottom
longitudinal
longitudinal

Bilge
plating

Bilge Keel Bottom longitudinal Bottom shell

plating Floor
Hopper tank Keel plate [Ref. 13]
HULL NOTES 29
30 HATCH COVERS HULL

Transverse opening hatch cover

OPEN

PANELS

Longitudinal
direction
[Ref. 5]

Longitudinally opening hatch covers

PANELS

Hatch coaming
brackets Hatch
Longitudinal
coaming
direction

[Ref. 4]
HULL NOTES 31
 32

Double bottom
[Ref. 10]
CONTAINER CARRIER
HULL

[Ref. 14]
HULL NOTES 33
 34
GAS

Types A, B and C tanks are known as independent tank Protective

types, categorised in accordance to their design
CARRIER

steel Dome
pressure. They are completely self supporting and do
not form part of the ship’s hull.
Aluminium alloy
The membrane type tank is based on having a thin
membrane supported by a layer of insulation within tank plating
the confines of the ship’s hull.

Cargo temp
Water below -100
o
ballast C

Saddles
HULL

[Ref. 10]
Insulation
HULL NOTES 35
 36

Bow Door & Ramp

Main Deck (Garage Deck)

Inner ramp to upper car deck

Inner ramp to lower car deck Bow Thrusters
Retractable Stabilizer Fin
P&S
PASSENGER FERRY

Stern Ramp
HULL

[Ref. 10]
HULL NOTES 37
38 OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT HULL

Propeller fitted Bow Thruster

Towing winch
in Kort nozzle
[Ref. 5]

Towing Hook

Towing wire
HULL NOTES 39
 40

Section x-x
[Ref. 10]

Centre cargo tank S Web

Web
deck transverse plating
Stiffening
‘ Deck plating
‘
Wing cargo tank
Face Deck longitudinal
Deck transverse S
S plating
‘ Deck Stringer plate

Longitudinal
End bulkhead Sheer strake
bracket Inner Hull
Radius face plate
longitudinal bulkhead
Vertical Web in Bracket toe Longitudinal bulkhead Side shell
wing ballast tank longitudinal Wing cargo
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER

Cross tie tank

Side longitudinal
Vertical web Centre cargo
Horizontal girder in cargo tank tank Inner hull Wing ballast
wing ballast tank longitudinal space
Inner bottom bulkhead
End End
longitudinal longitudinal
bracket bracket
Inner Hopper plating
Bracket
bottom
toe

Hopper web
plating
Bilge plating
Outboard Floor plating Centerline
Double bottom Bilge keel [Ref. 15]
girder girder Keel Bottom
ballast space
HULL

plating Bottom longitudinal Outboard

shell plating girder
HULL NOTES 41
 42
Turbocharger

Piston

Piston Rod

Crankcase
Crosshead inspection
doors
Connecting Rod
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION

Crankshaft

Four stroke Trunk Piston Type

Medium speed engine
Two stroke Crosshead Type Range 200 – 850 rpm
Slow speed engine Reduction Gear Box required
Range 80 – 180 rpm
MACHINERY

[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 43
44 CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS MACHINERY

Cylinder block

Engine
frame
Crankcase
inspection Main
doors Bearing
Keep

Bed plate

Crankshaft
line

[Ref. 17]
MACHINERY NOTES 45
46 CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS MACHINERY

Piston rings
Piston

Cylinder liner
Piston
grooves

Stuffing box

[Ref. 18]

Piston rod Crosshead pin

Crosshead bearings

Sliding shoes
Connecting rod
Crosshead assembly

Stuffing box unit

[Ref. 16]
Crankshaft
MACHINERY NOTES 47
 48

Cylinder Cover (Head)

Lube Oil to rocker arms

Pressure Reduction Valve

Camshaft

Oil Pump

Camshaft
Lubrication
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V-
ENGINE

Lube oil Cooler Lube Oil suction

Lube Oil Filter

Lube oil first enters the main bearing journals, then

to crankpins, then through connecting rod to
Gudgeon pin and piston / liner
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY
MACHINERY NOTES 49
50 TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V- ENGINE PARTS MACHINERY

Slave piston

Master piston

Master and slave piston

articulated Type joint

Two connecting rods on one crank pin

[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 51
 TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT
52 MACHINERY
ARRANGEMENT

[Ref. 20]

Piston rings

Piston

Gudgeon
Connecting rod top end
pin

Gudgeon pin bearing Connecting rod

Thrust pads

Bearing shells

Crankpin
Connecting rod big end

Big end bearing keep

Main
Journal

Timing gear
MAIN BEARING SHELLS

[Ref. 19]
MACHINERY NOTES 53
 54

CAMS

CAMSHAFT
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT

CAMS

CAMSHAFT
driving gear

[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY
MACHINERY NOTES 55
56 TURBOCHARGER MACHINERY

Compressed air outlet – into the

Engine

Engine Exhaust
gas inlet
Engine Exhaust
gas outlet

Turbine wheel

Compressor wheel

Air Inlet Filter

Air Inlet

Turbocharger rotational
speed up to 20,000 rpm
[Ref. 20]
MACHINERY NOTES 57
 ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR &
58 MACHINERY
EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT

Rocker arm
Exhaust to
chimney

Exhaust valve

Protection
grids

Push rod Air

Cooling water
space

Turbine wheel
Cylinder liner
Exhaust
gas Compression wheel

Compressed
air
Piston

Scavenge air inlet

ports
Intercooler
Scavenge manifold

[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 59
60 PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT MACHINERY

FIXED PITCH PROPELLER

Propeller
Adjusting Ring Aft Bulkhead
For Alignment
Aft Seal Stern Frame Fwd Seal

Coupling
Rope Guard
Propeller Shaft

Stern Tube Aft Bearing

Stern tube Fwd Bearing
Stern Tube
[Ref. 19]
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER

Propeller rotating blade

Moving piston Blade carrier Tail shaft Piston rod

Hub body Crankpin of blade carrier

[Ref. 21]
MACHINERY NOTES 61
 62

Steering hydraulic rams

Inlet duct
optimized for
Flange connection each type of
to hull vessel

Outlet
WATER JET THRUSTERS

Suction

Pump impeller
Reversing Bucket Duct
Shaft &
Bearing Rotation is one direction
Reversing is by change of flow via vertical movement of bucket
Steering is by side way movement of outlet nozzle
MACHINERY

[Ref. 22]
MACHINERY NOTES 63
64 STEAM TURBINE MACHINERY

Steam outlet

Steam Valves

Steam Inlet

Turbine Upper casing

Rotor shaft
with Blades

Glands

Fixed blades
(Nozzles)

Turbine Lower
Casing

[Ref. 23]
MACHINERY NOTES 65
 VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED
66 MACHINERY
BOILER

Engine
Engine Exhaust
exhaust inlet
Outlet

Hot Gas

Burner

Vertical
Burner water tubes

[Ref. 24]
MACHINERY NOTES 67
68 REFERENCES

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Butterworth Heinemman

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12. British Maritime and Coastguard agency (MCA),(1999). Marine guidance note MGN107(M) - The
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13. Eyres, D.J. (1978). Ship Construction. 2nd Edition. London: Heinemman

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Publishing

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American Bureau of Shipping

16. Vousouras, E. (1994). Internal Combustion Engines. Athens

69 REFERENCES

17. Woodword D. (Editor) (2004). Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. 8th Edition.
Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemman

18. Wartsila Corporation. (2004). Sulzer RTA84T. [Online]. 2004. Available from:
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product/engines/low_speed/rta84t_tr.pdf. [Accessed 3rd November 2010]

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Institute of Marine Engineers

21. Ulstein Propulsion AS – Ulstein propulsion marketing leaflet. Ulstein propellers. Norway: Ulstein
propulsion AS

22. Rolls Royce plc. (2008). Introduction of the new Rolls-Royce range of waterjets – Kamewa S3.
[Online]. 2008. Available from: http://www.rolls-
nd
royce.com/Images/RR%20Kamewa%20S3_0908_tcm92-8663.pdf. [Accessed: 2 November
2010]

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NOTES 70
NOTES 71