World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War

to End All Wars,[5] was a global war originating

in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were
mobilised in one of the largest wars in history.[6][7] Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the
victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical
stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes,
including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second
World War only twenty-one years later.[8]

The war drew in all the world's economic great powers,[9] assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of
the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central
Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not
join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive against the terms of the alliance.[10] These alliances were reorganised and
expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the
Central Powers.

The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav
nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to
the Kingdom of Serbia,[11][12] and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks the major powers
were at war, and the conflict soon spread around the world.

Russia was the first to order a partial mobilization of its armies on 24–25 July, and when on 28 July Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,
Russia declared general mobilization on 30 July.[13] Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused,
declared war on Russia on 1 August. Being outnumbered on the Eastern Front, Russia urged its Triple Entente ally France to open up a second
front in the west. Over forty years earlier in 1870, the Franco-Prussian Warhad ended the Second French Empire and France had ceded the
provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to a unified Germany. Bitterness over that defeat and the determination to retake Alsace-Lorraine made the
acceptance of Russia's plea for help an easy choice, so France began full mobilisation on 1 August and, on 3 August, Germany declared war on
France. The border between France and Germany was heavily fortified on both sides so, according to the Schlieffen Plan, Germany then invaded
neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France from the north, leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 4
August due to their violation of Belgian neutrality.[14][15] After the German march on Paris was halted in theBattle of the Marne, what became known
as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army led a
successful campaign against the Austro-Hungarians, but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia in the battles of Tannenberg and
the Masurian Lakes. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and
the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; Romania joined the Allies in 1916, as did the United States in
1917.

The Russian government collapsed in March 1917, and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to
terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which granted the Germans a significant victory. After a stunning German
offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. On 4
November 1918, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice, and Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries, agreed to an
armistice on 11 November 1918, ending the war in victory for the Allies.

By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist.
National borders were redrawn, with 9 independent nations restored or created,[16] and Germany's colonieswere parceled out among the victors.
During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four (Britain, France, the United States and Italy) imposed their terms in a series of treaties.
The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression,
renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation (particularly in Germany) eventually contributed to the start of World
War II.
WORLD WAR II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945,
although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of thegreat powers—eventually forming
two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million
people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities
behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources.

World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities, most of which were civilians in the Soviet
Union and China. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease and the first use
of nuclear weapons in history.[1][2][3][4]

The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937,[5] but the world war is
generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939[6] with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on
Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or
controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italyand Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939,
Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states.
The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth, with
campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz bombing campaign, and the Balkan
Campaign, as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet
Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history, which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition. In December
1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific.

The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then,
decisively, at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. In 1943, with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasion of Sicily and
the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender, and Allied victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook
strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial
losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central
China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands.

The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in thecapture of Berlin by
Soviet troops, the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam
Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the
possibility of additional atomic bombings and theSoviet invasion of Manchuria, Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945. Thus ended the
war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies.

World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world. The United Nations (UN) was established to foster international co-
operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United
States—became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[7] The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as
rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers
waned, while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic
recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity.