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 Chapter 7

Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry

Lavinia Ardelean, Cristina Maria Bortun,

Angela Codruta Podariu and Laura Cristina Rusu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

Abstract
Thermoplastic materials such as polyamides (nylon), acetal resins, epoxy resins,
polystyrene, polycarbonate resins, polyurethane and acrylic thermoplastic resins
were introduced in dentistry as an alternative to classic resins, which have major
disadvantages such as the toxicity of the residual monomer, awkward wrapping
system and difficult processing.

Indications for thermoplastic resins include partial dentures, preformed clasps, partial
denture frameworks, temporary or provisional crowns and bridges, full dentures,
orthodontic appliances, anti-snoring devices, different types of mouth guards and
splints. Some flexible myofunctional therapy devices, used for orthodontic purposes,
may also be made of thermoplastic silicone polycarbonate-urethane.

The main characteristics of thermoplastic resins used in dentistry are as follows: they
are monomer-free and consequently nontoxic and nonallergenic, they are injected by
using special devices, they are biocompatible, they have enhanced esthetics and they
are comfortable to wear.

Keywords: Thermoplastic resins, injection devices, metal-free removable partial

dentures

1. Introduction

Continuous development and progress of polymer’s industry with applications in general and
dental medicine was of great importance for the health domain. Using various types of resins
for restorations in the oral cavity is beneficial from childhood till geriatric period [1-4].

© 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
146 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

Thermopolymerizable acrylic resins were first used in dental technique in 1936, this being a
great step forward. Acrylic resins are also known as polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA. These
synthetically obtained materials can be modeled, packed or injected into molds during the
plastic phase and become solid after chemical polymerization [5, 6]. Thermopolymerisable
acrylic resins have many disadvantages as increased porosity, high water retention, volume
variations and irritating effect due to the residual monomer, awkward wrapping system and
difficult processing. Because of these, once polymers developed, alternative materials such as
polyamides (nylon), acetal resins, epoxy resins, polystyrene, polycarbonate resins etc. [7-9]
came on the market.

The main characteristics of the thermoplastic resins used in dentistry are as follows: they
are monomer-free and consequently nontoxic and nonallergenic, they are injected by using
special devices, they are biocompatible, they have enhanced esthetics and they are
comfortable to wear [10].

2. Types of thermoplastic resins used in dentistry

The classification of resins according to DIN EN ISO 1567 is presented in Table 1:

Type Class (manufacturing) Group (presentation form)

Type 1 Thermopolymerizable resins (>65°C) Group 1: bicomponent powder and liquid

Group 2: monocomponent

Type 2 Autopolymerizable resins (<65°C) Group 1: bicomponent powder and liquid

Group 2: bicomponent powder and casting liquid

Type 3 Thermoplastic resins Monocomponent system grains in cartridges

Type 4 Light-cured resins Monocomponent system

Type 5 Microwave cured resins Bicomponent system

Table 1. The classification of resins according to DIN EN ISO 1567

Among the technologies for manufacturing removable complete and partial dentures we
distinguish: heat-curing, self-curing, injection, light-curing, casting and microwave use [11].

Thermoplastic resins may be classified by their composition, as acetal resins, polycarbonate

resins (belonging to the group of polyester resins), acrylic resins and polyamides (nylons).

The use of thermoplastic resins in dental medicine is continuously growing. The material is
thermally plasticized and no chemical reaction takes place. The injection of plasticized resins
into a mold represents a new technology in manufacturing complete and removable partial
dentures [12].
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 147
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

At present, due to successive alterations in the chemical composition, thermoplastic materials

are suitable for manufacturing removable partial dentures with no metallic components,
resulting in the so-called “metal-free removable partial dentures” [13].

Indications for thermoplastic resins include removable partial dentures, preformed clasps [14],
partial denture frameworks, temporary or provisional crowns and bridges, complete dentures,
orthodontic appliances, anti-snoring devices, different types of mouth guards and splints.
Some flexible myofunctional therapy devices, used for orthodontic purposes, may also be
made of thermoplastic silicone polycarbonate-urethane.

2.1. Thermoplastic acetal

Thermoplastic acetal is a poly(oxy-methylene)-based material, which as a homopolymer has

good short-term mechanical properties but as a copolymer has better long-term stability
[15]. Due to its resistance to wear and fracture, combined with a certain amount of flexibility,
acetal resin is an ideal material for preformed clasps for partial dentures, single-pressed
unilateral partial dentures, partial denture frameworks (Figure 1), provisional bridges,
occlusal splints and implant abutments, artificial teeth for removable dentures and
orthodontic appliances [16].

Because of their resistance to occlusal wear, acetal resins are also well suited for maintaining
vertical dimension during provisional restorative therapy. Acetal is not translucent and does
not match the esthetic appearance of thermoplastic acrylic and polycarbonate [17].

Figure 1. Removable partial denture with acetal frame and clasps

2.2. Thermoplastic polyamide (nylon)

Thermoplastic polyamide (nylon) is a resin derived from diamine and dibasic acid monomers.
Versatililty is one of its characteristics and makes it suitable for various applications. Nylon
148 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

exhibits high flexibility, physical strength, heat and chemical resistance. It can be easily
modified to increase stiffness and wear resistance. Because of its excellent balance of strength,
ductility and heat resistance, nylon is an outstanding candidate for metal replacement
applications [18]. Nylon is mainly used for tissue supported removable dentures. Its stiffness
makes it unsuitable for usage as occlusal rests or denture elements that need to be rigid [7,
13]. Because it is flexible, it cannot maintain vertical dimension when used in direct occlusal
forces. Adjustment and polishing is difficult but provides excellent esthetics due to its
semitranslucency [19, 20].
Nylon is specially indicated for patients allergic to methyl metacrylate, being monomer-free,
lightweight and impervious to oral fluids [21]. Some may also be combined with a metal
framework (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Removable partial denture of polyamide combined with metal

Comparative properties of thermoplastic acetal and polyamide, the two types of resins suitable
for manufacturing removable partial dentures, are shown in Table 2.

Resin type Main substance Resistance Durity Flexibility Esthetics Biocompatibility

Acetalic polioximetylen very good very high medium good very good
resin

Polyamidic diamine good high medium or very good very good

resin very high

Table 2. Comparative aspects of acetalic and polyamidic thermoplastic resins

2.3. Thermoplastic polyester

Thermoplastic polyester resins are also used in dentistry. They melt between 230°C and 290°C
and the technology implies casting into molds. Polycarbonate resins are particularly polyester
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 149
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

materials. They have good fracture strength and flexibility, but the wear resistance is lower
than
2.3 acetal resins.polyester
Thermoplastic Polycarbonates have a natural translucency and finishes very well, which
recommends them for temporary restorations, but they are not suitable for partial denture
Thermoplastic polyester resins are also used in dentistry. They melt between 230ºC and 290ºC and the
frameworks [22].
technology implies casting into molds. Polycarbonate resins are particularly polyester materials. They
have good fracture strength and flexibility, but the wear resistance is lower than acetal resins.
2.4. Thermoplastic
Polycarbonates have acrylate
a natural translucency and finishes very well, which recommends them for
temporary restorations, but they are not suitable for partial denture frameworks [22].
Thermoplastic acrylate consists of fully polymerized acrylate, its base component being
methyl-metacrylate,
2.4 the special blend of polymers giving it the highest impact rating of any
Thermoplastic acrylate
acrylic. This material was developed for manufacturing complete dentures. It is not elastic, but
Thermoplastic acrylate consists of fully polymerized acrylate, its base component being methyl-
its flexibilitythe
metacrylate, makes it practically
special unbreakable.
blend of polymers givingThe material
it the highesthas long-term
impact rating stability, its surface
of any acrylic. This
structure being dense and smooth. Due to the absence of residual monomer its biocompatibility
material was developed for manufacturing complete dentures. It is not elastic, but its flexibility makes
itis practically
very good. The denture
unbreakable. Thehas very good
material long-term
has long-term adaptability
stability, because
its surface water
structure retention
being is
dense and
limited. You can bounce such denture off the floor without cracking the base [7, 21, 23].
smooth. Due to the absence of residual monomer its biocompatibility is very good. The denture has
very good long-term adaptability because water retention is limited. You can bounce such denture off
the floor without cracking the base [7,21,23].
2.5. Presentation form and injection
2.5 Presentation form and injection
Thermoplastic materials can be polymerized or prepolymerized and they can be found in
granular form,
Thermoplastic with low
materials can molecular weight,
be polymerized already wrapped
or prepolymerized in cartridges
and they thatineliminate
can be found granular
dosage
form, errors
with low (Figure 3).weight, already wrapped in cartridges that eliminate dosage errors (Figure
molecular
3).

                          a.                                                       b.                                                      c. 
Figure 3. (a, b) Cartridges of different thermoplastic resins (c) The granular aspect of the material
Figure 3. (a, b) Cartridges of different thermoplastic resins (c) The granular aspect of the material
They exhibit a high rigidity despite their low molecular weight. Their plasticizing temperature is low
_
They exhibit
(200°C 250°C).a high rigidity
Thermal despite their
plasticization lowplace
takes molecular weight.
in special Their plasticizing
devices afterward thetemperature
material is
injected under -pressure into a mold, without any chemical reactions. After heating, the metallic
is low (200°C 250°C). Thermal plasticization takes place in special devices afterward the
cartridges containing thermoplastic grains are set in place into the injecting unit and the plasticized
material
resin is injected
is forced under
into the moldpressure into aofmold,
at a pressure without
6-8 bars. any chemical
Pressure, reactions.
temperature After heating,
and injecting time are
automatically controlled by the injecting unit. Dentures obtained using this technology injecting
the metallic cartridges containing thermoplastic grains are set in place into the unit
have excellent
and the plasticized
esthetics resin is forced
and good compatibility into the mold at a pressure of 6-8 bars. Pressure, temperature
[7,12,13,22].
and injecting
Injecting time are resins
thermoplastic automatically
into moldscontrolled by the injecting
is not a common technologyunit. Dentures
in dental obtained
laboratories using
because
the
thisneed of expensive
technology haveequipment
excellent and this could
esthetics andbe a disadvantage.
good compatibility [7, 12, 13, 22].
The special injection devices we use are Polyapress (Bredent) and R-3C (Flexite) injectors (Figure 4).

 
150 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

Injecting thermoplastic resins into molds is not a common technology in dental laboratories
because the need of expensive equipment and this could be a disadvantage.
The special injection devices we use are Polyapress (Bredent) and R-3C (Flexite) injectors
(Figure 4).

a.                                                                          b. 
Figure 4. (a) The Polyapress injection_molding device (Bredent) (b) The R-3C injector (Flexite)
Figure 4. (a) The Polyapress injection-molding device (Bredent) (b) The R-3C injector (Flexite)
3. Prosthetic devices made of thermoplastic resins

The main characteristics of thermoplastic resins used in dentistry are as follows: they are monomer-
free and consequently nontoxic and nonallergenic, they are injected by using special devices, they are
3. Prosthetic devices
biocompatible, made
enhancedof thermoplastic resinsto wear.
a.                                                                          b. 
they have esthetics
_
and they are comfortable
Figure
Our 4. (a) The Polyapress
experience injection
with thermoplastic resinsmolding
for dental device (Bredent)
use involves (b) The
solving R-3C
several injector
different (Flexite)
cases of
partial edentations, with removable partial dentures without metallic framework, or combining the
The
3. main characteristics
metallic
Prosthetic framework
devices withof
made thermoplastic
ofthermoplastic
thermoplastic resins used
resin resins
saddles, in dentistry
using different are asresins,
thermoplastic follows: they are
selected
monomer-free
according toand consequently
their indications and nontoxic
manufacturing andtechnology
nonallergenic, (Figure 5).they are injected by using special
devices,
The mainthey are biocompatible,
characteristics they have
of thermoplastic resins enhanced esthetics
used in dentistry are and they are
as follows: theycomfortable
are monomer- to
wear.
free and consequently nontoxic and nonallergenic, they are injected by using special devices, they are
biocompatible, they have enhanced esthetics and they are comfortable to wear.
Our experience
Our experiencewith
withthermoplastic
thermoplasticresins
resinsforfordental
dental useinvolves
use involves solving
solving several
several different
different cases
cases of
of partial
partial edentations,
edentations, with removable
with removable partial without
partial dentures dentures without
metallic metallicorframework,
framework, combining the or
combining
metallic the metallic
framework with framework
thermoplasticwith
resinthermoplastic
saddles, usingresin saddles,
different using different
thermoplastic resins, thermo‐
selected
plastic resins,
according selected
to their according
indications to their indications
and manufacturing and(Figure
technology manufacturing
5). technology (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Different combinations between thermoplastic resins, with or without metal

The types of thermoplastic resins we used for manufacturing different types of removable partial
dentures are acetal resins and polyamides of different flexibilities.

3.1 Removable partial dentures with acetal framework

The acetal resin has optimal physical and chemical properties and it is indicated in making
frameworks and clasps for removable partial dentures, being available in tooth color and pink [12].
Experimentally, in some cases, we combined an acetal resin frames with classic acrylic resins for the
saddles (Figure 4). However, the resistance values for the acetal resin framework do not reach those
ofFigure
a metal5.one [16], consequently
Different the main
combinations connector,
between the clasps and
thermoplastic the spurs
resins, with need to be oversized
or without metal
Figure 5.[12].
Different combinations
Injection between
was carried thermoplastic
out using resins,
the R-3 C digital with or device
control without metal
that has five preset programs, as
well as programs that can be individually set by the user.
The types
The types of
of thermoplastic
thermoplasticresins
resins
wewe used
used for for manufacturing
manufacturing different
different types types of removable
of removable partial
partial dentures
dentures are acetalare acetal
resins andresins and polyamides
polyamides of different flexibilities.
of different flexibilities.

3.1 Removable partial dentures with acetal framework

 
The acetal resin has optimal physical and chemical properties and it is indicated in making
frameworks and clasps for removable partial dentures, being available in tooth color and pink [12].
Experimentally, in some cases, we combined an acetal resin frames with classic acrylic resins for the
saddles (Figure 4). However, the resistance values for the acetal resin framework do not reach those
of a metal one [16], consequently the main connector, the clasps and the spurs need to be oversized
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 151
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

3.1. Removable partial dentures with acetal framework

The acetal resin has optimal physical and chemical properties and it is indicated in making
frameworks and clasps for removable partial dentures, being available in tooth color and pink
[12]. Experimentally, in some cases, we combined an acetal resin frames with classic acrylic
resins for the saddles (Figure 4). However, the resistance values for the acetal resin framework
do not reach those of a metal one [16], consequently the main connector, the clasps and the
spurs need to be oversized [12]. Injection was carried out using the R-3 C digital control device
that has
[12]. five preset
Injection programs,
was carried as well
out using as programs
the R-3 that can
C digital control be individually
device set byprograms,
that has five preset the user. as
well as programs that can be individually set by the user.

FigureFigure 6.framework
6. Acetal Acetal framework andremovable
and clasp and clasp andpartial
removable
denturespartial dentures
with acetal with acetal
framework framework
and clasps and
clasps
The maintenance, support and stabilizing systems used are metal-free ones.
The maintenance, support and stabilizing systems used are metal-free ones.
The significant
The significantaspects
aspects ofof
thethe technical
technical steps
steps in technology
in the the technology of removable
of removable partial partial
denturesdentures
made of
thermoplastic materials are
made of thermoplastic described.
materials are described.

The master
The mastermodel
modelis is poured
poured of class
of class IV hard
IV hard plaster,
plaster, usingusing a vibrating
a vibrating table (Figure
table (Figure 7). 7).

Figure 7. Casting the master model

In order to assess its retentiveness and to determine the place where the active arms of the clasp are
placed a parallelograph analysis is made (Figure 8). The abutment teeth are selected and the position
of the cast is chosen and recorded so that a favorable path of insertion is obtained. To record the
Figure 7. Casting the master model
position of the cast tripod marks are used. The contour heights on the abutment teeth and the retentive
muco-osseous tissues are marked. The abutments undercuts are measured and the engagement of the
terminal third of the retentive arms of the clasps is established.

After the parallelograph analysis is carried out, the future frame design is drawn, including all
extensions of saddles, major connector, retentive and bracing arms of the clasps, occlusal rests and
minor connectors of Ackers circumferential clasps on abutment teeth. The design starts with the
saddles, following the main connector, the retentive and opposing clasp arms, the spurs and the
secondary connectors of the Ackers circular clasps [12, 13].
152 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

In order to assess its retentiveness and to determine the place where the active arms of the
clasp are placed a parallelograph analysis is made (Figure 8). The abutment teeth are selected
and the position of the cast is chosen and recorded so that a favorable path of insertion is
obtained. To record the position of the cast tripod marks are used. The contour heights on the
abutment teeth and the retentive muco-osseous tissues are marked. The abutments undercuts
are measured and the engagement of the terminal third of the retentive arms of the clasps is
established.

After the parallelograph analysis is carried out, the future frame design is drawn, including
all extensions of saddles, major connector, retentive and bracing arms of the clasps, occlusal
rests and minor connectors of Ackers circumferential clasps on abutment teeth. The design
starts with the saddles, following the main connector, the retentive and opposing clasp arms,
the spurs and the secondary connectors of the Ackers circular clasps [12, 13].

After designing the framework, the master model is prepared for duplication, including
foliation
After andthe
designing deretentivisation (Figure
framework, the master 9). Atisthe
model beginning,
prepared blue wax plates
for duplication, are used
including as spacers
foliation and
in regions where
deretentivisation the9).
(Figure framework has to be
At the beginning, spaced
blue from the
wax plates gingival
are used tissue.in[12].
as spacers regions where
the framework has to be spaced from the gingival tissue. [12].

Figure 8. Parallelograph analysis Figure 8. Parallelograph analysis

Figure 9. Deretentivisation of the model

Block-out wax is applied between teeth cervices and gingival margin of the drawing representing the
clasps arms. The block-out wax meets the spacing wax in a smooth joint.
Figure 9. Deretentivisation of the model
In order to duplicate the master model, a vinyl-polysiloxane silicone placed in a flask is used. After its
setting, the duplicate model is poured (Figure 10), using class IV hard plaster.
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 153
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

Block-out wax is appliedFigure

between teeth cervices and
9. Deretentivisation of thegingival
model margin of the drawing repre‐
senting the clasps arms. The block-out wax meets the spacing wax in a smooth joint. In order
Block-out wax is applied between teeth cervices and gingival margin of the drawing representing the
to duplicate
clasps the master
arms. The block-out waxmodel,
meetsathe
vinyl-polysiloxane silicone
spacing wax in a smooth placed in a flask is used. After its
joint.
setting, the duplicate model is poured (Figure 10), using class
In order to duplicate the master model, a vinyl-polysiloxane silicone placed IV hard plaster.
in a flask is used. After its
setting, the duplicate model is poured (Figure 10), using class IV hard plaster.

                                                        a.                                                            b.
Figure 10. (a) Duplication of the model (b) Casting of the duplicate model using class IV hard plaster
Figure 10. (a) Duplication of the model (b) Casting of the duplicate model using class IV hard plaster

The elements of removable partial denture’s wax pattern are as follows (Figure 11a): the main
connector, made of red wax (so that its thickness is twice as normal), the saddles and the Ackers
The elements of removable partial denture’s wax pattern are as follows (Figure 11a): the main
circular clasps, made of blue wax. Injection bars are also required for those areas of the
connector, made of red wax (so that its thickness is twice as normal), the saddles and the Ackers
framework that are not visible in the finite piece. A large central shaft is necessary in order to
circular clasps, made of blue wax. Injection bars are also required for those areas of the framework
  connect with the main connector, through which the initial injection takes place. Unlike the
that are not visible in the finite piece. A large central shaft is necessary in order to connect with the
pattern of a metallic framework, the patterns of the metal-free framework have to be 50%
main connector, through which the initial injection takes place. Unlike the pattern of a metallic
thicker (clasps, occlusal rests and main connector) [12, 13].
framework, the patterns of the metal-free framework have to be 50% thicker (clasps, occlusal rests
Spruing
and main the framework
connector) [12, 13].is performed using minor sprues of 2.5 mm calibrated wax connected
to one major sprueis(Figure
Spruing the framework 11a). using minor sprues of 2.5 mm calibrated wax connected to one
performed
major sprue (Figure 11a).

FigureFigure
11. 11.
(a)(a)Wrapping
Wrapping the wax
the pattern
wax frame of
pattern the removable
frame partial denturepartial
of the removable (b) Insulation of the(b)
denture investment
Insulation of the
investment

Surface tension reducing solution is applied and the wax pattern is then invested in a vaseline
insulated aluminum flask (Figure 11b). Class III hard stone is used as an investment. The gypsum
paste is poured into one of the two halves of the flask and the duplicated model containing the
framework pattern with sprues attached is centrally dipped base-face down. After setting, the gypsum
surface is insulated and the second half of the flask is assembled. Class III hard stone is once more
154 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

Surface tension reducing solution is applied and the wax pattern is then invested in a vaseline
insulated aluminum flask (Figure 11b). Class III hard stone is used as an investment. The
gypsum paste is poured into one of the two halves of the flask and the duplicated model
containing the framework pattern with sprues attached is centrally dipped base-face down.
After setting, the gypsum surface is insulated and the second half of the flask is assembled.
Class III hard stone is once more prepared and the flask is submerged in warm water in a
thermostatic container. The two halves of the flask are disassembled and the wax is boiled out
using clean hot water. The surface of the mold is then insulated and treated with a light-curing
transparent varnish in order to obtain a shining aspect [12, 13].

Injection is carried out with the R-3C (Flexite) injector (Figure 4b), which does not take up
much space as it can be mounted on a wall as well. The device has the following parameters:
digital control, preset programs for different types of thermoplastic resins and programs that
can be individually set by the user. The pressure developed is 6-8 Bar [23].

Figure
Figure 12. Schedule
12. Schedule of “G” of “G” program
program of the
of injecting injecting the thermoplastic
thermoplastic material
material (a) Start (a) Start
(b) Heating (b) Heating
(c) Injecting (d) Cool‐
ing (c) Injecting (d) Cooling

Before investment
Before starting injection, the valves
removal, screws of carbon
are loosened and dioxide tank
the flask is aredisassembled
gently checked to (Figure
make sure
13). the
injecting pressure is according to procedure demands (7.2-7.5 Bar). Preheating temperature
and time are also checked (15 minutes at 220°C). The selected cartridge (quantity and color) is
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 155
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

introduced into one of the two heating cylinders and the preheating process is then activated
(Figure 12). After preheating ends, the two halves of the flask are assembled and fastened.
Early assembling of the flask is not indicated because water vapor condensation might occur
inside the mold, with negative effects on the quality of the injected material. The flask is
inserted and secured in the injecting unit.

The injection process takes only 0.25 seconds and it is initiated by pressing the key on the
control panel. The pressure is automatically kept constant for one minute so that setting
contraction is compensated. This stage is indicated with the sign “----” on the screen. The
cartridge is separated and the flask is then released and pulled out. In order to achieve optimal
quality of12.
Figure theSchedule
material,ofthe
“G”flask is left
program ofto cool slowly
injecting for 8 hoursmaterial
the thermoplastic [12, 13].(a) Start (b) Heating
(c) Injecting (d) Cooling
Before investment removal, screws are loosened and the flask is gently disassembled (Figure 13).
Before investment removal, screws are loosened and the flask is gently disassembled (Figure 13).

     a.                                                                  b. 
Figure 13. Disassembling the framework of the acetal resin removable partial denture (a) The
Figure 13. Disassemblingframework
the framework of the
is still inacetal resin(b)
the flask removable partial denture
Disassembling (a) The framework is still in the
is complete
flask (b) Disassembling is complete

The sprues are cut off using low-pressure carbide and diamond burs to avoid overheating the
material. Finishing and polishing is performed using soft brushes, ragwheel and polishing
paste (Figure 14).

Disassembling the framework of the future removable partial denture is followed by matching
  to the model, processing and finishing this component of the removable partial denture
it
(Figure 15).

Once the framework is ready, the artificial teeth are set up. Wax patterns of the saddles are
constructed by dropping pink wax over the framework. Teeth set up starts with the most mesial
tooth, which is polished until it esthetically fits onto the arch [24].

After properly setting of all the teeth are the wax pattern is invested in order to obtain the
acrylic saddles. An impression of the wax pattern placed on the master model is made by using
a putty condensation silicone.
The sprues are cut off using low_pressure carbide and diamond burs to avoid overheating the material.
Finishing and polishing is performed using soft brushes, ragwheel and polishing paste (Figure 14).
156 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications
The sprues are cut off using low_pressure carbide and diamond burs to avoid overheating the material.
Finishing and polishing is performed using soft brushes, ragwheel and polishing paste (Figure 14).

                        a.                                                   b.                                                    c. 
Figure 14. (a) Tools used for processing the acetal framework (b) Tools used for finishing and
polishing the acetal framework (c) Special polishing paste
                        a.                                                   b.                                                    c. 
Figure 14. (a) Tools used for processing the acetal framework (b) Tools used for finishing and
Figure 14.the
Disassembling (a) Tools usedpolishing
framework for of
processing
thethe the acetal
acetal
future framework
framework
removable (c)(b)Special
partial Tools used for finishing
polishing
denture paste and
is followed bypolishing
matching the acetal
it to
framework
the model, (c) Special
processing andpolishing
finishingpaste
this component of the removable partial denture (Figure 15).
Disassembling the framework of the future removable partial denture is followed by matching it to
the model, processing and finishing this component of the removable partial denture (Figure 15).

                                             a.                                                             b. 
Figure 15. (a) Matching the acetal framework a. to the model (b) The finished b. acetal framework
Figure 15. (a) Matching the acetal framework to the model (b) The finished acetal framework
Figure 15. (a) Matching the acetal framework to the model (b) The finished acetal framework
Once the framework is ready, the artificial teeth are set up. Wax patterns of the saddles are
Once the framework is ready, the artificial teeth are set up. Wax patterns of the saddles are
After
constructed setting,
by
constructed byimpression
dropping pink wax
dropping pinkis detached,
over
wax over wax
the framework.
the is removed,
framework. Teeth and theup
set set
Teeth up teeth,
starts framework
with
starts thethemost
with and
most the master
mesial
mesial tooth,
tooth,
which ismodel
polished
which isare until it esthetically
thoroughly
polished until it cleaned. fits
esthetically onto
Openings the
fits onto arearch [24].
being
the arch cut on the lateral sides of the impression
[24].
After properly
and
Afterthe setting
teeth are
properly of set
all in
setting thethe
of allteeth are theare wax
corresponding
the teeth pattern
the places
wax is invested
inside
pattern isthe in in
order
impression
invested totoobtain
[13].
order Afterthe
obtain the acrylic
insulating
acrylic
saddles.saddles.
An impression of theofwax pattern placed on the master model is ismade bybyusing aa putty
the master model, the framework is placed and the impression set in its original place.putty
An impression the wax pattern placed on the master model made using The
condensation silicone.
condensation silicone.
acrylic
After setting, component
impression of the
is detached,denture is
wax wax wrapped
is removed, as usual,
andand
the theusing
teeth, rectangular
framework andflasks and a class II
After setting, impression is detached, is removed, teeth, framework andthe
themaster
mastermodel
model
plaster
are thoroughly (Figure
cleaned.
are thoroughly 16a).
Openings
cleaned. are being
Openings cut on
are being cuttheon lateral sides
the lateral of of
sides thethe
impression
impressionand andthe
theteeth
teeth are
are
set corresponding
set in the in the correspondingplacesplaces
insideinside the impression
the impression [13].
[13]. AfterAfter insulatingthe
insulating themaster
mastermodel,
model, thethe
Self-curing
framework isacrylic
placed resin
and theisimpression
prepared set and poured inside the impression through the lateral
framework is placed and the impression set in itsinoriginal
its original place.
place. TheThe acrylic
acrylic component
component ofofthe
thedenture
denture
openings.
is wrapped
is wrapped The
as usual, cast is
as usual,
using introduced
using rectangular
rectangular intoflasks
flasks aand
heat-pressure-curing
aand a class
class II plaster
II plaster unit
(Figure
(Figure setting
16a).a temperature of 50°C
16a).
and a pressure of 6 bars for 10 minutes to avoid bubble development. Once the resin is cured,
the impression is removed [12, 13]. Burs, brushes, ragwheels and pumice are used to remove
the excess, to polish and finish the removable partial denture (Figure 16b).

   
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 157
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a.                                                          b. 
Figure 16. (a) Wrapped wax pattern with teeth (b) Partial dentures made of acetal resin and acrylic
resin

Self_curing acrylic resin is prepared and poured inside the impression through the lateral openings.
The cast is introduced into a heat-pressure-curing a.                                                          b. 
unit setting a temperature of 50°C and a pressure of
Figure 16. (a) Wrapped wax pattern
6 bars for 10 minutes to avoid bubble development. with teeth (b) Partial
Once dentures made of
the resin isacetal resinthe
cured, andimpression
acrylic is
Figure 16. (a) Wrapped wax pattern with teeth (b) Partial dentures
resin made of acetal resin and acrylic resin
removed [12,13]. Burs, brushes, ragwheels and pumice are used to remove the excess, to polish and
finish the removable
_ partialresin
denture (Figure 16b).
The result
Self is aacrylic
curing consistent removable
is prepared partial
and poureddenture
insidewith no macroscopic
the impression throughdeficiency
the lateraleven in
openings.
The resultThe is cast
a consistent
is introducedremovable partial denture
into a heat-pressure-curing unitwith
settingnoa temperature
macroscopic deficiency
of 50°C evenofin the
and a pressure
the thinnest 0.3-0.5 mm areas of clasps, which means the technology is effective.
thinnest 0.36 _bars
0.5 mm for 10 minutes
areas to avoid
of clasps, bubble
which meansdevelopment.
the technology Once theis resin is cured, the impression is
effective.
removed [12,13]. Burs, brushes, ragwheels and pumice are used to remove the excess, to polish and
3.2.finish
Removable partial
the removable dentures
partial denturemade of different
(Figure 16b). types of polyamides
3.2 Removable partial dentures made of different types of polyamides
The result is a consistent removable partial denture with no macroscopic deficiency even in the
Making
thinnest polyamide
0.3_0.5 mmresin
areasremovable partial
of clasps, which dentures
means does not isrequire
the technology so many intermediary
effective.
Making steps
polyamide
as thoseresin
maderemovable partial
of acetal resins. The dentures does not
steps are similar require
to those so many
followed intermediary
for acrylic dentures,steps as
those made
but with thermoplastic materials the injecting procedure is used. The clasps are made of thebut with
3.2 of acetal
Removable resins.
partialThe steps
dentures are
made similar
of to
different those
types followed
of polyamides for acrylic dentures,
thermoplastic materials
same material thedenture
as the injecting procedure
base, when using is used. The clasps
superflexible are made
polyamide of the same
or ready-made material as
clasps,
Making
the denture base, polyamide
when resin superflexible
using removable partial dentures does
polyamide or not require so many
ready-made clasps,intermediary
in the stepsofas using
case
in the
thosecase of using
made medium-low
of acetal resins. Theflexibility polyamide
steps are similar [12] followed
to those (Figure 17).
for acrylic dentures, but with
medium-low flexibilitymaterials
thermoplastic polyamide [12] (Figure
the injecting 17).is used. The clasps are made of the same material as
procedure
the denture base, when using superflexible polyamide or ready-made clasps, in the case of using
medium-low flexibility polyamide [12] (Figure 17).

                                                    a.                                                     b.       
a. b.
Figure 17.Figure 17. Polyamide
Polyamide removable removable
partial partial denture
denture with
with (a)(a)pre-formed
pre-formed clasps
clasps(b)(b)
clasps made
clasps of theof the
made
Figure 17. Polyamide removable partial same same
denture material
with
material (a)as as the
pre-formed
the denture base
clasps (b)
denture clasps made of the same material as the
base
denture base
Using flexible polyamide is indicated in cases of retentive dental fields (Figure 18).
Using flexible polyamide is indicated in cases of retentive dental fields (Figure 18).
Using flexible polyamide is indicated in cases of retentive dental fields (Figure 18).

When manufacturing polyamidic dentures, the support elements blend in with the rest of the
denture, as they are made of the same material [25, 26].

 
158 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

                                                    a.                                                  b. 

                                                    a.                                                  b. 

 
                                       c.                                                                    d. 
Figure 18. Removable partial dentures made of a super-flexible polyamide (a) The model with  
retentive tuberosity embedded in the flask (b) The denture immediately after unwrapping (c, d) The
                                       c.                                                                    d. 
Figure 18. Removable partial flexible
dentures removable
made ofpartial denture polyamide (a) The model with
a super-flexible
Figure 18. Removable
retentive tuberositypartial dentures
embedded inmade of a super-flexible
the flask (b) The denture polyamide (a) The model
immediately afterwith retentive tuberosity
unwrapping em‐
(c, d) The
When
beddedmanufacturing
in the flask (b) polyamidic dentures,
flexiblethe
The denture immediately support
after unwrapping
removable elements
partial(c, d) blend
The
denture in with
flexible the rest
removable of the
partial denture,
denture
as they are made of the same material [25,26].
When manufacturing polyamidic dentures, the support elements blend in with the rest of the denture,
as they are made of the same material [25,26].

_
Figure
Figure 19. Medium-low 19. Medium
flexibility low flexibility
thermoplastic thermoplastic
polyamide denture polyamide denture
Figure 19. Medium_low flexibility thermoplastic polyamide denture
The Thesuperflexible
superflexible polyamide
polyamide resin
resinis isextremely
extremelyelastic,
elastic, virtually
virtually unbreakable,
unbreakable,monomer-free,
monomer-free,
lightweight
The and impervious
superflexible to oral resin
polyamide fluids is
(Figures 18, 20,
extremely 21). The
elastic, medium-low
virtually flexibilitymonomer-free,
unbreakable, polyamide
lightweight
is alightweight and
half-soft material impervious to
mainly indicated oral fluids
for removable (Figures
partial 18, 20,
dentures.21). The medium-low
It offers superior flexibility
comfort, good
and impervious to oral fluids (Figures 18, 20, 21). The medium-low flexibility polyamide
polyamide
esthetics
is and nois
a half-soft a half-soft
metallic
material tastematerial
mainly (Figures
indicated mainly
19 and
for indicated
20). Polishing
removable forand
partial removable
adjusting
dentures. partial
is easy,
It offers itdentures.
can comfort,
superior It offers
be added to
good
superior
or esthetics comfort,
relined inand
both
nodentalgood
metallic esthetics
practice
taste (Figures and
and laboratory.no metallic
19 and In certain
20). taste
cases
Polishing (Figures
and used 19
weadjusting and
preformed
is 20).
easy, Polishing
itclasps
can made
be addedand
of to
adjusting
or is easy,
relined in it can practice
both dental be added to laboratory.
and or relined inIn both
certaindental
casespractice
we usedand laboratory.
preformed claspsInmade
certain
of
nylon.
cases we These
usedclasps
preformedhave clasps
the samemadecomposition as theclasps
of nylon. These polyamidic
have theresinsameused for denture
composition as

 
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 159
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

the polyamidic resin used for denture manufacturing, and they are heated in order to adapt
nylon. These clasps have the same composition as the polyamidic resin used for denture
(Figure 17a). This kind of clasp can be used for dentures with metal framework, or in associ‐
manufacturing, and they are heated in order to adapt (Figure 17a). This kind of clasp can be used for
ation
dentures with withinjected
metal thermoplastic
framework, or resins [12, 23].with
in association Anotherinjectedoption we used was
thermoplastic making
resins theAnother
[12,23]. clasps
of the same thermoplastic resin as the saddles or from acetal
option we used was making the clasps of the same thermoplastic resin as the saddles or from acetal resin.
resin.
      a.                                                     b. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
        a.                                                     b. 
  
Figure
 Figure20.20. (a) Medium-low flexibility polyamide partial dentures (b) Superflexible polyamide partial dentures
(a) Medium-low flexibility polyamide partial dentures (b) Superflexible polyamide partial
  dentures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 20. (a) Medium-low flexibility polyamide partial dentures (b) Superflexible polyamide partial
                                                   a.                                                            b. 
dentures
Figure 21. (a) The superflexible polyamide denture (b) The final flexibility test
Figure 21. (a) The superflexible polyamide denture (b) The final flexibility test
3.3 Kemeny-type removable partial dentures made of acetal
3.3. Kemeny-type removable partial dentures made of acetal

As an experiment, we managed partial reduced edentations with acetal Kemeny-type dentures

(Figures 22 and 23) as an alternative to fixed partial dentures, mainly in order to test the
 physiognomic aspect, having the advantage of a minimal loss of hard dental substance, located
only at the level of the occlusal rims, in case of posterior teeth.

Figure 22 shows wax patterning a. aspects and manufacturing ab. molar unidental Kemeny
denture of Figure
acetal 21.
resin, while Figure 23 shows
(a) The superflexible the way
polyamide in which
denture (b) Theafinal
frontal bidental
flexibility testedentation
can be managed. The effectiveness of the technology is ensured by making artificial teeth of
the same material.
3.3 Kemeny-type removable partial dentures made of acetal

 
 As an experiment, we managed partial reduced edentations with acetal Kemeny-type dentures
(Figures 22 and 23) as an alternative to fixed partial dentures, mainly in order to test the
physiognomic aspect, having the advantage of a minimal loss of hard dental substance, located only at
As an experiment, we managed partial reduced edentations with acetal Kemeny-type dentures
160 the level of the occlusal- Synthesis
rims, inand
caseApplications
of posterior teeth.
(Figures 22 Elastomers
Thermoplastic
and 23) as an alternative to fixed partial dentures, mainly in order to test the
Figure 22 shows wax patterning aspects and manufacturing a molar unidental Kemeny denture of
physiognomic aspect, having the advantage of a minimal loss of hard dental substance, located only at
acetal resin, while Figure 23 shows the way in which a frontal bidental edentation can be managed.
the level of the occlusal rims, in case of posterior teeth.
The effectiveness of the technology is ensured by making artificial teeth of the same material.
As
As the
the material
Figure 22 shows iswax
material is notnotpatterning
translucent,
translucent, it itisismainly
aspects mainly suitable
and manufacturing
suitable forfor
a dealing with
molar unidental
dealing with lateral
lateral edentations.
Kemeny
edentations. It
denture of
It can,
can,
acetalhowever, be
resin, while used
Figure temporarily,
23 shows the in waythe
infrontal
which aarea as
frontal well, in
bidental those clinical
edentation
however, be used temporarily, in the frontal area as well, in those clinical cases where short-term
can cases where
be managed.
The effectiveness of the technology is ensured by making artificial teeth of the same material.
short-term esthetic
esthetic aspect aspect[12,23,27].
is irrelevant is irrelevant [12, 23, 27].
As the material is not translucent, it is mainly suitable for dealing with lateral edentations. It can,
however, be used temporarily, in the frontal area as well, in those clinical cases where short-term
esthetic aspect is irrelevant [12,23,27].

                                                     a.                                                       b. 
Figure 22. Kemeny dentures: (a) Unimolar denture wax pattern (b) Denture made of acetal resin
Figure 22. Kemeny dentures: (a) Unimolar denture wax pattern (b) Denture made of acetal resin
                                                     a.                                                       b. 
Figure 22. Kemeny dentures: (a) Unimolar denture wax pattern (b) Denture made of acetal resin

Figure 23. Kemeny-type frontal denture

3.4 Splints made of acetal resin

Figure
Figure 23. Kemeny-type frontal denture 23. Kemeny-type frontal denture
Thermoplastic resins are also indicated for manufacturing antisnoring devices, different types of
mouthguards and splints. Parodonthotic teeth after surgery need immobilization. We experimentally
3.4 Splints made of acetal resin
3.4. Splints made
manufactured of acetal
acetalic resin (Figure 24) which turned out to be a viable solution because it
resin splints
matches the color of the teeth and thereby represents a temporary postoperative esthetic choice
Thermoplastic resins are also indicated for manufacturing antisnoring devices, different types of
[18,23].
Thermoplastic
mouthguards andresins areParodonthotic
splints. also indicated for manufacturing
teeth antisnoring
after surgery need devices,
immobilization. Wedifferent types
experimentally
of mouthguards
manufactured andresin
acetalic splints. Parodonthotic
splints teethturned
(Figure 24) which after out
surgery
to be need immobilization.
a viable solution becauseWeit
experimentally manufactured acetalic resin splints (Figure 24) which turned out to be a viable
matches the color of the teeth and thereby represents a temporary postoperative esthetic choice
[18,23].
solution because it matches the color of the teeth and thereby represents a temporary postop‐
erative esthetic choice [18, 23].

3.5. Mouth guards

Mouth guards are dental appliances that can be manufactured using thermoplastic resins. The
most
  satisfactory mouth protectors are custom-made mouth guards. This type of mouth guards
is designed by the dentist. They adapt well and provide good retention and comfort. Being
 custom-made they interfere the least with speaking and have virtually no effect on breathing
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 161
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

Figure 24. Thermoplastic acetal splint

3.5 Mouth guards

Figure
Mouth24.guards
Thermoplastic acetal
are dental Figurethat
splint
appliances 24. can
Thermoplastic acetal using
be manufactured splint thermoplastic resins.
The most satisfactory mouth protectors are custom-made mouth guards. This type of mouth guards is
3.5designed
Mouth guards
[28]. Custom-made
by the dentist. mouth
Theyguards
adapt well may andbeprovide
classifiedgoodinto two types:
retention the vacuum
and comfort. Beingmouth guard
custom-made
and
they the
Mouth pressure-laminated
interfere
guards
the least with speaking
aremay
dental mouth guard.
and have virtually no effect on breathing [28]. Custom-made
mouth guards be appliances that two
classified into can be manufactured
types: the vacuum using
mouththermoplastic
guard and the resins.
pressure-laminated
The most
The
mouth guard. mouth guard is manufactured using a model of the upper of
satisfactory
vacuum mouth protectors are custom-made mouth guards. This type mouth
arch. Theguards
model is is
designed by the dentist. They adapt well and provide good retention and comfort. Being custom-made
casted using mouth
The vacuum an impression. The thermoplastic
guard is manufactured using mouth
a modelguard of thematerial,
upper arch. usually
The amodel
polyethylene
is casted
they interfere the least with speaking and have
mouthvirtually no effectusually
on breathing [28]. Custom-made
vinyl
using
mouth acetate
an
guards (EVA)
impression.
may be is copolymer,
The thermoplastic
classified into is
two adapted
types: theover
guardthe
vacuum model
material,
mouth with a aspecial vacuum
polyethylene
guard machine. machine.
vinyl
and the pressure-laminated
acetate
(EVA) vacuum mouth guard is then trimmed and polished to allow for proper tooth andmouth
copolymer,
The guard. adapted over the model with a special vacuum The vacuum gum
mouth
guard is then trimmed and polished to allow for proper tooth and gum adaptation. All posterior teeth
Theadaptation.
vacuum All
mouth posterior
guard is teeth should
manufactured be
usingcovered
a modeland of muscle
the upper
should be covered and muscle attachments should be unimpinged. Using a vacuum machine single- attachments
arch. The should
model isbe unim‐
casted
pinged.
using Using
layeranmouth
impression. a vacuum
guards The machine single-layer
are thermoplastic
manufactured. mouth
More guard mouth
material,
and more, guards
multi-usually are manufactured.
a polyethylene
ple-layer mouth guards vinylMore and
acetate
(laboratory
(EVA)
more, copolymer,
multi- ple-layer
pressure-laminated) is adapted over
mouth to
are preferred the
guardsmodel with a
(laboratory
the single-layer special vacuum machine.
pressure-laminated)
vacuum ones. The laboratory The preferredmouth
vacuum
are pressure-laminated
to the
guard is then trimmed and polished to allow forisproper tooth and gum adaptation. All posterior teeth
single-layer
mouth guard, vacuum
also made ones.
fromThe laboratory
a stone cast, pressure-laminated
a custom-made mouth guard,
multiple-layered alsoguard
mouth madethat from is
should be covered and muscle attachments should beyears.
unimpinged. Using a by
vacuum machinetwosingle-
a
layerstone
considered
mouth cast,theis a
guards to custom-made
state-of-the-art
areachieve
manufactured. multiple-layered
mouth guard in for
More thickness. mouth It
and more,Lamination guard
can be
multi- ple-layer that
made is
mouthconsidered
laminating
guards the state-of-
or three
(laboratory
layers
the-art ofmouth
material guard the necessary
in for years. It can be made by laminating is two
defined as the
or three layering
layers of mouth
of material
pressure-laminated)
guard material using are preferred
high heat to the
andsingle-layer vacuum
pressure machines. ones.
TheThe laboratory
mouth guard pressure-laminated
material should be
to achieve
mouth the necessary
guard, also made from thickness. Lamination
a stoneproperties,
cast, is aand is defined
custom-made as the layering of mouth guard
multiple-layered
biocompatible, have good physical last for at least 2 years [29]. mouth guard that is
material
considered using
the high
state-of-the-artheat and
mouth pressure
guard in machines.
for years.
We manufactured laminated custom-made mouth guards for 3 layers, with It The
can mouth
be made guard
by the material
laminating twoshould
inner layer or three
made ofbea
biocompatible,
layers tohave
of materialpolyurethane
thermoplastic good
achieve thephysical
necessary
which properties,
thickness.
increases and lastresistance
Lamination
discoloration for is
atdefined
least
and2 creates
years
as the [29].
layering of mouth
a soft inner surface
guard material25).
feel (Figure using high heat and pressure machines. The mouth guard material should be
biocompatible, have good physical properties, and last for at least 2 years [29].
We manufactured laminated custom-made mouth guards for 3 layers, with the inner layer made of a
thermoplastic polyurethane which increases discoloration resistance and creates a soft inner surface
feel (Figure 25).

Figure 25.theLaminating
Figure 25. Laminating the
custom-made custom-made
mouth mouth
guard. Custom guard.
made mouthCustom
guard made mouth guard

We manufactured laminated
Figure 25. Laminating thecustom-made mouthguard.
custom-made mouth guards for 3made
Custom layers, withguard
mouth the inner layer
made of a thermoplastic polyurethane which increases discoloration resistance and creates a
3.6soft inner surface
Myofunctional feel (Figure
therapy devices25).

 
162 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

3.6. Myofunctional therapy devices

Controlling dentofacial growth interferences is an important issue. The negative effects of

mouth breathing, abnormal lip and tongue function and incorrect swallowing patterns on
craniofacial development in the mixed dentition period is well known. Correcting these
myofunctional habits improves craniofacial growth and decreases the severity of malocclu‐
sion [12].

Myofunctional therapy retrains the muscles of swallowing, synchronizes the swallowing

movements obtaining a normal resting posture of the tongue, lips, and jaw. Myofunctional
therapy may be rescheduled before, during or after orthodontic treatment [30]. The most
typical age range for this type of therapy is between 8 and 16 years.

The main objective of the myofunctional appliances is to eliminate oral dysfunction and to
establish muscular balance. These appliances play a certain role in orthodontics because they
are simple and economical. The selection of the cases needs to be thorough and the specialist
needs to be well trained in their use.

The universal size products, suitable for children between 6 and 11 years old (mixed dentition
stage), allow implementing the orthodontic treatment earlier and at lower cost. These are made
of a flexible thermoplastic silicone polycarbonate-urethane, a ground-breaking copolymer that
combines the biocompatibility and biostability of conventional silicone elastomers with the
processability and toughness of thermoplastic polycarbonate-urethanes. This type of appli‐
ances has good in vitro and in vivo stability. Its strength is comparable to traditional polycar‐
bonate-urethanes, and the biostability is due to the silicone soft segment and end groups.
Various fabrication techniques may be used in order to obtain to different. Additional surface
processing after fabrication is not needed [12].

4. Errors in manufacturing thermoplastic resins dentures

Errors might occur when manufacturing thermoplastic resins dentures: the insufficient
pressure at injection, which leads to lack of substance, poor polishing, or too thick saddles
being some of the causes (Figure 26). These errors lead to deficiencies of the denture, which
might be unusable because of esthetic deficiencies, occlusal dysmorphia, exaggerated elastic‐
ity, and decubitus areas [31].

5. Conclusions

Thermoplastics used in dentistry have known a great diversification in the last years. Proc‐
essing principles are similar to the injecting technology of chemoplastics, the main difference
consisting in their chemical composition, liquefying temperature of grains, injecting pressure
and the fact that thermoplastic resins are monocomponent.
Errors might occur when manufacturing thermoplastic resins dentures: the insufficient pressure at
injection, which leads to lack of substance, poor polishing, or too thick saddles being some of the
Thermoplastic
causes (Figure 26). These errors lead to deficiencies of the denture, which Resins
might used
bein unusable
Dentistry 163
because
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931
of esthetic deficiencies, occlusal dysmorphia, exaggerated elasticity, and decubitus areas [31].

                                                    a.                                                       b. 
Figure 26. Errors that might occur when manufacturing dentures from thermoplastic resins (a) Lack
Figure 26. Errors that might occur when manufacturing dentures from thermoplastic resins (a) Lack of substance (b)
Poor polishing
of substance (b) Poor polishing

Processing technology is based on the thermal plasticization of the material, in the absence of
5. Conclusions
any chemical reaction. The technology of injection molding is not widely used in dental
technique
Thermoplastics usedlabs
in yet, as it requires
dentistry special devices,
have known a greatbutdiversification
has opened newinperspectives in the Processing
the last years.
technology
principles are similaroftototal
theand partial removable
injecting technology dentures.
of chemoplastics, the main difference consisting in
their chemical composition,
Solving liquefying
partial edentations temperature
with metal-free of grains,
removable injectingrepresents
partial dentures pressurea modern
and the fact that
thermoplastic resins are monocomponent.
alternative solution to classical metal framework dentures, having the advantage of being
lightweight, flexible and much more comfortable for the patient. Metal-free removable partial
dentures made of thermoplastic materials are biocompatible, nonirritant, sure, nontoxic,
biologically inert, with superior esthetics, which make them rapidly integrate in dentomaxil‐
lary structure. They offer quality static and dynamic stability.

The clasps are made of the same material as the denture base or ready-made clasps from the
  same material may be used. Where the mechanical resistance of the structure comes first, the
choice is an acetal resin for making the framework. Superflexible polyamide resin is especially
indicated for retentive dental fields, which would normally create problems with the insertion
and disinsertion of the removable partial dentures. The removable partial dentures with acetal
resin frame are the most laborious to manufacture, requiring most working steps. Manufac‐
turing the acetal framework is first, followed by the acrylic saddles and artificial teeth. A
removable partial denture with an acetal resin frame is rapidly integrated into the dentomax‐
illary system and accepted by the patient. Such a removable denture is a comfortable solution
for the partial edentulous patient, achieving the principles of static and dynamic maintenance
and stability. These types of partial dentures are not bulky, the frameworks being 0.3-0.5 mm
thin, and clasps are flexible and esthetic.

A particular advantage of a removable partial denture made of acetal resin applies to patients
with large oral defects as a result of a maxillectomy procedure, who are due to have postop‐
erative radiotherapy and need to have the density of the defect restored to ensure standardized
radiation distribution. Different types of boluses may be used for restoration but a stent is
164 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Synthesis and Applications

usually needed as a support. Traditional metal-clasp retained stents are discarded in such cases
as the clasps cause backscatter of the radiation beams. Acetal resin is a radiolucent material
suitable for making a stent with clasps or even a removable partial denture to retain the bolus.

In the case of Kemeny-type acetalic dentures, the artificial teeth are made of the same material
and in the same step as the rest of the denture. Because it is not translucent, its first indication
is lateral edentations but it can be used for short periods, in the frontal area as well, if short-
term esthetic aspect is not important.

Thermoplastic resins have several advantages: long-term performance, stability, resistance to

deformation, resistance to wear, excellent tolerance, resistance to solvents, absence or low
quantity of allergy-inducing residual monomer, and lack of porosity, thus preventing the
development of microorganisms and deposits, all of which, together with maintaining size
and color in time are very important characteristics, presenting a high degree of flexibility and
resistance, permitting the addition of elastomers for increased elasticity or reinforcement with
fiberglass, in order to increase their physical splinter quality; some of them can also be repaired
or rebased.

The advantages of using the molding-injection system lay in the fact that the resin is delivered
in a cartridge, thus excluding mixture errors with long-term shape stability, reduces contrac‐
tion, and gives mechanical resistance to ageing.

As this class of materials, as well as the processing devices, has been continuously perfected,
their future applicability in dental medicine will keep spreading.

Most probably, further chemical development of elastomeric and polymeric materials will
enlarge the domain of clinical applications of thermoplastics in dentistry.

Author details

Lavinia Ardelean1*, Cristina Maria Bortun2, Angela Codruta Podariu3 and

Laura Cristina Rusu1

*Address all correspondence to: lavinia-ardelean@umft.ro

1 Department of Technology of Dental Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor

Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania

2 Department of Dentures Technology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharma‐

cy, Timisoara, Romania

3 Department for Preventive Dentistry, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, “Victor
Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
 Thermoplastic Resins used in Dentistry 165
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/60931

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